ALR CONFERENCE 2005 – San Diego

Bogotá and its public space: A case of Evolution, Revolution or Confusion?

MARIO NORIEGA FEBRUARY 2005 Contents 1. The Transformation 2. The Context / Precedents 3. Funding 4. Acceptance of the changes 5. Leadership 6. The Future: Challenges 7. Lessons

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega 1. The Transformation: 1998-2000

1. First phase (42 km) of TransMilenio-Public Transportation System 2. More than 200 km of Bike-paths 3. “...the longest pedestrian street in the world” 4. Pedestrian streets: Avenida Jiménez 5. More than 300 small parks 6. Big new parks: Tercer Milenio, San Victorino, Renacimiento… 7. Hundreds of kilometers of sidewalks 8. Three mega-public libraries 9. Public schools with the ‘highest’ standards (23) 10. More than 100,000 trees planted 11. Car-free day (once a year) 12. Etc…

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega •TransMilenio Public Transportation System

Typical profile

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Jiménez Avenue 80 Street

Phase I (2001 - 2003) 42.4 Km Phase II (2002 - 2005) 42 Km Support Routes 386 km

Autonorte Highway ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • TransMilenio

Before After

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Bike-Paths

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Parks: San Victorino ( Urban Renewal)

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega San Victorino

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Tercer Milenio Park

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega El Renacimiento Park

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Promenades (Alamedas)

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Alameda El Porvenir

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Alameda El Porvenir

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Alameda Florida Juan Amarillo

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Pedestrian Street: Avenida Jiménez

Before After

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Sidewalks Before After

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Sidewalks

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Other Projects:

0 1 2,5 5Km

N

Usme

Virgilio Barco

El Tunal

Public libraries: •Virgilio Barco •El Tintal El Tintal •El Tunal

Public Schools Low cost housing 2. The Context / Precedents: Bogotá, , South America

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Social Situation *Extreme poverty: households

11 %

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Comparison / Economy:

Madrid, NY, Bogotá: Area, PIB (GDP), Population 900000 NY

500000

100000 Madrid Bogotá C/ca Sabana

POPULATION GDP (MILLIONS HAB) (BILLIONS $US) NEW YORK 2000 19,7 829 MADRID 2000 5.0 91 BOGOTÁ 2000 6,5 21

BOGOTÁ-CUNDINAMARCA 2000 8,7 23

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Warfare Settlements, Infrastructure and Armed Conflict

Major Infrastructure

YACOPI PUERTO22 SALGAR SUSA TUNJA GUACHETA CAPARRAPI FUQUENE TOPAIPI LA PALMA SAN CAYETANO *UBATE VILLAGOMEZ

HONDA UTICALA PEÑA EL PEÑON CUCUNUBA VILLAPINZON

NIMAIMA CHOCONTA * * VERGARA QUEBRADA NEMOCON NEGRA TIBIRITA NOCAIMA SUPATA MACHETA * SESQUILE * GACHANCIPA VILLETA SAN FRANCISCO * LA VEGA MANTA CHAGUANI TOCANCIPA SAN JUAN 54 DE RIOSECO ALBAN SOPO EL ROSAL GUAYABAL * VIANI DE SIQUIMA GACHETA * COTA CAJICA * Bogotá BELTRAN MAMBITA JUNIN UBALA MADRID ZIPACON GAMA CACHIPAY BOJACA LA CALERA PULI TENA MOSQUERA GACHALA 42 LA MESA * SAN ANTONIO JERUSALEN TEQUENDAMA 53 GUATAQUI CHOACHI MEDINA Ibagué * GRANADA * FOMEQUE SIBATE NARIÑO VIOTA SILVANIA CAQUEZA * GIRARDOT FOSCA PASCA NILO RICAURTE ARBELAEZ 51 GUTIERREZ 55 PANDI SAN BERNARDO Guerrilla VENECIA VILLAVICENCIO Fronts

CABRERA 52 Densidad alta 25 Densidad media y baja FrentesÁrea de deinfluencia las FARC del – conflicto EP 1995 - 2001

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Precedents: Institutional + Cultural + Technical

Precedents Institutional Reorganization (finances) Elected Transformation Majors

Civic Culture (planning) Luis E. Garzón E. Luis Augusto Ramírez Hisnardo Ardila D. Pardo / R. Subiría Andrés Pastrana CaicedoJ. M. / S. Durán Castro Jaime / Mockus A. Bromberg P. E. Peñalosa Mockus A. Julio C. Sánchez Julio

Themes / Projects 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

I. Public Transportation 11 years: Subway vs. Buses

II. Bike Paths 29 years: Sunday Exclusive Bike-lanes* III. Parks / Promenades / Relocation of Sidewalks / Pedestrian Streets Street Vendors

IV. Other Projects 47 years : Luis Angel Arango Public Library • Precedents: Cultural Ciclovías: Sunday exclusive bike-lanes (since 1976)

P. Olaya Herre ra

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Civic Culture for Traffic Control

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Social experiments * ‘Pico y Placa’ (daily car restriction) * Day without private cars (once a year) * All night pedestrian lanes (once a year) * ‘Carrot hour’ / (daily alcohol control) * Only women night * Voluntary disarmament

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Culture: Reduction of Homicides

Reducción tasa de homicidios 5000 The Transformation 4500 4452

4000

3385 3500 3363 3352 3303 3000 2890 2814 2482 2477 2500 2238

homicidios 1993 2000

1500 años 1.991 1.992 1.993 1.994 1.995 1.996 1.997 1.998 1.999 2.000 2.001

J. Castro Mockus/Bromberg Peñalosa Mockus

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Precedents: Private Sector Participation 93 rd. Street Park (90’s) * Construction / Maintenance

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega 3. Funding

INGRESOS ADM CENTRAL 1990 2004

The Transformation

Descapitalización . EEB

Rec. Capital

Transferencias

Ingresos Corrientes

J. Castro Mockus/Bromberg Peñalosa Mockus

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Precedents: Technical Issues Subway Vs Buses: from 70’s to 1998

JICA Projects: 1996-2020

Transmilenio 2016

JICA Bus System (1997)

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega 4. Acceptance of the Changes Second Phase: Confusion…

•Social situation •Competitiveness •Maintenance •Construction problems •Under-use •Over-use

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega 4. Acceptance of the Changes First Phase: Exhilaration

•“… our goal is not to generate as much income as possible , but to generate as much happiness as possible …”

•“…on the sidewalks or the bike lanes you can find the president of the company and the cleaning lady encounter as equals; there is not hierarchy there … ”

E. Peñalosa

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega •Social situation

Enfoque social Inversión social vs. línea de pobreza y miseria Investment

60 Transformation $ 3.500.000,00

50 $ 3.000.000,00

$ 2.500.000,00 40

Poverty $ 2.000.000,00 30 $ 1.500.000,00 20 $ 1.000.000,00 Indigence 10 $ 500.000,00

0 $ - 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Inversion(91) % Pob Pobre % Pob en miseria

J. Castro Mockus/Bromberg Peñalosa •International Context/Competitiveness

CIUDADES rankig 2003 18 2001 2002 1 MIAMI 1 5 2 6 12 3 17 Barranquilla Caracas 4 5 15 6 Buenaventura 7 13 Bogotá 8 Quito 9 10 Based on: 11 •Cost of life 19 12 •Criminality rate 10 8 BOGOTÁ 13 •Internet availability 9 14 •Cost of mailing FEDEX 2 15 •Time of creation of businesses/enterprises 7 16 16 14 17 POBLACIÓN EN MILLONES DE 4 20 HABITANTES 11 18 3 6.1 - 20.1 19 20

1.1 - 2.5 FUENTE: Revista América Economía. Mayo 2003 ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Maintenance

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega •Construction Problems

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega •Under-used facilities (4% trips)

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega •Over-used facilities (Street Vendors)

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega •Political campaign: 2003

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega 5. Leadership

a. Sequence of Majors: *. The Reformer *. The Civic Leader 1 *. The Constructor *. The Civic Leader 2

b. Political Campaign: 2003

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega 6. The Future: Challenges

• Continuity :

*. Priorities: NO more money for ‘spectacular’ projects

• Social Crisis

*. Food & Education & Jobs

*. City- Region: Warfare, Migration, Productivity, Competitiveness (Exports)

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega 7. Lessons for ‘Active Cities’ (In Developing Countries)

1. Sustainability:

• Civic Culture vs. Infrastructure (Context: Limited Resources)

• Community Participation (Process) vs. Immediate Results 2. Equilibrium:

Economic Issues Social Issues

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Sources:

Photos, Graphics and Data:

• Bogotá comparte sus aprendizajes, Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá, 2001-2003 (CD). • Photos: DAPD, IDRD, IDU. • Plan de Desarrollo, Bogotá 2004-2008, Bogotá sin Indiferencia (CD) • Web sites: porelpaisquequeremos.com/penalosa/presidente.asp/ pps.org/info/placemakingtools/placemakers/epenalosa bicibogota.com cicloruta.com estrellasnegras.com transmilenio.com • Center for Latin American Studies, UC Berkeley – Enrique Peñalosa "Towards a More Socially and Environmentally Sustainable Third World City". April 8, 2002. Mr. Peñalosa speaks ... www.clas.berkeley.edu:7001/Events/ spring2002/04- 08-02-penalosa/analysis.html • www.regionbogotacundinamarca.org • M.Noriega

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega