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Web Du Bois E a Revista the Crisis, 1910-1920 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL CARLOS ALEXANDRE DA SILVA NASCIMENTO REPRESENTANDO O “NOVO” NEGRO NORTE-AMERICANO: W. E. B. DU BOIS E A REVISTA THE CRISIS, 1910-1920 São Paulo 2015 CARLOS ALEXANDRE DA SILVA NASCIMENTO REPRESENTANDO O “NOVO” NEGRO NORTE-AMERICANO: W. E. B. DU BOIS E A REVISTA THE CRISIS, 1910-1920 Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Robert Sean Purdy São Paulo 2015 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo Nascimento, Carlos Alexandre da Silva Nascimento N244r Representando o "novo" negro norte-americano: W. E. B. Du Bois e a revista The Crisis, 1910-1920 / Carlos Alexandre da Silva Nascimento Nascimento ; orientador Robert Sean Purdy Purdy. - São Paulo, 2015. 233 f. Dissertação (Mestrado)- Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de História. Área de concentração: História Social. 1. História dos Estados Unidos . 2. Direitos Civis. 3. Afro-americano. 4. Representação. 5. W. E. B. Du Bois. I. Purdy, Robert Sean Purdy, orient. II. Título. NASCIMENTO, Carlos Alexandre da Silva. Representando o “novo” negro norte-americano Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Aprovado em:__________________________________________________________ Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr. _______________________________ Instituição______________________ Julgamento:_____________________________ Assinatura _____________________ Prof. Dr. _______________________________ Instituição______________________ Julgamento:_____________________________ Assinatura _____________________ Prof. Dr. _______________________________ Instituição______________________ Julgamento:_____________________________ Assinatura _____________________ 3 Agradecimentos Gostaria de agradecer a todos que tornaram esta pesquisa possível, seja atuando diretamente em sua confecção ou através do apoio direcionado. De maneira especial, agradeço à minha família: Maria Lúcia, minha mãe; Raimundo, meu pai; meus irmãos Danilo e Érika; minha tia e primo, Ana Lúcia e Daniel. Peço-lhes, na mesma medida, desculpas pelas vezes em que estive ausente. Agradeço imensamente ao professor Robert Sean Purdy, pela orientação e apontamentos estabelecidos. Por meio de seu trabalho, aspectos novos de como se abordar uma historiografia estrangeira me foram apresentados. A tranquilidade na condução do projeto e sua crença no mesmo tornaram seu desenvolvimento possível. A todos os ex-professores da Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros – Unimontes, com destaque para Jânio Marques Dias, Jonice Reis Procópio, Mary Durães, Marta Sayago (in memoriam). E, em especial, agradeço ao professor César Porto, pela força e confiança. Aos professores Wanderson Chaves e Leila Hernandez pelas valiosas sugestões e contribuições na banca de qualificação. Ao colega de orientação e discussões, Michel Rocha, que conhece como poucos os rumos tomados por este trabalho. À FAPESP e ao CNPq pelo apoio à pesquisa, que possibilitou dedicação integral à escrita da dissertação. Agradeço também, a todos aqueles que empreendem o trabalho de digitalização de fontes e contribuem, assim, para o desenvolvimento das ciências, destacadamente, as humanas. Um agradecimento mais que especial a minha namorada Juliana Jamilles, pelo companheirismo e dedicação que apresentou, durante os anos em que este trabalho se desenvolveu. Seu incentivo e contribuição, quanto às inúmeras vezes que precisou revisar a escrita, foram primordiais para sua realização. Muito obrigado. 4 O problema do século XX é o problema da barreira racial... W. E. B. Du Bois Ernest Hemingway escreveu certa vez: “O mundo é um lugar bom e vale a pena lutar por ele”. Concordo com a 2ª parte. Detetive Somerset – Seven: Os sete crimes capitais 5 RESUMO O presente trabalho tem como intuito analisar como a representação visual de afro- americanos foi empregada pela revista The Crisis – A Record of the Darker Races, durante sua primeira década de existência (1910-1920), com o objetivo de promover uma nova maneira de apresentar a imagem do negro para a sociedade estadunidense. Este periódico, mecanismo de protesto e propaganda da maior organização para a promoção de direitos civis dos Estados Unidos, a National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, (NAACP), esteve por vinte e quatro anos sob a editoração do intelectual e militante afro-americano William Edward Burghardt Du Bois e foi intrinsicamente influenciada pela forma como seu editor entendia as relações raciais, criando, muitas vezes, impasses e atritos entre ele os demais membros da NAACP. Em uma sociedade em que predominava uma imagem distorcida do afro- americano de forma a denegri-lo, pode-se dizer que a produção visual em The Crisis procurou alterar aquela antiga representação erigindo ideologicamente um senso de autoafirmação. Palavras-chave: The Crisis, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP, afro-americano, propaganda, representação. 6 ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze the visual representation of African Americans in the journal The Crisis – The Record of Darker Races from 1910-1920, as part of its objective to promote a new way of displaying images of blacks to American society. This journal was the principal organ of the largest organization for the promotion of civil rights in the United States, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). For twenty-four years it was edited by the prominent black intellectual and militant William Edward Burghardt Du Bois and was intrinsically influenced by how he understood race relations, often creating friction between him and other members of the NAACP. In a society in which a distorted picture of African Americans prevailed, the visual production in The Crisis sought to alter such representations by ideologically affirming a sense of self-affirmation. Keywords: The Crisis, W. E. B. Du Bois, NAACP, African American, propaganda, representation 7 Lista de Siglas AFL – American Federation of Labor CPI – Committee on Public Information FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation IWW – Industrial Workers of the World NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People USS – United States Ship 8 Sumário Introdução ....................................................................................................... 11 Capítulo 1 A questão racial na Era Progressista: a supremacia branca e a contestação negra ........ 28 1.1 - A redenção branca ......................................................................................................... 28 1.2 - A Era Progressista: perspectivas para um novo século .............................................. 40 1.2.1 - A Era Progressista para o Afro-Americano: algumas contradições ...................... 49 1.3 – A redenção branca sob contestação: a imprensa negra e a NAACP ....................... 55 1.3.1 – A imprensa negra norte-americana como agente de contestação .......................... 57 1.3.2 – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – NAACP ..................... 62 Capítulo 2 The Crisis Magazine: um novo instrumento de protesto ..................................................... 67 2.1 - W. E. B. Du Bois: um “jornalista” militante ............................................................... 67 2.2 - Uma configuração de The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races ................................ 77 2.3 - W. E. B. Du Bois e a revista The Crisis: um empreendimento “quase” pessoal ....... 81 2.4 - W. E. B. Du Bois e a revista The Crisis: últimos anos ................................................ 96 2.4.1 – W. E. B. Du Bois e a revista The Crisis: a autossegregação nas páginas da revista ..................................................................................................................................... 103 Capítulo 3 Imagens em The Crisis: representações gráficas no combate ao linchamento ................ 109 3.1 – O estereótipo do Negro norte-americano .................................................................. 109 3.2 – As estratégias de combate ao linchamento nos Estados Unidos: a NAACP em luta –The Crisis em ação .............................................................................. 117 3.3 – O “Red Summer”: representação de uma “guerra racial” ...................................... 130 3.4 – As estratégias de combate ao linchamento nos Estados Unidos: suas representações em The Crisis através de cartuns ...................................................... 140 Capítulo 4 Imagens em The Crisis: por uma nova representação do negro norte- americano ................................................................................................................... 159 4.1 – Os Estados Unidos na Primeira Guerra Mundial: “salvaguardando” a Democracia ............................................................................................................................ 159 9 4.2 – O afro-americano na Primeira Guerra Mundial: representando uma nação “norte-americana
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