STACK ANNEX
5 094 575
INTROD JCT1OX
HEBREW GRAMMAR,
BY REV. A. M'CAUL, D.D.
INTRODUCTION
HEBREW GRAMMAR;
FOR THE USE OF BEGINNERS.
COMPILED
BY REV. A. MC CAUL, D.D.,
PROFESSOR OF HEBREW, KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON ; AND PREBENDARY OF ST. PAUL'S.
LONDON :
JOHN W. PARKER, WEST STRAND ;
B. WERTHEIM, 13, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCXLVII. ALEXANDER MACINTOSH, PRINTER, GREAT NEW STREET. LONDON. TO THE
REV. JOHN RICHARDSON MAJOR, D.D.,
HEAD MASTER OF KING'S COLLEGE SCHOOL,
THE FOLLOWING COMPENDIUM,
IS INSCRIBED,
WITH SINCERE ESTEEM AND RESPECT,
BY THE AUTHOR.
2093670 ADVERTISEMENT.
" THE following compilation is strictly what it professes to be, AN " INTRODUCTION to Hebrew Grammar. No language can be acquired by means of a compendium. But experience has taught me, that a large and comprehensive grammar may impede the progress of beginners, especially when the chief part of their time and strength is necessarily devoted to other subjects. For such the following pages may serve as a practical outline. The original intention was that it should not exceed two sheets. But having learned that the study of Hebrew was to be introduced into King's College School, it seemed necessary to add more complete tables. Mr. Duncan obligingly allowed me the use of the stereotype plates of the tables " of verbs, reprinted from Gesenius' Lehrgebaude," by the Rev. Dr.
Lee. The larger Grammars recommended for the study of the advanced student are those of the Rev. Dr. Lee, Professor Ewald, and the late Dr. Gesenius.
A. MC C. INTRODUCTION
HEBREW GRAMMAR.
HEBREW LETTERS. CONSONANTS.
THE Hebrew alphabet consists of twenty-two letters, all consonants.
Figure. 2 INTRODUCTION TO
. 5. The usual division of the consonants in reference to organ
is :
a. H Gutturals, 37, n, , N, [Ahachagh].
b. Labials, *1, *?, 1, 2, [Bumaph]. e. Palatals, p, ?, \ ?, [Gichaq].
rf. n Linguals, , p, b, 1$ } ^, [Datleneth],
e. Dentals or 0? I Sibilants, , ? , P , , [Zastzash]. 1 in some respects resembles the first class.
"1 are 3 B b . The Liquids , , , The three ""> 3 7 are related. , , , intimately
. 6. The Hebrews have signs (a) for five long or perfect vowels, i. e., which can be sounded without a consonant following ; (4) five short or imperfect vowels, i. e., which cannot be sounded without a con- sonant following or a helping accent, and (c) four semi-vowels. VOWELS. LONG OR PERFECT. Name. Sound. Example. 1. A Kametz a in balm 2 bah. 2. E Tsere a in bay ? bay. 3. I ^~r Great Hhirik ee in lee ""S bee.
4. O i or j_ Hholem o in Rome "12 boh. 5. U ^ Shurek oo in fool ^ boo. SHORT OR IMPERFECT.
Name. Sound. Example. 6. Pathach a in bad ^3 bal.
7. -*- Segol e in bed ^2. bel. * 8. Little Hhirik i in hit bi bil. 9. Kametz Hhatuph o in hot v2 bol. * 10. Kibbutz u in pull ba bull. N.B. vowels These are properly divided into three classes, those
to the A 7 ; those of the I belonging sound, 1, 6, sound, 3, 8, 2, 7 ; and those of the U sound, 4, 5, 9, 10. SEMI-VOWELS.
1. i. 2 Simple Sh'va as the e in the French second, or German as ^2 Gnade, ^ g'loo, b'no, ^^ sh'mee. ii. Compound Sh'va.
* Tills may also be long. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 8
2. Hhateph Pathach very short A, as ED Hhalohm, Ghasoo, nb Ghalay.
3. Hhateph Segol nr very short E, H^S Emeth, bb Ekhol, Tig Ehee. 4. Hhateph Kametz TT very short O, ^ Ghonee, ''bn Hholee, "W Roee.
. 7. The syllables ending in a vowel are called simple, or open, in or syllables ; those ending a consonant, compound, closed, syllables. 4 INTRODUCTION TO latter case it is euphonic. If the letter in which Dagesh-forte occurs be one of the aspirates, it also takes away the aspiration, "^5? kib- bayd.
. 10. Dagesh-lene occurs (1) at the beginning of words, unless the a in the preceding word ends with vowel and conjunctive accent ; (2) middle of a Avord after a silent Sh'va, except in forms made from others Avhere the aspirates had their aspiration, and in the suffixes,
TONE. MAKKEPH.
. 11. In Hebrew, as in other languages, some one syllable is more strongly marked in enunciation, and is therefore said to have the tone, or to be the tone syllable. To mark it is necessary, as thereby words apparently the same, are distinguished as to sense, as in the English words, desert, desert, a. Monosyllables necessarily have the tone unless followed by an 'W TIM horizontal line, like hyphen, which takes it away, as el, eth, "]?? ben. This line is Makkeph, which word signifies connecter. b. Words of more syllables than one generally have the tone on the last syllable. The place of the tone, however, may be changed by additions at the beginning or end of the word, or, to prevent the tone syllables of two words coming together, or, by the cadence at the end of a sentence, called the pause. Vowels losing the tone are or even lost shortened, may be entirely ; as, "Q^T da-var, Ep'l!^ d'var-khem. Here the first vowel is lost, the second shortened, * Cf?.^ ya-kaym, Cp^ vai-ya-kem, EHP ko-desh, ^li"J kod-shee. ACCENTS.
. 12. The place of the tone is generally marked by a sign, or accent. The signs used for this purpose, being so contrived as to show also the relation of one word to the other and to the sentence, are divided into distinctive and conjunctive accents, and are as follow :
I. DISTINCTIVES (DOMINI). I. Imperatores. 1. (-p) Silluk, which occurs at the end of the verse. 2. ( ) Athnahh, generally in the middle of a verse. * 3. (~) Merka mahpachatum.
* A similar change of vowel sound, dependent on accent, may be observed in as the sound of / in : English, unit, unite, unity ; confide, c6nfidant of A in relate, relative ; capacious, capable, &c., &c. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 5
II. Reges. 4. (JL) Segolta. 5. (_L) Zakeph katohn. 6. (JL)
Zakeph gadohl. 7. ( ) Tiphcha. III. Duces. 8. (_) E'via. 9. (.) Zarka. 10. (-1.) Pashta. 12. T'vir. 13. * 14. 11. (_) Yethiv. (-,-) ( ) Double Merka. 15. * 16. (LL} R'via with Geresh. (_L) Shalsheleth. ( ) Tiphcha initiale. IV. Comites.Yl. (JL) Pazer. 18. (5L) Karne-pharah. 19. (_.) 20. Geresh. 21. Double Geresh. 22. Great T'lisha. ( ) (}
( I ) P'sik.
II. CONJUNCTIVES (SERVI). 23. Merca. 24. Munach. 25. 26. () ( ) ( ) Mahpach. Kadma. 28. Yerach. 29. T'lisha (JL) 27. ( ) Darga. () (_i.) * * * minus. 30. ( ) Tiphcha. 31. (-f-) Merca Zarkatum. 32. (7*-) Mahpach Zarkatum. * Those marked with an asterisk occur in the poetic books, Job, Proverbs, and Psalms. When a word has a compound accent, or two different the last of the two out the tone If accents, points syllable. i the accents be both the same, the first stands over the place of the tone.
The accents 4, 9, 10, 29, are called postpositive, as being placed on last letter as the of the word ; and 16, 19, 29, prepositive, placed with the first letter, and cannot, therefore, be consulted as to the place of the tone, which must then be ascertained by the general rules and use.
The division into Imperatores, Reges, &c.. is to show the relative degree of power which each class possesses, and may be compared to that of our full stop, colon, semi-colon, and comma.
. 13. Besides these accents, a perpendicular stroke on the left of a vowel, called Metheg (bridle), is also used as an auxiliary. It stands, after a next a as (1) long vowel before tone-syllable, *!?$ tay-1'dee ; (2) on the second syllable before the tone, even though the vowel is as is im- short, EpM^S bot-tay-khem ; (3) after every vowel which mediately followed by a composite Sh'va. In all these cases it marks the division of syllables.
READING LESSON.
JOSH. xv. 21 36. " 23 : rn na n 22 : n -S- 2I
nmq i im 25 : rti o *P 24 INTRODUCTION TO
rna -i^ni 27 : nib-fe^ sgtzh dw 26 : -rten wn 7*^1?
: vnu? ">w;n SB : fc>l?Q rra rTTTrpn ^^ "^H"! 7"vpt?>rn si : n*rirn 30 : nbsa 29 abp^i : Vpp-i "r^"^^ d^ri D^SI
> n^-)5rb3 ! trnbtzn ntabJi 32 : naoaoi namn^ 7'ten' v^l' - - - - j- -r T A : -j- : .:: i -r : IT : : IT :
1 : 33 : rnpHi n^is ! bisnr??^ nbc^a jn'n.vn'] yin) ta^i??^
35 : n^en rri-ir 34 -i^ qrym. n^a 7^1. 36
PRONUNCIATION.
21. Kav-ts'ayl va-ghay-d'r v'ya-goor. 22. V'kee-nah v'dee-mo- nah v'ghad-gha-dah. 23. V'ke-d'sh v'hha-tsohr v'yith-nan. 24. Zeeph va-te-1'm oo-v'gha-16th. 25. V'hha-tsohr Hha-dat-tah oo- k'ree-yohth Hhets-rohn hee Hha-tsohr. 26. Amain oo-sh'magh oo- mo-la-dah. 27 Va-hhatsar, gaddah, v'hhesh-mohn oo-vayth pah-l't. 28. Va-hhatsar shoo-ghal oo-v'air she-vagh oo-viz-yo-th'yah. 29. Ba- ghulah v'ghee-yeem va-gha-ts'm. 30. V'el-to-lad oo-kh'seel v'hhor- mah. 31. V'tsik-lag oo-mad-man-nah v'san-san-nah. 32. Oo-l'va- ohth v'shil-hheem v'gha-y'n v'rim-mohn kol-gha-reem ghes-reem va-thay-sh'gh v'hhats-ray-hen. 33. Bash-sh'phay-lah esh-ta-6hl v'tsor-ghah v'ashnah. 34. V'za-no'ch v'ghayn gan-neem tap-poo'ch v'ha-ghay-nam. 35. Yar-mooth va-ghadullam so-khoh va-ghazay- kah. 36. V'aha-ghara-im v'a-gha-dee-tha-im v'hag-g'day-rah oo- g'day-ro-thah-im gha-reem ar-bah-ghes-ray v'hhats-ray-hen.
PERSONAL PRONOUN.
6. 14. The Personal Pronouns are SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. Comm. *O3S in pause
or ">3M
2. Masc. nris erw
Fern. .FIN
3. Masc. snn dn Fern. 7U nan
The Genitives and Accusatives are made by adding fragments of these to the words that govern them, as will be seen in the verbs and HEBREW GRAMMAR. nouns. The Dative and Ablative by adding similar particles to the prepositions. THE VERBS.
. 15. Though the verbs are not the roots, and least of all in their triliteral form, yet there is a convenience in treating them first. The two ground-forms of the verb are the 3d pers. masc. sing, of the Preterite and the Infinitive construct. The former, called the root, and now in imitation of the German, the stemword, usually consists three with an Kametz to the of consonants vlfip , euphonic belonging first stem letter, and a toned vowel, A, E, or O, to the second, thus, nattJ he he was he was little. The , kept, "133, heavy, l^, A usually belongs to transitive, the E and to intransitive verbs. From this stem, the 3d pers. fern., and the other persons sing, and plural are formed by appending fragments of the personal pronoun, thus
3 m. <" , f- *- com. J}
a l after a 2m. J;! after vowel vowel
f. ri n
1 com. *F\ ^n 13
.16. The second ground-form is the Masculine form of the Infinitive construct '^p , from "which are formed the Future and the Im- perative, the former by prefixing certain fragments of the personal pronoun, and in the 2d and 3d pers. fern, appending a feminine termi- nation, thus
Tor as two sh'vas cannot occur 1
SINGULAR 3 m. ! pers. | at the beginning of a word|
f. bb F\ m. V- m.
PLURAL m. ^ ?
f. n; JP na bbp
m. 5) J-1 n bt?p f. m ^ rn bbp com. p bbp 8 INTRODUCTION TO
N.B. The Intransitive Verbs make the Future with Pathach
instead of Hholem, e. g.,
For the forms of Imperative, see the Paradigms.
. 17. Besides the masculine, the Infinitive has also feminine forms, and nbfcf? , nblpj? , nblpfl ; an absolute form Vifcf? .
CONJUGATIONS OR SPECIES.
. 18. From the original stemwords are derived, by certain modi- other verbs with fications, a corresponding modification of the signi- called fication, generally conjugations, D^?^? . The most usual are, including the original verb SIGNIFICATION OF THE ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
Either 1. Kal btop (wanting, except the Par- Transitive or
ticiple bJllOf? ). Intransitive, He killed.
2. Niphal bttp} (wanting, except perhaps Originally Reflective, in one bS3 verb ). now generally Pas- sive, He was killed.
3. Piel bte)7 Pual btej? Implies intensity, ha-
bit, and cause, He killed habitually. 4. Hiphil b^fTT Hophal bto|?rT Iscausative,#i?eattse
5. Hithpael b^ntf Hothpaal bttjlOn Reflective, He killed himself.
. 19. The word Kal signifies light, i.e., without any change or addition. other are derived from the b3?Q The names verb , formerly used in the of which the v3?D Paradigms, conjugations were, b37Dp f y b?9, Vypri, ^??n, b.37Q/pn, bVQm. From this same verb the first Radical or stem-letter of verbs is Q designated by , the second 2y and the third b thus a verb whose first by ? by ; consonant "* *" is is called B 1 , Peh, Yod ; one whose second consonant is , is " called 1 27 third 71 Ghain, Vau ; one whose consonant is , is called H"b Lamed, He. When the second and third consonants are alike 27 "37 the verb is called by some T'T .
. 20. Besides the usual conjugations there are others used less frequent in Hebrew. ' * l HEBREW GRAMMAR.
I. Those connected with Piel; as Poel '^"ip, Passive
Reflect, . Pilel bttipj-in Second, V?ttp , Passive V?tpj7 , Reflect.
y?9i20n . Third, Pealal btt^Bp . Fourth, Pilpel b,f?p . Fifth
Peopel bttiEp .
II. . Connected with Hiphil ; First, Tiphel bts^j-l Second, Shaktel
. 21. "When one, or more, of the stem-letters is a Guttural, some arises in the letters S variety the punctuation ; when weak \ 1, H, } are found amongst the stem-letters, still greater apparent anomalies arise, as may be seen from the following Paradigms.
. 22. It is to be noticed that the Gutturals, when a moveable is as Sh'va required, take the compound Sh'va ; and further, that, the place of the tone is changed, the vowels are changed, if not immu- table.
. 23. The immutable vowels are
1 . in N ! their as in Those quiescing homogeneous vowel-letters, }
tfvn in b^n i in . ; v ; Vip 2. Those belonging to an homogeneous quiescent letter, which has fallen as instead of &c. away, DfJ Efy"5 ? 3. Short vowels before as j Dagesh-forte,
. 24. The old designation for the two tenses occurring in Hebrew was Preterite and Future. Dr. Lee calls the second the Present, as in the following Paradigms. Professors Ewald and Fiirst consider the second as an Imperfect. 10 INTRODUCTION TO
Paradigm of Verbs in KAL.
Regular Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. PRETER. Verb. 1 gutt. 2 gutt. 3 gutt. 5 init. Sing. 3 m. "TO 3f. H2D 2 m. *?i?n 2f. TOB map 1 com.
Plur. 3 com. 2 m.
2f.
1 com.
INF. abs.
INF. const. bbf? IMPERATIVE.
Sing. m.
f.
Plur. m. 127?
f. natfa PRESENT.
Sing. 3 m.
3f. itfari nbn 2 m.
2 f.
1 com.
Plur. 3 m.
3f. 2 m. 2f.
1 com. f$$ PRES. apoc.
PART. act.
pass. nnpy HEBREW GRAMMAR. 11
Paradigm of Verbs in KAL. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb,
*t init. S init. med. ^ med. final, ft init. ^ fa final.
era OQ S-
B
riba 0^,7 71'^ N-i^tt
;p nib? w
n?ra
nba.? ^ ?: P;
=7T W
bow MB?; . s^; mip 12 INTRODUCTION TO
Paradigm of Verbs in NIPHHAL.
Regular Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. PRETER. Verb. 1 gutt. 2 gutt. 3 gutt. 3 init- "IT Sing. 3 m. TO.Jp. p^Jp 3?p?7? 27,23 3f. vT? nrptpp rrttJa nbppp n|pT ; naps 2 m. J?VpPP
fli?l?T3 1 com.
Plur. 3 com. .1tr|3 2 m. Dlt?723 2f.
1 com. -I37p.jp. !i3,7^Tp
INFINITIVE. IMPERATIVE.
Sing. m.
f.
Plur. m.
f. T : I- T T : r'r PRESENT.
Sing. 3 m. 3f. 2 m.
2f.
1 com.
Plur. 3 m. 3f. 2 m. 2f. 1 com. ^33
PRES. apoc.
PARTICIPLE. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 13
Paradigm of Verbs in NIPHHAL. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. sS init. ^ init. *\ med. 5 med. si final. rr final.
&c.
g. ^i 14 1NTBODUCTION TO
Paradigm of Verbs in PIHEL.
Regular Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. PRETER. Verb. 1 gutt. 2 gutt. 3 gutt. 3 mit
Sing. 3 m. 2f.
2 m. 2f.
1 com.
Plur. 3 com. 2 m. 2f.
1 com. 5135^0
INFINITIVE. IMPERATIVE.
Sing. m.
f.
Plur. m.
f. PRESENT.
Sing. 3 m. 3f. strn &c. 2 m.
2f.
1 com.
Plur. 3 m. 3f. 2 m.
2 f.
1 com.
PRES. apoc.
PARTICIPLE. btoftlp "T5 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 15
Paradigm of Verbs in PIHEL. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb,
& init. 1 or T init. > med. ^ med. w final. ft final. nba
! g
b^ s$i 212;
&c. &c. &c. &c.
&C. &C. &C. &c. 16 INTRODUCTION TO
Paradigm of Verbs in PUHAL.
Regular Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. PRETER. Verb. 1 gutt. 2 gutt. 3 gutt. init.
Sing. 3 m. 3f. 2 m. I 2f.
1 com.
Plur. 3 com. 2 m. 2f.
1 com.
INFINITIVE.
IMPERATIVE.
Sing. m.
f. , None.
Plur. m.
f. PRESENT.
Sing. 3 m. 3f.
2 m. &c.
2f.
1 com.
Plur. 3 m. 3f. 2 m. 2f.
1 com.
PRES. apoc.
PARTICIPLE. *Ttfa? HEBREW GRAMMAR. 17
Paradigm of Verbs in PUHAL. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb.
or init. med. ^ med. final. final. init. ^ T ^ $ j^y h3N ni^ nta"* Dttl'p' P S. I- X I-X I-
IT : I I J flPOI'P
ca-i
b3i aj# a^
&c. &c. &c. 18 INTRODUCTION TO
Paradigm of Verbs in HIPHHIL.
Regular Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. 2 PRETER. Verb. 1 gutt. gutt. 3 gutt. 5 init. Sing. 3 m. 2f. 2 m. niaon cr
1 com.
Plur. 3 com.
2 m. njntepry
2 f.
1 com. .-obEprr
INFINITIVE. IMPERATIVE.
Sing. m.
f.
Plur. m. n &c.
f. PRESENT.
Sing. 3 m. 3f.
2 m. &c - 2f.
1 com.
Plur. 3 m. 3f. 2 m.
2f.
1 com.
PRES. apoc.
PARTICIPLE. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 19
Paradigm of Ferbs in HIPHHIL.
Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. init. ^ or init. ^ med. > med. final. final. rib?n &c. &c i n M BJ naafljn 3 ,? 3 ^^^ a^a^a a^Pa M^saa nbaa nbaa 20 INTRODUCTION TO Paradigm of Verbs in HOPHHAL. Regular Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. PRETER. Verb. 1 gutt. 2 gutt. 3 gutt. 3 init - Sing. 3 m. Br?rr tcjarr 3f. n#an nsipin 2 m. 2f. 1 com. Plur. 3 com, *ibtp|?rr 2 m. ] 2 f. 1 com. INFINITIVE. IMPERATIVE. -| Sing. m. f. None. Plur. m. f. PRESENT. Sing. 3 m. 3f. 2 m. zJa 2f. 1 com. Plur. 3 m. 3f. naypqJ^j na^ari 2 m. 1 1 ''y'r ^ ^^'l^ 2f. nayptpn nat^ari PRES. apoc. PARTICIPLE. 3JD/IB HEBREW GRAMMAR. 21 Paradigm of Verbs in HOPHHAL. Verb. Verb, Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. & init. or s init. *! med. 'A final. r final. CJ kf u yyfitn &c. &c. &c. ClM D-13 22 INTRODUCTION TO Paradigm of Verbs in HITHPAHEL. Regular Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. ^- PRETER. Verb. 1 gutt. 2 gutt. 3 gutt. 5 m "IT m. Sing. 3 n.baon 3f. - IT : : 2 m. nnbanrt 2f. 1 com. Plur. 3 com. 2 m. 2f. 1 com. INFINITIVE. on "i)*>?nn njbarin t IMPERATIVE. m. Sing. nbarin ttJ^^n f. ^lon &c. Plur. m. sinbann f. PRESENT. Sing. 3 m. 3f. 2 m. 2f. 1 com. Plur. 3 m. 3f. nabtsnnn- 2 m. 2f. 1 com. PRES. apoc. PARTICIPLE. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 23 Paradigm of Verbs in HITHPAHEL. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. S init. ^ init. ^ init. s med. ? med. & final. n final. I I &c. &c. &c . .ittttlpnn &c Q-oi &c. &c. &c. piP^P tfsnp 24 INTRODUCTION TO VERBS FOR WRITING OUT. . 25. 1. && he he Regular verb, , judged; Sfif , wrote; "1? , he spake. First he over wise Guttural, "H^ , passed ; E?n , he was ; :nn , he killed. 2. Guttural "> ^HN and as the 2d consonant, , he was behind ; he was clean he asked he drove out. ""!7^ , ; 'Ntp , ; 2n| , 3. Guttural nbtZ7 sent 3HT PT22 , he ; , he sowed ; , he was high. "S he feU he 7 ^?3, ; S33, he touched ; ">?3, he kept ; 703, gave. " " 3? "I "1 V or . TO he V?n he "HS ; , strengthened ; , praised ; , he bound up ; 7?n ? he was gracious. " N Q . Taw he ia he said 2HK loved. , perished ; , ; , he ^ " 1 2 for . he descended bare TTJ , ; 37^^ , he knew j "T^J , he ; "'iTJ , he was precious. ** " Q he sucked ^e he proper, p3^ , ; ">E^ > was straight ; s?* , yelled. ""'3 defective, ?}, he strewed; H?;, he kindled; P?J, he poured. " 37 ^!|tt? to return ri^ltt to die ^2 to be ashamed J) , , ; , ; , ; N12 1 to come. 11 " r Va to exult to strive fVtt? to , ? ; ^"? , ; , place. " N b Sn2 he created he was afraid he- sinned 5 , ; 1^ , ; Ntpn j ; NSP3 lifted , he up. H " v he ascended HhH he saw f33 he smote j H7^ ? ; ? ; } ; H"in he was hot he came HSN he cooked. } ; f^ , ; ? N. B. The student, before writing out any of these verbs, will do well to consult the Lexicon. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 25 : a- a- a*- a- ai .: a- a- fl a ^ a CO fi- a- "a - ft-n- p... n :> Cr S'S S ' a =. u a o & rs.. ~* S & a a- B g ^ n j_ fi- HHM H ~ 11 fc- fc- E*- ^ CO ^ 1 a- a- a- ^ g , & i -P" -g rr ^ 1^ S fii' r- r ' r ^n at ' fi' li:- fi- fi- fM- j^J- * *- r f^. - a*- a- a- a- a" a- ft* ft" ft a a | CO ^ w "eg ,a o> rt g . .-s ^ ^ en ^ -g .s EF 5 h 26 INTRODUCTION TO NOUNS. be divided into three classes : . 26. Nouns may I. Those consisting simply of the stem-letters. II. Those formed by reduplication of one or more of the stem- letters. III. Those formed by extraneous addition. the are mono- I. (1.) Of the first-class simplest those, originally syllables, having the toned vowel attached to the first stem-letter, i i ^ . nave a vowel whose original forms, ?^ :*?!?> :^f> helping Segol, or with Guttural, Pathach, added, and now usually appear in the forms > sometimes called The b$j?. , bgjp bl^'p , Segolates. sig- nification was originally and is frequently abstract. (2.) Those having the toned vowel attached to the second stem- letter, and thereby proclaiming their nearer relationship to the verb. The forms are , ad- bfcf? , bz$ , bfe,*? b^|7 , bnpjj , including jectives, participles, and substantives. (3.) Those whose characteristic is a long unchangeable vowel, not to the the forms are sub- belonging root, btaSp t partic., and btt'ip ? stantive. II. (1.) Those formed by reduplication of the middle letter, of which the forms are b&p, bltefe, Vt3p, VitSp, (2.) By the reduplication of the last consonant the of the two last i n all (3.) By reduplication b^yTDp ; which cases the reduplication has the same effect on the signification as in the Pi el conjugation. III. Of these Rare are, (1.) formations, N, 7T, or "*, prefixed, as, Those (2.) commonly occurring ; (a) having a Mem prefixed, which is an abbreviation of ^B who HO what. probably , ; } To the former the belong participles, bl3/2p ? b^^pQ , &c. ; and to the latter a large number of substantives of the forms, b^pp, bt?PP a M , Vtepp , blttpa ; (b) having prefixed, and generally abstract c those forming substantives, b^Kipn ? nbbpW , & ., &c ; (c) an having appended syllable, an, or am, on or 6m, forming both ad- jectives and abstract nouns, ibtt}?, Tibtpp, ^bpp, pbttp, In the names riabt?? and rib^tt? is to have proper , the 1 supposed been an dropped ; (d) appended ^-^- as a termination, forming HEBREW GRAMMAR. 27 adjectives from any substantive, but especially from proper names, as, GENDER. . 27. Nouns have only two Genders, masculine and feminine. is H like the a of The feminine termination , Latin and Greek, or '' j-| * rV from . But nouns are feminine which have not ^ many these terminations, as, 1. All names of females. 2. Names of countries and cities. 3. double of the the the The members body, as, 7:V , eye ; ]t*S , ear, &c. NUMBER OF NOUNS. . 28. There are three numbers, singular, plural, and the dual, which is confined chiefly to those things which are double by nature or art. 2> The plural terminations are _ and Hi the former of which is usually the masculine, and the latter the feminine termination, though there are masculines like rTQM fathers, which have the latter E^tt72 termination ; and feminines as women, which have the former termination. These terminations have the tone, and therefore, when added to words whose vowels are capable of change, sometimes shorten and sometimes destroy them, as, b"ha t^b-h? nfyha T T ' T "I nlaiOT -2 termination of the dual is E^ two ears The , as, E?3T!? , ; QVI^ , two hands, &c., &c. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. . 29. The Comparative is expressed by the preposition "\tefrom, fol- lowing [like the ablative in Latin, &c.]. The Superlative by repe- tition, or by prepositions, &c. REGIMEN, CONSTRUCTED STATE. . 30. There is little in Hebrew analogous to the Latin and Greek * This feminine termination has the tone, and therefore when added to the the from if that be masculine, destroys vowel most remote it, vowel changeable ; DDrr neon as, , : 28 INTRODUCTION TO declensions. When a Genitive is required, a change is made, if not in that which is The possible, in the governing word, governed. governing word is looked upon as closely connected with that which it governs, and therefore, losing its tone, either partially or entirely, shortens its vowels, as, Absolute state, the of David. "tj yahd, hand. 7F[ 11 yad-David, hand "D^T d'var of da-var, a word ; E^n'? ^^l Elo-him, word God. H D . 31. The feminine turns into , as, a H2$ of Sheba. nS^O , queen ; rD^fc , queen nnCEJ maid-servant finplp maid-servant of Sarah. 5 ; *Ty& , D . masculine loses the and turns Hhirek into 32. The plural , "HM . Tsere, as, D-n^ , the if . 33. The plural feminine shortens vowels, possible, as, Hfatf inpttf sh'pha-hhoth, nlnpttf shiph-hhoth, sha-noth, ni3# sh'noth, &c. the . 34. The other cases are expressed by help of prepositions. The Accusative has the same form as the Nominative, but is frequently the word f"l$ or "HN which to have denoted by , appears originally and thence like to have come to signified "strength," C^ , signify " " self," substance." And hence it is sometimes used before the Ufarrnt* himself. Nominative also, as, } the bear THE AKTICLE. . 35. There is one article, the definite, supposed to have been ' originally 7H . This full form is rare, the is generally assimilated, andtherefore the following letter doubled, if it be not a Guttural or "^ means of a as , by Dagesh-forte, '~'3?'^> '"'?/?'? ham-mal-kah, the Queen. "1 H . 36. Gutturals and the takes Before , Kametz. Excepting that before H and n the Pathach frequently remains. When the Guttural has itself Kametz, and the word is of more than one n takes he-ha-rim if syllable, Segol, as, Q^"}nn ; a monosyllable, Kametz is retained as ""^^ . 37. When the noun with an article has an adjective, the adjective also takes the nrriton the it article, as, nt^SrT } good woman. If have a demonstrative pronoun besides, then the pronoun also takes the H^-TH rQiten nU?n the the the article, as, , woman, good, this, this good woman. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 29 PARADIGMS OF THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS. . 38. The Declension of Nouns in Hebrew is confined to the changes made to express the Feminine, the Construct state, and the Plural. The following tables present the chief varieties : I. NOUNS OF THE FIRST FORMATION. A E O Absol. state m. Construct state the same Plural 1 T : Construct state nno Dual Construct state u Feminities. Absol. state f. Construct state Plural niinp Construct state Dual Construct state 1. Guttural. 2. Guttural. 3. Guttural. A E O A E O A E O 1PD nnp. "T: T Feminines. 3 ranw nnnta *" "" npm'T T. T T Instead of the regular Segolate E of the 2d Guttural. 30 INTRODUCTION TO " 2. From Verbs S . HEBREW GRAMMAR. 31 II. NOUNS OF THE SECOND FORMATION, AND THOSE SIMILAR, AS, Di i. 2. 3. btspT 'T btap"'T VtepT 4.bi&p5.T m. Absol. .. Constr. Plural Constr. fc) *$ Dual Constr. Fern. i from ^ niis Constr Wl { Plural rvtorr nlany f rrhttM Constr. | (B^-, Dual Constr. " From n From vy . 123 4 i 1 2 3 1 Absol. m. D"1 r V ? 4 5 Constr. Plural The vowel un- Constr. in all. Dual changeable Constr. Fern. mnT T nnrj ni-in nte 32 INTRODUCTION TO III. NOUNS IN WHICH THE FlRST SYLLABLE REMAINS UNCHANGED. 1. With E in the last Syllable. S. Absol. m. 2fi3 "l&PP f??P Constr. IBpp Plural D^Stfb Constr. ""303 Fern. ^303 "'903 Constr. rgns npafr" Plural rmp'ia rnag& Constr. And so all Participles in E, vtefta > bte^na . 2. With A in the last Syllable. Nouns Nouns in]. in 71 . S. Absol. m. Constr. in Plural Constr. Fern. rntths nan Constr. Plural Constr. rilittf'is rrnj;i3]3 ninsipa " N.B. from verbs n 7 with first Those } unchangeable syllable, as, * T follows the vowel-change of the final syllable, And so in . f Participles A, as, "^i^p , ^i?? IV. ADJECTIVES IN V . Absol. m. Constr. Plural Constr. Fern. Constr. Plural Constr. HEBREW GRAMMAR, N N N N r- ^ -j^ vT- '-J' M M '- ' vr^vr-.vr^vr;-,!^. -J^-J^-^T"^ ^a^hj^^-^{^>vr\i-,j' ' *' ii - F- n^a , cVs lib b. 1 13" 13- 3- 3:- 3- G- 3- 3- 3:- 3:- 3' 3- Pi" pi" Pi" Pii PIT N x N N" " piV pr,vI ".J ",/ "./ h 1" r* r r" r r" r" ri^ ri' r;: r". ri.' ri-' r. rr r-i rr rii r-^ r. c= D D D - ^ o n:. n: n _ n r ,-. nH D D- jj O *-i *: *: *-: *-: *-: *: *: *-: *-: *-: *: *: *: *-: -: -: *-: -: -: *-: *-: *: fc- fc CH : q.. fc.. c^ > q. q. b, q, q,- : q= q: C q c q q - ^ q Q b b ^^- ", % n,n,o & fr^i. b& h,n:.D.D || ' ' ! O , "V J G **- oj ^" ^r.p , .^ .^ .^ .^ .? .p .^ .^ .^ . .^ .^' .^ .p . .^ .^ .p .^ .? *q- q 'q 'q 'qVf> 'q 'q. 'q- O- 'q= *6 '5 "& 5 | 2 q q ' q & '^'5 - ' Q- O r is E n * o 1 ^ & fc- fc.& n,n:-b-b *- g.n: *~- - s D n ^ i-rj W O ja .13 Oi- I3i- li- Clt- ClH I3- dv- Hit- O Civ- 13- 3- C1- 13- 3- C1- d- I3i- Elt- i3- I3t- TS 43 p&i PI, pi- p^- ph pip p)-,; p-tP pi-^ pi*- pv- PIL- pi^- pi*, pit- pi- pii- pit- pi- p- Pip pVh PV-' P;; -^ r^i rJ^:-^P' r^i-^r:-^:^:^:^r:^r: 5 C L, ^^^^r:J^ ^K^t^-^-^v-^f ^ ' : D & g 11 I !*""** S r ^^^ n>& &&&&" 3 ^ ^ n: o o. o. o o. o. n. n- r, n. o. o.. .. r, r,.. n.. n- o n ^ ** : - H-( i M' M" PI- 55- 55'- 55'- 55- 55'. 55- 55 55- 55'- t &* 55*- 51^ 55^ w* 55^ 5)'- 55'- 5v- 55'- c- n*- fr ^ as n D- n- n. D c n- D c, n. c- c*- c. n c- n= D D D D D o ' * ^-n;?n,n,n' & fr fc> K fa fni fii ni fni /^* /~ii r\\ /T /ni /~ii FII i^\ /^^* n* f^ ^i- /"! /^ /n* m /^i r\\ FT 1 ' co r' r :: r- r- r- r*- r r- r- r^ r-" r^ r^ r h r- r- r' n ^r rf- r^ p* f*; = i - CO 5r ** ' *- - - w "LI P I- i-- rr >^. ^, 73 g y OJ S-i hr O3p^ r^ 05 F-i ^ D| D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- O- D- D- D- D- D D f> D- D- D- S "S ^ ' D^- D; - - -^ 1 : : : o S r r" r- r r- r r r r r- r+ r*- r- r^ r^ r^ rt- r:- r rs r r : r= ^ *- *~ ' 05 .> |r |n- n:. rv O H ^ . g g ^ & p- j^ ^H ^ n : h:- p- n=- a 34 INTRODUCTION TO : : fc ftl- n- rv- n- n'.. n - n!. rv. n'- n- n n n'.. n'- n- n'. n - n!. n!. rv- n'. n'- n'. <0 r . .p .p -P .P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P .P -P -P .P -P -P -P -P w i-i 2 C- C- fl- O- O- J3- fl- O- J3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- f3- S3- g X X n" nV n- fr * g: g^ g: g: g: g; g: g: g:: g:: g:: D c p" g: p.' g; g:h ' s R fc 6 ^ r g r . & p & g g. CO I B * ^ .X. .X. .X .X .X .X .X .X .X JC ...X...X ...X -i < JC...X _.X ..X ..X ..X ..X ^X -?..-?.. ; ? i i * j n* nJ I n" h- fii\- nI I h'^r h!j i- h- H- ni- n'*-' h" n. n=" hi' hn hi- h=' h!' ft hi h= ^ 13 D *- CO pq co s : s s : 1 h s : s s P V=-V: V- "r-Vs V V-V V V V; V V- V 'r--- 't-* V *r= V : V "r V V - ni- " ' n S ^ n =- H S3 S w O>- fl- O- fJ- C J3- J3 O- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3" S3- S3- K O o ' -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P P -P -P -P -P -P -P 5 n a a or S3-V. S~ S-*S: "5- 5- o>- S>-*5- "S"-"Si"5-"o:-*5: S: & & c: O ' >J n: n: *~ ' J^ u *^ . 1^ n: J? t- ^- ^ *ni.- f- h^- ' LIn j^ JITP |_t-ru h!! f|^:- K..' O JJ' *~ ^ ft D n f- r ^ n. r~i mrv _rjt~ /-ih ri: n- n.. nt- n- n. rv n;. ni ni- *- n: rv n: n: ' ._ IT jr--' - LI |T |^'- D J_h ^ iP h r' r^ r-- n r r^ r^ r- r' r^ r^ r-" r 1 r* r^ r*- r :>: r= r : r : r" r=" n:-n: ~ ' ri= E D h:.h:fc:.n:- b fcfc'r 'fr% *^ "" LI O HEBREW GRAMMAR. 35 J3' J3 S3> 53i *3i J3' > J3- fl fl-O- P P I P . - q q p q- p q q, q q:. q. q--c rR " ED ' W S M 2 &4 M-. M. 11- M.. M. J* p&i r- r- r- r*- r- i g Cra-nir rxnx fx fe S CC P qp P I P: PV Ptt PV {"! M' *1 M t C -Suipaoaad aq; sy "q ', C^C- O-D- C" S r- r" r" +3 h 1 . . CM p f! -Suip9oajd Qi{i sy . 11 q P P DP D-D-D- g *" - r- r- r 1 r" r" s .? .? o p*- p* -Suipaoaad 9^ sy .^? .^! ^ K * q q P- CD J3' S3' J3 fli fli O' fli fl fli fl< fl.. fl' C' O' O' . .. _ > n- CTV- fii- n- ni HI FV- n- n n n n n n n n n n n n q pq q p p p : P-P/P^ P-P-q 'Q 'qVq\ q/qVqV& "qVp q ^ g o' ~ fc= *&&*-&%{*%:&o r a r^ r 36 INTRODUCTION TO HEBREW GRAMMAR. 37 Pi:- & D- .& e. fl- r &' a a Xi Pi:- Pi:- C' .a- r. .a- r- r & r a a a Zt- a- cv 'i C" .&; r: o- ^? |: o *a- fj & & n Z:- P:- & PK. Cr C- .& ^: .a o- r r - a r- n a r Df CO o >o Y CO rt PI. Zl &. *? . Cr 13: % B g- -a i Pi:- Pi:- .g. 4? t c. r - 5! 1 Pit- PI*- .Bh .&* ,a>- r r r eo 38 INTRODUCTION TO NOTES ON THE NUMERALS. Note 1. The numerals from two to ten are placed, First, before the substantive, either in the absolute state, or the constructed, three shekels a three of n*?%0 nrcbl^, | D^i$ f^f t shekels; Secondly, more rarely after the substantive in the absolute state, nttJbp D^fTO? , three shekels. 2. The numbers two to ten almost always take the substantive in the plural, unless it be a noun of multitude. 3. The numbers from eleven to nineteen usually stand before the thing numbered, and take the plural, except in some nouns, which s to these are D i a often require be mentioned with numbers ; , day ; n3tZ7 a HJSS an ell a and E^N fre- ? year ; , ; *)/?? , thousand, very quently. . 4. The tens may stand, First, before the noun expressing the thing numbered, in which case this noun is placed in the singular, as T37 in the after in D^lpy , twenty cities, or, plural ; Secondly, jt, which case the noun is in the as put plural, D^"?^ niany , twenty she-asses. 5. In numbers consisting of tens and units, the noun expressing the thing numbered, may stand, First, in the singular, after the H3tt? number, as, nabtp D^bltf, thirty-eight years ; or, Secondly, in before the the plural, number, as, D?rit|fa D^$?3? D'HS ; twenty- cities it is in two ; or, Thirdly, repeated the singular with the tens, the with the nattf a %l D'OEJ Eton and plural units, as, 37?Q?'| , seventy- five years. vN 6. The numbers m$P and f\ may be construed in the same way as the units (Note 1). 7. The nouns of number may have the article, First, without substantives in reference to before -mentioned objects, as, O^Sr'lSn y the E77tt?n these three with substantives forty ; TySn } ; Secondly, spoken of definitely, in which case the number being in the construct state, the article is joined to the word governed, as, fTnlH^n N3??, n the two ; or t^N D the twelve men lights interposed, ^?? ^^ > ; Thirdly, when they stand for ordinals. 8. The^ distributives are expressed by repetition of the cardinals, n37?H7 TTSltf as, } by sevens. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 39 9. The proportionals by the Duals of the cardinals, as, sevenfold. 10. adverbs J"in$ The numeral by E^S , as, D^5, once twice; D^P? B?btp, thrice. THE PARTICLES. . 40. The so-called Particles are either words which can stand by themselves, Separate ; or fragments that must be joined to another word, Inseparables. Pronouns. 1. i. The personal pronouns have been given, page 6. The demon- Hb$T 'ft strative are this fern. C . pronouns JTT, ; (ft } HT) ; om. these. Plural, com. vN, and n?M } N^H jth jts feminine and The pronoun } w plural, are used with the to as WHn Di*n #Aa# particle express that, , c?y. ii. relative is for all cases The pronoun "^t? 5 wAo, which, and abbreviated into V? it is genders. It is sometimes , when joined to the following word, the first letter of which then takes Dagesh-forte, if ""I possible, to signify the assimilation of the . S iii. are HE what. The interrogative pronouns Z? , who ; } Before it is ~n also before H n 2 . Before a Guttural with Makkeph , , , Kametz it takes Segol. 2. The Inseparable Particles are i. H the article. 28. , See page ii. L? a It . , Interrogative, denoting question. usually has -=?* it Before a Sh'va or Guttural takes Pathach, as, ^ppn } ls it little ? before a Guttural with it takes "*?3Nrr it I ? Kametz Segol, ? Is iii. 1 the which takes , Conjunction, commonly simple Sh'va ; it before another Sh'va, or a Labial letter, has Shurek ; before the tone syllable Kametz. iv. The so-called Vau conversive, joined to the Future apocopate with 5 and followed a It turns the , by Dagesh-forte. future into the narrative he shall arise he arose. It tense, as, Qlp^ , ; D|/*l , and draws back the tone. It is supposed to be a remnant of the verb he was. older "0?7 i The grammarians also adopted a Vau con- versive of the which throws the tone 1 Preterite, forward, as, -IJPt ? > 1 thou hast written ; .FOrD ] , and thou shalt write. v. in to 3 as. Before The Prepositions, "? , ; 7 , ; , according to, 40 INTRODUCTION TO the take as in ; to ; tone-syllable they -^- , Qp2 , you rQ^7 , go for before a before a simple Sh'va they take Hhirek, bl3j?7 btop? ; compound Sh'va, the vowel with which it is compounded, as, Before Yod with Sh'va they take Hhirek, "^2 for When they come before the article the H is often omitted, and they its for for B^TTS D2nb for take vowel, E?P^2 D^BJna , Di? , osnnb . T T V : vi. an abbreviation of the has ft, preposition ]P , from, usually Hhirek, and a Dagesh-forte in the following letter. If that letter does not admit Dagesh, it then takes Tzere. Sometimes the -^ outside from remains, as, V^P , ; fb^pbp } above ; HTlJTp , from Judah. These prepositions take suffixes, as Sin. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plural. 1. poet, 2 m. pause In pause 3 m. ib DJlb poet, fob nns M3^9p poet, ^nja a" and ^nap poet. Di^! 3 f. nb Note Besides these inseparable prepositions, there are many other words used as prepositions, and to be learned by use. 3. Adverbs. It is here only necessary to notice that there are a adverbs with an adverbial termination D_- or E_L as D few , ->lpN } E3H EE^ D^HQ others verily , , gratis ; , by day ; , suddenly. The will be learned by use. 4. Interjections, There are some few natural sounds of exclama- tion, as, PTnM, FIS, vin, 'iW, n^H. Most have become inter- jections by usage, as, ?, if, utinarn. fH and nan, behold ! nVbri, absit ''Si I S3 same. ; ? pray ; , much the HEBREW GRAMMAR. 41 EXERCISES. 1. Substantive and Adjective, with and without Article, Pronoun, and Suffixes. Note. The Adjective is put after the Substantive. i 2 A wise king. The wise king. This wise king. That wise king. Wise kings. The wise kings. These wise kings. Those wise 34 5 678 kings. To great men. From those great men. In that high 9 10 11 12 13 mountain. Those holy priests. Wicked scorners. A holy law. 14 15 The holy law. This holy law. That holy law. Good command- ments. The good commandments. These good commandments. Those good commandments. In that good and wise and holy law. 16 17 18 From this evil counsel. To that great and holy congregation. Thy laws wise kings [literally, thy kings the wise]. My holy [my law the holy]. Your holy priests [your priests the holy]. Our wise 19 queen [our queen the wise]. Your good commandments. Thy good and wise and holy law. In your good and great and holy congre- gation. 1. Wise nan. 2. King TT^B. 3. To *?. 4. Great Vha . . . Wtaa . 9. 5. From 1& 6. Man &$ . 7. In ? 8. High Moun- . tain in. 10. Holy tftTi?. 11. Priest 1^3. 12. Wicked Sffih rrtifi Scorner V"!? . 13. Law . 14. Good ate. 15. Command- ni2B SI . ment . 16. Evil . 17. Counsel nS3? 18. Congregation 19. Queen H|)n . 2. Adjective as Predicate, when it does not take the Article. The Personal Pronoun is used instead of the verb Substantive. The king is wise [the king wise he]. That mountain is high G 42 INTRODUCTION TO This law is law [that mountain high he]. holy [this holy she]. These commandments are good [these commandments good they]. Those counsels were not good. and the Note. The predicate may also be placed first, copula and are the com- altogether omitted. Thus, Wise, and good, holy men. mandments. High is that holy mountain. Wicked are those Great is our holy congregation. Evil were his counsels. 3. Construct State. " 1 2 3 4 5 is his is The dust The word67of God truth, and righteousness89great. of the earth, and the sand of the sea-shore [lip of the sea], and the 10 11 12 13 14 stars of the high heavens. Precious in the eyes of the LORD is the 15 16 17 18 19 death of his saints. Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her 20 21 22 23 24 25 paths are peace. Length of days is in her right hand. She is a tree 26 27 28 29 of life to him laying hold on her. The fear of the Lord is the chief 30 31 32 33 part of wisdom. The desire of righteous men is only good. My 34 ways are not your ways. The thoughts of tfye righteous are not the thoughts of the wicked. Their counsels are always good in the eyes 35 of their God. Sarai the wife of Abraham, a woman fair to look 36 37 38 beautiful of upon [lit. appearance]. The daughter of Jacob, the 39 40 sister of the Patriarchs. The daughters of the priest of Midian, the sisters of Moses' wife. The women of Samaria, the daughters of 41 42 43 the land. The captain of the Lord's host. The families of the 44 45 children of Gershon. The ark of the covenant of the Lord. The 46 47 48 tables of stone, and the rod of Aaron. 1. -m . 2. H1DM Word . God n'jf?. 3. Truth . 4. Righteous- ness . 5. Dust 122 Vin n|?T? 6. Earth Y"M . 7. Sand . 8. Lip . 9. Sea . 10. Star rols . nctp D; 11. Heavens D?p# . 12. Pre- cious . 13. I/?; Eye ^y. 14. The LORD nirp. 15. Death njD . HEBREW GRAMMAR. 43 16. Saint be also pious Tpn (this might the Dative with 7). 17. D373 . ^3 WayTTT:!. 18. Pleasantness 19. All, subst. the totality, nfttt? (with Makkeph). 20. Path naVl? . 21. Peace . 22. Length . DV y^ 23. Day . 24. Right hand r& . 25. Tree V? . 26. . 3 Life Q^n 27. Laying hold |Ttqn with after it. 28. Fear n*n^ . JTEttO 29. Chief part, beginning, . 30. Wisdom HD?n . 31. HINtf Desire . 32. Righteous P^TO . 33. Only f\& . 34. Thought 35. Wife ntfH. 35. Beautiful np;. 37. Appearance . nins 38. Daughter H2 39. Sister . 40. Patriarch, ">& 3S . father 3N. 41. Captain, prince . 42. Host 43. Family r nnetpp . 44. Ark VPN . 45. Covenant iTn.2 . 46. Table 47. Stone 1? . 48. Rod, staff, 4. TAe Comparative. Is expressed by prefixing IP to the word standing for the object with which comparison is made. This people is stronger than we, and their sons more numerous than ours [than our sons]. The end of Job was blessed more than the beginning, and he greater than all the children of the East. What is sweeter than honey, and what is stronger than a lion ? More pre- cious is she than rubies. And it was greater the wisdom of Solomon than the wisdom of Egypt, and he was wiser than all men. He was more honourable than all the house of his father. Princes more, and more honourable than these. The Superlative is expressed similarly by the Positive, with an article prefixed, or by Suffix. Behold ! the youngest is with our father this day. At the eldest he began, and at the youngest he finished. From the greatest of them to the least of them. The best of them is as a brier. My thousand is the poorest in Manasseh, and I am the least in my father's house. The fairest among women. A lion the strongest amongst beasts. 5. The Numerals. Seven sons and three daughters. In yet three days. The seven good kine, and the seven good ears, are seven years. Two witnesses and two wives. One heart and one way. One nation and one king- 44 INTRODUCTION TO dom. Three men, Job's three friends. Four horns, four carpenters, and four chariots. Five golden mice from the five lords of the Philistines. Five cubits its length, and six reeds its heighth. Eight tribes and nine camps. Ten years. Ten brethren. Seven women shall lay hold of one man. Ten men shall take hold of the skirt of a man a Jew. Josiah was eight years old when he began to reign [at his reigning], and he reigned* thirty-one years. He lived an hundred and eighty-two years. There was a famine three years, year after year. His days were two hundred and five years. Abraham was seventy-five years old at his going forth from Haran, and ninety- nine years old when he received the covenant, and the days of the years of his life were an hundred years and seventy years and five years. In the six-hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the waters descended. In the second month, on the 27th day of the month, was the earth dried. The waters prevailed on the earth 150 days. The ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the moun- tains of Ararat. Twenty-five years old was he when he began to reign [at his reigning], and he reigned twenty-nine years. On the ninth day of [to] the month the famine prevailed. And in the fifth month on the seventh day of [to] the month, the king's servant came to Jerusalem. 6. The He locale. Note. When the n locale is required for an expression consisting of a governing noun and genitive, it is appended to the former. And he bowed himself toward the ground. And they fell before him on the ground. And they let down [caused to descend] every man his sack to the ground. And he came, and passed the night, and lay upon the ground. And they came to the land of Canaan. And he came to the land of the children of the east. And he fled to Tarshish. Three cities towards the rising of the sun. Go towards the wilderness of Damascus. 7. The Relative Pronoun The oblique cases are made by a suffix or preposition with suffix, as, Dat. iV-HZfa, to whom; Gen. V35")$8, whose face. This pronoun is almost always placed at a distance from the relative. The accusative of the relative is frequently expressed by "^H?*? without any pronoun following. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 45 Thine enemy whom [that] the Lord shall send [him]. A nation not whose [that] tongue thou shalt understand [his tongue]. The thou art come to God of Israel under whose wings trust [lit. that thou art come to trust under his wings]. The man on whose loins that the inkhorn on his was the inkhorn [lit. loins]. And he did according to all that the Lord commanded. The woman whom thou gavest with me. Chaff which the wind scattereth. The man whom the king shut up (*V?)- The oath which he sware. The man in is found that is found the in whose hand the cup [lit. cup his hand]. The tree whereof I commanded thee not to eat [lit. that I commanded of thou art afraid thee not to eat of it]. The men whom [that thou fearest from their face]. The God before whom I stand [that I stand I and I serve. to his face]. God whose am, whom Note 1. When the relative in English refers to the subject, it is often expressed in Hebrew by the article and the participle. Thus, The angel who redeemed me. They who rebel and transgress (3?^S) against me. Every one that is left in thine house. That which is left of the flesh of the sacrifice. He it is who giveth thee strength. The men who seek thy life. The Lord who appeared unto him. is construed with to 2. ">$N D^ , nstp ; express, where, whither. "*> The Pronoun HE . Interrogative , What hast thou done ? What is thy petition ? He shall tell thee what shall be to the child. Who shall dwell in the mountain of thy holiness ? Of whom shall I be afraid ? Whom hast thou re- proached ? Whose ox have I taken, and whose ass have I taken ? And whom have I defrauded ? Of whose hand have I received a ransom ? What was the manner of the man who went up to meet you ? What are the cities which thou hast given me ? What is this that done ? wilt thou ? what is to deed ye have What [lit. thee ?] ? What have I to do with thee [lit. what to me and thee ? ] What ? is to ? hast thou to do with peace [what thee and peace ] Whereby shall I know ? How many are the days of the years of thy life ? Wherefore art thou angry ? Wherefore should I kill thee ? Verbs. Preterite of the various Conjugations. He said to the king's brother, Thou art come to the land of my in- heritance. They spake one to another [a man to his fellow]. Ye have been in my father's house, and ye have done that which is right 46 INTRODUCTION TO in own Thou hast seen the land afar [lit. the right] your eyes. off, turned. famine was but hast not The heavy ["O^ , Kal], and the hand of the Lord was heavy upon them, for their sin was heavy. honoured me with their and their ears They [T22 } Piel] lips, they made heavy [Hiph.] from hearing [?1Qtp*?]. I was not honoured [Niphal] in the midst of them. Their fathers did eat the manna in the wilderness. The God of Jacob fed them [Hiph. caused them to eat] oil and honey. It was eaten [Niph.] in the holy place. Her gates were consumed [Pual] with fire. They were consumed like stubble. were satisfied with bread. dry The men [V?27 , Kal] He satisfied [Piel] them in the morning with his mercy. He satisfied their soul in drought. The haughtiness of man was low ['?!?, Kal]. didst humble his His heart reached Thou [Hiph.] pride. [^?3 } Kal] to the heavens. The Lord smote him [Piel], and humbled the height of his walls, and brought them [Hiph. of 3?23] to the ground. The land did not bear them came one [^3 5 Kal]. They every whose heart stirred him up. Haman was exalted [Niph.]. The king advanced him [Piel] above his servants, and therefore he exalted himself Saul returned to his [Hithpael]. [2-127 } Kal] place. Thou hast turned the captivity of Jacob. From their evil ways they did not turn. Thou hast brought again [Poel] Israel to his habitation. n to Jacob sent [ /^] messengers his brother. He did not dismiss [Piel] the people. The men were sent away [Pual], and the city they set on fire [Piel]. I remember the kindness of thy youth. I know that thou fearest God. Infinitive. Absolute and Construct. unto us I out He spake saying [">EN , Inf.], brought you Hiph.] from Egypt, to bring you in [Inf. Hiph. of Ni3] to the land which I sware [Niph. of 3721Z7] to your fathers to give to them. But ye obeyed not my voice to walk in my commandments. I sent unto you the prophets, rising up early [Inf. ab. Hiph. of D3CP] and send- In eat ing. the day that they did [lit. of their eating, Infin.] their eyes were opened. And when the living creatures went [lit. and in the going, Infin. Kal], the wheels went by them, and when the living creatures were lifted up [and in the being lifted up, Infin. Niph. of NH?3] from the earth, the wheels were lifted up. He turned away of [Hiph. D^D] his ear from hearing [Infin. with B] instruction. When Esau heard [Infin. with ?] the words of his father, he cried with a great and exceeding bitter cry. I will surely hear his cry HEBREW GRAMMAR. 47 answer me. [hearing, Infin. absol.]. When I cry [in my crying], and de- The waters decreased continually [lit. were rpn, going earth creasing, in Infin. abs. of l^H and "OH], they returned off the and Abram continually [lit. they returned, going returning]. jour- and neyed going on still toward the south [lit. going journeying]. And the man waxed great, and continually increased [and went going The trees went forth and being great] until he became very great. to anoint over on a time [going they went forth] a king them. Elijah went to shew himself [Infin. Niph.] to Ahab. Who shall or abide the day of his coming ? [Infin.], who may stand when he ap- of HS~i of the peareth ? [Infin. Niph. with ?l]. The writing decree which was given in Shushan to destroy them [Infin. Hiph. "H?], he gave him to shew it [Infin. Hiph.] unto her, and to declare unto her n [Infin. Hiph. of "132], and to charge [Infin. Piel of )^] upon her that she should go [Infin. Kal of N"O] to the king, to make suppli- cation [Infin. Hith. of pn], and to make request [Infin. Piel] from before him for her people. Future. Note 1. This tense formerly called the Future, now the Present, or the Imperfect, is used to express the simple Future, the continuance of action, the present, some of the tenses of the Conjunctive. I will send thee to Pharaoh, and bring thou forth my people. Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh ? I know that the king of Egypt will not allow [Fut. Kal of 105] you to go. Thus shalt thou speak to the children of Israel, I will bring you up [Fut. Hiph. of *^?V] from Egypt. They shall not return thither. He shall have none to sit shall [lit. there not be to him one sitting] upon the throne of David. shall not a there shall not be off He want man [lit. cut [Fut. Niph. of f"P3] a man to him] standing before me for ever. Deeds which ought not to be done [Fut. Niph. of ^l^]. How can I do this great wickedness ? We remember the fish which we did eat [Fut. Kal] for nothing. that Ishmael might live before thee. Not by bread alone does man live, but by every outgoing of the mouth of the Lord does man live. He made known, [Fut. Hiph.] his ways to Moses. Let the day perish wherein I was born. Then Joshua spake to the Lord in the day of the Lord's giving up the Amorite before Israel. He did so year by year. Forty years was I grieved with this generation. 2. The Preterite with is often for in ] , used the Future, which case the tone is thrown forward if possible. 48 INTRODUCTION TO And ye shall put these my words upon your heart and upon your soul, and bind them for a sign upon your hand, and ye shall teach them your children. And thou shalt number unto thee seven sabbaths of years. And I will stretch out my hand and will smite Egypt with all my wonders. Hew thee two tables of stone, and I will write upon them. And it shall be when the Lord shall bring thee into the land of Canaan, so shalt thou serve the Lord. 3. The Future, with Vau conversive, is used for the Historic tense. The shortened form of the Future is used, if it exist. And the Lord appeared to him, And he lifted up his eyes, and he saw, and he ran to meet them, and he bowed himself toward the ground. And he answered and said, Thou hast spoken well. And Jacob sent and called to Rachel and Leah. And the king arose and returned, and went and sat in the gate. And he lifted up his voice and wept. 4. The Future is used to express command and prohibition. And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after its kind. Speak unto Eleazar the priest, and let him lift up the censers out of the burning. Pray ye to the Lord your God, and let him take away from me only this death. Let my father arise and eat of my venison. Depart not hence, I pray thee, until I come to thee. Trust ye not to words of falsehood. Listen not to Hezekiah. Carry not a burden on the Sabbath day. Let not my blood fall to the ground. Into their counsel let not my soul enter. 5. The lengthened form of the first person of the Future, with H paragogic added, is used to express the first person of the Impera- tive. come, let us sing unto the Lord, let us make a joyful noise to the rock of our salvation : let us come before his presence with thanks- giving. Let us go down and confound there their speech. Let us arise, and let us go. Let us go, and let us serve other gods. Imperative. The proper Imperative, as the Paradigm shows, is only for the Second Person. Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth. Take fast hold of in- struction : let not go. Keep thy heart with all diligence. Remove thy foot from evil. Go forth and look, ye daughters of Zion, upon the silence king. Awake, and sing, ye that dwell in the dust. Keep before me, O islands. Let us draw near to judgment. Come down and sit in the dust, O daughter of Babylon. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 49 EXERCISES IN UNPOINTED HEBREW. : Disn ns nap? D^nbs obsa o ^n?,tz?\iai oisn, Disn 01 7 ppnsi niin^b rani nio^ W> *: np-rs ib mttfm mn' mn itznn E>DD : n^or nnp^ ibi nVttf s:^ -o 12 vbai yo Din \3 D3vna?aa bs -icob nsron b57 n^b vnna 'awi sin 1 nb : mn*1 ^s n ^ c^i ^b on^m : icn' irsan sin : nmsn ^ n^n ans n>i bia^i ss^ v^^ ""> ^ 2tt?>| ^^ "^P n^s nb^ ms 'asi : naita is-i sb imn V"1 ^n ibp ^a^i : na:^ sbi 1 nr n^n n^s-i : nip* ID^ by ~ns 13^3? noa : irsi insi iwa ins nns -rrn vn narap nns ntEoa DS 13 b^ ps t&nbi : isa nmn ipm iss s nntz?n IDDKI b^sn inss iin^ i an D^I "jar Vrani n^n^i nap ^sb ibn s^i : HDD ib ^nm n3trn ip^nni nans ns np^i ib snn n-isb mb inpaai lassa nnpb S -IES I tr^S2 : irs-in bs isa m *j -in^i vbs snn ^sb nws^ ntr?2Dn nsi : nst ncz^rn wxrt ntn 72 ^ mn^ "n 7na : ban sb -IIPS bri ntn imn ns n:z?2 iis np n^nyms : tzrsn nns m bs 7na a^sbi ns npnaa : in^n bsi nin> b in^ noia 1 TS : lab arb'1 ''ais pn^ D^au^a ntfi * : ID\"QV in 71^ br >Dba ^n^oa >asi : iabn^ lannm less 1 1 ' : f^nib Dvn >as nns 'an ^bs nas nin * pn bs nisos bnn ron^n osnn : V"1 ^ ^es -ynTnsi -fnbna D^ia nansi >< 5?i : cscan isi s^ 7Q -12 ipiw : m-a ib^ai ns-i^ nin^ ns : in ^oin ba 'itt7 its n nia^a bs ^b Dip : -iBsb ^ns 72 nai^ bs nin** S nav cp^ : ^asb onr-i nnbj; D n^br s-npi nbnan 50 INTRODUCTION TO ms ]n^ Bpann rwa n^as ssa^i w Tn mn^ ^3sba norann mi b-fcn mm : mrp "osba rwann cnas sinb na rrasm D"2 bna iro TPI n^n bs ns ib^ro^ vrrbN b D^N iprt^ n^nban na^con 'nD-i'1 b TV navi nn^bya bpnb n^n b s< sip Dip m-ia -jb nza ib -ID>I bann an vbs 2ip ) : s KPN rnaw^i : nasa wbi lab D nbn ntz?rn^ 'bis i^nbs bw lab nsTn nmn 'nbon nsnai nibiia nVcai iDb injyi b > lab a m>:n i^bs nc 'i : nav br b-^an bs-n nib-na na sian ^sni -fnrsba na iab nsm n^-i as^ : nns ns nt&y itt?s ST ^as n^aayn s asba ^D n^asn i^T1 *3 n tr nst nn vbs "nas^i nbna ns-i> 1 b ni2?ya na vb Tias" ! : nnb Tan ^ rm sin mn^ 'aiSB? Dn^bs las^i tiroi "jbin D^n "o la^bsa D^n bnan n^on ''ban 'D "as T^ ^ DD^brn n^n pna^i n^n bs N D n >D ib^ sbi nt^n^n bs n^nb o^asn linn'1 ! : n^bs ntn sa bs mn"* ms inas^i nin^ bs isip^i : nn^bs 13701 -jbin nns ^ wpa m ia>by jnn bsi ntn i^^sn msan mnsa < > ' ^a2? l n^n bs inbt^i nav ns is^i : n^aro mn^ ns nbna ns-i^ o^asn i HEBREW GRAMMAR. .51 APPENDIX I. ALPHABETS. Hebrew. 52 INTRODUCTION TO SYRIAC VOWELS. ARABIC VOWELS. Pethocho o or s = Alpha. s J Fatha a, a. Revotso O O or *-$ Epsilon. Chevotso ^ or ^ Iota. Kesre > i, e. Zekofo O or ^ Omicron. > Etsotso Q^ a^> or ^ Upsilon. Damma o, u. APPENDIX II. OF NOUNS FOR DECLENSION. 1 . jFz'r* Formation. nbos ^N ncips v7. nspi wzfa DST anb sipn nst?o nby nab? rng nrns nip. no-jg D"T? b^5 n^a nn^tt * narss nab isw m2 ' P _ .. jnfo - pbo npbn ptn' nptn T : T : T v T : v v IT : v v T: v. aJnto* * nan -inr ejsh ntrten inb n-inta nm ' npa?r I- - - pH? 'T : T v p T- T v T : x TT: T witz? "nin >bn n^bn 'vnT is- b nbs n^a- b^n- TS- m> : T 'v T -: T : v -: T T t : T : T T 2. Second Formation and those similarly Declined. Din; jab bna DH? ann tfa; jab D^ * ana ?"pn a^ao pnn 3. Unchangeable First Syllable. -unan rbi'n tap'itr? -i^itr? sai'o . s'^a )"ia^a aaa w^n a?n? nbna n^aa ' nana * -j;aa jn> s 4. Nouns in . HEBREW GRAMMAR. 53 APPENDIX III. ACCENTUATION. It has been observed, . 12, that the accents not only mark the Tone syllable, but likewise exhibit in the most delicate and accurate manner,..the logical relation of words one to another, and to the whole sentence. In this respect then, not now to speak of their use as musical notes, or to mark the rhythm, they are of the greatest im- portance. To explain the principles of consecution fully would require a volume. But enough may be said here to awaken the attention and prepare the mind of the student for a more complete consideration of the subject. The accents are divided into Disjunctives and Conjunctives. The first separate, the second join the word, to which they are attached, to that which follows, as, e. g., the noun and its genitive, the nominative and the verb, and others similarly related. In prose the three prin- cipal disjunctive accents are Silluk, Athnach, Segolta. In Poetry Silluk, Athnach, Merca Mahpachatum. Silluk terminates the verse, and separates it from that which follows, and is found in every verse. Athnach is introduced to divide if it the verse, the sense require ; if, on account of the length, a third division in great be required, Segolta ; poetry, Merca Mahpachatum is for the thus used purpose ; JOSH. xv. 20. " This is the inheritance of the children of Judah according to their families," is only one proposition, and therefore requires no division, and so PSALM xxxviii. 1. : Tomb- -mb -riota r : : j- T : v : " A Psalm of David to remind." Again EXOD. x. 20. 1 : nbrc rrin : bjsnip? lasrns tib] \ n^ne a)rn$ p^n?! " And the Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh : and he did not let the people go." 54 INTRODUCTION TO And again PSALM i. 6. And PSALM iv. 7. : rrirr' Tin y^s'noa nits T3Q' " IT I JVT V. T T I! i as plainly contain two propositions; the division is accordingly marked. Again in the following verses there is the threefold division ISAIAH Iviii. 6. nfaat* inn rtzn nfe rrt rria^nn na? | Sn-in^N : sipnan nts-to-b^i n^ib'sn D^sfin nbtri '!-: VT T : : T : < : The use of Zakeph Katon in subdividing the members, so in Prov. i. 22, the use of Merca Mahpachatum is still more apparent. 4 n^pp-i cnb :npn ^ns B^n? i o^b | I psb ] ^nns^i The method of sub-division is very plainly exhibited in many of the verses of Deut. xxxii. The use of the subordinate dividers is as regular as that of the greater. The Conjunctive accents cannot be used indiscriminately, but belong to certain distinctives. Thus In Prose. 1. Merca serves Silluk, Tiphcha, Zarka, Pashta, Tvir, and Munach with Psik. 2. Munach serves Athnach, Segolta, Zakeph Katon, Rvia, Zarka, Pazer, Tlisha G., Double Geresh, and Munach, when by position it has distinctive power. 3. Mahpach serves Pashta. 4. Darga serves Tvir and Munach. 5. Kadrna serves Geresh, and the least sub-distinctives. 6. Tlisha ktannah serves Kadma, when by position it has dis- tinctive power. 1. Yerach serves Karne Pharah. Some Distinctives admit neither Conjunctive nor Sub-distinctive, 1. 3. as, Sakeph Gadol ; 2. Yethiv ; Shalsheleth. In Metrical Accentuation. 1. Merca serves Silluk, Merca Mahpachatum, Athnach, Rvia with Geresh, Simple Rvia. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 55 2. Munach inferior serves Silluk, Athnach, Zarka, Tiphcha an- terior. 3. Munach superior serves Silluk and Rvia. 4. Mahpach and Mahpach Zarkatum serve Rvia, Pazer, and Psik with Kadma or Mahpach. 5. Yerach serves Merca Mahpachatura and Pazer. 6. non anterior Tiphcha is united to Munach inferior, and more rarely serves Shalsheleth, or Psik with Kadma. An idea of the consecution may be formed from the following tables given by Ouscel.* Sum- mus. 56 INTRODUCTION TO HEBREW GRAMMAR. The following table may serve as a specimen of the consecution in the Metrical books : Distinct, summus.