Molecular Biology Primer
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A Correlation of Cytological and Genetical Crossing-Over in Zea Mays. PNAS 17:492–497
A CORRELATION OF CYTOLOGICAL AND GENETICAL CROSSING-OVER IN ZEA MAYS HARRIET B. CREIGHTON BARBARA MCCLINTOCK Botany Department Cornell University Ithaca, New York Creighton, H., and McClintock, B. 1931 A correlation of cytological and genetical crossing-over in Zea mays. PNAS 17:492–497. E S P Electronic Scholarly Publishing http://www.esp.org Electronic Scholarly Publishing Project Foundations Series –– Classical Genetics Series Editor: Robert J. Robbins The ESP Foundations of Classical Genetics project has received support from the ELSI component of the United States Department of Energy Human Genome Project. ESP also welcomes help from volunteers and collaborators, who recommend works for publication, provide access to original materials, and assist with technical and production work. If you are interested in volunteering, or are otherwise interested in the project, contact the series editor: [email protected]. Bibliographical Note This ESP edition, first electronically published in 2003 and subsequently revised in 2018, is a newly typeset, unabridged version, based on the 1931 edition published by The National Academy of Sciences. Unless explicitly noted, all footnotes and endnotes are as they appeared in the original work. Some of the graphics have been redone for this electronic version. Production Credits Scanning of originals: ESP staff OCRing of originals: ESP staff Typesetting: ESP staff Proofreading/Copyediting: ESP staff Graphics work: ESP staff Copyfitting/Final production: ESP staff © 2003, 2018 Electronic Scholarly Publishing Project http://www.esp.org This electronic edition is made freely available for educational or scholarly purposes, provided that this copyright notice is included. The manuscript may not be reprinted or redistributed for commercial purposes without permission. -
Introduction and Historical Perspective
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective “ Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. ” modified by the developmental history of the organism, Theodosius Dobzhansky its physiology – from cellular to systems levels – and by the social and physical environment. Finally, behaviors are shaped through evolutionary forces of natural selection OVERVIEW that optimize survival and reproduction ( Figure 1.1 ). Truly, the study of behavior provides us with a window through Behavioral genetics aims to understand the genetic which we can view much of biology. mechanisms that enable the nervous system to direct Understanding behaviors requires a multidisciplinary appropriate interactions between organisms and their perspective, with regulation of gene expression at its core. social and physical environments. Early scientific The emerging field of behavioral genetics is still taking explorations of animal behavior defined the fields shape and its boundaries are still being defined. Behavioral of experimental psychology and classical ethology. genetics has evolved through the merger of experimental Behavioral genetics has emerged as an interdisciplin- psychology and classical ethology with evolutionary biol- ary science at the interface of experimental psychology, ogy and genetics, and also incorporates aspects of neuro- classical ethology, genetics, and neuroscience. This science ( Figure 1.2 ). To gain a perspective on the current chapter provides a brief overview of the emergence of definition of this field, it is helpful -
Barbara Mcclintock's World
Barbara McClintock’s World Timeline adapted from Dolan DNA Learning Center exhibition 1902-1908 Barbara McClintock is born in Hartford, Connecticut, the third of four children of Sarah and Thomas Henry McClintock, a physician. She spends periods of her childhood in Massachusetts with her paternal aunt and uncle. Barbara at about age five. This prim and proper picture betrays the fact that she was, in fact, a self-reliant tomboy. Barbara’s individualism and self-sufficiency was apparent even in infancy. When Barbara was four months old, her parents changed her birth name, Eleanor, which they considered too delicate and feminine for such a rugged child. In grade school, Barbara persuaded her mother to have matching bloomers (shorts) made for her dresses – so she could more easily join her brother Tom in tree climbing, baseball, volleyball, My father tells me that at the and football. age of five I asked for a set of tools. He My mother used to did not get me the tools that you get for an adult; he put a pillow on the floor and give got me tools that would fit in my hands, and I didn’t me one toy and just leave me there. think they were adequate. Though I didn’t want to tell She said I didn’t cry, didn’t call for him that, they were not the tools I wanted. I wanted anything. real tools not tools for children. 1908-1918 McClintock’s family moves to Brooklyn in 1908, where she attends elementary and secondary school. In 1918, she graduates one semester early from Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn. -
The Contributions of George Beadle and Edward Tatum
| PERSPECTIVES Biochemical Genetics and Molecular Biology: The Contributions of George Beadle and Edward Tatum Bernard S. Strauss1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 KEYWORDS George Beadle; Edward Tatum; Boris Ephrussi; gene action; history It will concern us particularly to take note of those cases in Genetics in the Early 1940s which men not only solved a problem but had to alter their mentality in the process, or at least discovered afterwards By the end of the 1930s, geneticists had developed a sophis- that the solution involved a change in their mental approach ticated, self-contained science. In particular, they were able (Butterfield 1962). to predict the patterns of inheritance of a variety of charac- teristics, most morphological in nature, in a variety of or- EVENTY-FIVE years ago, George Beadle and Edward ganisms although the favorites at the time were clearly Tatum published their method for producing nutritional S Drosophila andcorn(Zea mays). These characteristics were mutants in Neurospora crassa. Their study signaled the start of determined by mysterious entities known as “genes,” known a new era in experimental biology, but its significance is to be located at particular positions on the chromosomes. generally misunderstood today. The importance of the work Furthermore, a variety of peculiar patterns of inheritance is usually summarized as providing support for the “one gene– could be accounted for by alteration in chromosome struc- one enzyme” hypothesis, but its major value actually lay both ture and number with predictions as to inheritance pattern in providing a general methodology for the investigation of being quantitative and statistical. -
Genes, Genomes and Genetic Analysis
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION UNIT 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORDefining SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and WorkingNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION with Genes © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 1 Genes, Genomes, and Genetic Analysis Chapter 2 DNA Structure and Genetic Variation © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Molekuul/Science Photo Library/Getty Images. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284136609_CH01_Hartl.indd 1 08/11/17 8:50 am © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC -
DNA the Central Dogma 3.4: Genes, Central Dogma • 3.5: Cell Division-Mitosis and Meiosis, • 3.6: Chromosomal Involvement, DNA Level of Involvement
U3 DNA the Central Dogma 3.4: Genes, Central Dogma • 3.5: Cell Division-Mitosis and Meiosis, • 3.6: Chromosomal involvement, DNA level of involvement. CENTRAL DOGMA • What is the central dogma of DNA? • The central dogma of molecular biology describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein. Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA copy of a segment of DNA. • Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA copy of a segment of DNA. RNA is synthesized by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Genes Are Located on Chromosomes (1910 – 1920s) Thomas Hunt Morgan discovers that genes are located on chromosomes. Working on fruit flies, he concludes that certain traits are linked to gender and that those traits are probably carried on one of the sex chromosomes (X or Y). He hypothesizes that other genes are also carried on specific chromosomes. Using chromosome recombination, he and his students map the locations of genes on chromosomes. Morgan and his students write the seminal book “The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity”. Genes Control Biochemical Events George Beadle and Edward Tatum (1930) discover through experiments on neurospora, a bread mold, that genes are responsible for the production of enzymes. Their report is the genesis of the "one gene-one enzyme" concept. DNA Is the Genetic Material (1928, 1944, 1952) ◊ Several scientists prove that DNA is the chemical basis of genetic information. ◊ Oswald Avery proves that DNA carries genetic information. ◊ Linus Pauling discovers that many proteins take the shape of a spiral, like a spring coil. -
Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
362 Chapter 13 | Modern Understandings of Inheritance 13.1 | Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Discuss Sutton’s Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance • Describe genetic linkage • Explain the process of homologous recombination, or crossing over • Describe chromosome creation • Calculate the distances between three genes on a chromosome using a three-point test cross Long before scientists visualized chromosomes under a microscope, the father of modern genetics, Gregor Mendel, began studying heredity in 1843. With improved microscopic techniques during the late 1800s, cell biologists could stain and visualize subcellular structures with dyes and observe their actions during cell division and meiosis. With each mitotic division, chromosomes replicated, condensed from an amorphous (no constant shape) nuclear mass into distinct X-shaped bodies (pairs of identical sister chromatids), and migrated to separate cellular poles. Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance The speculation that chromosomes might be the key to understanding heredity led several scientists to examine Mendel’s publications and reevaluate his model in terms of chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis. In 1902, Theodor Boveri observed that proper sea urchin embryonic development does not occur unless chromosomes are present. That same year, Walter Sutton observed chromosome separation into daughter cells during meiosis (Figure 13.2). Together, these observations led to the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, which identified chromosomes as the genetic material responsible for Mendelian inheritance. Figure 13.2 (a) Walter Sutton and (b) Theodor Boveri developed the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, which states that chromosomes carry the unit of heredity (genes). -
![Alfred Henry Sturtevant (1891–1970) [1]](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/2262/alfred-henry-sturtevant-1891-1970-1-862262.webp)
Alfred Henry Sturtevant (1891–1970) [1]
Published on The Embryo Project Encyclopedia (https://embryo.asu.edu) Alfred Henry Sturtevant (1891–1970) [1] By: Gleason, Kevin Keywords: Thomas Hunt Morgan [2] Drosophila [3] Alfred Henry Sturtevant studied heredity in fruit flies in the US throughout the twentieth century. From 1910 to 1928, Sturtevant worked in Thomas Hunt Morgan’s research lab in New York City, New York. Sturtevant, Morgan, and other researchers established that chromosomes play a role in the inheritance of traits. In 1913, as an undergraduate, Sturtevant created one of the earliest genetic maps of a fruit fly chromosome, which showed the relative positions of genes [4] along the chromosome. At the California Institute of Technology [5] in Pasadena, California, he later created one of the firstf ate maps [6], which tracks embryonic cells throughout their development into an adult organism. Sturtevant’s contributions helped scientists explain genetic and cellular processes that affect early organismal development. Sturtevant was born 21 November 1891 in Jacksonville, Illinois, to Harriet Evelyn Morse and Alfred Henry Sturtevant. Sturtevant was the youngest of six children. During Sturtevant’s early childhood, his father taught mathematics at Illinois College in Jacksonville. However, his father left that job to pursue farming, eventually relocating seven-year-old Sturtevant and his family to Mobile, Alabama. In Mobile, Sturtevant attended a single room schoolhouse until he entered a public high school. In 1908, Sturtevant entered Columbia University [7] in New York City, New York. As a sophomore, Sturtevant took an introductory biology course taught by Morgan, who was researching how organisms transfer observable characteristics, such as eye color, to their offspring. -
A Giant of Genetics Cornell University As a Graduate Student to Work on the Cytogenetics of George Beadle, an Uncommon Maize
BOOK REVIEW farm after obtaining his baccalaureate at Nebraska Ag, he went to A giant of genetics Cornell University as a graduate student to work on the cytogenetics of George Beadle, An Uncommon maize. On receiving his Ph.D. from Cornell in 1931, Beadle was awarded a National Research Council fellowship to do postdoctoral work in T. H. Farmer: The Emergence of Genetics th Morgan’s Division of Biology at Caltech, where the fruit fly, Drosophila, in the 20 Century was then being developed as the premier experimental object of van- By Paul Berg & Maxine Singer guard genetics. On encountering Boris Ephrussi—a visiting geneticist from Paris— Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, at Caltech, Beadle began his work on the mechanism of gene action. 2003 383 pp. hardcover, $35, He and Ephrussi studied certain mutants of Drosophila whose eye ISBN 0-87969-688-5 color differed in various ways from the red hue characteristic of the wild-type fly. They inferred from these results that the embryonic Reviewed by Gunther S Stent development of animals consists of a series of chemical reactions, each step of which is catalyzed by a specific enzyme, whose formation is, in http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics turn, controlled by a specific gene. This inference provided the germ for Beadle’s one-gene-one-enzyme doctrine. To Beadle and Ephrussi’s “Isaac Newton’s famous phrase reminds us that major advances in disappointment, however, a group of German biochemists beat them science are made ‘on the shoulders of giants’. Too often, however, the to the identification of the actual chemical intermediates in the ‘giants’ in our field are unknown to many colleagues and biosynthesis of the Drosophila eye color pigments. -
Sriram, a 2016.Pdf
A mitochondrial ROS signal activates mitochondrial turnover and represses TOR during stress Ashwin Sriram Thesis submitted to the Newcastle University in candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences 1 DECLARATION I certify that this thesis is my own work and I have correctly acknowledged the work of collaborators. I also declare that this thesis has not been previously submitted for a degree or any other qualification at this or any other university. Ashwin Sriram July 2016 2 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research work was carried out at the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and the Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom under the supervision of Dr. Alberto Sanz. I owe my deepest of gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Alberto Sanz for giving me an opportunity to carry out this research project in his lab under his esteemed guidance. I am deeply indebted to him especially for the confidence that he always placed in me, his encouragement and support throughout the work. He has contributed a lot to my development as a scientist. A special thanks for all the conversations regarding how science “works”. I would also like to thank him for teaching me most of the techniques that have been implemented in this thesis. I am very grateful to Dr. Filippo Scialo for all his support and help with many experiments that are a part of this thesis. I thank him for all the long discussions in the office and during coffee breaks. -
Joshua Lederberg – in Memoriam
ARTICLE-IN-A-BOX Joshua Lederberg – In Memoriam The foundations of the young science of molecular biology were laid towards the middle of the last century, primarily resting on a series of outstanding discoveries where microorganisms played a significant role. The exploitation of bacteria to address fundamental questions related to the nature of genes and how they function unleashed a steady stream of path-breaking discoveries during the 1940s and 50s. This was rather ironic since the term bacterial genetics would have been considered an oxymoron only a few years ago as the idea of bacteria possessing genes was alien to most geneticists who were busy working with plants, flies, and fungi. Joshua Lederberg, who passed away in February 2008, was one of the undisputed leaders of this molecular biology revolution. Lederberg’s work led to the discovery of two forms of genetic exchange in bacteria – conjugation and transduction. These discoveries had an enormous impact in opening up the genetic analysis of bacteria that resulted in other major breakthroughs such as the elucidation of the mechanism of gene regulation. For his contribu- tions to microbial genetics, Lederberg shared the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Edward Tatum and George Beadle. Lederberg’s contributions however did not confine only to the field of bacterial genetics. He was keenly interested in exotic areas such as artificial intelligence, extra-terrestrial life (exobiology) and space exploration and made significant contributions to these fields too. He also championed the cause of disarmament and elimination of biological weapons. In a sense, he was also a science journalist as he regularly contributed articles dealing with science and public issues in the Washington Post and The Chronicle. -
Are Drugs Destroying Sport?
Can C 0 U n t r i e s Fin d Coo per a tiD n Ami d the R u i nos 0 feD n f lie t ? ARE DRUGS IN THI S IS SUE DESTROYING The Gann Years: Colm Connolly '91 Wins Hail to "The Counselor" A Retrospective High-Profile Murder Case Sonja Henning '95 SPORT? Page 8 Letters to the Editor If you want to respond to an article in Duke Law, you can e-mail the editor at [email protected] or write: Mirinda Kossoff Duke Law Magazine Duke University School of Law Box 90389 Durham, NC 27708-0389 , a Interim Dean's Message Features Ethnic Strife: Can Countries Find Cooperation Amid the Ruins of Conflict? .. ..... ... ...... ...... ...... .............. .... ... ... .. ............ 2 The Gann Years: A Retrospective .. ............. ..... ................. .... ..... .. ................ ..... ...... ......... 5 Are Drugs Destroying Sport? .. ..................................... .... .. .............. .. ........ .. ... ....... .... ... 8 Alumni Snapshots Colm Connolly '91 Wins Conviction and Fame in High-Profile Murder Case ................... .................. ... .. ..... ..... ... .... .... ...... ....... ....... ..... 12 Sonja Henning '95: Hail to "The Counselor" on the Basketball Court ........................ .. 14 U.N. Insider Michael Scharf '88 Puts International Experience to Work in Academe ................................... ..................... ... .............................. ....... 15 Faculty Perspectives Q&A: Can You Treat a Financially Troubled Country Like a Bankrupt Company? .. ..... ... 17 The Docket Professor John Weistart: The Man