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A Correlation of Cytological and Genetical Crossing-Over in Zea Mays. PNAS 17:492–497
A CORRELATION OF CYTOLOGICAL AND GENETICAL CROSSING-OVER IN ZEA MAYS HARRIET B. CREIGHTON BARBARA MCCLINTOCK Botany Department Cornell University Ithaca, New York Creighton, H., and McClintock, B. 1931 A correlation of cytological and genetical crossing-over in Zea mays. PNAS 17:492–497. E S P Electronic Scholarly Publishing http://www.esp.org Electronic Scholarly Publishing Project Foundations Series –– Classical Genetics Series Editor: Robert J. Robbins The ESP Foundations of Classical Genetics project has received support from the ELSI component of the United States Department of Energy Human Genome Project. ESP also welcomes help from volunteers and collaborators, who recommend works for publication, provide access to original materials, and assist with technical and production work. If you are interested in volunteering, or are otherwise interested in the project, contact the series editor: [email protected]. Bibliographical Note This ESP edition, first electronically published in 2003 and subsequently revised in 2018, is a newly typeset, unabridged version, based on the 1931 edition published by The National Academy of Sciences. Unless explicitly noted, all footnotes and endnotes are as they appeared in the original work. Some of the graphics have been redone for this electronic version. Production Credits Scanning of originals: ESP staff OCRing of originals: ESP staff Typesetting: ESP staff Proofreading/Copyediting: ESP staff Graphics work: ESP staff Copyfitting/Final production: ESP staff © 2003, 2018 Electronic Scholarly Publishing Project http://www.esp.org This electronic edition is made freely available for educational or scholarly purposes, provided that this copyright notice is included. The manuscript may not be reprinted or redistributed for commercial purposes without permission. -
Introduction and Historical Perspective
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective “ Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. ” modified by the developmental history of the organism, Theodosius Dobzhansky its physiology – from cellular to systems levels – and by the social and physical environment. Finally, behaviors are shaped through evolutionary forces of natural selection OVERVIEW that optimize survival and reproduction ( Figure 1.1 ). Truly, the study of behavior provides us with a window through Behavioral genetics aims to understand the genetic which we can view much of biology. mechanisms that enable the nervous system to direct Understanding behaviors requires a multidisciplinary appropriate interactions between organisms and their perspective, with regulation of gene expression at its core. social and physical environments. Early scientific The emerging field of behavioral genetics is still taking explorations of animal behavior defined the fields shape and its boundaries are still being defined. Behavioral of experimental psychology and classical ethology. genetics has evolved through the merger of experimental Behavioral genetics has emerged as an interdisciplin- psychology and classical ethology with evolutionary biol- ary science at the interface of experimental psychology, ogy and genetics, and also incorporates aspects of neuro- classical ethology, genetics, and neuroscience. This science ( Figure 1.2 ). To gain a perspective on the current chapter provides a brief overview of the emergence of definition of this field, it is helpful -
Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
362 Chapter 13 | Modern Understandings of Inheritance 13.1 | Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Discuss Sutton’s Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance • Describe genetic linkage • Explain the process of homologous recombination, or crossing over • Describe chromosome creation • Calculate the distances between three genes on a chromosome using a three-point test cross Long before scientists visualized chromosomes under a microscope, the father of modern genetics, Gregor Mendel, began studying heredity in 1843. With improved microscopic techniques during the late 1800s, cell biologists could stain and visualize subcellular structures with dyes and observe their actions during cell division and meiosis. With each mitotic division, chromosomes replicated, condensed from an amorphous (no constant shape) nuclear mass into distinct X-shaped bodies (pairs of identical sister chromatids), and migrated to separate cellular poles. Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance The speculation that chromosomes might be the key to understanding heredity led several scientists to examine Mendel’s publications and reevaluate his model in terms of chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis. In 1902, Theodor Boveri observed that proper sea urchin embryonic development does not occur unless chromosomes are present. That same year, Walter Sutton observed chromosome separation into daughter cells during meiosis (Figure 13.2). Together, these observations led to the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, which identified chromosomes as the genetic material responsible for Mendelian inheritance. Figure 13.2 (a) Walter Sutton and (b) Theodor Boveri developed the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, which states that chromosomes carry the unit of heredity (genes). -
Alfred Henry Sturtevant (1891–1970) [1]
Published on The Embryo Project Encyclopedia (https://embryo.asu.edu) Alfred Henry Sturtevant (1891–1970) [1] By: Gleason, Kevin Keywords: Thomas Hunt Morgan [2] Drosophila [3] Alfred Henry Sturtevant studied heredity in fruit flies in the US throughout the twentieth century. From 1910 to 1928, Sturtevant worked in Thomas Hunt Morgan’s research lab in New York City, New York. Sturtevant, Morgan, and other researchers established that chromosomes play a role in the inheritance of traits. In 1913, as an undergraduate, Sturtevant created one of the earliest genetic maps of a fruit fly chromosome, which showed the relative positions of genes [4] along the chromosome. At the California Institute of Technology [5] in Pasadena, California, he later created one of the firstf ate maps [6], which tracks embryonic cells throughout their development into an adult organism. Sturtevant’s contributions helped scientists explain genetic and cellular processes that affect early organismal development. Sturtevant was born 21 November 1891 in Jacksonville, Illinois, to Harriet Evelyn Morse and Alfred Henry Sturtevant. Sturtevant was the youngest of six children. During Sturtevant’s early childhood, his father taught mathematics at Illinois College in Jacksonville. However, his father left that job to pursue farming, eventually relocating seven-year-old Sturtevant and his family to Mobile, Alabama. In Mobile, Sturtevant attended a single room schoolhouse until he entered a public high school. In 1908, Sturtevant entered Columbia University [7] in New York City, New York. As a sophomore, Sturtevant took an introductory biology course taught by Morgan, who was researching how organisms transfer observable characteristics, such as eye color, to their offspring. -
Nabokov's Evolution
Nabokov's Evolution JAMES MALLET Nabokov: The highest enjoyment is when I stand among rare butterfiies and their food plants. This is ecstasy, a sense of oneness with sun and stone. Interviewer: Is there any connection [of lepidoptery J with your writing? Nabokov: There is in a general way because I think that in a work of art there is a kind of merging between the two things, between the precision of poetry and the excitement of pure science. - Emma Boswell, How Do You Solve a Problem Like Lolita? Much has been written on Nabokov's views on evolution, the origin of species, and, es pecially, mimicry in nature. Nabokov scholars hold a diversity of opinions, veering from defending Nabokov's heterodox beliefs about evolution to criticizing him for not fully ac cepting the modern evolutionary synthesis developed in the i93os and i94os in Europe and North America. Nabokov the scientist was maybe a little old-fashioned in his methodology, even for his time, concerned mainly with morphological systematics. He evinced a profound dislike for applying statistics to his science. Nabokov furiously rejected a statistical criticism by F. Martin Brown of his work on "scale rows," a method he invented for the study of ple bejine butterflies.1 His lack of appreciation of applied mathematical theories of evolution probably ensured that he could not form a strong opinion about the works of Ronald Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright, the founders of the modern synthesis of Mendelian ge netics and Darwinian natural selection. However, Nabokov would certainly not have been alone among biologists of his time in his contempt for the modernization of biological sci ence and, in particular, of mathematical or genetic approaches to systematics.2 Nabokov certainly understood much better the later part of the modern synthesis on species concepts and speciation, beginning in 1937 and continuing in the early i94os largely by another triumvirate. -
Molecular Biology Primer
An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms www.bioalgorithms.info Molecular Biology Primer Angela Brooks, Raymond Brown, Calvin Chen, Mike Daly, Hoa Dinh, Erinn Hama, Robert Hinman, Julio Ng, Michael Sneddon, Hoa Troung, Jerry Wang, Che Fung Yung An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms www.bioalgorithms.info Outline 0. A Brief History of Molecular Biology 1. The Fabric of Life 2. What Is Genetic Material? 3. What Do Genes Do? 4. What Molecule Codes For Genes? 5. What Is the Structure Of DNA? 6. Information Transfer Between DNA and Proteins 7. How are Proteins Made? An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms www.bioalgorithms.info Outline 8. How Can We Analyze DNA? 1. Copying DNA 2. Cutting and Pasting DNA 3. Measuring DNA Length 4. Probing DNA 9. How Do Individuals of a Species Differ? 10. How Do Species Differ? 1. Molecular Evolution 2. Comparative Genomics 3. Genome Rearrangement 11. Why Bioinformatics? An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms www.bioalgorithms.info Section 0: A Brief History of Molecular Biology An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms www.bioalgorithms.info A Brief History of Molecular Biology • 1665: Robert Hooke (1635-1703) discovers organisms are made up of cells. Robert Hooke • 1830s: Matthias Schleiden (1804-1881) and Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) further expanded the study of cells. Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms www.bioalgorithms.info A Brief History of Molecular Biology • 1865: Gregor Mendel discovers the basic rules of heredity for the garden pea. • An individual organism has two alternative heredity units for a given Mendel: The Father of Genetics trait (dominant trait vs. recessive trait). -
Edward Lewis and Radioactive Fallout the Impact Of
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Caltech Theses and Dissertations EDWARD LEWIS AND RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT THE IMPACT OF CALTECH BIOLOGISTS ON THE DEBATE OVER NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTING IN THE 1950s AND 60s Thesis by Jennifer Caron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science Science, Ethics, and Society Option CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Pasadena, California 2003 (Presented January 8, 2003) ii © 2003 Jennifer Caron All Rights Reserved iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Professor Ed Lewis, I am deeply grateful to you for sharing your story and spending hours talking to me. Professor Ray Owen, thank you for your support and historical documents I would not have found on my own. Professor Morgan Kousser, I am grateful for your advice and criticism, especially when this project was most overwhelming. Chris Waters, Steve Youra and Nathan Wozny, thank you for helping me get the writing going. Jim Summers and Winnee Sunshine, thank you for providing me with a quiet place to write. Professors Charles Barnes, Robert Christy, and John D. Roberts, thank you for sharing your memories and understandings of these events. Peter Westwick, thank you for the reading suggestions that proved crucial to my historical understanding. Kaisa Taipale, thank you for your help editing. Professor John Woodard, thank you for helping me to better understand the roots of ethics. Professor Diana Kormos-Buchwald, thank you for being my advisor and for your patience. And Scott Fraser, thank you for telling me about Lewis’s contribution to the fallout debate and encouraging me to talk to him. -
Metamorphosis the Artistic Expressions of Pamela Lewis
Metamorphosis The Artistic Expressions of Pamela Lewis Published by: Art Works Fine Art Publishing, inc. Los Angeles, CA 323-550-1085 All images © Pam Lewis 2008 This document duplicates the text written within a book published in 2008 and distributed to family, friends and several scientific colleagues of Pam and Ed Lewis. To make comments or to communicate with Pamela Lewis or for any information abut limited edition prints of any of the images in this website, please email: [email protected] or contact the family through calling 360-676-5150, Pacific Time Zone, USA. Acknowledgments— With gratitude to all family members who contributed: Keith Lewis, who tirelessly arranged for all of the artwork to be photographed, Hugh Lewis, who collected and helped edit the narrative, and Lynn Peterson, who wrote selected portions and assembled the pieces. Special thanks to Blue Trimarchi, Ann Cutting, Brian Ross, Stephanie Canada and Joanne Plucy who were also instrumental in the production of this book. Most of all, Pam wishes to thank the many individuals, colleagues, doctors and scientists, for their friendship and discoveries. They served as inspirations for her work. 2 About the Artist—Pamela Harrah Lewis Pamela Harrah was born on October 31, 1925 in Tacoma, Washington. Her Parents and Siblings Pamela came into the world and into a family that was, by all accounts, intelligent, educated, well-read and worldly. Her mother, Lyle Murray, had an adventurous upbringing as the daughter of an Army surgeon. Lyle and her family were occasionally stationed in remote and isolated places. In her later years, Lyle would share childhood memories about one such spot, Fort Egbert. -
Dna Learning Center
DNA LEARNING CENTER DNA LEARNING CENTER ADMINISTRATION INSTRUCTION MULTIMEDIA David Micklos Scott Bronson Susan Lauter Judy Cumella-Korabik Amanda McBrien Shirley Chan Nancy Daidola Danielle Sixsmith Chun-hua Yang Vin Torti Veronique Bourdeau Susan Conova Elna Carrasco Uwe Hilgert Maureen Cowan We stand at the threshold of a new century with the whole human genome stretched out before us. Messages from science and the popular media suggest a world of seemingly limitless opportunities to improve human health and productivity. Yet, at the turn of the last century, science and society faced a similar rush to exploit human genetics. The story of eugenics—humankind’s first venture into a “gene age”—holds a cautionary lesson for our current preoccupation with genes. Eugenics was the effort to apply principles of genetics to improve the human race. Most people equate eugenics with the atrocities committed for the sake of racial purity in Nazi Germany. Most are unaware of the “positive” eugenics movement, exemplified in England, which advocated voluntary efforts by families to improve their own heredity. Fewer still realize that a coercive, “negative” eugenics movement flourished in the United States, that it involved numerous prominent scientists and civic lead- ers, and that it made its intellectual home at the forerunner of the now prestigious Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. During the first decade of the 20th century, eugenics was organized as a scientific field by the con- fluence of Mendelian genetics and experimental breeding. This synthesis was embodied by Charles Benedict Davenport, who is considered the father of the American eugenics movement. When Charles Da v e n p o r t arrived at Cold Spring Harbor in 1898, he assumed the directorship of The Biological La b o r a t o r y, a prog r essive, if somewhat sleepy, “summer camp” for the study of evolution. -
Alfred Sturtevant Walks Into a Bar: Gene Dosage, Gene Position, and Unequal Crossing Over in Drosophila
| CLASSIC Alfred Sturtevant Walks into a Bar: Gene Dosage, Gene Position, and Unequal Crossing Over in Drosophila Mariana F. Wolfner*,1 and Danny E. Miller† *Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 and †MD–PhD Physician Scientist Training Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 ORCID IDs: 0000-0003-2701-9505 (M.F.W.); 0000-0001-6096-8601 (D.E.M.) ORIGINAL CITATION The effects of unequal crossing over at the Bar locus in Drosophila Alfred H. Sturtevant GENETICS March 1, 1925 10: 117–147 y the early 1920s, the existence of mutations was well caused by recombination; one simplyhadtoexaminetheprog- Bestablished, but how they could be generated remained a eny of flies carrying Bar alleles flanked by other markers. In topic of lively speculation. One interesting case was the Dro- a 1923 Science paper (Sturtevant and Morgan 1923), he and sophila Bar mutation (Tice 1914). While normal flies have his mentor T. H. Morgan reported that females heterozy- round eyes, the X-linked mutation Bar (B) caused the eyes to gous for Bar and a Bar allele flanked by forked (f)andfused be small and slit-like in males and homozygous females; female (fu) alleles gave round-eyed (Bar-revertant) progeny that car- heterozygotes had kidney bean-shaped eyes (Figure 1A). In- ried only one of the two flanking mutations. Females heterozy- triguingly, the Bar mutation was somewhat unstable: it tended gous for one Bar allele flanked only by f and another Bar allele to revert to wild-type spontaneously (May 1917). -
Oral History Interview with Michael Ashburner (B
CSHL Oral History, Michael Ashburner, July 3, 2003 1/24 Oral history interview with Michael Ashburner (b. 1942) Interview conducted by Ludmila Pollock Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, July 3, 2003 Transcript edited and annotated by Daniel Liu, PhD, Dec. 2020 Part 1, CSHL1010_Ashburner.mp4 Mila Pollock: [00:00:00] Okay, today is—I never remember dates. Michael Ashburner: July the 3rd, 2003 in the Carnegie Library in Cold Spring Harbor. Pollock: And what is the—if you count numbers, what is the number of your visits now since the first time you came here? Ashburner: I don't know, 40? 50? Pollock: Oh, fantastic. Ashburner: I first came here in 1970. [00:00:30] So that's 30 years, and I've been here at least once a year since then, mostly twice a year. Pollock: Do you remember your first visit? Why did you come? Ashburner: I came to the symposium in 1970.1 Pollock: What is the name of the symposium of the day? Ashburner: I can't remember, look it up. [laughter] Pollock: As a matter of fact, I will do it but we'll talk about this. Ashburner: You'll see a photograph of me there, kissing a girl's hand.2 [cut in tape 00:01:00] Pollock: Do you know how many symposiums you visited? Ashburner: Three? Pollock: No, one, two, three, four, five. 1 1970 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology, “Transcription of Genetic Material,” http://symposium.cshlp.org/site/misc/topic35.xhtml; Michael Ashburner, “A Prodromus to the Genetic Analysis of Puffing in Drosophila,” Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 35 (1970): 533–38, doi:10.1101/SQB.1970.035.01.069. -
Nobel Prizes in Physiology & Medicine
Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/NobelMed.pdf 1 Nobel Prizes in Physiology & Medicine © Dr. John Andraos, 2002 - 2020 Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to [email protected] http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ NOBEL PRIZE PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE YEARNAMES OF SCIENTISTS NATIONALITY TYPE OF PHYSIOLOGY/MEDICINE 1901 Behring, Emil Adolf von German disease treatment (diphtheria) 1902 Ross, Sir Ronald British (b. Almara, India) disease treatment (malaria) 1903 Finsen, Niels Ryberg Danish disease treatment (lupus vulgaris) 1904 Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Russian digestion 1905 Koch, Robert German disease treatment (TB) 1906 Golgi, Camillo Italian nervous system 1906 Cajal, Santiago Ramon y Spanish nervous system 1907 Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse French disease treatment (protozoa) 1908 Mechnikov, Ilya Ilyich Russian immunity 1908 Ehrlich, Paul German immunity 1909 Kocher, Emil Theodor Swiss metabolism (thyroid gland) 1910 Kossel, Albrecht German proteins/nucleic acids 1911 Gullstrand, Allvar Swedish visual system 1912 Carrel, Alexis French-American blood vessels 1913 Richet, Charles Robert French anaphylaxis 1914 Barany, Robert Austrian vestibular apparatus 1915 no prize awarded N/A N/A 1916 no prize awarded N/A N/A 1917 no prize awarded N/A N/A 1918 no prize awarded N/A N/A 1919 Bordet, Jules Belgian immunity Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/NobelMed.pdf 2 1920 Krogh,