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Lecture Notes in Physics Lecture Notes in Physics Editorial Board R. Beig, Wien, Austria W. Beiglbock,¨ Heidelberg, Germany W. Domcke, Garching, Germany B.-G. Englert, Singapore U. Frisch, Nice, France P. Hanggi,¨ Augsburg, Germany G. Hasinger, Garching, Germany K. Hepp, Zurich,¨ Switzerland W. Hillebrandt, Garching, Germany D. Imboden, Zurich,¨ Switzerland R. L. Jaffe, Cambridge, MA, USA R. Lipowsky, Potsdam, Germany H. v. Lohneysen,¨ Karlsruhe, Germany I. Ojima, Kyoto, Japan D. Sornette, Nice, France, and Zurich,¨ Switzerland S. Theisen, Potsdam, Germany W. Weise, Garching, Germany J. Wess, Munchen,¨ Germany J. Zittartz, Koln,¨ Germany The Lecture Notes in Physics The series Lecture Notes in Physics (LNP), founded in 1969, reports new developments in physics research and teaching – quickly and informally, but with a high quality and the explicit aim to summarize and communicate current knowledge in an accessible way. Books published in this series are conceived as bridging material between advanced grad- uate textbooks and the forefront of research and to serve three purposes: • to be a compact and modern up-to-date source of reference on a well-defined topic • to serve as an accessible introduction to the field to postgraduate students and nonspecialist researchers from related areas • to be a source of advanced teaching material for specialized seminars, courses and schools Both monographs and multi-author volumes will be considered for publication. Edited volumes should, however, consist of a very limited number of contributions only. Pro- ceedings will not be considered for LNP. Volumes published in LNP are disseminated both in print and in electronic formats, the electronic archive being available at springerlink.com. The series content is indexed, ab- stracted and referenced by many abstracting and information services, bibliographic net- works, subscription agencies, library networks, and consortia. Proposals should be sent to a member of the Editorial Board, or directly to the managing editor at Springer: Christian Caron Springer Heidelberg Physics Editorial Department I Tiergartenstrasse 17 69121 Heidelberg / Germany [email protected] M. Gasperini J. Maharana (Eds.) String Theory and Fundamental Interactions Gabriele Veneziano and Theoretical Physics: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives 13 Editors Maurizio Gasperini Jnan Maharana Universita` di Bari Institute of Physics Dipartimento di Fisica Sachivalaya Marg Via G. Amendola,173 Bhubaneswar - 751 005 70126 Bari, Italy Orissa, India [email protected] [email protected] M. Gasperini and J. Maharana (Eds.), String Theory and Fundamental Interactions, Lect. Notes Phys. 737 (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2008), DOI 10.1007/ 978-3-540-74233-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007934340 ISSN 0075-8450 ISBN 978-3-540-74232-6 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: by the authors and Integra using a Springer LATEX macro package Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L., F. Steinen-Broo, Pau/Girona, Spain Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 12070305 5 4 3 2 1 0 To Gabriele from his friends, with best wishes Preface This book has been prepared to celebrate the 65th birthday of Gabriele Veneziano and his retirement from CERN in September 2007. This retire- ment certainly will not mark the end of his extraordinary scientific career (in particular, he will remain on the permanent staff of the Coll`ege de France in Paris), but we believe that this important step deserves a special celebration, and an appropriate recognition of his monumental contribution to physics. Our initial idea of preparing a volume of Selected papers of Professor Gabriele Veneziano, possibly with some added commentary, was dismissed when we realized that this format of book, very popular in former times, has become redundant today because of the full “digitalization” of all important physical journals, and their availability online in the electronic archives. We have thus preferred an alternative (and unconventional, but probably more effective) form of celebrating Gabriele’s birthday: a collection of new papers written by his main collaborators and friends on the various aspects of theo- retical physics that have been the object of his research work, during his long and fruitful career. Selecting a reasonable number of invited contributors and contributed top- ics has proved to be a very difficult task, given the impressive number of dis- tinguished collaborators (see the full list in the first chapter of this book), and the exceptionally wide spectrum of research interests. After a careful analysis of four decades of work, we have finally decided to invite only a few repre- sentative contributions, trying to provide a survey of most of the many faces of Gabriele’s activity, and to avoid, at the same time, too many overlaps and too large gaps. We have been assisted in this process by Gabriele himself, but we are responsible for any important omission, of course. We hope, however, that the reader will appreciate the time (and space) limitations of this book, since making a complete and detailed survey of all of Gabriele’s activities is surely impossible. The contributors have been invited to prepare high-level (but not too much specialized) lectures on the assigned themes, with some introductory part and, possibly, some historical perspective concerning their work with Gabriele. VIII Preface We are very grateful to our colleagues and friends for having accepted our invitation, and for their excellent scientific and pedagogic work: Daniele Amati Adi Armoni Ram Brustein Alessandra Buonanno Marcello Ciafaloni Thibault Damour Paolo Di Vecchia Sergio Ferrara Alberto Giovannini Massimo Giovannini Kenichi Konishi Giuseppe Marchesini Krzysztof Meissner Roberto Petronzio Eliezer Rabinovici Giancarlo Rossi Hector Rubinstein Adam Schwimmer Mikhail Shifman Graham Shore Tomasz Taylor Luca Trentadue Henry Tye Carlo Ungarelli Gregory Vilkovisky Miguel Virasoro Should this book have any form of success and appreciation, the merit will rest on their dedicated and enthusiastic work, and on the many hours of their valuable time spent on the materialization of this project. We would also like to thank Christian Caron, Senior Editor of Physics at Springer, for his kind encouragement, advice, and for many important suggestions. This book is divided into various parts. The introductory part is fully de- voted to Gabriele Veneziano, and contains a short biography summarizing his main successes and achievements (to date), a full updated list of his collabo- rators and of his publications, and a short interview concerning his personal point of view about the present and future of fundamental physics. We have also included the Latex version of an old, unpublished (and handwritten) note, dating back to 1973, that Gabriele discovered after a long search in his office at CERN. Apart from the genuine historical value of such a document (see, for instance, the comments added by the author for the edition of this book), parts of the original draft are still of interest, and potentially relevant for modern applications. Preface IX The rest of the book is divided into the following seven parts: Part 1 – Dual resonance models and string theory Part 2 – Perturbative QCD Part 3 – Non-perturbative QCD Part 4 – Supersymmetric gauge theories Part 5 – String dualities and symmetries Part 6 – String/quantum gravity, black holes, and entropy Part 7 – String cosmology Each of these parts contains from a minimum of two to a maximum of five articles (organized in historical or pedagogical order), illustrating different aspects of these fields with special emphasis on the contribution of Gabriele and of his collaborators. The result is a rather unconventional, “unique” book where old and new scientific results are mixed with personal memories and feelings of the authors, spanning over four decades of research on fundamental interactions and an im- pressive spectrum of interests, ranging from subnuclear physics to cosmology. We think that it should be easy for the specialized reader to find out his/her preferred topic, and to jump directly to his/her field of interest. We also hope, however, that he/she will be tempted to deviate from this preferred path for enjoying the exploration of other branches of theoretical physics, and learn- ing about their historical development, following the excellent introductions written by leading experts in the field. To conclude this short introduction we would like to present our warmest thanks to Gabriele Veneziano, teacher and friend, for so many years of en- joyable and rewarding collaboration.
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