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I - 7 RUE ANCELLE 92200 NEUILLY SUR SEINE FRANCE MARDLfcTuRc8pw#)l@4 NOT FOR DESTRUCTION Research and Development of Ram/Scramjets and Turboramjets in Russia (La Recherche et le Dkveloppement des Statodacteurs, dcs Statorikcteurs h Combustion Supersonique et des Wbostator6acteurs en Russie) AGARD-LS-194 I. l- ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 7 RUE ANCELLE 92200 NEUILLY SUR SEINE FRANCE AGARD LECTURE SERIES 194 Research and Development of Ram/Scramjets and Turboramjets in Russia (La Recherche et le Dkveloppement des Statorkacteurs, des Statorkacteurs a Combustion Supersonique et des Turbostatorkacteurs en Russie) The material in this publication was assembled to support a Lecture Series under the sponsorship of the Propulsion and Energetics Panel and the Consultant and Exchange Programme of AGARD presented on 1st-2nd December 1993 in Laurel, Maryland, United States, 13th-14th January 1994 in Koln, Germany and 17th-18th January 1994 in Paris, France. 1 I - North Atlantic Treaty Organization Organisation du Faite de l'Atlantique Nord -@I The Mission of AGARD According to its Charter, the mission of AGARD is to bring together the leading personalities of the NATO nations in the fields of science and technology relating to aerospace for the following purposes: - Recommending effective ways for the member nations to use their research and development capabilities for the common benefit of the NATO community; - Providing scientific and technical advice and assistance to the Military Committee in the field of aerospace research and development (with particular regard to its military application); - Continuously stimulating advances in the aerospace sciences relevant to strengthening the common defence posture; - Improving the co-operation among member nations in aerospace research and development; - Exchange of scientific and technical information; - Providing assistance to member nations for the purpose of increasing their scientific and technical potential; - Rendering scientific and technical assistance, as requested, to other NATO bodies and to member nations in connection with research and development problems in the aerospace field. The highest authority within AGARD is the National Delegates Board consisting of officially appointed senior representatives from each member nation. The mission of AGARD is carried out through the Panels which are composed of experts appointed by the National Delegates, the Consultant and Exchange Programme and the Aerospace Applications Studies Programme. The results of AGARD work are reported to the member nations and the NATO Authorities through the AGARD series of publications of which this is one. Participation in AGARD activities is by invitation only and is normally limited to citizens of the NATO nations. The content of this publication has been reproduced directly from material supplied by AGARD or the authors. Published December 1993 Copyright 0 AGARD 1993 All Rights Reserved ISBN 92-835-0732-0 Printed by Specia lised Printing Services Limited 40 Chigwell Lane, Loughton, Essex IGlO 3TZ ii Abstract Russia has a long tradition of achievement in ramjet research and development. This tradition, and aspirations toward new and effective products, have led to establish Russian priority in the ramjet field. This Lecture Series will present and discuss the scientific problems of the development of ramjetdscramjets and turboramjets. Some specific aspects of liquid/solid ramjet development, the concepts of LH2 high efficiency RAM combustors, the results of full scale turboramjet testing, scramjet or CFD analyses and their ground flight tests will be studied. This Lecture Series, endorsed by the Propulsion and Energetics Panel of AGARD, has been implemented by the Consultant and Exchange programme. I Abriigii I1 existe en Russie une longue tradition de rialisations dans le domaine de la recherche et le diveloppement des statoriacteurs. Ces traditions et ces ambitions de produits nouveaux et efficaces ont contribui a l'itablissement de la primauti russe dans le domaine des statoriacteurs. Ce cycle de confirences prisente et expose les problkmes scientifiques posis par le diveloppement des statoriacteurs, des statoriacteurs a combustion supersonique et des turboriacteurs. La conference itudiira certaines particularitis du developpement des statoriacteurs liquide/solide, les concepts des chambres de combustion RAM LH2 B rendement Clevi, les risultats des essais des turboriacteurs B grandeur rielle, les statoriacteurs a combustion supersonique, les analyses 5 l'aide de l'airodynamique numirique et les essais au sol. Ce cycle de confirences est prisenti dans le cadre du programme des Consultants et des Echanges, sous l'igide du Panel AGARD de Propulsion et d'Energitique. iii List of Authors/Speakers Lecture Series Director: Prof. V. Sosounov CIAM (Central Institute of Aviation Motors) Aviamotornaya Street 2 111250 Moscow Russia Dr M.M. Tskhovrebov V. Kopchenov Dr A. Roudakov Dr CIAM (Central Institute of CIAM (Central Institute of CIAM (Central Institute Of Aviation Motors) Aviation Motors) Aviation Motors) Aviamotornaya Street 2 Aviamotornaya Street 2 Aviamotornaya Street 2 111250 Moscow 111250 Moscow 111250 Moscow Russia Russia Russia iv Contents Page - AbstractIAbrkge iii List of Authors/Speakers iv Reference Introduction and Overview I by V. Sosounov Turboramjet Engines 1 Part I - Types and Performances 0 by M.M. Tskhovrebov Research and Development of Ramjets/Ramrockets 2 Part I - Integral Solid Propellant Ramrockets by V. Sosounov Some Problems of Scramjet Propulsion for Aerospace Planes 3 Part I - Scramjet: Aims and Features by A. Roudakov Scramjet CFD Methods and Analysis 4 Part I - Scramjet CFD Methods: Numerical Simulation of the Flow in Scramjet Duct by V. Kopchenov et al. Research and Development of Ramjets/Ramrockets 5 Part I1 - Integral Liquid Fuel Ramjets by V. Sosounov Research and Development of Ramjets/Ramrockets 6 Part 111 - The Study of Gaseous Hydrogen Ram Combustors 0 by V. Sosounov Turboramiet Engines 7 Part I1 - kIAMkxperimental Turboramjets by M.M. Tskhovrebov et al. Scramjet CFD Methods and Analysis 8 Part I1 - Scramjet CFD Analysis: Numerical Simulation of Supersonic Mixing and Combustion Applied to Scramjet Combustor by V. Kopchenov et al. Some Problems of Scramjet Propulsion for Aerospace Planes 9 Part I1 - Scramjet: Development and Test Problems by A. Roudokov ~ 1. V 1-1 0 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW by Prof., D.Sc. V.SOSOUNOV ClAM (Central Ilistitllte of Aviation Motors) 2, Aviamotornaya St. I1 1250 MOSCOW RUSSIA - SUMMARY OF LECTURE SERIES. NOMENCLATURE Ramjets, turboramjets and scranijets are D,d - diiltneter; studied very iiite~isively in m:wy ildviiticed H - altitude; countries as very effective propulsion for missiles Hll - mass he;it of conibiistion; and high velocity planes iiicludiiig aerospace HV - volumetric heat of combustion; plaries dirring their acceleration in tlie I -mass specific impulse; atmosphere. - volumetric specific impulse; 1. - length; All these types of airbrei\tliillg engines IiiIVe M - tnilch nuniber; tlie siniiliir elements: ram ducts. That fact allows P - pressure; 0 11s to unite the discussion 011 R & D problems of T - tempe Kit \I re; all these engines iii tlie frame of tlie Lecture t - time; Series. V - flight velocity; V - volllme; Russia 1i;is quite large experience in W - air, gas velocity; research itlid developinent of high velocity airbreathing engines for uiiinnnncd veliicles and A B B REV I AT I 0 N S future aero- and iierospace planes. This experience is connected first of all with ramjets or AB€ - airbreathing engines; combinecl engines having ramjet duct, and also ASP - aerospace plane; with tlie use of solid, liquid and liydrogeii fuels. ATR - airturborocket; DMSCRJ - dual mode scramjet; Tlie traditions of ranijet developmelit go FD - flyijig distalice; back to prewar period and to tlie aftelwar FV - flying vehicle; aspiriltioli to new achievements wliicli led to well I - mass specific impulse; known Riissi;in priority in ramjet field. Tlie short JP - hydrocarbon fuel, kerosene; historical overview 21s well as tlie survey of tlie JV - volumetric specific impiilse; coI1temporiiry state of high speed engines R & D LFRJ - liquid fuel niinjet; in Rrissi;i are given in this overview lecture. LH2 - liquid hydrogen; 0 LR - liquid rocket; Tlie following part of Lecture Series is PR - pressure ratio: devoted to discuss tlie result of R & D of solid PS - propulsion system; propellant ramrockets, liquid fuel ramjets and RJ - ramjet eiigine; experimental hydrogen ram combustors. SCRJ - scramjet; SCRJ-R - scram-rocket engine; Tlie next lectures are devoted to SFC - specific fuel consumption; turboramjets. Tlie results of tlie large program of SPRR - solid propellant ramrocket; investigation of tlie features and performance of SR - solid rocket; experimentiil full scaled turboranijets developed SSTO - Single stage to orbit ASP; at ClAM are discussed. Tlie second stage of TF - turbofan; iierospiice plane acceleration to Mac11 number 10 T RJ - t II rbora nijet e iigine; - 12 (and more) many connect now with tlie use TSTO - Two stage to orbit ASP. of scrarnjet engines, which are studied in tlie next two parts of Lecture Series. In tlie first of them 1. INTRODUCTION tlie features and performances of scranijets and also tlie result of their ground and flight tests are It is well know that the use of ram/scI.iilnjet discussed. Tlie last part of Lecture Series is principle permit to broaden the sphere of devoted to Scramjet C
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  • Armaments Non-Proliferation: the Case of Cruise Missiles

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    Artigo recebido em fevereiro de 2014 e aceite para publicação em maio de 2014 ARMAMENTS NON-PROLIFERATION: THE CASE OF CRUISE MISSILES NÃO-PROLIFERAÇÃO DE ARMAMENTOS: O CASO DOS MÍSSEIS DE CRUZEIRO José Carlos Cardoso Mira Coronel Técnico de Manutenção de Armamento e Equipamento da Força Aérea Chefe do Gabinete de Planeamento e Programação Instituto de Estudos Superiores Militares Lisboa, Portugal [email protected] Abstract This article is intended to present an overview of cruise missiles produced by several States and their vertical and horizontal proliferation, especially in what concerns Land Attack Cruise Missiles (LACM), using publicly-available information only. The analysis was limited to LACM capable of delivering a payload of at least 500 kilograms (kg) to a range of at least 300 kilometers (km), or non-conventional weapons. NÃO-PROLIFERAÇÃO DE ARMAMENTOS: O CASO DOS MÍSSEIS CRUZEIRO A characterization of those missiles will be made and a brief historical overview presented, as well as an analysis of the technologies involved, a description of world cruise missile programs and of non-proliferation issues (detailing two multilateral mechanisms in use). The Portuguese aspects of non-proliferation will be addressed, including some proposals for a better addressing of this issue in the appropriate Portuguese fora. We conclude that the issue of cruise missile proliferation involves multiple technological, political, military and commercial aspects, being an issue of concern for several actors of the International System. Keywords: Cruise Missiles, Military Technologies, Non-proliferation. Resumo Com o presente artigo pretende apresentar-se uma panorâmica sobre os mísseis de cruzeiro produzidos por diversos Estados do mundo e respetiva proliferação horizontal e vertical, especialmente no respeitante aos Land Attack Cruise Missiles (LACM), utilizando essencialmente informação pública.