ALR CONFERENCE 2005 – San Diego
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ALR CONFERENCE 2005 – San Diego Bogotá and its public space: A case of Evolution, Revolution or Confusion? MARIO NORIEGA FEBRUARY 2005 Contents 1. The Transformation 2. The Context / Precedents 3. Funding 4. Acceptance of the changes 5. Leadership 6. The Future: Challenges 7. Lessons ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega 1. The Transformation: 1998-2000 1. First phase (42 km) of TransMilenio-Public Transportation System 2. More than 200 km of Bike-paths 3. “...the longest pedestrian street in the world” 4. Pedestrian streets: Avenida Jiménez 5. More than 300 small parks 6. Big new parks: Tercer Milenio, San Victorino, Renacimiento… 7. Hundreds of kilometers of sidewalks 8. Three mega-public libraries 9. Public schools with the ‘highest’ standards (23) 10. More than 100,000 trees planted 11. Car-free day (once a year) 12. Etc… ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega •TransMilenio Public Transportation System Typical profile ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Jiménez Avenue 80 Street Phase I (2001 - 2003) 42.4 Km Phase II (2002 - 2005) 42 Km Support Routes 386 km Autonorte Highway ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • TransMilenio Before After ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Bike-Paths ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Parks: San Victorino ( Urban Renewal) ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega San Victorino ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Tercer Milenio Park ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega El Renacimiento Park ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Promenades (Alamedas) ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Alameda El Porvenir ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Alameda El Porvenir ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Alameda Florida Juan Amarillo ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Pedestrian Street: Avenida Jiménez Before After ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Sidewalks Before After ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Sidewalks ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega Other Projects: 0 1 2,5 5Km N Usme Virgilio Barco El Tunal Public libraries: •Virgilio Barco •El Tintal El Tintal •El Tunal Public Schools Low cost housing 2. The Context / Precedents: Bogotá, Colombia, South America ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Social Situation *Extreme poverty: households 11 % ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Comparison / Economy: Madrid, NY, Bogotá: Area, PIB (GDP), Population 900000 NY 500000 100000 Madrid Bogotá C/ca Sabana POPULATION GDP (MILLIONS HAB) (BILLIONS $US) NEW YORK 2000 19,7 829 MADRID 2000 5.0 91 BOGOTÁ 2000 6,5 21 BOGOTÁ-CUNDINAMARCA 2000 8,7 23 ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Warfare Settlements, Infrastructure and Armed Conflict Major Infrastructure YACOPI SIMIJACA PUERTO22 SALGAR SUSA TUNJA GUACHETA PAIME CAPARRAPI CARMEN DE CARUPA FUQUENE TOPAIPI LA PALMA LENGUAZAQUE SAN CAYETANO *UBATE VILLAGOMEZ SUTATAUSA HONDA UTICALA PEÑA EL PEÑON CUCUNUBA TAUSA VILLAPINZON NIMAIMA CHOCONTA *PACHO SUESCA * VERGARA QUEBRADA NEMOCON NEGRA TIBIRITA COGUA NOCAIMA SUPATA MACHETA * SESQUILE * GACHANCIPA VILLETA SAN FRANCISCO * LA VEGA MANTA CHAGUANI TOCANCIPA SASAIMA SUBACHOQUE TABIO SAN JUAN GUATAVITA 54 DE RIOSECO BITUIMA ALBAN SOPO EL ROSAL GUAYABAL * VIANI DE SIQUIMA TENJO GUASCA GACHETA * COTA CAJICA * Bogotá BELTRAN MAMBITA JUNIN UBALA QUIPILE MADRID ANOLAIMA ZIPACON FUNZA GAMA CACHIPAY BOJACA LA CALERA PULI TENA MOSQUERA GACHALA 42 LA MESA * SAN ANTONIO JERUSALEN TEQUENDAMA ANAPOIMA 53 GUATAQUI CHOACHI EL COLEGIO SOACHA MEDINA Ibagué APULO * GRANADA * FOMEQUE SIBATE TOCAIMA CHIPAQUE UBAQUE NARIÑO VIOTA SILVANIA CAQUEZA UNE * GIRARDOT QUETAME AGUA DE DIOS PARATEBUENO TIBACUY FOSCA PASCA NILO RICAURTE ARBELAEZ 51 GUTIERREZ 55 GUAYABETAL PANDI SAN BERNARDO Guerrilla VENECIA VILLAVICENCIO Fronts CABRERA 52 Densidad alta 25 Densidad media y baja FrentesÁrea de deinfluencia las FARC del – conflicto EP 1995 - 2001 ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • IV. Other Projects Sidewalks / Pedestrian Streets III. Parks /Promenades / II. Bike Paths I. Public Transportation Themes / Projects Precedents: Reorganization Institutional Institutional (finances) (finances) (planning) Culture Civic 47 years Institutional + Cultural + Technical Technical + Cultural + Institutional 1982 11 years: 29 years 1983 Augusto Ramírez : Luis Angel Arango Angel Luis : Library Public 1984 1985 Hisnardo Ardila Street Vendors : Sunday Exclusive Bike-lanes Exclusive Bike-lanes : Sunday 1986 D. Pardo / R. Subiría Subway vs. Buses vs. Subway Relocation of Precedents 1987 Julio C. Sánchez 1988 Andrés Pastrana Majors Elected 1989 1990 J. M. Caicedo / 1991 S. Durán 1992 1993 Jaime Castro 1994 1995 A. Mockus / 1996 Transformation * P. Bromberg 1997 1998 1999 E. Peñalosa 2000 2001 2002 A. Mockus 2003 2004 2005 Luis E. Garzón 2006 2007 • Precedents: Cultural Ciclovías: Sunday exclusive bike-lanes (since 1976) P. Olaya Herre ra ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Civic Culture for Traffic Control ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Social experiments * ‘Pico y Placa’ (daily car restriction) * Day without private cars (once a year) * All night pedestrian lanes (once a year) * ‘Carrot hour’ / (daily alcohol control) * Only women night * Voluntary disarmament ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Culture: Reduction of Homicides Reducción tasa de homicidios 5000 The Transformation 4500 4452 4000 3385 3500 3363 3352 3303 3000 2890 2814 2482 2477 2500 2238 homicidios 1993 2000 1500 años 1.991 1.992 1.993 1.994 1.995 1.996 1.997 1.998 1.999 2.000 2.001 J. Castro Mockus/Bromberg Peñalosa Mockus ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Precedents: Private Sector Participation 93 rd. Street Park (90’s) * Construction / Maintenance ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega 3. Funding INGRESOS ADM CENTRAL 1990 2004 The Transformation Descapitalización . EEB Rec. Capital Transferencias Ingresos Corrientes J. Castro Mockus/Bromberg Peñalosa Mockus ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega • Precedents: Technical Issues Subway Vs Buses: from 70’s to 1998 JICA Projects: 1996-2020 Transmilenio 2016 JICA Bus System (1997) ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega 4. Acceptance of the Changes Second Phase: Confusion… •Social situation •Competitiveness •Maintenance •Construction problems •Under-use •Over-use ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega 4. Acceptance of the Changes First Phase: Exhilaration •“… our goal is not to generate as much income as possible , but to generate as much happiness as possible …” •“…on the sidewalks or the bike lanes you can find the president of the company and the cleaning lady encounter as equals; there is not hierarchy there … ” E. Peñalosa ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega •Social situation Enfoque social Inversión social vs. línea de pobreza y miseria Investment 60 Transformation $ 3.500.000,00 50 $ 3.000.000,00 $ 2.500.000,00 40 Poverty $ 2.000.000,00 30 $ 1.500.000,00 20 $ 1.000.000,00 Indigence 10 $ 500.000,00 0 $ - 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Inversion(91) % Pob Pobre % Pob en miseria J. Castro Mockus/Bromberg Peñalosa •International Context/Competitiveness CIUDADES rankig 2003 18 2001 2002 1 MIAMI 1 5 2 6 12 3 17 Barranquilla Caracas 4 15 5 Buenaventura 6 13 Bogotá 7 Quito 8 9 10 Based on: 11 •Cost of life 19 •Criminality rate 10 8 12 •Internet availability 9 BOGOTÁ 13 •Cost of mailing FEDEX 2 14 •Time of creation of businesses/enterprises 7