Faculty of Health Science , Campus of Puncak Alam
E-PJJ Bachelor Degree Program of Environmental Safety & Health (HS223)
Full Report of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Auditing on the operational of Langsat Terminal (One)(LgT-1) at Tanjung Langsat, Pasir Gudang, Johor Darul Takzim
Prepared by GROUP JOHOR
Group Leader: MOHD RUHAIZIE BIN RIYADZI (2010282848) EHOA at Port of Tanjung Pelepas Health Office, Johor
Secretary: NORADILLAH BINTI ABD. RAZAK (2010671116) EHOA at Pasir Gudang Municipal Council, Johor
Safety Officer: SITI MASHALIDA BINTI JOHAR (2010249312) EHOA at Port of Tanjung Pelepas Health Office, Johor
Logistic and Task Officer: SITI AISHAH BINTI MAHADI (2010486108) EHOA at Stulang Laut (Enterance) Health Office, Johor
Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
Table of Content
Page
Table of Content 1
Executive Summary 3
1.0 Introduction 6
2.0 Objectives 15 2.1 General Objective 15 2.2 Specific Objectives 15
3.0 Description of Work 16
4.0 Noise Exposure Monitoring 19 4.1 Objectives 19 4.2 Literature Review 19 4.3 Methodologies 25 4.4 Results 31 4.5 Existing Control Measures 34 4.6 Discussions and Conclusions 36 4.7 Recommendation 36
5.0 Air Quality Monitoring 37 5.1 Objectives 37 5.2 Literature Review 37 5.3 Methodologies 40
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Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
5.4 Results 44 5.5 Existing Control Measures 45 5.6 Discussions and Conclusions 46 5.7 Recommendations 47
6.0 Water Quality (Discharge) Monitoring 47 6.1 Objectives 47 6.2 Literature Review 48 6.3 Methodologies 49 6.4 Results 54 6.5 Existing Control Measures 56 6.6 Discussions and Conclusions 57 6.7 Recommendations 58
7.0 Public Survey and Health Impact Assessment 58 7.1 Objective 58 7.2 Literature Review 58 7.3 Methodologies 60 7.4 Results 63 7.5 Discussions and Conclusions 70 7.6 Recommendations 71
8.0 Overall Discussions and Recommendations 71
References 72
Appendices 76
Mohd Ruhaizie R., Noradillah A.R., Siti Mashalida J. & Siti Aishah M. Bachelor Degree in Environmental Safety & Health (Hons.) Page 2
Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
Executive Summary
Introduction
The EIA on Langsat Terminal (One) (LgT-1) has been written and approved on 2007. The plant was developed in three phases. The first phase started it operation with 7 storage tanks for 130,000 m 3 gasoil (middle-distillates) and naphtha. Then in April 2010, the second phase started it operation with the additional of 13 storage tanks for 270,000 m3 fuel oil and gasoil. Recently, in June 2011, the final phase achieved it construction completion. Once it operated (assume in early 2012), 76,000 m 3 biodiesel and gasoline will be stored in another 12 storage tanks. The operation of LgT-1 will only involve in loading/unloading petroleum from/to the vessel berthing at Tanjung Langsat Port, blending/mixing middle-distillates oil, inter-tank transferring and distribution to land transportation.
Literature Review
According to World Bank Group (2007) and G.S. Cholakov ( ), the most environmental and health hazard emit from a storage plant of oil and gas (O&G) related industries are noise, effluent and ground water pollution and the most important is air pollution as the plant may release a lot of volatile organic compound to the air from the air stack of the thermal boiler, land and vessel emission, as well as atmosphere pressure released from the valve at the tank rooftop. All these kind of hazards has a significant risk to the public health of the worker, nearby residents as well as the fauna surrounds. The main concerned that built in mind is that once accidents occurred, especially explosion and burn as the highest result of Qualitative Risk Assessment done in Rjinmond Industrial Area is about the pool fire, because it not only result in flame danger but also the effect rise from the emission of the smoke and spread-gases into the atmosphere.
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Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
Methodologies
Site visit, public survey and secondary data collection was done from prior the measurement with site visit and public survey (100 respondents) have been done on November 8 – 11, 2011. Measurement of air quality (2 locations), noise exposure (2 locations same as air quality measurement location) and ground water quality (2 locations) and the observation of the waste management plan and records (secondary data) were done from November 23 – 26, 2011.
Result
Boundary noise exposure (L Aeq ) at both location are N1: 68.2 dB(A), N2: 58.0 dB(A) during daytime and N1: 52.3 dB(A), N2: 48.1 dB(A) at night-time. For air quality at both 3 3 3 3 locations, TSP (A1: 94.3 µg/m , A2: 98.1 µg/m ), SO 2 (A1: 17.2 µg/m , A2: 19.7 µg/m ) while for SO 2 and VOC are not detected (ND) at both locations. For ground water quality, temperature (GW1: 28.7°C, GW2: 28.4°C), pH (GW1: 6.01, GW2: 6.23), DO (GW1: 3.66 mg/l, GW2: 3.15 mg/l), BOD (20°C) (GW1: 3 mg/l, GW2: 2 mg/l), COD (GW1: 31 mg/l, GW2: 24 mg/l), TSS (GW1: 21 mg/L, GW2: 12 mg/l) and Ammonium Nitrate (GW1: 0.34 mg/l, GW2: ND). For public survey, majority mention that they haven’t experienced any major health problem due to the operation of the plant.
Risk Assessment
After the hazard identification done and qualitative risk were analyzed, we’ve found that the greatest risk from the plant is due to the pool fire, which might be emit from the leakage of the pipeline and tanks, due to overpressure, corrosion and misleading action of the workers.
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Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
Discussion and Conclusion
No result showing that any of the parameters measured violence any standard limits either The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control DOE 2004, Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines (RMAQG), 1988 or Schedule B, Malaysian Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation 2009. As supported by the opinion in public survey, it is concluded that the operation of this plant is harmless to the human and environment regarded to the safety and health, as long as all operations and tasks done followed the standard operating procedures (SOP) of the plant and it emergency response plant (ERP).
Recommendation
As data shows that result are below allowable limit and the QRA done support that the most danger coming from the pool fire occurrence, therefore the plant should continue its EMP as planned. More training will ensure that the ERP will be execute and working accordingly during the emergency time. It’s also suggested that the plant should has discharge water and effluent treatment plant as the Accidentally Oily Contaminated water can occur but the containment itself might not enough to reduce the risk of the accumulated oily that accidently contaminated the water. More than that, the treatment plant is also a requirement in achieving ISO 14000:2008 recognition to the plant.
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Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Langsat Terminal (One) or acronym LgT-1 is one of the oil and gas (O&G) products storages in Tanjung Langsat Industrial Park (TLIP), a gazette industrial area early 1990s. TLIP consist two major areas, which are Tanjung Langsat Industrial Area (TLIA) and Tanjung Langsat Port (TLP). Once fully occupied, both areas will have several industrials such as O&G storages and productions, chemical industries, steel processing industries, wood and timber industries as well as transportation services (see Figure 1-1 – The Zoning in Local Planning of Pasir Gudang Municipal Council By The Year 2020 ).
TLIP can be reached via two main land routes either using Pasir Gudang Highway which connecting the metropolitan center of Johor Bahru to Jalan Pekeliling at Pasir Gudang, or from Senai, where the Sultan Ismail International Airport (SIIA) is located via the new route of E22 Senai-Desaru Highway. Both routes are about 50 km each (see Figure 1- 2 – E22 routes by Senai-Desaru Expressway Berhad ).
Back to LgT-1, this plant of 476,000 m3 of O&G storages kick off their planning with the Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) written and authorized by the local authorities in 2007. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) which as planned in the Preliminary EIA was conducted as well as the Environmental Auditing (EA) by a licensed authorized auditor. It consist monthly auditing for the effluent and water quality and every quarter of the year for boundary noise exposure monitoring, air quality monitoring and marine water quality monitoring. The milestone of the EIA processes at LgT-1 is shown as below:
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Figure 1-1 The Zoning in Local Planning of Pasir Gudang Municipal Council By The Year 2020
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Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
The circle shows a location of Tanjung Langsat
Figure 1-2 E22 routes by Senai-Desaru Expressway Berhad
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Figure 1-3 The milestone of EIA processes of LgT-1
LgT-1 (and the other two LgT-2 & LgT-3) is owned by Centralized Terminal Sdn. Bhd. who which holds the equity of 80% and another 20% by Puma Energy Asia Pacific, a subsidiary company of Trifigura Pvt. Ltd. Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
Figure 1-4 Ownership and business link of LgT-1
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Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
The development of LgT-1 consist three phases and can be derived as below:
Figure 1-5 The complete of three phases in LgT-1 development.
As prescribed in Figure 1-5 above, the first phase of LgT-1 is complete and kick off it operation in September 2009. It involves 7 storage tanks with the total capacity of 130,000 m3 just to store gasoil (middle-distillate) and naphtha only. The main concerned during this phase is about the leakage of the pipeline and tank as well as lose piping attachment, which might lead to pool fire occurrence (as a main safety hazard) and ground or runoff water contamination. At this stages, the main focus of EMP and EA is about the waste water quality at both of it ground water containment (GW1 and GW2) with GW1 is directly attached to the drainage link for the Corrugated Plate Interceptor (CPI).
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Once the second phase run it operation in April 2010 with the additional capacity of 270,000 m3 of fuel oil and blend stock products in another 13 storage tanks, thermal boiler is equipped as it is requiring a temperature of 55C-60C to transfer and 55C to store this kind of oil products. Therefore, an additional concern also added, with the monitoring of the air quality as the thermal boiler produce some emission via it stack and noise monitoring as there are exposure when the engine kick off.
The final and latest, the third phase, which already done in it development but it is estimated to kick start it operation early 2012, after the first estimation the phase should be started on third quarter of 2011. In this phase, another 12 storage tanks are built which maximum storage of 76,000 m3 involving gasoline and biodiesel. A road transportation filling (RTF) terminal also been built to ease the transfer on the product to land transportation. These will add to the noise exposure as well as air quality as the land vehicle also emit some gases via it exhaust system.
As the operation of the LgT-1 is about set to fully operated, Langsat Terminal (Two) (LgT-2) is also in its final preparation for it first switch on. LgT-2 is located across the road opposing LgT-1. Next to LgT-2 is a vacant field but a Langsat Terminal (Three) (LgT-3) in the future. Right now, the Preliminary EIA of Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Commissioning of LgT-3 have been reviewed by the local authority and other related government agencies.
Previously before all of these plants been built, the first tenants who built it tank storages for O&G industries in this area is Tanjung Langsat Port itself (known as TLP Oil Terminal) and Langsat Bulkers. Both located at the closest area to the port. The layout plan of Tanjung Langsat Port is visualized as below:
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Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
Figure 1-6 Layout of Tanjung Langsat Port area which consist LgT-1, LgT-2, LgT-3, Langsat Bulkers and Tanjung Langsat Port Oil Terminal.
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Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
Figure 1-7 Arial Photo of Tanjung Langsat Port area which consist LgT-1, LgT- 2, LgT-3, Langsat Bulkers and Tanjung Langsat Port Oil Terminal. (Courtesy: Langsat Terminal (One)).
Therefore, it’s necessary to do all parameter measurement at least every quarterly of the year as the plant will boost into full operation in a very soon of time, to make sure the EMP can be done as planned.
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2.0 OBJECTIVES
2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
This study has been carried out to find either the plant management has successfully running their Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to ensure they’re comply with the allowable standard or limit as guided or gazette by the authorities, or else. It also to study the opinions and experiences that impacting the nearest residents in their daily activities and public health related issues.
2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
2.2.1 To do a site visit to the plant and the nearest residential areas as it necessary to know the background of the study area as well as getting the support and permission from the management/resident to do the study. 2.2.2 To measure for some related parameters to the O&G storage plant. Such parameters are equivalent noise level (Leq) for noise exposure, air quality monitoring and water quality monitoring. 2.2.3 To analysis data that found and do discussion/critics based on the standardize guidelines/regulation and literature reviews. 2.2.4 To assess the risk using qualitative risk assessment (QRA). 2.2.5 To recommend any additional value or repair that has to be done in order to strengthen the plant EMP or public health status of the nearest residents.
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Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
3.0 DESCRIPTION OF WORK
The first project which deemed to our focus to be audited is Langsat Tank Terminal 3 (LgT-3) which is at the opposite location of LgT-1. However, the land of LgT-3 is still vacant as the Preliminary EIA of Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Commissioning (EPCC) of it is still in the review of Pasir Gudang Municipal Council and other related government agencies.
Figure 3-1 The first meeting with HSSE Manager of LgT-1, En. Othman bin Ahmad at Langsat Centralized Terminal Facilities (LgCTF) Office.
A visit to Langsat Centralized Terminal Facilities (LgCTF), has brought us to the HSSE Manager, En. Othman bin Ahmad into a face to face meeting for their approval and some information of the plant. We’re also met the head of Kampung Tanjung Langsat and Kampung Perigi Acheh for the approval to conduct public survey and health impact assessment (qualitative) for about 50
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residents of each village. The public survey and site visit has been done from November 8 – 11, 2011. Time is critical issue in doing this because all of the group members are strictly tied with the commitment of official duties at each agency. Each day, we could manage to spend for about 3 – 5 hours meeting and interviewing residents with open-ended questions related to their current health and living status. Data collected then being analyzed using statistical methodologies with the help of Microsoft Excel 7.
Figure 3-2 An interview with open ended questions done to randomly selected respondents in Kampung Perigi Acheh and Kampung Tanjung Langsat.
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Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
During the fourth seminar of E-PJJ students this year, we have been told that all projects which selected to be audited must already perform their operation and not just a vacant field. Therefore, we’ve decided to change our plant to be audited (LgT-3) to LgT-1. We’re very fortunate because the plant is still under the same management and we might be managed to follow our working plan/schedule accordingly.
The measurement of air quality, boundary noise exposure and water quality monitoring was done on November 23 – 26, 2011. Specifically, the measurement of water quality was done only on November 23, 2011 at the internal containment pond (GW1 & GW2) inside the plant compound, while air quality was measured from November 23 to November 24, 2011, in which to get the full reading of the Total Suspended Particulate, TSP (24 hours reading). Noise exposure monitoring has been done from November 23 to November 26, in which the reading is taken periodically for daytime (7.00 am to 10.00 pm) and night-time (10.00 pm to 7.00 am). The data for each period then averaged into a single equivalent noise, Leq. Prior than that, measurement for about 5 minutes, 1 meter away from the source of the noise have been done. All location with a reading of equivalent sound level near or above 85 dB(A), which is Action Limit in Factory and Machinery Act, is considered as a noise sources.
All in-situ data were recorded on the spot, while laboratory analysis have been done in a private laboratory which have been recognized by Pasir Gudang Municipal Council, Lotus Laboratory Sdn. Bhd. at Taman Daya, Johor Bahru, Johor. From all data measured, all have been compared to the baseline data from the Preliminary EIA of LgT-1 and the Environmental Monitoring Report for Langsat Terminal (One) (Quarterly Report – October 2011). It’s also been compared to the allowable limit for each parameter.
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Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
4.0 NOISE EXPOSURE MONITORING
4.1 OBJECTIVES
4.1.1 General Objective
The purpose of noise monitoring is to measure and ensure the noise that exposed to the environment which is produced from the plant is compliance with the legislative requirements.
4.1.2 Specific Objectives
i. To determine the source of noise in the plant via measuring the noise level above the Action Level 85 dBA as accordance to Factory and Machinery Act. ii. To measure the noise boundary that was exposed to the environments within 24 hours. iii. To compare the data collected at the time of study with baseline data and legislative requirements.
4.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
4.2.1 Legislative Requirement
The guidance referred is The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limit and Control, published by Department of Environmental in 2004.
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This guideline is stipulated from the Environmental Quality Act, which stated that “no person shall, unless licensed, emit or cause or permit to be emitted any noise greater in volume, intensity or quality in contravention of the acceptable conditions”.
To be specific, the Schedule 1 of the guideline was referred most.
4.2.2 Terminologies
dB(A) - The decibel unit of measurement of sound level corrected to the “A” weighted scale.
decibel (dB) - A unit of measurement of sound level equal to 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the pressure of the sound measured to the reference pressure of 20 micropascals.
equivalent A-weighted sound level (L Aeq ) - The constant sound level that, in a given situation and time period, conveys the same sound energy as the actual time-varying A-weighted sound. For the purpose of these A-weighted sound level for the day time period of
7.00 am to 10.00 pm and the night time L Aeq is equivalent A- weighted sound level for the night period of 10.00 pm to 7.00 am.
industrial area - A designated area as approved or gazetted by the local authority for the purpose of sitting industrial, manufacturing or processing plants, factories or facilities.
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Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
rms sound pressure - The square root of the time averaged
square of the sound pressure, denoted as P rms
sound attenuator or sound dissipative device - An acoustic filtering device for the attenuation of sound energy for airborne sound as transmitted to the atmosphere or surroundings of an equipment or sound source; such as muffler as used for engines exhausts, and silencer for air distribution equipment or enclosures.
sound emission - Sound as emitted or discharged from a sound sources(s).
sound immission - Sound as propagated onto and received by a receiver from sources(s) external to the receiver or real property boundary.
sound level - The weighted sound pressure level obtained by the use of a sound level meter and frequency weighting network, such as A, B, or C as specified for sound level meters. If the frequency weighting employed is not indicated, the linear non-weighting level shall apply.
sound level pressure - 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the RMS sound pressure to the reference pressure of 20 micropascals. The sound pressure level is denoted Lp or SPL and is expressed in decibles.
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4.2.3 Case Study
Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing human, animal or machine-created environmental noise that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life. The word noise comes from the Latin word nauseas, meaning seasickness.
The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly construction and transportation systems, including motor vehicle noise, aircraft noise and rail noise. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential area.
Noise Impact on Human Health
Noise health effects are both health and behavioural in nature. The unwanted sound is called noise. This unwanted sound can damage physiological and psychological health. Noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading causes to health problems, whereas tinnitus can lead to forgetfulness, severe depression and at times panic attacks.
Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss. Older males exposed to significant occupational noise demonstrate significantly reduced hearing sensitivity than their non- exposed peers, though differences in hearing sensitivity decrease with time and the two groups are indistinguishable by age 79. A comparison of Maaban tribesmen, who were insignificantly exposed Mohd Ruhaizie R., Noradillah A.R., Siti Mashalida J. & Siti Aishah M. Bachelor Degree in Environmental Safety & Health (Hons.) Page 22
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to transportation or industrial noise, to a typical U.S. population showed that chronic exposure to moderately high levels of environmental noise contributes to hearing loss.
High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects and exposure to moderately high levels during a single eight hour period causes a statistical rise in blood pressure of five to ten points and an increase in stress and vasoconstriction leading to the increased blood pressure noted above as well as to increased incidence of coronary artery disease.
Noise pollution is also a cause of annoyance. A 2005 study by Spanish researchers found that in urban areas households are willing to pay approximately four Euros per decibel per year for noise reduction.
Noise Impact on Wildlife health
Noise can have a detrimental effect on animals, increasing the risk of death by changing the delicate balance in predator or prey detection and avoidance, and interfere the use of the sounds in communication especially in relation to reproduction and in navigation. Acoustic overexposure can lead to temporary or permanent loss of hearing.
An impact of noise on animal life is the reduction of usable habitat that noisy areas may cause, which in the case of endangered species may be part of the path to extinction. Noise pollution has caused the death of certain species of whales that beached themselves after being exposed to the loud sound of military sonar. Mohd Ruhaizie R., Noradillah A.R., Siti Mashalida J. & Siti Aishah M. Bachelor Degree in Environmental Safety & Health (Hons.) Page 23
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Noise also makes species communicate louder, which is called Lombard vocal response . Scientists and researchers have conducted experiments that show whales' song length is longer when submarine-detectors are on. If creatures do not "speak" loud enough, their voice will be masked by anthropogenic sounds. These unheard voices might be warnings, finding of prey, or preparations of net-bubbling. When one species begins speaking louder, it will mask other species' voice, causing the whole ecosystem to eventually speak louder.
European Robins living in urban environments are more likely to sing at night in places with high levels of noise pollution during the day, suggesting that they sing at night because it is quieter, and their message can propagate through the environment more clearly. The same study showed that daytime noise was a stronger predictor of nocturnal singing than night-time light pollution, to which the phenomenon is often attributed.
Zebra finches become less faithful to their partners when exposed to traffic noise. This could alter a population's evolutionary trajectory by selecting traits, sapping resources normally devoted to other activities and thus lead to profound genetic and evolutionary consequences.
Source: Wikipedia.org (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution )
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4.3 METHODOLOGIES
4.3.1 Instrumentation
Solo Sound Level Meter (Type 1) which a precision sound level meter which comply the requirement of the IEC Publications 60651, 60804 and 61672.
For machinery sound monitoring (source of the noise), Sound Level Meter TENMARS TM-101 was used.
4.3.2 Sampling
Monitoring of the boundary noise level was carried out at two locations over a period of 24 hours at 1 minute intervals to assess the noise levels experienced at the plant boundary.
The two locations are the same as chosen when assessment done to get the baseline data in the Preliminary EIA Report and other quarterly previous measurement data once the operation of the plant started. As to be considered, these two location were preferred because of the winds direction, which as we noted, wind are one of the transportation of the sound molecules.
N1- N 01° 27' 01.8'', E 103° 59' 48.4'' N2- N 01° 26' 51.6", E 104° 00' 10.1''
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Sampling was done to measure parameters as follows:
• The logarithmic average of the noise over a measurement time (LAeq) – this will the key point to be compared with the baseline data and previous measurement.
• Maximum noise level recorded over the measurement time (LAmax)
• Minimum noise level recorded over the measurement time (LAmin)
• The noise level which exceeded 10 percent of the measurement time (LA10)
• The noise level which exceeded 50 percent of the measurement time (LA50)
• The noise level which exceeded 90 percent of the measurement time (LA90)
Before used, the sound level meter was calibrated acoustically using a Solo Cal.
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Langsat Terminal (One) Environmental Auditing & Health Impact Assessment 2011
4.3.3 Procedures for Identifying Noise Sources and Their Magnitudes
Referring to the baseline data provided in the Preliminary EIA, the sources of noise during operational phase are from the motor driven pumps, diesel engine driven pumps, air compressor, boiler and nitrogen pigging. The latest phase of LgT-1 also includes RTF (Road Transmission Field) as another noise source in the location.
The noise level of each location/source has been measured using Sound Level Meter TENMARS TM-101 at a distance of 1 meter from the noise source, and hold about 1.5 meters from the ground (to ear level) for about 1 minute. The result of the noise sources that is greater than Action Limit (85 dB(A)) in Factory and Machinery Act are as shown in the table below:
Noise Exposure (Leq) measured Source of Noise (inside the plant) 1m away from the source in a minute period, dB(A)
Motor driven pumps 84.3
Air compressors 82.1
Boiler 87.3
Nitrogen pigging operation involving venting 89.2
Diesel engine driven pumps 104.2
Road transport filling 82.3
Table 4-1 Level of the noise at suspected sources. In the bracket is the real equivalent noise measured.
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According to the table above, it is concluded that all noise sources are inside the plant, to be exact at the middle of the plant, Therefore, to measure the boundary noise levels, two coordinates at the surrounding area have been recognized as the sampling points. The sampling point is the same for air pollution measurement.
Both of the points are: N1- N 01° 27' 01.8'', E 103° 59' 48.4'' N2- N 01° 26' 51.6", E 104° 00' 10.1''
Meanwhile, external noise source could also come from the nearest oil terminal of Langsat Bulker and TLP Oil Terminal, other operation and construction activities of the surroundings industries, traffics and also aeroplanes which making their flight from the Sultan Ismail Airport, Senai and Changi International Airport, Singapore.
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Sampling Point N1
In the circle, major Sampling Point N2 noise sources including thermal boiler, hot oil shed and RTF
Figure 4-1 Both sampling point for boundary noise monitoring
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Figure 4-2 Boundary noise sampling instrument with wind proof microphone place side by side with the air monitoring equipment at both sampling coordinates.
Figure 4-3 Noise source and level determination at thermal boiler building (Hot Oil Shed).
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The measurement has been done in the period of 24 hours continuously with 1 minute time intervals as required in The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise, Limits and Control issued by DOE in 2004, with daytime (7am-10pm) and night time (10pm – 7pm) segregation.
4.4 RESULTS
The boundry noise level monitoring was conducted from November 23 to November 26, 2011. The average reading were compared with the limits stipulated in The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control.
Allowable Limits Leq, dB(A) Daytime Leq, dB(A) Night-time Leq, dB(A) Sampling The Planning Guidelines for Point Environmental Noise Limit & Controls, DOE 2004
D1 D2 D3 AVG D1 D2 D3 AVG DAY NIGHT
N1 63.2 62.1 63.1 62.8 53.2 52.4 52.8 52.8 70 60 N2 59.2 58.6 56.2 58.0 53.2 49.8 51.0 51.3
Table 4-2 Noise measured in those 3 days.
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Noise Allowable Limits Average Noise Noise Measured in Leq, dB(A) Measured, Leq, Measured in 3 rd Sampling Prelim. EIA The Planning Guidelines for Point dB(A) Qtr. Report Environmental Noise Limit (Baseline) & Controls, DOE 2004
Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night
N1 62.8 52.8 64.4 56.4 49.5 48.9 70 60 N2 58.0 48.1 54.0 46.6 60.2 53.1
Table 4-3 Comparison between the measured data with the secondary data (of the latest quarterly environmental auditing report) and the baseline data
Figure 4-4 Comparison of data measured for Daytime Boundary Noise Exposure
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Figure 4-5 Comparison of data measured for Night-time Boundary Noise Exposure
Daytime Noise Level ,dB(A)
90
64.4 60 54 dB(A) N1 30 N2 DOE Limit
0 Oct 09 Jan 10 Apr 10 July 10 Mar 11 June 11 Oct 11
Figure 4-6 Comparison of data measured for Daytime Boundary Noise Exposure (Courtesy from The 3 rd Quarterly Report – October 2011 in Environmental Monitoring Report for Langsat Terminal (One))
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Night Time Noise Level,dB(A)
N1 90 N2 DOE Limit
60 56.4 46.6 dB(A) 30
0 Oct 09 Jan 10 Apr 10 July 10 Mar 11 June 11 Oct 11
Figure 4-7 Comparison of data measured for Night-time Boundary Noise Exposure (Courtesy from The 3 rd Quarterly Report – October 2011 in Environmental Monitoring Report for Langsat Terminal (One))
4.5 EXISTING CONTROL MEASURES
4.5.1 Elimination of the noise
No elimination can be done because of the nature of the machine especially when the thermal boiler and RTF are fully operated.
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4.5.2 Isolation of the noise
As a part of engineering approach, the isolation of the noise source is implemented where the thermal boiler engine is stalled inside the building of its own and place in the middle of the plants, where all storage tanks also play their role as buffer to the sound distribution when spread horizontally.
4.5.3 Administrative control
Warning sign are posted at the area where sound levels regularly exceed 85 dB(A). The warning sign are clearly indicate that the use of hearing protection is mandatory for entry. The employers conduct training to the employees on the importance of hearing conservation, hearing conservation policies and procedures and how to properly wear and maintain PPE. The trainings are performed initially, annually and when there are changes to policies and procedure occurs.
4.5.4 Personal protective equipment
PPE such as earmuff and earplug and canal caps are provided to individuals who work regularly in the area where PPE is required. For the individuals that do not routinely work in that required PPE, the company provide disposable earplug.
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4.6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The boundary noise level monitoring results showed that the average noise level (LAeq) for all stations were comply to the allowable limits as stipulated in Schedule 1, The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise, Limits and Control, DOE 2004. The plant is within an approved industrial park and the storage terminal by itself has little heavy machinery or processing/manufacturing equipment that generate high noise levels. No high noise sources anticipated during the operation of the terminal. In addition the nearest residential area is located 2.5 km from the proposed site. Therefore, the noise monitoring is not deemed necessary.
As study was done to the nearby residential area shown everybody is agreed that noise produced from the plant is low and haven’t been nuisance to them in their daily routine, therefore, the noise exposed to the environment is well maintain by the plant.
4.7 RECOMMENDATIONS
As all data gained comply with the allowable limits, therefore, regular or periodically monitoring should be done as scheduled – every quarter within a year. Periodically maintenance of the noise sources should be done to ensure all machineries operated smoothly and only produced as minimum as can noise to the environment.
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5.0 AIR QUALITY MONITORING
5.1 OBJECTIVES
5.1.1 General Objective
The purpose of air quality monitoring is to measure and ensure the emission that released to the environment which is produced from the plant is compliance with the legislative requirements.
5.1.2 Specific Objectives
i. To determine the source of emission from the plant via observation and briefing from the plant managers/staffs. ii. To measure the environmental air quality at the within 24 hours. iii. To compare the data collected at the time of study with baseline data and legislative requirements.
5.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
5.2.1 Legislative Requirement
i. Recommended Malaysia Air Quality Guidelines, published by Department of Environmental 1988. ii. Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulation 1978 iii. Environmental Quality (Control of Emission from Diesel Engines) Regulation 1996. iv. Environmental Quality (Control of Emission from Petrol Engines) Regulation 1996. Mohd Ruhaizie R., Noradillah A.R., Siti Mashalida J. & Siti Aishah M. Bachelor Degree in Environmental Safety & Health (Hons.) Page 37
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5.2.2 Terminologies
Particulates - Also known as particulate matter (PM), tiny subdivisions of solid matter suspended in a gas or liquid. Either man made or natural is both can be the sources. As in air pollution or water pollution, PM can be taken in the form of solid particulate matter, which might be seen in a tiny shape, as well as in unseen form if they’re dissolved. For the man made sources, particulates are generated from activities such as fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes.
Total Suspended Particulates – Tiny airborne particles or aerosols that are less than 100 micrometers.
Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) – Particulate matters that has 10 micrometer in diameters or less. It can be represented as one-fifth or one-seventh of the wide of human hair.
Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) – Particulate matters that has 2.5 micrometer in diameters or smaller.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) - In just a room temperature condition, VOCs are vaporized because of it low boiling point. They’re numerous, varied and ubiquitous and can be a man made or naturally sourced.
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) – This gases are referred to nitrogen monoxide (NO) or nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which are produced during combustion at high temperature. Both, when reacted in atmosphere, can be harmful to human health. Mohd Ruhaizie R., Noradillah A.R., Siti Mashalida J. & Siti Aishah M. Bachelor Degree in Environmental Safety & Health (Hons.) Page 38
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Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) – Usually generated from both natural and man-made sources, especially in volcanoes activities and petroleum/fossil coal burning. This gas is a major air pollutant and has significant impact upon human health.
5.2.3 Case Study
According to Cholakov ( ) and International Finance Corporation (IFC), petroleum industries, although just for storage purpose, are mean in emitting some particulate matter and gases into the atmosphere which has significant impact to the environment as well as health of human and fauna.
Particulate matter (PM) is significant with the health problems such as asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, birth defects and premature death in both human and animals. Most of the PM can be filtered in the nose or throat, but PM10 and PM2.5 can penetrate the deepest parts of the lungs, with PM2.5 can also penetrate the gas exchange region of the lungs and penetrate systemically to other organs (Wikipedia).
According to Hamilton County Environmental Services, PM also affecting the health by slowing down the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, causing shortness of breath and straining the heart as this organ need to work harder to compensate for oxygen loss. PM also corrodes metals and masonry and dust the leaf surfaces of crops, trees and shrubs thus inhibit the growth of the plants.
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Most of the PM will be emitted to the atmosphere during the operation of thermal boiling via the boiler air stacks, but become worse in the event of tank explosion and burn (The Star Online).
Most of oil and gas products contain sulfur compounds. It produce sulfur dioxide in the processes or even when exposed to the oxygen in the atmosphere. According to Wikipedia, SO2 is a major air pollutant and has significant impact upon human health such as increasing respiratory difficulties and premature death. The emission of SO2 also has significant in forming acidic rain.
5.3 METHODOLOGIES
Air quality monitoring was conducted at two locations (the same location as boundary noise exposure monitoring equipment) over a period of 24 hours, which also the same location with the previous monitoring program done by the plant itself. This is done in the purpose of comparison of the data collected.
The parameters monitored for air quality are Total Suspended Particulates (TSP), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Volatile Organic Compounds.
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Sampling Point A1
Sampling Point A2
Figure 5-1 Both sampling point for air quality monitoring
The TSP was monitored using MiniVol for 24 hours period of time. The MiniVol air sampler draws air at 5 litres/minute through a filter holder assembler. TSP is collected on a 47 mm filter, which weighed pre- and post-exposure using microbalance accurate to one microgram to determine the particulate concentration. Laboratory testing of the filter was conducted at Lotus Laboratory Sdn. Bhd. at Taman Daya, Johor Bahru, Johor.
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VOC was collected by absorbing air into charcoal tube by a GilAir pump. Sampling flow rate was fixed between 0.5 liter/minute for 30 minutes, which gave a total trapped air volume of 0.015m3. Samples were sent to the laboratory for analysis using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS).
The sampling interval and duration for each ambient air quality parameter measured is as shown in the table below.
Parameter Sampling Duration Flowrate
TSP 24 hours 5 liters/minute
NO2 1 hour 4 liters/minute
SO2 1 hour 4 liters/minute
VOC 30 minutes 0.5 liter/minute
Table 5-1 Sampling interval and duration for each ambient air quality parameter
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Figure 5-2 Both gears for air quality monitoring.
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5.4 RESULTS
Air Quality at Sampling Point A1
Air quality Allowable Air quality Air quality measured in Limits Parameters currently measured in Recommended rd Prelim. EIA measured 3 Qtr. Report Malaysian Air Quality (Baseline) Guidelines
TSP, µg /m 3 94.3 97.2 23.0 260 (24 hours)
3 SO 2 µg/m 17.2 ND ND 320 (1 hour)
3 NO 2 µg/m ND ND ND 350 (1 hour)
VOC µg/m 3 ND ND ND N/A (30 minutes)
Table 5-2 Air quality measured on Sampling Point A1, and the comparison with secondary data and baseline data.
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Air Quality at Sampling Point A2
Air quality Allowable Air quality Air quality measured in Limits Parameters currently measured in Recommended rd Prelim. EIA measured 3 Qtr. Report Malaysian Air Quality (Baseline) Guidelines
TSP, µg/m 3 98.1 111.1 43.0 260 (24 hours)
3 SO 2 µg/m 19.7 ND ND 320 (1 hour)
3 NO 2 µg/m ND 20.8 ND 350 (1 hour)
VOC µg/m 3 ND ND ND N/A (30 minutes)
Table 5-3 Air quality measured on Sampling Point A2, and the comparison with secondary data and baseline data.
5.5 EXISTING CONTROL MEASURES
Currently, there are some emissions from evaporative losses from tanks during storage which mitigated with the listed measures below:
i. Controlling the release of vapour from breathing losses and working losses using the internal floating roof designed and constructed in storage tanks.
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ii. All storage tanks exterior paint coating are maintain for their good condition, as well as occasionally inspected and assessed.
iii. Use of secondary vapour and liquid mounted seal, nitrogen blanket as well as lowering of liquid storage levelling tank to reduce evaporation loss of products.
5.6 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
There are increasing in Total Suspended Particles reading compared to baseline data, but the increasing is significant to the secondary data. This happened as the operation is now engaged at the plant, while the baseline data only measured during the site are still vacant. Plus, other industries in TLIP also contributed to the increasing of the TSP. However, the increased is far below the maximum limit of Recommended Malaysia Air Quality Guidelines, DOE 1988.
Base on the literature review and health impact assessment done in the public survey, it is assumed that the increasing of TSP might have contribute a slightly and little impact to the nearest residents such as vision disturbance and respiratory problem as the acute effect. Cancers, especially in related to the respiratory tracts, might be occur for the chronic effect.
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5.7 RECOMMENDATIONS
The Environmental Management Plan and Emergency Response Plan should be followed as scheduled. Drill should be done periodically, not only involving the plant personnel but also with the co-operation from other external agencies including Resident Association at the nearest residential area, especially in evacuating event. The experience of Buncefield Fire in England (2005) and Petronas Oil Terminal Incident at Johor Port Pasir Gudang (2006) as well as TLP Oil Terminal Incident at Tanjung Langsat itself (2008) must be studied and reviewed for new approaches in ERP.
6.0 WATER QUALITY (DISCHARGE) MONITORING
6.1 OBJECTIVES
6.1.1 General Objective
The purpose of water quality (discharge) monitoring is to measure and ensure the discharge water that released to the environment (water body in the final outlet) is compliance with the legislative requirements.
6.1.2 Specific Objectives
i. To determine the source of discharge water from the plant via observation and briefing from the plant managers/staffs. ii. To run in-situ measurement and collect samples in a suitable transport media/bottles as they need to be analysed in the accredited laboratory. Mohd Ruhaizie R., Noradillah A.R., Siti Mashalida J. & Siti Aishah M. Bachelor Degree in Environmental Safety & Health (Hons.) Page 47
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iii. To compare the data collected at the time of study with baseline data and legislative requirements.
6.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
6.2.1 Legislative Requirement
i. Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulation 2009 ii. Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation 2009 iii. Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005 iv. National Water Quality Standard for Malaysia v. Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standard
6.2.2 Case Study
According to World Bank Group, the storage and transfer of liquid materials in crude oil and petroleum product terminals creates the potential for leaks or accidentally releases from tanks, pipes and pumps during loading and unloading of products.
Crude oil and petroleum product terminal effluent consists of sewage and process wastewater, mainly of tank bottom draining and contaminated storm water runoff, including water tanks and spills that contaminated secondary containment areas. Other possible sources of wastewater include waste water from vapour recovery process.
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Referring to the river flow in Johor, Sungai Johor is flown from the north to the south, where the water intake is at Semangar, Kota Tinggi. Therefore, all of the results measured in this study will be regarded to the Standard B of the Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation 2009 as the plant located far to the south of the intake.
6.3 METHODOLOGIES
There are two discharge water containment located inside the plant compound. Containment 1, named GW1, is a final containment that attached with the most drainage system in the plant including all discharge water from CPI. Containment 2, named GW2, is a final containment that attached with drainage system of phase 3 and Centralized Terminal Facilities (main office/control room).
Therefore in this study, both containments have been used as a sampling point (named GW1 and GW2 accordingly) for the measurement of in-situ water discharge measurement and collection of the samples.
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Sampling Point GW2
Corrugated Plate Interceptor (CPI) Sampling Point GW1
Figure 6-1 Both sampling point for water quality monitoring
6.3.1 Instrumentation for in-situ measurement
i. Portable HACH 2100 Turbidimeter – pre-calibrated in before used. ii. Sension 2 pH meter – pre-calibrated before used. iii. Portable HACH CO150 Conductivity meter. iv. HANNA HI 9142 DO meter. v. Lovibond Comparator System 2000.
The manual for all instrument above were referred from Lee S.T. (2008). All measurements have been done at the sampling point with the first water collected, before samples collection done for laboratory analysis.
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6.3.2 Instrumentation for laboratory analysis samples collection
i. A bin, attached with a rope for collecting water deep in the containment (sampling point). ii. 3 amber glass bottles at a litre amount. iii. 2 x 44 ml glass vials iv. Hydrochloric acid v. Probe thermometer vi. Ice pack vii. Coleman transportation container (icebox)
Collected water in the bottles has been properly capped. The bottles then labeled and stored in icebox where it should be surrounded with icepack. A blank bottle with water was put in the icebox for the purpose of temperature measured in the laboratory. All samples then were bought to the Lotus Laboratory Sdn. Bhd., at Taman Daya, Johor Bahru, Johor.
The sample was analysed for TSS, Oil and Grease, BOD, COD, Ammonical Nitrogen and Heavy Metals as below:
As – Arsenic Pb – Plumbum (Lead) Cu – Cuprum (Copper) Hg – Mercury Zn – Zinc Fe – Ferum (Iron)
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The analyses for effluent sample were conducted in accordance with the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19 th Edition, 1995 by American Public Health Association (APHA).
Figure 6-2 HSSE Manager, En. Othman Ahmad shows the operation of sludge of oil and grease separation at CPI.
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Figure 6-3 Measurement and sampling done at GW1 and GW2
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6.4 RESULTS
Allowable Limits Standard B, Parameter Unit GW1 GW2 Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation 2009
In-situ measurement
Date 06/10/2011 23/11/2011 06/10/2011 23/11/2011
Time 10.48 am 11.18 am 11.05 am 12.16 pm
Weather Clear Clear Clear Clear
Water Colour Light Light Light Light Brown Brown Brown Brown
Temperature °C 29.61 28.7 29.21 28.4 40.0 pH 5.48 6.01 5.61 6.23 5.5 – 9.0
Dissolve mg/L 3.61 3.66 2.91 3.15 Oxygen
Turbidity NTU N/A 43.8 N/A 35.9
Conductivity µS/cm 3718 115 120 201
(Table continued next page)
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(Table continued from previous page)
Allowable Limits Standard B, Parameter Unit GW1 GW2 Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation 2009
Laboratory analysis
Total mg/l N/A 21 N/A 12 100 Suspended Solid
BOD (20°C) mg/l N/A 3 N/A 2 40
COD mg/l N/A 31 N/A 24 200
Oil & grease mg/l ND ND ND ND 10
NH 3-N mg/l ND 0.34 0.01 ND 50
Arsenic mg/l ND ND ND ND 0.1
Ferum mg/l 25.5 1.51 1.05 0.55 5
Copper mg/l ND ND 0.05 ND 10
Chromium mg/l 0.004 ND ND ND 0.05
(Table continued next page)
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(Table continued from previous page)
Allowable Limits Standard B, Parameter Unit GW1 GW2 Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation 2009
Laboratory analysis
Lead mg/l 0.43 ND ND ND 0.5
Mercury mg/l 0.33 0.09 0.04 0.02 2.0
Table 6-1 The result of water quality monitoring at both sampling point GW1 and GW2. GW1 is attached with most of the drainage system through-out the plant and CPI. N/A means not applicable or not available in the reading. ND means not detected.
6.5 EXISTING CONTROL MEASURES
The sources of water contamination from the plant are assume to be come from oil free water (OFW) which is from rainwater, accidentally oil contaminated (AOC) water and continuously oil contaminated (COC) water from tank cleaning, cleaning of the floors or machineries as well as general maintenance. Adverse water quality impacts are unlikely as the plant design has taken into consideration any accidental spill and operational discharge.
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All areas where potential accidental oil spillage may occur were designed with the cover of either concrete surface or premix surface.
One unit of slop tank is provided for the storage of slop and oily water generated during maintenance and tank cleaning. OFW is directly discharge into existing main drains alongside the plant site. All potentially oil contaminated discharge is channelled into a series of sumps before directed to Corrugated Plate Interceptor (CPI) to skim off daily residues before releasing into storm water drains.
Oily residues collected are then stored in a holding basin for proper disposal. The anticipated spillage is currently not more than 0.5 meter cubic per day (is assume to be equal or less in the future forward), through minor leakage at flange connection, drain connections and etc which are directed and separated via CPI system.
All piping connections are periodically inspected every day to ensure no leakage happened. Any leakage will be given immediate attention and repaired.
6.6 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
All measurements done is below the allowable limit of Standard B, Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation 2009, as well as the Standard B of Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulation 2009.
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The plant is designed with structure to stop the direct penetration of the oily substance to the ground. At this moment, no serious AOC occurred, and if it does happened, ERP should be executed as planned. Most of the water sourced from rainfall and runoff.
6.7 RECOMMENDATIONS
Although AOC hasn’t been occurs yet, plant management should consider a waste water treatment plant, as there will be other development in the same area, which can cause cumulative in pollution that might burden the water body especially Sungai Johor as the end point. More than that, the need of treatment water plant is required in the implementation of ISO 14001:2008.
7.0 PUBLIC SURVEY AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT
7.1 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of conducting public survey is to assess the condition of health and opinion of the nearby residents due to the development and operation of the Tanjung Langsat Industrial Park (TLIP) generally, and specifically to Langsat Terminal (One), LgT-1.
7.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Health impact assessment (HIA) has been new approach in current environmental impact assessment (EIA) worldwide. It’s not only considered the impact of any development to the natural existence itself, but also to the related health issues due to the development and operation. Mohd Ruhaizie R., Noradillah A.R., Siti Mashalida J. & Siti Aishah M. Bachelor Degree in Environmental Safety & Health (Hons.) Page 58
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Quoting from World Health Organisation, “Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is a means of assessing the health impacts of policies, plans and projects in diverse economic sectors using quantitative, qualitative and participatory techniques. It helps decision-makers make choices about alternatives and improvements to prevent disease/injury and to actively promote health. WHO supports tools and initiatives in HIA to dynamically improve health and well-being across sectors”.
HIA is rapidly emerging practice in United States nowadays. It’s also regularly implemented in many other countries such as Canada and Europe, as well as many more countries are looking forward into this matter. Some countries are currently mandated HIA as part of their regulatory processes. Some other countries encourages of HIA use as volunteering basis (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention).
According to Wikipedia, HIA have similarity with other form of impact assessment such as environmental impact assessment (EIA) or social impact assessment (SIA). The common steps in HIA are as listed below:
i. Screening - determining if an HIA is warranted/required ii. Scoping - determining which impacts will be considered and the plan for the HIA iii. Identification and assessment of impacts - determining the magnitude, nature, extent and likelihood of potential health impacts, using a variety of different methods and types of information iv. Decision-making and recommendations - making explicit the trade-offs to be made in decision-making and formulating evidence-informed recommendations Mohd Ruhaizie R., Noradillah A.R., Siti Mashalida J. & Siti Aishah M. Bachelor Degree in Environmental Safety & Health (Hons.) Page 59
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v. Evaluation, monitoring and follow-up - process and impact evaluation of the HIA and the monitoring and management of health impacts
According to WHO, HIA will give the policy makers, planners, evaluators, executers or event public themselves an overview into their future impact in health status due to the project processes in any kind of industries. It will consider a very wide spectrum of judgement, as the health itself means "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well- being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
7.3 METHODOLOGIES
Face to face interviews using open-ended questions were used as our methodologies in order to get pictures of the nearest residents to LgT-1 about their opinion and health status as the plant already kick off the operation since 2009, specifically, due to the emission, effluent, noise and other life-threatening risks produced by the plant.. Generally, the questions were deemed into the Tanjung Langsat Industrial Park itself.
A total of three days were used to approach the targeted group. Both 50 persons in each Kampung Tanjung Langsat and Kampung Perigi Acheh have been randomly interviewed, making the total of respondents are 100 persons.
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At day one of the survey, we’ve met the chief of each village, as well as the resident association representatives, including the chairman of Rukun Tetangga (RT) to gain their permission. We’re to gain their permission as well as their co-operation once they’re briefly understands our purpose of doing these studies. Our status as part-time student cum government servants are a very much helping in gaining their trust in participating this survey.
The only tool we use in this survey is a check list of related illness and environmental impact with industrial activities, specifically in oil and gas industries. Such examples of the check list are:
i. Health Condition. a. Have you experienced any serious or long term illness until today? b. When the illness started? c. It is confirmed by health practitioner? d. Could you tell me what are the symptom? (This to ensure the right illness was stated). e. Are there anyone else experienced this kind of illness live nearby?
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ii. Environmental & Risk Impact. a. What is your opinion about the development in TLIP? b. Is it comfortable to live nearest to the TLIP? c. Have you experience or witness any incident recently at TLIP? d. Is it serious? e. Do you have any experience of evacuating event? f. How about your sleep? g. Are disturbed by the operation of the plant? How?
All of these questions developed with the guides from our literature review especially in health impact assessment, especially related to the O&G industries. Data and information from Dr. Shahidan Haron, a Health Officer (Epidemilogy) and Dr. Syamsul Mad. Ali, a Health Officer (Non- Communicable Disease) both from District Health Office of Johor Bahru are also helping in developing this tool of interview.
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7.4 RESULTS
7.4.1 Demographic appearances of respondents in Kampung Tanjung Langsat
Location Kg. Tanjung Langsat Total Ages 1 to 10 11 to 20 21 to 30 31 to 40 41 to 50 51 to above
Male 0 2 3 2 3 3 13 Malay Female 0 1 5 5 2 5 18
Male 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chinese Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Male 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Indian Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Male 0 2 1 5 2 0 10 Orang Asli Female 0 3 2 1 0 0 6
Male 0 2 1 0 0 0 3 Others Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0 10 12 13 7 8 50
Table 7-1 Demographic appearances of the respondents in Kampung Tanjung Langsat.
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Based on the above table, there are total 50 respondents out of 80 houses (estimated 5 persons per house, as according to the village’s chief) in Kampung Tanjung Langsat, which representing about 12.5% of the population.
Male respondents are more than female respondents, with 2 persons only. Malay respondents representing 31 persons, a major portion in races category, followed by Orang Asli (16 respondents). Respondents in the age group of 31 to 40 years old are major portion in age category, with 13 persons, but followed closely by the age group of 21 to 30 years old (12 persons) and the age group of 11 to 20 years old (10 persons).
7.4.2 Demographic appearances of respondents in Kampung Perigi Acheh
Tabled below are demographic appearances of respondents in Kampung Perigi Acheh, with total of 50 respondents, out of 90 houses.
Male respondents are more than female respondents, with 3 persons. Malay respondents representing 38 persons, major portion in races category. Respondents in the age group of 21 to 30 years old (30 persons) are major in age category.
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Location Kg. Perigi Acheh Total Ages 1 to 10 11 to 20 21 to 30 31 to 40 41 to 50 51 to above
Male 0 3 14 2 0 2 21 Malay Female 0 1 9 3 1 3 17
Male 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 Chinese Female 0 0 1 1 0 0 2
Male 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 Indian Female 0 0 1 1 1 0 3
Male 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Orang Asli Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Male 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 Others Female 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Total 0 4 30 9 2 5 50
Table 7-2 Demographic appearances of the respondents in Kampung Perigi Acheh.
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7.4.3 Environmental impact and risk impact among respondents
Figure 7-1 Environmental impact and risks among respondents
The opinion of the respondents about environmental impact and risks that they faced daily are shown in the above figure. Most of the respondents, with total of 57% were frightened with land vehicle crashes risk, followed by the nuisance (31%) which including disturbance made from animal and insects, especially dogs and flies. Only 15% were affected by air pollution while 8 affected by noise disturbance to their daily routine.
Base on our observation, it is admitted that the bad conditions of the roads and hustle bustle heavy vehicle trafficking the road are major contributors to the incidents. The nuisance of dogs came from the previous plantation areas where dogs have been used to secure the perimeter. However, most of these dogs
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were abandoned by their owners as the lands have been turned out to industrials area. The flies problem are periodically, base on season and weather condition, as told by some respondents. However, the municipal landfill of Tanjung Langsat might also being the factor of this problem.
7.4.4 Health impact among respondents.
Figure 7-2 Environmental impact and risks among respondents
The above figure shows that only tiny portion of the respondents feels the impact of the TLIP to their health situation. As questions been asked, it is concluded that respondents only affected with vision problem (9 respondents), hypersensitivity (9 respondents) and serious respiratory problem (1 respondent), due to the development of TLIP.
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All of the respondents experienced vision problem since the development of the TLIP kick off. This might be led by the dust and particulates spread in the air, or from the water body of Sungai Johor. Although the authorities have banned any fishing and recreational activities along the river near to the TLIP, most of the villagers ignored it, as it is their traditional and routinely lifestyle, especially among youngsters.
Particulates in the air might also affect the only respondent who experience serious respiratory problem of asthma. Her house are the nearest to the TLIP compared to the other respondents. With the title of fulltime housewife, she is only at home and the surrounding area of her house and village at most of the time. She was diagnosed with this problem around 5-6 years ago by physician in Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, but refuse to have further treatments and tests, thus lead her to have only traditional approaches and medicines.
Most of the respondents who experience hypersensitivity are at golden ages above 50 years old. They claim that lack of land (as most of them were farmers or fishermen previously) need to find other jobs before their current retirement since their land and river have been changed into industrial purpose. They also claim the hustle bustle land vehicle trafficking they village pathway also make them feels unhealthy.
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7.4.5 Awareness of the TLIP project among residents.
Figure 7-3 Project awareness among respondents
The above figure shows that most of the respondents get the information and awareness about the project developed in TLIP via notice or news either written in the newspaper or aired in broadcast such as radios and televisions, involving 60% of the total respondents.
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Among those two villages, respondents in Kampung Perigi Acheh were more aware compared to respondents in Kampung Tanjung Langsat, although the projects are taking place nearer to their compound. Both of the resident representatives and leaders (JKKK) in those two villages were also active in spreading the knowledge about the projects among villagers. This was proven with meeting among Village Committee (JKKK) are the second most effective way they’re getting the notices and news.
7.5 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
Health impacts among respondents in both Kampung Tanjung Langsat and Kampung Perigi Acheh have only little significant with the development and operation by industries in Tanjung Langsat Industrial Park generally, and specifically Langsat Terminal (One). This might be contributed with the distances from the area to the nearest residential areas are more than gazetted (2 km and more). In addition, health problem such vision problem and hypersensitivity might also occurs due to the age of the respondents (young and old) and their daily unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking, unbalance diet consumption as well as passive workout.
However, it is shown that something should be done in environmental impact and risks aspect especially in reducing the land vehicle crashes numbers and nuisance contributed from dogs and flies as the number of respondents agrees with the problems are more than quarter, nearly to half.
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7.6 RECOMMENDATIONS
Developers and management of the industries which taken place in TLIP, especially LgT-1 management could conduct more activities to be contributed back to the nearby residents as their corporate social responsibility (CSR). Such of the programme are public medical check-up, among the villagers especially those who are in golden ages, educational activities among the students and youth, and also environmental awareness programme such as trees plantation in order to exchange the increase of the carbon in the areas.
Among drivers who passing the routes, they should be warned by billboard/signboard that alert them with their speedy movement. Enforcement might also useable, if anything else couldn’t be effective.
8.0 OVERALL DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
With all data collected and results analysed, it is concluded that the operation of LgT-1 is safe for the environment and health impacts, as no reading found any parameter violence the limit of related standard and regulation.
However, the international and local oil and gas storage facilities burn/explosion experience such as Buncefield Fire Incidents, Petronas Johor Port Incident as well as TLP Oil Terminal Incident (in Tanjung Langsat itself) should not be ignored. Learnt from those incidences should make all involve in this kind of area, as well as those who live nearby, must be standby at all of the time. Any hazards and near misses should be encounter properly.
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Pool fire, the most catastrophic hazard and the most likely to be happened frequently (QRA rate at 25), should be alerted at all time. Any leakage which can contribute to the occurrence of pool fire should be catered immediately.
9.0 REFERENCES
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“Pasir Gudang Highway” on Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Gudang_Highway
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“Portal Rasmi Majlis Perbandaran Pasir Gudang” http://www.mppg.gov.my
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S.T. Lee (2007). “Garis Panduan Latihan Amali Subjek Kejuruteraan (Edisi 2): Bekalan Air dan Pembuangan Kumbahan”. Sungai Buloh: Kolej Sains Kesihatan Bersekutu Sungai Buloh, Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia.
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Faiz Farhan M. N et-al (2011). “Environmental Monitoring Report For Langsat Terminal (Quarterly Report – October 2011) for Langsat Terminal (One) Sdn. Bhd.”. Shah Alam: Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.
Dennis J. V. et-al (2007). “Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment of Langsat Terminal (One) for Centralised Terminal Sdn. Bhd. Shah Alam: Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.
Edward F.H. W. et-al (2011). “Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment of Engineering, Procurement. Construction and Commissioning (EPCC) of Langsat Tank Terminal 3 at the Port of Tanjung Langsat, Johor Darul Takzim”. Petaling Jaya: Environment Asia Sdn. Bhd.
G. Fabbrocino et-al (2005). “Qualitative Risk Analysis of Oil Storage Facilities in Seismic Areas in Journal of Hazardous Materials A123 pg. 61-69. Elsevier. http://wpage.unina.it/iuniervo/papers/Fabbrocino_et_al_JHM.pdf
G. St. Cholakov ( ). “Control of Pollution in the Petroleum Industry” in “Pollution Control Technologies – Vol. III”. UNESCO – Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C09/E4-14-04-03.pdf
“Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Crude Oil and Petroleum Product Terminals” on International Finance Corporation World Bank Group. http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nfs/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_EHSGuidelines 2007_CrudeOil/$FILE/Final+- +Crude+Oil+and+Petroleum+Product+Terminals.pdf
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“Particulate Matter” on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). http://www.epa.gov/pm
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“PM10 (Particulate Matter)” on Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand) http://www.mfe.govt.nz/environmental-reporting/air/air-quality/pm10/
“Buncefield fire” on Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buncefield_fire
“Fire on Petroleum Bulk Storage Tank” on Official Website of Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia. http://www.dosh.gov.my/doshv2/index.php?option=com_content&view=arti cle&id=116%3Afire-on-petroleum-bulk-storage-tank&catid=84%3Asafety- alerts&Itemid=118&lang=en
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“Land of Lightning” by Andew Sia and Elizabeth Tai on The Star Online (May 17, 2009). http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?sec=lifefocus&life=/2009/5/17/lifef ocus/3895023/
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“16,000 tonne gasoline tank ablaze” on The Star Online (August 18, 2008). http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/18/nation/22112437&se c=nation
“Another fuel tank goes up in flames” by Meera Vijayan on The Star Online (August 19, 2008) http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/19/nation/221175508&s ec=nation
“Oil Tank Fire: Police Says Air Is Safe” on Bernama (August 19, 2008) http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/state_news/news.php?id=353791& cat=st
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“Seawater to fight inferno” by Gladys Tay and Farik Zolkepli on The Star Online (August 20, 2008) http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/20/nation/22124824&se c=nation
“Fire at Tg Langsat Port put out” by Meera Vijayan on The Star Online (August 20, 2008) http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/20/nation/20080820173 039&sec=nation
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“Health Impact Assessment” on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/hia.htm
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“The Guide to Health Impact Assessment in the Oil and Gas Industry” on CommDev - The Oil, Gas and Mining Sustainable Community Development Fund. http://commdev.org/content/document/detail/967/
10.0 APPENDICES
See the provided attachment in the next pages.
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