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B/112744 FAITH IN PAPER The Ethnohistory and Litigation of Upper Great Lakes Indian Treaties # Charles E. Cleland

WITH

Bruce R. Greene, Marc Slonim, Nancy N. Cleland, Kathryn L. Tierney, Skip Durocher, and Brian Pierson

THE UNIVERSITY OF PRESS Ann Arbor Aagwonay, 275 Abbott, F. H., 255, 261 aboriginal title, 13 abrogation of treaties, 41 acculturation, 232 Act of 1843, 234 Act of 1846, 234 Act of 1871, 246, 247, 249, 252, 253 Act of July 4,1884, 280 Act of March 3, 1893, 256 Act of June 21, 1906, 257 Adams, J. C, 252 Adams, John Quincy, 151 Aishkebogekoshe (Flat Mouth), 107, 109, no Aitken, William, 119, 205 Bradley, George, 301 alewife, 90 Bradley, Joseph, 307 Allen, Edward, 305 Bresbois, Bernard, 119 allotment of land, 15, 16, 26, 84, 86, 199, 216-17, Z54> Brevoort, H. B., 146, 151 236, 238, Z47, 276-77, 280-82, 293, 296, 304, 309, Brewster, William, 64 314-16, 321 British period, 25 American Fur Company, 63—64, 118—19, 165, 181, 205 Brockway, William, 205, 223, 298, 318 Anderson, Marge, 139 Brooks, E. J., 304, 320 Andre brothers, 302, 304 Brothertowns (Munsee), 149, 150, 161 Anishnabe (Anishnabeg), 19, 20 Brown, Orlando, 186 Apokisigan (Smoking Mixture), 54, 65 Brunetti, Dominick, 147 Arnold, I. E., 302 Brunson, Alfred, 113 Arnold, J. E., 304 Buchanan, James, 267 Assagon (Little Ant), 84-85 Buckland, Romulus, 324-Z5 Assiginac (Blackbird), 59 Buffalo (Kechewaishke or Peshekee), 113, 121 Assinines, Edward, 212, 213, 317, 318, 319 Burket, George, 205 Atkins, J. D. C, 304 Bushnell, David, 108, no, 204 Awseneece (Small Stones), 206, 308 Butler, B. F., 70 Ayamataw (Fish Spawn), 155, 169, 171 Cadotte, Louis, 84 Bad River band, in, 127, 310 Cadotte, Michael, 205 Baird, Henry, 170 Calhoun, John, 146 bands, 23 Campeau, Andrew, 301 Baraga, Frederick, 205, 213, 223, 308, 316, 318, 319, canal lands, 311-12, 316 32-7 canons of treaty construction, 42, 228 Baraga Township, MI, 331 Carron, Glode (Konot), 141, 145, 169 Barbano, Henry, 319 Carron, Josette, 148,151, 153,167,168,186 Barbeau, Peter, 205, 213, 308, 318 Cass, Lewis, 13, 30, 51, 59, 61, 70-72, 85, 101, 103, Bartelme Township, WI, 258 145, 151, 153,209, 212, 286 Bass, William, 317 , 101 Bay de Noc, 140 Catlin, George, 167-68 Bay Mills Indian Community, 89, 94 Central Algonquian, 140 Bedell, David, 326 Chakauchokama (Old King), 141, 145, 148 Bell, Akin, 307 Chandler, Zachariah, 279 Benjamin, Melanie, 284 Chapman, George, 272-73 Betts, George, 303, 304, 312, 313-14, 3*° Chappues, Stanislaus, 147 Biddle, Edward, 54, 66 Charles, Darius, 242, 245, 247 Binnayshi, Charles, 206, 209 Chase, Thomas, 251 Black Hawk War, 167,177 checkerboarded reservations, 199, 226-27, %54> X97 Black River, 145, 180, 181 Chemebowme, 176 Black River band, 286, 293 Chequanmegon Bay, 204 Blair, Austin, 300 Chipman, I. L., 84 Blatchford, Henry, 12 Chippewa, 19, 20 Bois Blanc Island, 54 Chippewa-Dakota warfare, 100, 103 Bois Forte band, 217 Chippewa Nation, 107, 115, 117, 210 Bonduel, F. J., 177, 186 Chippewa of , 107, 112, 117, 122, 219 Borup, Charles, 119,121 Chippewa of the Mississippi, 105, 107, in, 112, 117, Boutwell, William, 109 265, 271 Boyd, Brenda, 135 Chippewa- Resource Authority (CORA), 339 Boyd, George, 149,167,168-69, 174-76, 232 Chippewa River, 180, 181

385 386 INDEX cholera, 167, 187 ethnohistory, 5, 8-9, 101, 342 Chosa, James, 326 Ewing, Thomas, 119 Citizens Party, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 242, 245, 258, Executive Order 7868, 258 260 Civil War, 177 faith in paper, 37, 269 clans, 13, 23, 27, 140, 144, 204, 341 Feley, Laurent, 146 Clark, John, 6<) Fillmore, Millard, 122 Clark, William, 101, 145 Fitch, A. W., 298, 309, 316 Clay, Eric, 333 five-year reservations, 79-80 Cleland, Charles, 135, 192, 262, 333 Follies Avoines, 140 Cleveland, Grover, 274 Fond du Lac, 100, 103, 104, 105, 108, 111,112 Clifton, James, 214, 262 Fond du Lac band, 107, 111, 117, 118, 122, 217 Clitz, John, 62 forts Clothier, Charles, 205 Brady, 61, 63 Cohen, Felix, 200 Crawford, 167 Collier, John, 327 Drummond, 209 commercial Indian fishing, 337 Howard, 148, 164, 167 commercial rice harvest, 337-38 La Baye, 141 "competent" Indians, 293, 304 Mackinac, 52, 60, 62, 141, 209 congressional intent, 259, 260-61, 284-85 Michilimackinac, 28, 30, 74 Conner, Henry, 154 Snelling, 107, no, 123, 132, 204 Copeway, George, 205 Fox, Noel P., 91-92 Cox, Jacob, 240, 246 Fox River, 141, 143, 157, 159, 161 Crabb, Barbara, 129, 196 "fradulent treaty," 192 Crawford, T. Hartley, 77, 79, in, 113, 187 Francher, I. A., 302 Crebassa, Peter, 205, 213, 308, 318 , 15, 22, 24-25, 31, 33, 58, 63, 64, 73, 95,118, Creel, Herbert, 325 119, 141, 148, 203, 213 Crooks, Ramsey, 63, 64, 119, 165, 191 Crow Wing, MN, 100, 116, 219, 266 Gahbow, Art, 134—35 Curot, Michael, 9 Gallup, Albert, 233 Gardner, Stephen, 245, 248 Dakota (), 20, 100—101 General Allotment Act (1887), 17, 199, 254, 256, 280, Dakota uprising of 1862, 267, 268 306, 322, 323, 332 Daughtrey, Martha Craig, 334 gens de lac, 203 Davids, Bert, 258 gens de terre, 203 Davis, Michael, 137 George, Benjamin, 317 Dawes, Henry, 280 gift exchange, 28, 36 Dawes Act, 17 Gilbert, Henry, 82, 85, 88, 89, 90, 122, 216, 228, 292, de Langlade, Charles, 141, 148 293,298, 308, 309, 310, 313 Delano, Columbus, 240, 248 gill nets, 88, 89, 90 Denver, J. W, 83, 293, 315 Gilman, Rhonda, 119 Dodge, Henry, 105, 107, 108-11, 170, 172, 179, 188, Godfroy, John, 94 210 Gorence, Patricia, 262 Dole, William, 267, 300, 309 Gorman, Willis, 123 domestic rice harvest, 338 Graduation Act (1830), 289 Doty, James, 151, 169, 189 Graduation Act (1854), 295 Dougherty, Peter, 73 Grand Kaulaulin, 146 Dousman, Hercules, 118 Grandmother Earth, 308, 341 Doyle, James, 125-29 Grand Portage band, 117, 208, 217, 220, 275 Drew, John, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66 Grand River Ottawa, 58, 59, 65, 70, 84, 85, 300 Drummond Island, 59, 61 Grand Traverse band, 59, 90, 93, 339 Dubay, Jean, 205 Grant, U. S., 240, 245, 248, 249, 253, 303 Dubois, Robert, 214, 223, 318 Great Father, 35, 63, 64, 65, 83, 103, 104, 269, 303 Duck Creek, 151 Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission Dunkley, Joseph, 135 (GLIFWC), 339 Durbin, J., 294 Greeley, Horace, 56 Duschaine, Maggie, 324 Green, Dan, 3 Green Bay, 141, 143, 157, 159, 161 Eaton, John, 153, 155 Green Bay Company, 165 Edmonds, John, 66 Greene, Bruce, 3, 4, 6 egalitarianism, 23 Greene, David, 109 Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, 285 Grignon, Augustin, 148, 161, 165 Ellis, Albert, 177, 178, 179, 184, 234 Grignon, Charles, 154, 171 equal footing doctrine, 126, 137-38,139 Grignon, Louis, 165 Index I 387 Grignon, Pierre, 165 Johnston, William, 58, 61, 62, 63, 66, 75 Gull Lake band, 117, 268 judicial power, 284 Gurnoe, Joseph, 310 Kachakawasheka (Notch Maker), 141 HR 2.93, 218 Kafura, Fred, 262 Hall, Abel, 223, 318, 319, 327 Kauskkaunonaive (Grizzly Bear), 141, 153, 155, 159, Hall, Sherman, 111, 118 160, 164, 168 Hamlin, Augustin (Kanapima), 61, 64, 65, 81, 84 Kawgayosh (Gull), 63 handicraft industry, 338 Kaygwaydash (The Attempter), 265, 271 Harris, Carey, 6% 70, 73, 74, 76, 79, 106, no, 169, 170, Keeshketawwug (Cut Ear), 206, 209 286 Kegg, Herman, 135 Harrison, William H., 282 Kelly, Lawrence, 262 Hauke, C. F., 324 Kemble, Edward, 250, 251, 303 Hayes, James, 118 Kesewaaush (Little Eagle), 206 Hayes, Rutherford B., 269 Kewayqwaskum, 78 Hayt, E. H., 251 Keweenaw Bay band, 127 Herriman, David, 218 Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, 200, 324-25 Herring, Elbert, 59, 61 Keweenaw Bay Reservation, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, Hickerson, Harold, 100 225 Ho Chunk (Winnebago), 20, 102, 103, 116, 119, 120, King, David, 205, 212, 308, 318 209, 230, 231 Kirkwood, Samuel, 272 Hole in the Day (elder), 37, 107, 112 Kitchimeheegun (Big Wolf), 118 Hole in the Day (younger), 37, 117, 265, 267, 269 Kohl, Johann, 309 Holliday, James, 317 Komanikin (Big Wave), 151, 155, 169, 171 Holliday, John, 62, 64, 65, 205, 308 Komanikeenoshah (Little Wave), 155, 169, 171 Holliday, Mary, 64, 65 Holliday, William, 205 band, 46, 105, 107, 113, 114, 124, Howe, Timothy O., 246, 247 125, 126, 127, 131 Hubbard, L. R., 274 Lac du Flambeau band, 46, 106, 107, 127, 203, 209, Huebschmann, Francis, 189, 235, 236, 237, 238 228, 326 Hulbert, John, 64, 66 La Chat, 141 Hull, William, 72 Lac Vieux Desert band, 206, 213, 226, 308, 312 Lake Poygon, 177 Indian country, 227, 263, 266 Lake Winnebago, 140, 159, 230 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 259 Lake Winnebago Reservation, 236, 237, 241, 243, 250, Indian Party, 233, 234, 235, 238, 241, 242, 245, 251, 258 258, 260 La Motte, 141, 189 Indian Peace Commission, 240 L'Anse, 204, 205, 206, 207—8, 214, 321 Act, 15, 65, 78, 95, 106, 169, 174, 210, L'Anse band, 114, 205, 211, 226, 308, 312 215,230 L'Anse Catholic mission, 205 Indian Reorganization Act, 17, 26, 258, 327, 329 L'Anse Methodist mission, 205 Indian sovereignty, 200 L'Anse Reservation, 206, 221-23, 313, 321, 322 Indian title, 13 Lapham, Increase, 176 indigenous treaties, 27 La Pointe subagency, 204 inland consent decree, 98 L'Arbre Croche band, 59 interpreters, 9, 33, 34, 37, 38, 76, 84, 112, 171, 174, 308 Lasley, William, 64, 65 Iroquois, 20 LaVake, Henry, 64, 65 Irwin, Samuel, 147 Lawe, George, 176, 178, 188 Isabella County, 291, 295, 298 Lawe, John, 146, 148, 165 Isabella Reservation, 296, 297, 301, 302, 305 Lay, Donald, 138 Iskkininew, 169 Lea, Luke, 81, 82,122, 188,189, 293 Iwyematan (Iometah), 147, 148 Leach, DeWitt, 300 LeBlanc, Abe, 88, 91 Jackson, Andrew, 64, 68, 73, 77, 92, 153, 154, 155, 230, Lee, George, 305, 320 3°7 Leech Lake, 100, 107, 109, 111, 268, 271 Jackson, Helen Hunt, 323 Leech Lake band, 102, 107, in, 275 James, Bill, 3 Leeds, William, 250 Jannetta, Jim, 3, 193 legal cases Jawbawadic (Waishkey) (Young Caribou Buck), Alaska Pacific Fishery Co. v. , 43 63 Baraga County Equalization Department v. Darcy, Jerome, Timothy, 301, 302, 304 330 Johnston, George, 54, 58, 66, 84, 204 Cass County v. Leech Lake Band of Chippewa In- Johnston, John, 61, 65, 84 dians, 331 Johnston, Susan (Ozhawguscodaywaquay), 63, 66 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 41 300 legal cases (continued) Manypenny, George, 15, 16, 38, 82-87, 114,122, 187, Choctaw Nation v. Oklahoma, 43 199, *35» 2.37, Z38> 292> 2-93, 3°8 County ofMille Lacs v. Melanie Benjamin et al., Marksman, Peter (Gahgodahahquah), 205, 206, 212, 2-79-85 213, 223, 308, 309, 312, 318 County of Yakima v. Confederated Tribes and Marshall, John, 13, 40, 41, 43 Bands of Yakima Indian Nation, 332-34 Martin, Morgan, 181, 234, 241, 242, 245, 248 Fond du Lac Band v. Carlson, 138 Marty, Martin, 275 Hagen v. Utah, 260 Mason, John, 153 Johnson p. Macintosh, 13 Mason, Stevens T., 56, 58 Jones v. Meehan, 42 Matakosega, 212 Keweenaw Bay Indian Community v. Michigan, Maucautaubee, 147, 148 203, 226-29, 33O-31' 343 Mawbawzo, 176 Keweenaw Bay Indian Community v. Naftaly, 203, Maydwayawshi, 206, 308 329-34, 343 McCall, James, 153 Lac Courte Oreilles v. (Voigt), 46, McClelland, Robert, 84, 235, 295, 296, 312 124-31, 132, 196, 203, 343 McClurken, James, 135 McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission, 43, McDonell, John, 69 334 McKeague, David, 333 Indian Tribe of Wisconsin v. Thomp- McKenney, Thomas, 31, 104, 151, 153, 209 son, 192—97 meaning of "settlement," 76, <)6 Michigan v. LeBlanc, 91, 126 Medill, William, 116-17, 179, 181-83, 184 Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians v. State of Megisinini (Power Shell Man), 64, 65, 78 et al., 132—39, 196, 203, 343 Mendenhall, Cyrus, 114 Solent v. Bartlett, 7.60 Menogeshick (Fine Day), 271 South Dakota v. Yankton Sioux Tribe, 260 Menomenkeshin (Rice Maker), 265, 267, 271 United States v. Ben Ruby, 125 Menominee, 19, 20, 102, 103, 116—17, 140-45 United States v. Bouchard, 125 Menominee bands, 142, 143, 144, 155, 167,177,187 United States v. Celestine, 255 Menominee removal, 178, 185, 186 United States v. Kiya, 255 Menominee Reservation, 190, 191, 196, 200, 236, 239, United States v. Michigan, 45, 46, 88-92, 93-99, 126, 2-44, 247, 34* 132-, 343 Menominee River, 20, 140, 146, 147, 159, 165,169, United States v. Sutton, 255 176, 188 United States v. Washington, 42, 92 Meriam, Lewis, 327 United States v. Winans, 41, 43 Merritt, E. B., 324 United States v. Wybro, 238, 242 metis, 25, 33, 36, 148, 150, 152, 166, 204-5, 2.°^ 2.07, Whitefoot v. United States, 42 212, 222, 308 Williams v. Michigan, 324 Miami, 230 Wisconsin v. Baker, 126 Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 88-90 Wisconsin v. Davids, 258-59 Michigan Indian Superintendency, 204 Wisconsin v. Doxtuter, 255 Michigan Supreme Court, 91 Wisconsin v. Gardner, 254, 256 Michigan Tax Tribunal, 330 Wisconsin v. Stockbridge-Munsee Community and Mihehwehna (Minevavana), 28 Robert Chicks, 258-64 Milanowski, John P., 88, 91 Worchester v. Georgia, 40, 41, 42, 43 military warrants, 290 legislative resolution of 1851, 80-81 Mille Lacs band, 107, 123, 127, 265, 268, 281 Lincoln, Abraham, 267, 269, 270, 300 Mills Lacs County Board of Commissioners, 282 Little River band, 93 Mille Lacs Lake, 101, 133, 134, 136, 265, 267, 268, 279 Little Traverse Bay band, 59, 93 Mille Lacs Reservation, 20, 136, 140, 146, 147, 159, Livermore, James, 118 204-5, 206, 207, 212, 222, 228, 282, 285, 308 Livermore, John, 113, 114, 121 Miller, Glen, 192 Long, James, 301, 302 Mississauga , 21, 51 Lund, Tom, 135 , 15, 20, 56, 65, 100, 105, 106, in, Lyon, Lucius, 56, 62, 69 115, 116, 155, 174, 205, 210, 214, 217 Mix, Charles, 82, 83, 87, 116, 187, 199, 293, 296, 298 Machaba, Jacob, 307 mixed bloods, 58 Mackinac Indian Agency, 58, 77, 204, 286, 306, 320 Mohican, 230 , 49, 54, 65, 68, 168, 204, 286 Mole Lake band, 127 , 204 Mongozid (Loon's Foot), 103, 105, 118 Maghegabo (La Trappe), 108, 109, no Monroe, James, 150 Mahconseweamence, 54 Morgan, Lewis H., 21 Mahgekewis, 275 Morse, Jedidiah, 52, 146, 147, 148 Mahungance, 275, 276, 277 Morse, Samuel, 56 Major Crimes Act, 200 Moseomannay, 267, 269, 275 Manitoulin Island, 80 Mt. Pleasant, MI, 290 MUKA I 309 Mt. Pleasant Indian School, 307 Perrault, H. C, 324 Mukudaybenasi (Blackbird), 64 Peter, Ziba, 237 Munsee, 21, 149, 150, 154, 161, 164, 200, 230, 232-33, Pierce, Franklin, 292, 295, 312 2-43, 2-45. M9> ^ *58 Pierre Chouteau Company, 119 Murphy, Diana E., 135-37 Pilcher, Elijah, 307 Murray, Elias, 81 Pillager Chippewa, 100, 101, 107, 112, 117 muskellunge, 129 Pitezel, John, 204, 205 plenary power, 38 nadoways, 149 Pokegoma Lake band, in, 268 Nagonabe (Feather's End), 102, 118, 121 Polk, James, 179, 183 Nawgawnegawbo (Stands First), 310 Porter, George, 59, 161 Nawtawmegezhick (First Sky), 206, 308 Portier, Jacques, 146, 165 Nawwandagoquay, 317 Poshquaygin (Leather), 206, 213, 223, 308, 316, 318 Nebawnaygezhick (Night Sky), 87, 105 post-treaty era, 26 Nelson, Knute, 280 , 5, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 33, 49, 51, Nelson Act (1889), 271, 274, 275-77, 280, 283, 284 103, 140, 141, 143, 145, 155, 159, 166, 176, 209, Newell, Alan, 262 231, 300 New York Indians, 150, 155, 159 Powell, William, 187 Nezeegum, 275 power of sale, 62-63, 73. 9^ Nichols, John, 135 Powless, Sheila, 262 Nicolet, Jean, 140 Preemption Act (1841), 289 Noahquageshik, 33 preemption claims, 6>) Nolin, Louis, 205 Price, Hiram, 272 Northwest Ordinance (1787), 145, 232 Pritchette, Kintzing, 58 "not so competent" Indians, 293, 304 "privilege of occupancy," 71, 72 Nungo, Adam, 213, 316, 318 property taxes, 201, 243, 318, 320, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333. 334 Oberly, James, 233, 262 Prucha, Francis, 240 Oberly, John, 281 public law, 200, 280 O'Connor, Sandra Day, 138 Puggwonaygeshik, 275 , 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 33, 34, 46, 199 Puthuff, Willliam, 149 off reservation rights, 126, 127, 194, 197, 250, 274, 277 ogamagigido (speaker), 84, 205 Quinney, Austin, 238 ogamaw (chief), 23 Quinney, John, 237 Ogden, David, 149 Ogden Land Company, 150, 151, 155 Rabbit Lake band, 268 Ohopashah (Little Whoop), 155 Rainy Lake band, 105 Ojibwe, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 31, 34, 46, 102, Rainy River, 100 104, 199, 201, 203-10, 220, 225, 308 Ralette, Joseph, 118 Ojibwe removal, 207, 214-15 Ramsey, Alexander, 113, 119, 122, 214, 267 Ojininin, Curtis, 213 Rathburn, Benjamin, 223, 316 Okimase (Young Chief), 205 Ratstetter, Bill, 3 Okundekun (Buoy), 206, 211 reciprocal sharing, 22 Okwemaw, 144 Red Cliff band, 127 Old Carron, Thomas, 141, 145 Red Lake, 100 "Old Citizens," 239, 243, 251 Red Lake Reservation, 199 Oneida, 20, 21, 149, 150, 151, 154, 171, 230, 242, 254 Red Springs Township, 258 Ontonagon band, 206, 321 Removal Act (1830), 106, 169-70, 174, 230 oral history, 7, 34, 35, 40 Removal Order (1850), 79, 121-22, 126, 133, 136 oratory, 28 removal policy, 195, 230 Osawwishkeno (Yellow Bird), 141 Renaitenow (The Rain), 159 Oshawano (Shawono) (South), 61, 63 required for settlement, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, Oshkishhenayniew, 189 89> 93. 94. 97 Oshkosh (Bear Claw), 141, 146, 148, 151, 153, 164, reservation policy, 215-17 169, 171, 172, 183, 186, 188, 196 reservation types, 225 reserved rights doctrine, 41 Pabamatabi, 55, 60 res judicata, 197, 259 Pagoonakeezhig (Hole in the Day), 107 ribbon farms, 164 Panic of 1837, 77, 289 Rice, Henry, 117, 118, 119, 186, 267, 268, 271, 275, 276, Parker, Eli, 240, 301 281 patrilineal kinship, 9, 23, 35, 37, 144, 204 rice chiefs, 337 Paybahmesay (Walks Around), 84 Richardson, William, 246, 248-49, 251 Paymawsaw, 302 "right of hunting," 46, 61, 65, 68, 70, 71, 89, 93, 102, Pedudence (Muskrat's Liver), 265, 271 113, 124, 211 39° INDEX Roberts, Joseph, 269 Stockbridge (Mohekunnucks), 149, 161 Robinson, Rix, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68 Stockbridge-Munsee, 21, 201, 258 Rodd, Charles, 301 Stockbridge-Munsee Reservation, 192, 200, 239, 250 Root, Erastus, 153 Stockbridge-Munsee rolls, 247 , 101, 105, 123, 265 Street, John, 308 Rust, Ezra, 301 Stuart, Robert, 64, 66, 73, 79, 80, 111-15, 204, 210-11 Sturgeon, Mary, 324 Sabin, Dwight, 279 Sunday, John, 205 Saginaw band, 286, 293, 295 supremacy clause, 41 Saginaw Bay Reservation, 299 surplus land, 199, 217, 225, 238, 247, 254, 256, 259, Saginaw Valley, 291 260, 280, 284, 285 St. Croix band, 105, 107, 127 Swan Creek band, 286, 293 St. Croix River, 101, 105 Swan Lake band, 107 St. Regis Mohawk, 150 Sylvester, William, 54 salmon, 90 Sandy Lake affair, 214, 225 Taft, William H, 257 Sandy Lake band, 106, 107, in, 268 Tanner, H. S., 56 Sandy Lake payment, 122 Tanner, Helen H., 4, 100, 135 Santee Dakota, 267 Tanner, Howard A., 90 Sauk Rapids, 120 Taunchey, John, 205 Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 51, 56, 60-64, 75. 76, 78. 88, 148, taxation on reservations, 311, 312, 315, 316 204, 209, 223, 294, 311, 313, 339 Taylor, Zachary, 103, 120, 122, 125, 132, 196 Sault Ste. Marie band, 19, 63, 84, 85, 86, 87 Tedawkaymosay (The Pacer), 271 Sawyer, Philetus, 243, 245, 246, 247 Teller, Henry, 280 Schoolcraft, Henry, 56, 59, 62, 63, 70, 71, 72, 75, 77, territorial claims, 20, 22, 102, 103, 145, 151, 201, 209, 78, 79, 87, 105, 204, 286 3" Schoolcraft, James, 63, 66, 78 Thompson, Jacob, 225, 266, 297 Schoolcraft, Jane (Johnston), 62 Thompson, R. W., 182, 184, 188 Schurz, Carl, 279 Tierney, Kathryn, 3, 91 sea lamprey, 90 Tody, Wayne, 90 seasonal round, 22, 203, 289 Tomah, 141, 144, 145, 148, 149, 153 Senate amendments—1836 treaty, 97 touching the pen, 37-38 Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, 127, 132, 263 Trade and Intercourse Act (1802), 150 Sferrazza, Peter, 124 Trade and Intercourse Act (1834), 293 Shagobi (Little Six), 108, 267 trade and intercourse acts, 55, 73, 105 Shauwanopenessee (South Bird), 176 trader-debt system, 32 Shawanodin (John Southwind), 205, 221, 308 treaties (in chronological order) Shawwannoh (The South), 171 Treaty of Greenville (1795), 14, 49-52., 54, 55, 5<>, 72, Shingoop (Balsam), 105, 118 76, 85, 160 Shobaushkum (He That Passes under Everything), 35, (1807), 51, 286 265, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276 Treaty of Springwells (1815), 51 Shonene, 183, 186 Treaty of St. Louis (1817), 146 Sibley, Henry, 118, 119, 121 Treaty of Miami Rapids (1817), 51, 72 Six Nations, 150 (1819), 30, 51, 72, 286 Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, 93, 329, 333 Treaty of Sault Ste. Marie (1820), 51, 52, 58, 85-86 Skakautcheokemaw, 147, 148 (1821), 51, 72 Slater, Leonard, 64, 65, 69 Treaty of Prairie du Chien (1825), 101, 102, 103, Slingerland, Jeremiah, 242, 245, 247, 249 105, no, 145, 209 smallpox, in, 167, 168, 169, 266, 308 Treaty of Fond du Lac (1826), 31, 103-5, 2-09 Smith, E. P., 35, 251, 268, 270 Treaty of Butte des Morts (1827), 145, 146, 151, 209 Smith, George, 294 Treaty of Washington (1831), 155, 160, 161,166, Smith, Richard, 84, 301, 302, 303, 310 19*. *33 Smith, W. R., 105, 107 Treaty of Chicago (1833), 166 Snake River, 105, in Treaty of the Cedars (1836), 169-74, J92 Snake River band, 105, 108, 111 Treaty with Ottawa and Chippewa (1836), 49, Southwind, John, 205, 221, 308 62-69, 72-78, 86, 88, 93, 286 sovereignty, 26, 40, 41, 44, 102, 107, 200, 330, 333, 334 Treaty with the Saginaw Chippewa (1836), 286 Spencer, John, in Treaty with the Chippewa (1837), 294 Spruce, Sam, 319-20 Treaty of Flint (1837), 294 Stambaugh, Samuel C., 153, 154,155, 157, 161, 164, Treaty of St. Peters (1837), 34, 46,105-11,125,132, 168, 172 196, 210, 273, 274, 279 state jurisdiction, 200, 201, 257, 280, 323 (1842), 34, 36, 46, 111-16,125, Stevens, Mark, 305, 306-7, 320, 323 132, 210-n, 226, 320, 329 Index I 391

Treaty of Washington (1846), 184 73, 75, 77, 95. I2-4. 12.5, 126, 128, 130, 132, 133, Treaty of Fond du Lac (1847), 116, 212 135, 137, 138, 139, 160, 178, 192, 194, 195 Treaty of Leech Lake (1847), 117 Treaty with the Stockbridge (1848), 235 Valentine, Nelson, 317 Treaty of Lake Poygan (1848), 179-86, 192 Van Antwerp, Ver Planck, 105, 107, no Treaty of Wolf River (1854), 186-87, 192. Van Tassell, William, 207 Otto-Missouri Treaty of 1854, 216 Vermilion Lake band, 105 Treaty of La Pointe (1854), 86, 117, 125, 133, 200, Verplank, Isaac, 116, 117, 181 203, 216, 220, 224-25, 226, 308, 309-11, 320, Voigt, Lester, 124 329-30 Voigt task force, 127 Treaty of Washington (1855), 133-34, 265, 268, 276, 2-78, 279 Wabijeshi (Marten), 113 Treaty of Detroit (July 31, 1855), 84-87, 98, 238 Wahpeton Dakota, 100 Treaty of Detroit with the Saginaw Chippewa (Au- Wahweyaycum, 275 gust 2, 1855), 82, 97, 293-97 Wainesaut, 169 Treaty of Detroit with Sault Ste. Marie Chippewa Waishkey (First Born), 61, 63 (August 2, 1855), 294 walleye, 129 Treaty with the Stockbridge and Munsee (1856), Warren, Lyman, 119 2-35, 236-37 Warren, William, 27 Treaty of Keshena (1856), 241 Washaskkokone (Muskrat's Liver), 107 Treaty of Stockbridge (1856), 239, 240, 259, 260 Wasson, 84 Treaty of Washington (1863), 268, 269, 272, 279 Watrous, John, 114, 122 Treaty of Saginaw (1864), 286, 297, 299-300 Waubojeeg (White Fisher), 63, 85, 294, 297 Treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi (1864), Waukechon, 189 270, 272, 284 Waupesepin, 145 Treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi (1867), Wawnawco, 176 268, 271 Wells, H. R., 250 treaty ceremony, 38 Wheeler-Howard Act, 17 treaty era, 25 Whipple, Henry, 267, 268, 269 tribal conservation codes, 339 White, Bruce, 135 tribal factionalism, 25, 232, 233, 234, 236, 300 White Crow, 113, 114 tribal harvest regulation, 126, 137 White Earth Reservation, 134, 271, 274, 277, 280 tribal rights, 42 Whiting, Henry, 66 tribal sovereignty, 338 Whiting, Joseph, 275, 276 Tribble, Fred, 124 Whittlesey, Charles, 167 Tribble, Mike, 124 Wilder, Amherst, 279 tribes, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 24, 26, 27, Wiley, John, 124 28, 40, 41, 45, 46 Williams, Eleazer, 149, 150, 151, 154, 160 Tuscarora, 150 Williams, George, 301, 302, 304 Winnebago, 20, 102, 103, 116, 119, 120, 140, 141, 143, United States Civil Rights Commission, 338 146, 151, 168, 177, 180, 181, 184, 212, 231 United States Court of Claims, 282, 283 Winnibigoshish Lake, 100, 116, 268 United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 337 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 124, 127 United States Forest Service, 338 Wolf River, 140, 157, 159, 165, 176, 186, 189, 191, 192, United States Supreme Court, 138, 282, 285, 329, 334 2-43. 342 Usher, John, 301 usufructuary activity, 45, 46, 50, 51, 55, 59, 62, 6% 70, Yellow Lake band, in