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Quarks, Strings and the Cosmos -August Hector 09-11, Rubinstein 2010 Memorial Symposium AlbaNova (Stockholm) Sweden Collège de France, Paris, France and Theory Division, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23,E-mail: Switzerland Gabriele Veneziano Two unforgettable years with Hector PoS(HRMS)078 Gabriele Veneziano in there apparently stood for Weizmann . . . 2 W . Only later I learned that the W ) 6 ( SU Working in Florence as one of Gatto’s "gattini" was very stimulating. However, having always I was easily accepted to the graduate school (having passed a Laurea under Raoul Gatto meant Meeting Hector, being his student, and gradually becoming his collaborator, was almost a I also appreciated very much his sharp (and occasionally cynical) wit about many things in life: As a high school student in Florence I had the luck of being taught by some excellent teachers: Three years later I had to make another choice, this time about which branch of physics to go lived at home in my familyin in life Florence, in I general. felt I the had needour already to respective met enlarge studies Edy my after and, horizons, getting together, both we marriedto in made in the physics plans the and Feinberg to summer move Graduate of to School 1966. IsraelHarari of to This as continue the is my Weizmann how likely Institute I future having decided mentors.when, in to These after apply mind were learning Zvi indeed that Lipkin the I and twothere had names Haim at decided I the to mentioned Weizmann leave Institute?" to Florence Raoul for Gatto Rehovot, he asked: "having yes, already but a who good acquaintance is with high-energytold theory the and a full decent story CV) but, attheorist apparently who the (Zvi had social moved dinner to Israel here),one a it more year lucky was or coincidence so decided earlier to thatfar from play I as Paris: a my would Hector. crucial professional This be career role would assigned went. in turn I to my out thus life, a to met be probably young Hector the forshock most the first important to time one me, in as the so fallheard accustomed of at 1966. to this symposium an about italianarguing how with "safety Hector the distance" could establishment be between (even at tough teachersthere the and was and risk uncompromising a of students. when having complementary it to side camecollaborator face We to or to unpleasant a such consequences). student a Well, feel trait any gapwork of together in his as the character: real relative hierarchy. colleagues. he From Hector’s day enthusiasmour would one was collaboration never we very started make contagious would producing and discuss results. a beneficial and But younger andlife besides soon doing together: physics we tennis also started matches havingnear before social the institute work after in lunch, the niceinitiated morning, dinners to and/or Camembert walks evening cheese in coffees: at I Helen the and still "pardes" Hector’s recall house! (citrus that Edy growth) andfrom I Middle were East policy tothat, music, from in travel Israel, tips a to Ph.D.salary gossips. student so He salary, that would being often tax-exempt, he joke was wouldisolation about effectively (in probably the higher spite ask fact than of me a the amazing Professor’s onearrival flux of day of the for important mail. a visitors) and loan.coffee One was room could kind on He hear of the must the first obsessed floor. by have postman He the felt arrive would daily while Israel’s immediately we dash relative downstairs were just discussing to in come back the up common saying, Professor Tebaldo Liverani, in particular, was the oneHis who preference, initiated me he to once loving confessed, maths went andto physics. to the the latter former. as However, I after entered some the hesitation, local mine University went in 1960. for. I was about toProfessor be Raoul "recruited" Gatto by the moved local fromAt high-energy Cagliari the experimental to end group Florence of when, and just 1965 "rescued"the in I group me time, received to my theoretical "Laurea" physics. in physics defending a thesis on some applications of Two unforgettable years 1. Another lucky coincidence PoS(HRMS)078 Gabriele Veneziano 3 Figure 1 Hector and I started immediately to work on the then fashionable subject of current algebra in I still remember the first talk I was asked to give at the Weizmann Institute. It was about a which we both had some experience.one By to the Phys. winter Rev. of Letters 1967 andseveral we cases, one had current to already algebra Phys. submitted cannot, Rev. two by (seesoft-pion papers, itself, Fig. limit make of 1). unambiguous scattering In predictions amplitudes the aboutin former (a the a we so-called few pointed years paper out later I that, that wrotewe in observation were at turned dealing MIT out with the in to consistency be collaborationhigh and energy useful with interplay scattering, between M. thereby current Ademollo starting algebra a and and research Regge’s S. line theory Weinberg). that of would In occupy us the for second, sometime. paper I had writtenalgebra a sum few rules. months earlier It inEnglish, was Florence a one language on of I the the had first problemmust seminars some have of turned I scholastic saturating out had knowledge some to ever of, be current we given but kept quite and no discussing a certainly the practice disaster, subject the but with. in first Hector private. was one The This probably in presentation was, impressed I by believe, the its beginning content of and our collaboration. 2. Current Algebra: Sept. 1966 – Feb. 1967 more often than not, "nothing, nothing".Professor, And he perhaps was there talking was a about bit a of higher-ranked irony colleague when, as as a an "Professor associate gadol" (big Prof.) . . . Two unforgettable years PoS(HRMS)078 Gabriele Veneziano 4 Figure 2 The following six months of activity with Hector focussed on what turned out to be a very Our concern thus gradually shifted from current algebra sum rules to similar ones dealing The paper shown in Fig. 3 expresses clearly our thoughts on the subject at the time. It is fruitful direction. This was the resultHector’s of invitation, many factors. had On arrived the from oneformer hand Argentina. assistant Miguel Professors Virasoro, He in accepting Florence, soon Marcohad joined meanwhile Ademollo, left the also Florence two decided for a to of visiting collaboratedirection us position although came at while Harvard. from he one a A second visit of important tohe push my the is in Weizmann surrounded the Institute by right by Hector, Miguel, Sergio myself Fubiniwritten and (see an a photo impressive few in series other theorists). Fig. of papers Sergio 2, and that where collaborators went had far beyond the originalexclusively current with algebra program. hadronic interactions,collaborators, the as so-called well as superconvergence their sum generalizationquestion known rules as remained of Finite unanswered. Energy Fubini Sum and Rules.at We A low knew very energy, of important related two tohigh possible the energy, implied contributions production by of to (the metastable Chew-Mandelstam the application statesmomentum. sum of) (resonances), The Regge’s rules: theory the problem of had second, complex one, to relevant angular which do at both with contributions an appeared intermediate to energythe the range two (say present contributions around in had a the to few data be GeV) and added in was (as about one whether would have in very this naively region thought). 3. Playing with Superconvergence: winter 1967 -> summer 1967 Two unforgettable years PoS(HRMS)078 ), DHS n + 0 π → Gabriele Veneziano p be added since this + − not π 5 Figure 3 had found that in the intermediate-energy regionwere the two complementary descriptions or, (resonances and using Regge poles) "dual" the to language each of other. quantum Hencewould mechanical the result particle-wave two contributions duality, in to were a theduality. terrible sum rules "double It should is counting" at mistake.have the probably very never This heard base observation about of DHS became string . known . theory, . as although most DHS of our young string theorists today evident that we were leaning, theoretically,only towards after the a correct answer fundamental toappeared paper that sharply by before question. our Dolen, However, eyes. Horn Beingto already and it. theoretically Schmit prepared By we looking (DHS) immediately carefully subscribed the into answer pion-nucleon charge-exchange given scattering by ( Nature Two unforgettable years PoS(HRMS)078 → ππ Gabriele Veneziano 6 Figure 4 Personally, I heard of DHS duality at the summer school I attended in Erice in the summer of Back at the Weizmann Institute after the summer the four of us identified a process ( ) which, while impossible to measure experimentally, made the cheap-bootstrap idea easy to πω implement theoretically, and started tothat work the program on worked it amazingly intensively. wellcommunications (it It took between a did Israel bit not and longer take to thewith write us the US) the too first paper and results long because we (1st of to paper submitted the inincident find slow a Fig. (on short 4). which letter This happy I to scientificARVV Phys. prefer development collaboration. was not stained Rev. Hector’s by to realism a Lett. and elaborate) small the wit which collaboration was survive could crucial and have in actually come solving caused out the internal stronger problem than problems and before. in in making the 1967. It was mentioned "en passant"the by Murray institute Gell-Mann, where already a the famous Professoropened DHS at the paper Caltech, possibility had of been settingon written. up full a non-linear Gell-Mann unitarity "cheap and said bootstrap" nuclear asby that democracy Geff opposed (all the Chew. hadrons to DHS are the on observation "expensive" the one same based ground) advocated 4. The cheap bootstrap works! September 1967–> June 1968 Two unforgettable years PoS(HRMS)078 Gabriele Veneziano 7 Figure 5 The summer was approaching fast and the three of us had already made plans for the coming This first paper on the DHS-duality bootstrap was followed by a more complete analysis by In that period Hector, Miguel and myself also carried out, in parallel, a very different research academic year. As one canheading see for in Madison, Fig. Wisconsin, as 6, asecond Hector year postdoc, was at after going Harvard. a to I summer NYU wouldthe visit for see new at a him Center home. soon sabbatical. for in Marco Miguel Theoretical Boston, would was since physicsCERN). stay I at a was MIT going for to my join first Sergio Fubini postdoc at (after spending the summer at 6. The collaboration dissolves, but the way had been paved! ARVV published in Phys. Lettersand (also Adam in Schwimmer, Fig. joined 4). the5) Meanwhile, effort. the two young In prediction students, a of Motiimportant paper parallel Bishari observation by daughter connected Hector, trajectories to Adam, the was Miguelother now-famous and first paper degeneracy with myself made. of Adam (Fig. states and In inso-called Moti "unnatural (Fig. string retrospect parity". theory. this 5 again) In was the an- a whole very program was extended toprogram hadrons dealing with with the asymptoticthe behaviour hadrons. of Miguel form is factors summarizing inRoberto that different part Iengo) composite of which models the also for collaboration had (extendedinteractions interesting to (counting developments Daniele rules within Amati for the and QCD modern form framework factors). for strong 5. More Bootstrap more fun! Two unforgettable years PoS(HRMS)078 Gabriele Veneziano 8 Figure 6 The collaboration was soon going to disperse. Working at a distance those days was not A few days earlier, while still in Israel, I had a first intuition of a compact, closed-form solution When these days someone asks me about how String Theory was conceived I explain that In my last picture (Fig. 7) I am celebrating, with Hector, the Oskar Klein medal I received in at all trivial (we hadWe decided managed that, with before much splittingachieved effort apart, so with we far two should on sites, the writeFig. going "Bootstrap a to 6) of long was four meson paper sent was trajectories summarizing toalready from unthinkable). what Phys. far superconvergence". we apart. Rev. had The in paper mid (see June 1968 when, I guess,of Hector, the Miguel bootstrap in and terms myself oflater were a at certain CERN ‘Beta and function" widely . discussed .Boston. . at The a The paper conference would collaboration in be had Vienna writtentheory that fallen a had I apart month been attended but or paved! before so the flying over way to to Dual-Resonance-Models and to string 7. Concluding remarks there is nothing farther fromopposite: truth it than was saying just that the it natural,and was almost with an inevitable a inspired outcome fantastic guess of group of two ofto years my colleagues theoretical of in own. physics: hard Israel Quite work and with the with elsewhere. hindsight,QCD Hector It because we was of now a true believe quark bottom-up that confinement.trajectories approach some They and kind leave the of distinct DHS strings marksTheory duality do in (the emerge that the wrong from led data, one unfortunately!). to like the the linear work Regge I described hereJune 2007. and, It eventually, was to like String theknew, happy by ending then, of that a Hector story was that not had in started good 40 years health earlier and in we Israel. feared We that all the worse could happen any Two unforgettable years PoS(HRMS)078 Gabriele Veneziano 9 Figure 7 I wish to thank the organizers of this marvellous symposium that made it possible to bring back to life so many souvenirs that Hector left forever in our minds, and to share them. time. Hector himself knew, ofand course, his passions and and openly to talked live about thewould kind it, have of never but life been chose he a to loved tillyears happy follow the with event his last Hector. like instinct moment. the In one any case on I’m the sure picture there without those twoAcknowledgements unforgettable Two unforgettable years