6 X 10.5 Three Line Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89760-0 - The Red Rockets’ Glare: Spaceflight and the Soviet Imagination, 1857-1957 Asif A. Siddiqi Index More information

Index

09 rocket, 148–150, 181 Anarchist-Biocosmists, 107–108 212 winged torpedo, 177, 179–180, 183 Andrews, James, 7 216 surface-to-air rocket, 179–180, 183 anti-ballistic missiles, 250 218 rocket-plane, 170–171, 180–181, 183 Antwerp, 208 218–1 rocket-plane, 183, 185 Aristotle, 77 301 air-launched rocket, 179, 183 Arkhangel’sk, 146 601 rocket-plane, 183, 185 Arsenal Factory, 234 604 long-range missile, 183, 186 art and space culture in the Soviet era, 97–107 Abramov, Anatolii, 344 Artem’ev, Vladimir, 128 Abramovich, Genrikh, 204n25, 205, Artsimovich, Lev, 304 209–210, 221 Askania, 205, 227 Academy of Artillery Sciences, 254, 296 Association of Inventors (AIIZ), 92–97 Academy of Sciences (Imperial), 23, 26, Association of Russian Revolutionary 30–32, 34, 46 Painters, 110 Academy of Sciences (Soviet), 8, 46–47, 56, Association of (Self-Educated) Naturalists, 58, 59–60, 73, 109, 143n100, 153, 251, 56 255n36, 256, 264, 278n87, 285, 287, astronomy, 19–20, 24, 30–31, 32, 34, 38, 306, 310, 314–320, 324, 329, 331, 334, 39, 40, 41, 50, 53, 56, 57, 134, 195, 300, 338, 340, 341, 343, 346–349, 361; and 308, 318, 342 Tsiolkovskii, 23, 47, 48, 70–71, 295, Atlas ICBM, 243, 286 298–301, 304, 317–318, 330, 366 atom bomb (Soviet program), 11, 14, 214, Aelita (movie), 75, 100–102, 103, 110 217, 218, 219, 232–233, 234, 241–248, Aelita (novel), 83, 97, 99–100, 103 249, 266, 268–270, 271, 273, 275, Aeroﬂot, 71, 296, 299 279–280, 283, 285, 287, 289, 302, 303, Afanas’ev, Iakov, 124, 304, 363, 364, 368, 370 Afanas’ev, Leonid, 20 Aviakhim (Society of Friends of Air Force, see Soviet Air Force Aviation-Chemical Defense), 117 Albring, Werner, 227 Aviation Day, 144–145 Aleksandrov, Aleksandr, 246, 329–330 aviation in Russia and the Soviet Union, 7, All-Union Society for the Propagation of 32, 51, 63, 66, 69, 78, 104, 111, 115, Political and Scientiﬁc Knowledge, 310 117–119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 129, Alsop, Stewart, 320 133, 137, 139, 140, 144–145, 151, 157, Amaravella collective, 75, 97, 106–107 158, 159, 164, 169, 170, 185, 189, 191, amateur radio and satellite tracking, 310, 201, 202, 203–206, 210, 211–212, 213, 342–343 214, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 222, 226, American Interplanetary Society, 64–65 232, 237, 238, 242, 246, 247–248, 259, American media on space topics, 64, 172, 260–261, 264, 269, 270–274, 277–278, 312–313, 316–317, 320–322, 324, 325, 280, 284, 292, 303, 305, 312, 330, 345, 326, 360, 368 367

389

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89760-0 - The Red Rockets’ Glare: Spaceflight and the Soviet Imagination, 1857-1957 Asif A. Siddiqi Index More information

390 Index

AviaVNITO (Aviation All-Union Scientiﬁc British V-2 launches, 225–226 Engineering-Technical Society), 184, Bromley, William, 208 185–186 Brooks, Jeffrey, 87–88, 90 Azizian, A. G., 361 Bruno, Giordano, 55 Bulganin, Nikolai, 202n19, 236n118, 249, B-29 bomber, 214, 219, 271 265–267, 279–280, 283, 285, 289, 299, B-52 bomber, 272 322, 326, 360 Bailes, Kendall, 144, 158 Bulletin of the American Interplanetary Baku, 146n112, 147 Society, 64–65 Balanina, Mariia, 187 Buran intercontinental cruise missile, 278 Barcelona, 342 Burroughs, Edgar Allan, 20, 99 Bardin, Ivan, 335n9, 341–342 Burrows, William, 44 Barmin, Vladimir, 211n40, 221n74, 231, Burya intercontinental cruise missile, 278 277, 286, 352, 356, 360n81 Barrikady Factory, 234 Cape Canaveral, 332 Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School Carter, Dale, 366 (MVTU), 190, 278n87, 290, 305 Caspian Sea, 114, 212, 214 Beliaev, Aleksandr, 23, 85, 98–99 Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute Belz, Wilhelm, 132 (TsAGI), 120, 129, 139, 174n64, 204n25, Berezniak, Aleksandr, 221 255n36, 256, 278n87 Beriia, Lavrentii, 172n57, 187, 189, 191, Central Airclub (of DOSAAF), 305, 307–308 212, 214, 217, 218, 219, 232, 236, 237, Central Committee (of the Communist 239, 242, 245–246, 264, 265, 266–269, Party), 69, 199, 216, 246–247, 279, 281, 279, 280, 282, 315 284, 295, 327, 328, 333, 365 Berkut Moscow air defense project, 280 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 318, 320 Berlin, 2, 100n79, 134, 175n66, 203, Central Radio Club (of DOSAAF), 342–343 205n27, 220, 221, 222, 224, 226, 232, Chalykh, Iurii, 352 235, 239 Cheka (ChK, Extraordinary Commission), Bessmertie (journal), 107 50 BI rocket-plane, 200 Chekhov, Anton, 19, 23 BICh-8 glider, 124 Chekunov, Boris, 353 BICh-11 glider, 125 Chelomei, Vladimir, 102 Biocosmism, 76, 107–109 Cheranovskii, Boris, 124, 125 Blagonravov, Anatolii, 296, 298, 299, 300, Chernov, Valentin, 87 347 Chernovolenko, Viktor, 106 Blasing, Manfred, 227 Chertok, Boris, 221, 231, 224, 227, 229, Bleicherode, 209, 221, 222, 224, 227, 229, 236, 251 230, 232 Chetverikov, Sergei, 47 Bleriot, Louis, 144 Chizhevskii, Aleksandr, 43, 55, 79n13, Bogdanov, Aleksandr, 21, 79n13 108–109, 110 Bogomolov, Aleksei, 352 Christ, Jesus, 79, 81, 113 Bol’shevik Factory, 234, 281 Christianity, 79, 81 Bol’shevik Party, 5, 47, 69–70, 71, 109, 111, Churchill, Winston, 367 118, 143, 153, 158, 162, 164, 174, 175, Civil War (Russian), 13, 46–47, 50, 53, 76, 176, 199 96, 129, 130–131, 133, 152 Bol’shevik Revolution, see Russian Cold War, 1, 3, 4, 6, 14, 128, 186, 223, Revolution 240–289, 292, 294–295, 318–324, Bol’shevo, 189, 253, 293 326–327, 331, 333, 345, 362, 363, 364, bombers (strategic), 242, 266–267, 270–274, 365 283, 284, 289, 365 Commissariats, see People’s Commissariats Bonestell, Chesley, 313 Committee No. 2, formation of, 245–247, Borovsk, 25 249, 280, 293, 294n8, 299

Index 391

Commission for the Development of the dirigibles (airships), 25–26, 28–29, 35, 40, Scientiﬁc Contributions and Preparation 50, 51, 52–53, 54, 56, 58, 66–67, 68–69, for Publication of the Works of K. E. 71–72, 145, 297, 300 Tsiolkovskii, 299–301 Dnepropetrovsk, 267n53, 283 Commission on Interplanetary Dobronravov, Vladimir, 308, 309, 310 Communications, 318–322, 324, 330 Dolinin, Aleksei, 352 Commission on Reactive Technology, Donbass, 91 213–217, 235 Dora labor camp at Mittelbau, 206–209 Communist Party, 8, 9, 45, 67, 68, 139, DOSAAF (Voluntary Society for Assistance 152, 173, 176, 194, 199, 211, 216, 244, to the Army, Aviation, and Navy), 248, 268, 271, 279, 285, 287, 293, 294, 304–313, 314, 318, 319, 320, 324, 325, 295, 308, 326, 327, 329, 333, 339, 345, 328, 330, 341, 342–343 364 DOSAAF’s Section on Astronautics, Cooper, James Fennimore, 34 307–313, 314, 318, 319, 320, 324, 328 Copernicus, 31, 55 Dostoevskii, Fedor, 79 CORONA spy satellite program, 321 Doyle, Arthur Conan, 33, 38 Cosmism, 13, 53, 75–76, 78–83, 93, 99, Dumas, Alexander, 33 103–109, 110–112, 312 Dunham, Vera, 302 Council of Chief Designers, 352, 360n81 du Prel, Carl, 81 Council of Labor and Defense, 151 Dushkin, Leonid, 164n24, 164n26, 172n56, Council of Ministers, 114, 245, 249, 264, 174, 177n74, 185, 186, 204n24, 210n38 266, 278, 279, 280n90, 282n95, 317, Dzerzhinskii Artillery Academy, 133 328, 329 cruise missiles, see intercontinental cruise ED-140 combustion chamber, 263, 276 missiles Efremov, Ivan, 303 Cultural Revolution, 5, 109, 110, 129, Eideman, Robert, 68, 118, 124, 137, 173, 143 176, 305 Cuxhaven, 225–226 Eisenhower, Dwight, 3, 320–326, 330, 331 Czechoslovakia, 216, 220–221 Eisenstein, Sergei, 102 electrical rocket engines, 135 Dagestan, 212, Elektrichestvo i zhizn’ (journal), 35–36 Dalstroi (Far North Construction Trust), Ender, Boris, 104 187–188 Engel, Rolf, 132 Darwin, Charles, 55 Esnault-Pelterie, Robert, 54n33, 64 David-Fox, Michael, 49 Esperanto, 96–97 da Vinci, Leonardo, 83–84 exhibition on space travel in 1927, 92–96 de Bergerac, Cyrano, 18, 83–84 Explorer-1 satellite, 359 defense expenditures (Soviet), 166–169, 246, Ezhov, Nikolai, 156–157, 187, 189 247–248, 275–276, 283 Ezhovshchina, 156–157 defense industry (Soviet), see Soviet military-industrial complex Factory No. 22, 122, 170n47 Defoe, Daniel, 18 Factory No. 23, 272 de Grafﬁgny, Henry, 34 Factory No. 88, 235, 236, 238, 340 demilitarization (postwar), 218, 234–235, Factory No. 156, 189 239, 246, 247 Factory No. 293, 200, 204n24 Denmark, 323 Fateev, Petr, 106 Department of Defense, 322 Fedorenkov, Nikolai, 117, 119–120 Destination Moon (movie), 313 Fedorov, Aleksandr, 92–93 Diatlov, Dmitrii, 231, 232 Fedorov, Evgenii, 343 Dickens, Charles, 34 Fedorov, Nikolai, 13, 79–83, 99, 103–108, Directorate of Military Inventions (UVI), 112 131, 140, 174n63 Fili, 122, 272

392 Index

Filippov, Mikhail, 28 GIRD-X rocket, 150 films on cosmic themes, see movies about Glavnauka, 56 space exploration, Aelita, and Glushko, Valentin, 57, 156, 193, 204n24, Kosmicheskii reis 301, 324, 330, 341, 347–349, 365; work Filonov, Pavel, 103 at GDL, 126, 134–135; work at RNII, Filosofiia obshchega dela (multi-volume 163–164, 185, 307, 315, 316; and his work), 79–80 arrest and incarceration, 176–178, 186, Finland, 200 190–192; time in Germany, 219n69, Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 76 223–225, 231, 328; and development of Flammarion, Camille, 19–20, 23 engines for R-7 ICBM, 255n38, 259–264, France, 307 269n64, 276–277, 286, 287, 354; and Franklin, Benjamin, 51 Sputnik launch, 352, 356, 369n81, 361 Frau im mond (The Woman in the Moon, Goddard, Robert, 45, 54, 56–57, 60, 64, 65, movie), 123, 306 72, 74, 83–84, 86, 95, 123, 134, 151, 171, Fritz X bomb, 219 196, 300, 368 Frunze Military Academy, 118 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 77 GOKO, see State Committee of Defense Gagarin, Iurii, 1–2, 274, 292 Goliakov, Ivan, 187 Gaidukov, Lev, 199, 211, 212, 213n49, 214, Golovanov, Iaroslav, 333, 338, 339 216–217, 220, 222, 223, 224, 230, 231, Gor’kii, Maksim, 77–78, 79, 107, 108 232, 235, 236, 239 Gorskii, Aleksandr, 107 Galileo, 51, 55 Gosplan (State Planning Commission), Ganushkin, Vladimir, 352 219n69, 226, 237, 249, 270 Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL), 136, 139, Grafskii, Semen, 352 153, 154, 156, 159–166, 173, 174, 176, Graham, Loren, 6, 31 223; early work of, 126–128; brought The Great Terror, 3, 4, 10, 13, 110, under Tukhachevskii’s control, 129–132; 155–157, 173–178, 185–195, 198, 223, expansion and support, 132–135; folded 233, 304–305, 365, 369 into new institute, 150–152 Grezy o zemle (novel), 23, 59n53 GDL, see Gas Dynamics Laboratory Gringauz, Konstantin, 338, 355 genetics, 295 Grizodubova, Valentina, 187 Geneva summit, 322, 326, 327 Gromov, Mikhail, 187 German Laboratory for Aviation (DVL), Grottrup,¨ Helmut, 228–229 204 Group for the Study of Reactive Motion German rocket engineers, 3, 12, 121, 171, (GIRD), 133, 138, 153–154, 156, 157, 196, 208–209, 221, 226–232, 235, 159–166, 170, 173, 185, 223, 232, 253, 248–249, 262–263, 300–301, 313, 326, 291–292, 296–297, 308, 309; early 332, 333, 334, 369 months, 119–121; Korolev joins, German rocket program, 3, 11, 13–14, 121, 121–124; moves to a new place, 124–126; 123, 132, 150, 156, 158, 171–172, 179, becomes formal organization, 136–143; 186, 192–193, 195, 196–240, 247, 248, and stratospheric campaign, 143–146; first 249, 250, 259, 260, 262–263, 273, 284, rocket launches, 146–150; folded into new 287, 292, 297, 330, 332, 364, 365, 369 institute, 150–152 German “space fad” of the interwar years, GTsKB-1 (State Central Design Bureau 53–54, 56, 59–61, 64, 65, 89, 122–123, No. 1), 212, 219 132, 145, 150 Guards Mortar Units (GMCh), 198–199, Germany, occupied in 1945–46 by Soviets, 210n40, 211, 212, 222, 237n118, 196–240 Gulag, 155, 178, 186–192, 223, Gestapo, 171 370–371 Gimbel, John, 11 Gurko, Oleg, 305, 306–307, 314 GIRD, see Group for the Study of Reactive Gutenberg, Johannes, 55 Motion Gvai, Ivan, 179

Index 393

Haeckel, Ernst, 82 International Geophysical Year (IGY), Hagen, John P., 349 321–324, 326, 328, 329, 335, 340–343, Hagerty, John, 323 349, 358 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 51 Interplanetary Commission, see Commission Henschel Hs 293A rocket, 219 on Interplanetary Communications Henschel Hs 294 rocket, 219 Interplanetary Communications Hero of Socialist Labor award, 286, encyclopedia, see Mezhplanetnye 360 soobshcheniia Hiroshima, 218, 220, 241, 244 Inzhener menni (novel), 21 Hitler, Adolf, 171, 195 Ioffe, Abram, 47 Hoch, Johannes, 227 Isaev, Aleksei, 204n24, 205, 209–210, 221, Hohmann, Walter, 61, 64 262–263, 276, 287 Holloway, David, 11, 158, 166, 212, 244, Iur’ev, Boris, 299n25, 300 367, 368 Ivanovskii, Oleg, 332, 339, 355n65, 359 Hungary, 200 Izvestiia (newspaper), 53, 54, 55, 63, 69, 70, Huntsville (Alabama), 332 83, 108, 122n27, 297, 341 hydrogen bomb (Soviet), see thermonuclear weapons jet aviation (Soviet), 111, 123, 159–160, 190n101, 192, 199–200, 203–206, 209, Iakovlev, Aleksandr, 191–192 215, 216, 217, 247–248, 258, 271, 302, Iakovlev, Nikolai, 213n49, 214–215, 303, 312 219n69, 235, 236, 237, 239 Japan, 179, 200–201 Iangel’, Mikhail, 267n53, 283 Joravsky, David, 6 Iatsunskii, Igor’, 306, 314 Junkers, 205, 272 ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile), see Jupiter C missile, 332, 333 R-7 IGY, see International Geophysical Year Kaganovich, Lazar, 189, 285n107 IGY committee, see Soviet IGY Committee Kalashnikov, Mikhail, 296 Il’in, Nikolai, 133 Kalianova, Maria, 177n74, 194 Infant’ev, Porﬁrii, 20 Kalinin, Mikhail, 68 Industrial Party affair, 109 Kaliningrad, 235, 254, 267n54, 283, Institute of Aviation Motors (IAM), 116, 285–286, 293, 334, 340, 357 119–120, 125, 137 Kaluga, 25, 29, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52, Institute Berlin, 222, 230–232 54, 55, 66–68, 70, 79, 82n22, 102, 107, Institute Nordhausen, 230–232 108, 112, 177, 292, 297, 300, 347–348, Institute of Earth Magnetism and 370 Propagation of Radio Waves, 338 Kaluga Association of Naturalists, 54 Institute of Radiotechnology and Electronics, Kaluga Society for the Study of Nature and 338, 340 Local Regions, 51 Institute Rabe, 221–222, 224, 227, 228–229, Kamchatka, 344, 345, 356 230 Kamenev, Sergei, 118 intelligence (spying) information in Soviet Kandinskii, Vasilii, 103 rocket program, 11, 132, 158, 166, Kapitsa, Petr, 316, 369 171–172 Kaplan, Joseph, 321–322 intelligentsia (Soviet), 5, 32, 46, 47, 53, 68, Kapustin Iar, 351 75, 76, 77, 80, 84, 97, 110, 133, 158, Karpenko, A. G., 328–329 194–195, 297, 310, 327 Katiusha rocket launchers, 126, 178–179, intercontinental cruise missiles, 252, 255, 182, 192, 193, 197, 198–200, 210, 212, 258–259, 267, 269n61, 270–271, 273, 222–223, 225, 236, 292, 365, 277–278, 289, 309, 315 Kazakhstan, 345, 346, 349, 353 International Council of Scientiﬁc Unions, Kazan’, 31, 146n112, 190, 191–192, 224, 341 225

394 Index

Kazanskii, Nikolai, 342–343 Komsomol’skaia pravda (newspaper), 63, Kazantsev, Aleksandr, 303 114, 146n113 Kazus, Igor, 104 Korea, 200 Keldysh, Mstislav, 256–257, 261, 267, Korneev, Leonid, 147n115, 148n120, 164, 277–278, 287, 314–317, 318–319, 173–174 324–325, 328–329, 334, 335, 356, 358, Korolev, Sergei, 3, 4, 13, 14, 15, 114, 138, 359, 361 149, 200n12, 225, 247, 248, 256, 298, Keldysh’s Boys, 256–257, 261, 277, 287, 301, 307, 309, 341–343, 347, 348, 365, 315 369, 370–371; early life, 121–122;as Kenez, Peter, 194 member of GIRD, 122–126, 136–143, Kepler, Johannes, 18, 55 145, 146–154; his arrest and K. E. Voroshilov Naval Academy, 281 incarceration, 155–157, 173–178, KGB (Committee on State Security), 349; see 186–193, 271–272; work at RNII in the also NKVD 1930s, 161–166, 170, 180, 185;in Khalkhin Gol, 179 Germany, 219n69, 223–226, 230, 231, Kharchev, Vasilii, 227 232, 235–236, 239; and work on ICBM in Khariton, Iulii, 286 1950s, 248–262, 267, 274–278, 280, Khar’kov, 35, 86, 91, 116, 146 283–286, 289; and work on satellites in Khimki, 204n24, 260 1950s, 290–291, 313–320, 324–330, 33; Khlebnikov, Viktor, 79n13, 97 and tributes to Tsiolkovskii in postwar Khlebtsevich, Iurii, 309, 310 era, 292–293, 296–298, 346–349; and Khochu vse znat’ (journal), 88, 123n32 development of Sputnik, 333–340; and Kholoptseva, Ol’ga, 92n55, 96 R-7 launches in 1957, 343–346; and Khomiakov, Mikhail, 339, 340, 352, 359, launch of Sputnik, 349–362 362 Koroleva, Kseniia, 155 Khrunichev, Mikhail, 236n118, 237, 247, Koroleva, Nataliia, 155 260–261, 265, 266n50, 267, 269–270, Kosmicheskie raketnye poezda (book), 61 272–274, 325–327, 342, 359 Kosmicheskii reis (movie), 102–103 Khrushchev, Nikita, 1, 2, 4, 14, 15, 110, Kosmodem’ianskii, Arkadii, 44n3, 294n8, 242, 264, 268, 271, 279, 283–286, 289, 298, 299 301, 322, 325–327, 330, 333, 341, 345, Kosmonavtika entsiklopediia (book), 44 365, 367; reaction to Sputnik launch, kosmopoliti (cosmpolitans), 75, 93–97 356–357, 359–360 Kostikov, Andrei, 164, 165, 174, 176, 177, Khrushchev, Sergei, 271, 284, 285n107 186, 191 Kiev, 50, 91, 92, 93, 121, 356 Kotel’nikov, Vladimir, 338, 340, 342, 343 Killian, James, 321 Kozlov, Frol, 360 Kipling, Rudyard, 33–34 Kramarov, Grigorii, 57n45, 85–86, 87, Kislovodsk, 114, 142 101–102 Kisun’ko, Grigorii, 282 Krasnaia zvezda (glider), 122 Kleimenov, Ivan, 161, 198; becomes head of Krasnaia zvezda (newspaper), 63, 122n27, GDL, 133–134; appointed to head RNII, 146n113, 341 152; involved in factionalism at RNII, Krasnaia zvezda (novel), 21 160–172; arrest, interrogation, and Krasnodar, 91, 146n112 execution, 173–178, 190 Krasnogorskii, Boris, 20 Kleinbodungen, 223, 224, 229, 230, 232 Krementsov, Nikolai, 47 Kliucharev, Viktor, 340 Kriukov, Sergei, 275 Kobelev, Vladimir, 350 Kronstadt rebellion, 130–131 Kolakowski, Leszek, 363 Kropotkin, Petr, 107 Kollontai, Aleksandra, 28 Krutikov, Georgii, 106 Kol’tzov, Nikolai, 47 Kryl’ia rodiny (journal), 309–310, 341 Kolyma, 13, 187–188, 190 KS-50 combustion chamber, 263 Kommuna (newspaper), 54 Kudriashev, Ivan, 106

Index 395

Kulik, Grigorii, 281–282 Lunacharskii, Anatolii, 98 Kummersdorf, 171 lunar probes, 292 Kurchatov, Igor, 256, 285, 304, 315, Lunkevich, Valerian, 32 329–330, 367, 369 Luzin, Nikolai, 315 Kutyrkin, Nikolai, 336 Lysenko, Troﬁm, 6, 295, 363 Kuznetsov, V. P., 209, 216n58 Kuznetsov, Viktor, 220, 277, 352, 360n81 M-4 bomber, 272, 284 Magadan, 187–188 Lademann, Robert W. E., 61 Magnus, Kurt, 227 Laika (dog), 360 Maiakovskii, Vladimir, 79n13, 96 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 55 Main Artillery Directorate, 127–128, Lamb, Jonathan, 371 130n55, 169, 214, 222 Langemak, Georgii, 162–163, 175–178, 190, Main Trophy Directorate, 202 198, 307 Malenkov, Georgii, 202, 206n30, 211, 216, Lapirov-Skoblo, Mikhail, 84–85, 110 219, 233, 236, 237, 242, 245; as chair of Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 51 Committee No. 2, 246–247, 299; Lappo, Viacheslav, 338, 355–356, 358 post-Stalin succession, 264, 265, 266, 267, Lasswitz, Kurd, 39 268, 270, 273, 279, 282, 283, 317 Lavochkin, Semen, 191–192, 278, 280 Malevich, Kazimir, 97, 103–107 Lavrov, Il’ia, 334–335 Malyshev, Viacheslav, 241, 265, 268–270, L. B. Krasin First Red Banner Artillery 272–279, 283, 317 School, 199 Manhattan Project, 214, Le Faure, Georges, 34 Mars, 19–20, 21, 29, 43, 83, 85, 99, Lehesten, 209–210, 223, 224, 229, 230, 232, 100–102, 114, 139, 141, 304 236 Martynov, Georgii, 303–304 Lehmann, Willy, 171 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Leibniz, Gottfried, 82, 93 (MIT), 321 Leiteizen, Morris, 84, 87n36, 110 mass media, see media Lenin, V. I., 21, 28, 46, 52, 69, 70, 77, 84, Marx, Karl, 77 108, 110 Marxism, 5, 27, 28, 34, 50, 68, 71, 76, 77, Lenin Prize, 46 153, 294, 364 Leningrad, 58, 62, 63, 67, 86, 88, 91, 96, Mathematics Institute of the Academy of 114–115, 116, 125–126, 128, 131, 133, Sciences, see V. A. Steklov Mathematics 135, 146n112, 150, 161, 163, 233, 281, Institute of the Academy of Sciences 294, 302; see also Petrograd and St. McCurdy, Howard C., 312, 370 Petersburg McDougall, Walter, 2–3 Leningrad Military-Mechanical Institute, Me 262 airplane, 203–204 281 media and space exploration (in the imperial Leningrad Polytechnic Institute, 58 era), 30–40 Leningrad State University, 135 media and space exploration, in the Leningradskaia pravda (newspaper), 63 post-Revolutionary era, 58–59, 62–65, 72, Ley, Willy, 61, 145 87–92, 366; in the post-World War II Liapunov, B., 328–329 years, 302–313, 366, 368; to publicize Library of Congress, 28 impending launch of Sputnik, 340–343, Lidorenko, Nikolai, 334 344–345 Lindbergh, Charles, 144 Mendeleev, Dmitrii, 25, 32 Lisitskii, Lazar, 106 Merkulov, Igor’, 309, 310 Liushin, Vladimir, 105–106 Mexico, 284 London, 345 Mezhplanetnye puteshestviia (book), 39–40, Lorenz, Hans, 61 62 Lowell, Percival, 20, 21 Mezhplanetnye soobshcheniia encyclopedia, Lubianka prison, 50, 189 63–64

396 Index

MIAN, see V. A. Steklov Mathematics Moscow Polytechnic Museum, 310 Institute of the Academy of Sciences Moscow Power Institute (MEI), 251 Miasishchev, Vladimir, 271–272, 278, 284 Moscow Society of Astronomy Enthusiasts Military-Industrial Commission (VPK), (MOLA), 56–57 365–366 Moscow State University, 305 military-industrial complex (Soviet), see Mosﬁl’m, 102 Soviet military-industrial complex Moshkin, Evgenii, 139 military research and development (R&D), movies about space exploration, 57, 75, 84, in the interwar years, 129–132, 157–159, 97, 100–103, 110, 123, 306, 313 166–171; in the postwar years, 214–215, Mrykin, Aleksandr, 211n40, 278n87, 328 235–236, 244–248, 249, 279–280, 293 MVD, see Ministry of Internal Affairs Ministry of Agricultural Machine Building, 218, 237, 255n36 Nagasaki, 218, 241, 244 Ministry of Armaments, 237, 255, 261, Naimark, Norman, 201 280n92 Na lune (novel), 23, 34 Ministry of Defense, 255n36, 313–314 Narkomoboronprom (People’s Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), Commissariat of the Defense Industry), 229–230, 245 173n62, 175–176, Ministry of Medium Machine Building, see Narkompros (People’s Commissariat of Minsredmash Enlightenment), 51, 56, 98 Ministry of the Aviation Industry, 237–238, Narkomtiazhprom (People’s Commissariat 255n36, 259 of Heavy Industry), 129–130, 151–152, Ministry of the Defense Industry, 273 157, 159, 162, 165, 166–168, 175 Minsredmash (Ministry of Medium Machine NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Building), 268–270, 275–276, 279, Administration), 3 280n90, 283, 285, 317 National Science Foundation (NSF), 321 Mirovedenie (journal), 31 National Security Council, 320–321 Mir prikliuchenii (journal), 32, 34, 38, 88 Nauchnoe obozrenie (journal), 27–28, 29, 34 Mishin, Vasilii, 220n73, 221, 231, 250, Nauka i tekhnika (journal), 90, 91, 122n27, 255n38, 256, 261–262, 264, 276n81, 277, 123n32, 134, 146n113 280, 286, 346, 351, 360 Nauka i zhizn’ (journal), 34, 303, 310, 341 MIT, see Massachusetts Institute of Navaho XSM-64 cruise missile, 258 Technology Naval Research Laboratory, 349 Mittelbau factory complex, 206 Nedelin, Mitrofan, 267, 271, 283–284, 289, Mittelwerk factory, 206–210, 216, 219, 229, 328, 360, 365 230, 232 Nemtsov, Vladimir, 303 Modestov, Aleksandr, 54 Nesmeianov, Aleksandr, 306–307, 315, 316, Molotov, Viacheslav, 145, 151, 169, 317, 348 172n57, 177, 242, 265, 266n50, 285 Neufeld, Michael, 208, 322 Monism of the Universe, see Monizm New Economic Policy (NEP), 5, 10, 12–13, vselennoi 46, 68, 73, 75, 76, 77, 87, 88, 90, 97, 100, Monizm vselennoi (monograph), 81–82 101, 111, 112, 117, 129, 307, 366, 367, Moon, 19, 23, 26, 29, 34, 35, 43, 54, 55, 64, 368 65, 80, 86, 87, 96, 102–103, 105, 107, Newton, Isaac, 40, 51 123, 141, 208, 292, 306–307, 309, 313, New York Times, 320, 359 348 NII-1 institute, 203–205, 209, 210n38, 211, Morozov, Nikolai, 31, 65 217, 220, 261n44, 262–263, 277, 278n87, Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI), 120, 272, 315–316 305, 306, 307, 309 NII-3 institute, see Reactive Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU), Scientiﬁc-Research Institute (RNII) 121; see also Bauman Moscow Higher NII-4 institute, 252–255, 278n87, 293, 294, Technical School 296, 305, 313, 314, 317, 356

Index 397

NII-24 institute, 167–168 Overcast, see Project Overcast NII-88 institute, 250, 252, 255n36, 257, 258, 259, 267n53, 293, 297, 317 Paperclip, see Project Paperclip NII-885 institute, 255n36, 334, 338 Pashkov, Georgii, 249, 265, 267, 270, 282, Nikol’skii, Vadim, 96–97 317n74, 325, 328, 329, 366 Nikulin, Vladimir, 351–352 Pe-2 airplane, 191 Nizhnii Novgorod, 31, 146n112 Pearl Harbor, 2–3 NKVD, see People’s Commissariat of Peenemunde,¨ 186, 205–206, 208–212, 221, Internal Affairs 223, 225, 227, 228, 229 Noordung, Hermann, 64, 91 Pentagon, 320 Nordhausen, 205n27, 206–210, 216, 220, People’s Commissariat of Agricultural 221, 224, 229, 230–232, 235, Machine Building, 218 Nordwerk factory, 206, 208n31 People’s Commissariat of Armaments, 215, Nosov, Aleksandr, 350, 352–353, 356 233–235 Novocherkassk, 146n112, 187 People’s Commissariat of Enlightenment, see NSC 5520, 320–322 Narkompros NSC 5522, 322 People’s Commissariat of Heavy Industry, see Narkomtiazhprom Oberth, Hermann, 45, 53–55, 60, 61, 64, People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs 72, 74, 83–84, 123, 132, 151, 196, 300, (NKVD), 110, 155, 156, 171, 173–177, 368 187, 189–191, 226, 229, 245, 305, 365 Object D satellite (later, Sputnik-3), People’s Commissariat of Military and Naval 328–329, 334–336 Affairs, 130 Odessa, 26, 31, 57, 121, 134, 146 People’s Commissariat of Munitions (NKB), Odoevskii, Vladimir, 18–19 199n9, 211, 214, 215 Odom, William, 119 People’s Commissariat of the Aviation ODVF, see Society of Friends of the Air Fleet Industry (NKAP), 201, 203–206, Ogonek (magazine), 303, 341, 343 209–210, 215, 216 OKB-1 (Korolev’s design bureau), 252, 255, People’s Commissariat of the Defense 267, 269n64, 275, 277, 283, 286, 334, Industry, see Narkomoboronprom 356n71 People’s Will terrorist organization, 31 OKB-23 (Miasishchev’s design bureau), 272 Perel’man, Iakov, 16, 35, 36–40, 41, 54, OKB-586 (Iangel’s design bureau), 267n53, 57n45, 62–65, 67, 72, 85, 89, 91–92, 139, 283 141–142, 145, 307, 308, 368 Okhapkin, Sergei, 339 Perm, 146 Okhotsimskii, Dmitrii, 256, 361 Permanent Interdepartmental Commission “Open Skies” initiative, 322, 326 for the Coordination and Monitoring of Operation Backfire, 225–226 Scientific-Theoretical Work in the Field of OR-1 rocket engine, 116, 117 Organization and Accomplishment of OR-2 rocket engine, 116 Interplanetary Developments and of the OR-3 rocket engine, 116 Thematics of Research Problems and ORD-2 rocket engine, 124, 141, 147n115 Analysis of the Possibilities of the Practical ORM-48 rocket engine, 262 Realization of Interplanetary ORM-50 rocket engine, 135 Communications, see Commission on ORM-52 rocket engine, 135 Interplanetary Communications Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 118, 157, 158, 162, Peter the Great, 31, 126 165, 168 Petliakov, Vladimir, 191 Osoaviakhim (society), 13, 66–68, 115, Petrograd, 107, 129 117–121, 124–125, 136–137, 139–140, Petrov, Nikolai, 204–206, 210 144–146, 150–153, 170, 173, 185, Philosophy of the Common Task, see 304–305 Filosofiia obshchega dela Ostekhbiuro, 129–131, 157 Piatakov, Georgii, 173

398 Index

Piccard, Auguste, 67, 144, 145 commitment to ICBM, 241–289; launches Piliugin, Nikolai, 220n73, 227, 255n38, in 1957, 343–346; as launcher of Sputnik, 286, 301, 352, 360n81 352–355, 359 Plekhanov, Georgii, 28 Rabochaia moskva (newspaper), 96 P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, 338 Rabochei gazety (newspaper), 88 Pobedonostsev, Iurii, 138, 147, 176, Radek, Karl, 70 211n40, 225, 230, 232, 296n17, 328–329 Radio (journal), 310, 343 Podlipki, 340; see also Kaliningrad Raketa v kosmicheskoe prostranstvo (book), Poe, Edgar Allan, 38 55 Poida, Fedor, 191 RAND thinktank, 293, 314 Poland, 202, 216, 307 RD-1 rocket engine, 191 Politburo, 177n75, 264, 268, 273–274, 280, RD-1KhZ rocket engine, 191 285, 291, 326–328, 331, 335, 345, 346, RD-107 rocket engine, 277 360 RD-108 rocket engine, 277 Popov, Mikhail, 74, 95 Reaction Section of the Stratospheric popular science media (in the imperial era), Committee, 185 30–40 Reactive Scientific-Research Institute (RNII), Populists, 19, 77 3, 307, 197, 198, 203, 204, 277, 307, 315; Prague, 220–221 formation of, 152; conflict and work in the Pravda (newspaper), 2, 69, 83, 84, 100, 1930s, 155–186, 192–195; budgets, 122n17, 155, 163, 177, 186, 297, 341, 166–169 345n42, 349, 358, 361 Red Army, 50, 99, 115, 117, 118, 125, 127, Prichina kosmosa (monograph), 108 128, 130–132, 136, 140, 148, 149, 150, Priroda (journal), 310 151, 152, 153, 159, 163, 169, 171, 172, Priroda i liudi (journal), 32, 51n24 173, 175, 179, 198, 199, 210–211, 214, Project Overcast, 208 220, 225, 235, 238–239, 281, 305, 328 Project Paperclip, 208 Red Square, 1, 43, 68–69 Proletarian Writers’ Association, 110 Rerikh, Nikolai, 107 Protazanov, Iakov, 75, 97, 100–102 research and development, see military PS-1 (Sputnik) satellite, 334–340, 342, 343; research and development see also Sputnik satellite Reston, James, 359–360 PS-2 satellite, 335 Revolutionary Military Council, 128, 131, Pulkovo, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 48, 62, 136, 145, 151 109 Rheintochter surface-to-air missile, 219, 232 Pynchon, Thomas, 366 Riabchikov, Evgenii, 343 Riabikov, Vasilii, 235–236, 269, 281, Quarles, Donald, 322–323 317n74; in charge of ICBM project, 265, 280–284, 325–329; involved in Sputnik, R-1 ballistic missile, 248–249, 250, 260, 335, 342, 346, 356, 358, 359–360, 366 267n53, 268n56, 273 Riazan’, 24, 86 R-2 ballistic missile, 249, 250, 254, 256, Riazanov, Evgenii, 336 257, 260, 267n53, 268n56, 273 Riazanskii, Mikhail, 211n40, 231, 255n38, R-3 ballistic missile, 250–252, 254–257, 277, 286, 334, 337–338, 347, 348, 352, 260–262, 264, 267n54, 289 355, 360n81 R-5 strategic missile, 261, 267n54, 268n56 Richard, Paul, 122 R-5M strategic missile, 284–285 Riga, 115 R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), Riumin, Vladimir, 35–36, 54 3, 8, 14, 223, 288, 291, 292, 305, 309, RNII, see Reactive Scientific-Research 313, 314, 316, 317, 319, 325, 326, 328, Institute 329, 330, 334, 335, 336, 338, 339, 340, rocket-planes, 58, 120, 124, 125, 143–144, 345, 346, 360, 364, 365, 369; early 145, 162, 164, 165, 170–171, 177, 178, research, development and political 180–181, 185, 200, 215

Index 399

Romania, 200 Shershevskii, Aleksandr, 59–61, 132 Rome, 342 Shigolev, Sergei, 106 Rosenplanter,¨ Gunther, 221 Shternfel’d, Ari, 307–308, 309, 310, 328 Rostov-on-Don, 90–91 Shvarts, Leonid, 176, 179, 191 RP-1 rocket-glider, 125, 147n115, 162, 181 Siegelbaum, Lewis, 7 RP-2 rocket-glider, 147 Simonov, Nikolai, 175 Rubakin, Nikolai, 32 “simplest satellite” concept (early), 314–315, Russian Revolution, 3, 4, 12, 17, 21, 45, 46, 317, 327, 328 47–48, 51, 53, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 88, 93, “simplest satellite” concept (later), see PS-1 97, 98, 104, 105, 360 Singer, S. Fred, 312 Rynin, Nikolai, 62–66, 67, 68, 71n99, 72, SK-3 Krasnaia zvezda glider, 122 116, 139, 145, 308, 368 SK-4 light-plane, 122 SKB-385 design bureau, 283 Saburov, Mikhail, 202n20, 226, 265 Skuridin, Gennadii, 319, 324n99, 328–329, Sakharov, Andrei, 268, 269, 273–274, 275, 361 286, 315, 329–330 Slavophils, 18, 19 Sander, Friederich, 61 Smirnov, Leonid, 366 Sanger,¨ Eugen, 170n47, 262, 286n111 Smirnov-Rusetskii, Boris, 106 Saratov, 86, 116 Smithsonian Institution, 45 Sardan, Aleksandr, 106–107 smokeless powder, 126–128 Saturn V rocket, 208 Socialist Academy of Social Sciences, 44, Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 20 47–50 Schmetterling surface-to-air missile, 232, 238 Society for Assistance to Defense (OSO), 117 science fiction, 12; pre-Revolutionary science Society for the Study of Interplanetary fiction, 17–23, 26, 33, 34, 35, 38–39, 41, Communications (OIMS), 57, 83–87, 61, 115; post-Revolutionary science 99–100, 101–102, 110, 115 fiction, 85, 96–100, 110; science fiction in Society of Easel Painters, 105–106 the 1950s, 303–304 Society of Enthusiasts for the Study of the Scientific-Research Institute for Aircraft World (ROLM), 31, 39, 57 Equipment, 204 Society of Friends of the Air Fleet (ODVF), Scientific-Research Institute of Current 117n7, 121 Sources, 334 Soikin, Petr, 32–34, 37–38 Sechenov, Ivan, 32 Soikin publishers, 32–35, 37–39, 88, 109 secrecy in rocket and space programs, 8, 14, Sokolov, Andrei, 209n37, 210–211, 71, 125, 137, 139, 144, 146, 153, 185, 225–226, 236, 237n118 239, 246, 251, 270, 278, 291, 293, 299, Sommerda,¨ 230–231 300, 301, 304, 307, 308, 309, 312, 313, Soviet Air Defense Forces, 342 318–319, 323, 329, 330, 341, 343, 346, Soviet Air Force, 118, 136, 137, 169, 170, 349, 362, 367, 368, 369 200, 213, 271n70, 272, 284, 305, 309 Sedov, Leonid, 319, 320n84, 323–324, 328 Soviet Amateur Radio Federation, 342–343 Semipalatinsk, 270, 285 Soviet defense industry, see Soviet Seriapin, Aleksandr, 309 military-industrial complex Serov, Ivan, 229–230 Soviet IGY Committee, 341–342 Setnitskii, Nikolai, 110 Soviet Military Administration in Germany Shabarov, Evgenii, 350, 352–353, 355, 358 (SVAG), 202–203, 221, 226, 227, 238 Shakhurin, Aleksei, 205, 209, 210, 213–214, Soviet military-industrial complex, in the 216n59, 217, 219, 226, 232, 233n110, interwar years, 129–132, 157–159, 235 166–171; in the postwar years, 218, Shakty affair, 109 232–235, 237, 241–243, 244–248, 249, sharashka prison, 189–192, 195, 271 264–270, 278–286, 293, 341, 365–366 Shcherbakov, Aleksandr, 185 Sovnarkhoz (Council of National Economy), Shchetinkov, Evgenii, 147n115, 177 52

400 Index

Sovnarkom (Council of People’s Strategic Rocket Forces (RVSN), 223, 365 Commissars), 51, 52n26, 66 stratospheric campaign, see “Storming the Spanish Civil War, 283–284 Stratosphere” campaign spaceplanes, 59, 61, 116 Sukhoi, Pavel, 191–192 Special Committee (for the Atomic Bomb), super-aviation (superaviatsiia), 120, 124 245–246, 264, 268–269, 279 Suprematism, 75, 97, 103–106, 110, 111 Special Committee (for Radar), 245 Supreme Council of the National Economy, Special Committee (for Reactive see Vesenkha Technology), see Committee No. 2 Supreme Soviet, 155, 286 Special Committee (for removal of Suslov, Mikhail, 327 equipment from Germany), 202, 211, 245 Suvin, Darko, 20 Special Committee for Rocket and Reactive Sytin publishers, 34 Weapons, see Spetskomitet Special Technical Bureau (OTB), 189–191 T-1 ICBM, 267–268, 274–275 Special Technical Commission (in Germany), T-2 intercontinental cruise missile, 267–268, 216–217, 220, 226, 229, 239 274–275 Spetskomitet (Special Committee for Rocket Taganrog, 91 and Reactive Weapons), 279–284, 325, Taifun surface-to-air missile, 209 365–366 Tamm, Igor’, 304 Sputnik (satellite), 1–4, 8, 11, 12, 15, 45, 57, Tashkent, 31 61, 71, 121, 126, 249, 264, 291, 292, 301, TASS news agency, 346, 356n71, 358, 360 303, 308, 310, 314, 320, 329, 333, 346, Taylorism, 5, 77, 98 347, 351, 354, 363–371; creation of, TB-1 bomber, 134 334–340; publicizing Sputnik before its TB-3 bomber, 272 launch, 340–343; launch of, 349–359; Technological Capabilities Panel (TCP), 321 immediate reaction to launch, 359–362; technological utopianism, in the see also PS-1 post-Revolutionary era, 5, 10, 75–78, Sputnik-2 (satellite), 360 83–92, 104, 105, 107, 108–109, 111–113; Stakhanovism, 7 in the 1950s, 291, 301–304, 308–313 Stalin, Iosif, 6, 14, 66, 69–70, 71, 131, 143, Tekhnika (newspaper), 144–145 145, 158, 164, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, Tekhnika i zhizn’ (journal), 88 177, 188, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 199, Tekhnika-molodezhi (journal), 88, 303, 310, 212, 214, 216, 217–218, 219, 221, 232, 311, 341 233, 236–239, 242, 244–247, 249, 264, Terent’ev, Iakov, 136n79, 148, 162n17, 174 266, 267–268, 271–272, 286–287, 295, Theme No. 72 (satellite research theme), 314 297, 302, 304, 315, 370 Theme I-13, 250–251 Stalin Prize, 268 Theme I-22, 250–251 Stalinism, 2, 4, 5, 9, 68, 144–145, 156, 163, Theme I-31, 250–251 187, 193, 194, 233, 264, 265–266, 279, Theme N-1, 255, 257 303, 327, 363, 364, 370 Theme N-2, 255, 257, 258n40 Staniukovich, Kirill, 309 Theme N-3 (research on ICBM), 255–257, State Commission (for Sputnik), 356 258n40, 275 State Committee of Defense (GOKO), thermonuclear weapons, 242, 245, 270, 274, 198–199, 202, 204n24, 212, 215, 216, 275, 279, 288–289, 315, 367 218, 235n112, 239 Thuringia region, 206, 208–209, 227 Stephan, Helena, 99 Tikhomirov, Nikolai, 127–128, 129 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 33–34 Tikhonravov, Mikhail, 13, 14, 45, 145, 156, Stites, Richard, 19, 76, 78, 98 164, 174, 289, 293, 294, 298, 301, 305, “Storming the Stratosphere” campaign, 306, 307, 309, 319, 320, 348; and work at 66–67, 71–72, 111, 132, 143–144, GIRD, 147–149; and work on early 145–146, 151, 185 concept of ICBM, 252–257, 275, 287; St. Petersburg, 25, 31, 37 early life of, 291–292; and resurrecting

Index 401

Tsiolkovskii’s legacy in postwar era, Tula, 86 296–299, 347–348; and satellite work in Tupolev, Andrei, 122, 189–191, 247, 1950s, 313–318, 324–329, 330; and 271–272, 284, 367 Sputnik, 333–334, 336, 337n16, 338, 342, Turgenev, Ivan, 19 343, 359, 361, 365 Tushino, 190, 308 Tikhonravov Group, 253–255 Tveretskii, Aleksandr, 211, 223, 230, 232, Timiriazev, Kliment, 32 239 Titov, German, 74, 113 Twain, Mark, 33–34 Tiulin, Georgii, 155, 196, 211n40, 222, 224, 226, 227, 231, 278n87, 316 Uhl, Matthias, 11, 230 Tiura-Tam, 345, 350, 355, 357–358, 362 Ukraine, 121, 267 Tolstoi, Aleksei, 74–75, 83, 84–85, 97, Ul’rikh, Vasilii, 187 99–100 Unshlikht, Iosif, 71 Tolstoi, Lev, 19, 79 Usedom, 205 Topchiev, Aleksandr, 361 Ustinov, Dmitrii, 114, 213n49, 217, Troika management body, 266–267 232–238, 239, 247, 255, 261–262, 265, Trotskii, Lev, 77, 111 267, 269, 270, 273–274, 280, 281–282, Trunov, Konstantin, 348 316, 335, 359, 366 TsAGI, see Central Aerohydrodynamics utopian thought in Russia/Soviet Union, 1, 5, Institute 8, 10, 12–13, 37, 146, 241, 363, 364, 367, Tsander, Fridrikh, 13, 57n45, 61–62, 76, 85, 371; in pre-Revolutionary era, 18–22;in 86, 87, 114–117, 138, 145, 147, 148, 150, the post-Revolutionary era, 41, 73, 152, 253; and GIRD, 119–121, 123–126, 74–113, 114, 115, 116, 126, 365;inthe 136–143 post-World War II era, 291, 301–304, Tsiolkovskii, Konstantin, 3, 12, 14, 16–18, 368, 370 22, 31, 49, 71–73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 83, 84, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 106, 107, V-1 German cruise missile, 204, 205–206, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 121, 209, 214, 215 122, 134, 139, 141, 142, 145, 146, 163, V-2 German ballistic missile, 156, 179, 186, 179, 188, 193, 196, 241, 253, 287, 290, 192–193, 196–197, 205–206, 208, 291, 292, 295, 307, 312, 347, 357, 359, 209–217, 219, 221–225, 227–233, 366–371; his science ﬁction, 21–23, 26, 236–238, 243, 247, 248–250, 253–255, 34, 48, 51, 53, 61; his early life and 259, 260–262, 284, 292, 297, 332, 351, publications on space exploration, 24–30; 369 popularization of his ideas, 34–42; his Vakhitov, F. I., 202 activities after the Revolution, 43–65; his Vakhnin, V. M., 340 family, 48–49, 52, 53; his arrest after the Valier, Max, 61–62, 64, 123 Revolution, 50; recognition by the Soviet Vanchu, Anthony, 112–113 government, 66–71; and Cosmism, 79–83, Vanguard satellite program, 321, 349 107–109; and Kosmicheskii reis (Space Vannikov, Boris, 212–214, 217–219, 232, Voyage) movie, 102–103; postwar 236, 237, 269, 317n76 resurrection, 296–301, 304, 317–318, VARNITSO, 153 322, 330; his one hundredth birthday in Varvarov, Nikolai, 308, 312 1957, 346–349 Vasil’ev, Leonid, 108 Tsiolkovskii gold medal, 301, 317–318, 322 Vasil’evskii, Aleksandr, 237n118, 265, Tu-4 strategic bomber, 271, 284 266n50, 267 Tu-95 strategic bomber, 271–272 V. A. Steklov Mathematics Institute of the Tukhachevskii, Mikhail, 13, 118, 129–136, Academy of Sciences (MIAN), 256–257, 140–141, 143, 145, 150–153, 156, 157, 267, 314–315 159–160, 161n14, 162, 163, 164, 166, Vavilov, Nikolai, 47 168–169, 171–172, 193–194, 284; arrest Vecherniaia krasnaia gazeta (newspaper), 63, and execution, 173–174, 176 123n32

402 Index

Vecherniaia moskva (newspaper), 69, Washington, DC, 242, 349, 358 122n27, 146n113, 320–322 Washington Post, 68, 321–322, 324 Verein fur Raumschiffahrt (VfR), 64–65 Wasserfall surface-to-air missile, 205, 222, Vernadskii, Vladimir, 79n13, 80n16, 107 223, 232, 236, 237–238, 276n81 Verne, Jules, 19–20, 26–27, 34, 35, 37–41, Waterman, Alan, 321–322 83–84, 98, 110, 134, 368 Well, H. G., 20, 21, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 77, Vesenkha (Supreme Council of the National 84–85 Economy, VSNKh), 56n41, 84, 88, White Sands, New Mexico, 208 127n45, 129–130, 143, 144 Wolff, Waldemar, 227 Vestnik vozdushnogo ﬂota (journal), 122, World War I (Great War), 17, 29, 33 123n32 World War II (Great Patriotic War), 1, 10, Vestnik vozdukhoplavaniia (journal), 29 11, 13–14, 51, 71, 97–98, 126, 156, 171, Vestnik znanii (journal), 32, 62, 88, 90–91, 179, 195, 196–203, 205, 219, 233–234, 123n32 235–237, 239, 243, 244, 246, 252, 271, Viebach, Fritz, 228 281–282, 283–284, 286, 287, 294, Vienna, 306 301–302, 305, 322, 326, 350, 367, 369 Vinogradov, Ivan, 315 World’s First Exhibition of Models of Vladimir Il’ich Factory, 219 Interplanetary Apparatus, Mechanisms, Vladivostok, 187 Instruments and Historical Materials, see V masterskoi prirody (journal), 54, 62, 89 exhibition on space travel in 1927 Vne zemli (novel), 23, 48, 51 Wright Brothers, 5, 68 Vodovozova, Elizaveta, 32 Vokrug sveta (journal), 34 Yalta, 201–202, 208, 209n34 Volga river, 351 von Braun, Wernher, 121, 171, 208, 221, Zabolotskii, Vladimir, 79n13, 107 300–301, 313, 326, 332, 333, 334 Zaveniagin, Avramii, 285, 315n68 von Opel, Fritz, 61, 123 Zeldovich, Iakov, 286 Vorob’ev, Boris, 54, 298, 299n25 Zeppelin airships, 67 Voronezh, 90–91, 100 Zernov, Pavel, 202 Voroshilov, Kliment, 118, 151, 152, 157n5, Zhdanov, Andrei, 233, 294, 295, 297 158, 168–169, 171, 173n61, 177 Zhdanovshchina, 14, 294–301, 310, 329, Voskresenskii, Leonid, 220n73, 350, 330 352–353, 356, 358, 360 Zhelnina, Tat’iana, 60–61 Vostok spaceship, 121 Zhukov, Georgii, 226, 237n118, 271, 279, Voznesensk, 91 282–283, 284, 285, 289 Voznesenskii, Nikolai, 202n19, 219 Zhukovskii, Nikolai, 25 Vvedenie v kosmonavtiki (book), 307–308 Zhukovskii Military Air Academy, 57, 84, Vystrel’ rocket launch group, 224, 232 85, 116n2, 133, 292 Zhuravlev, Vasilii, 102–103 Wallace, Anthony F. C., 72–73 Znanie-sila (journal), 88, 303, 311 War Communism, 46, 51 Zubovich, Ivan, 213n49, 216n58, 261 war scare of 1927, 130 Zvorykin, A., 297