December 8, 1977 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 38849 By Mr. ROYBAL (for himself and Mr. ing; to the Committee on Government Op tion: Ticket to Dignity"; to the Committee PATTISON of New York) : erations. on House Administration. H.R. 10283. A bill to provide for payment By Mr. PEPPER: H. Res. 934. Resolution providing for the by the United States for certain medical H. Con. Res. 441. Concurrent resolution printing of the Committee Print "Federal services and treatment provided to U.S. citi providing for the printing of the report "New Responsibility to the Elderly"; to the Com zens and permanent residents suffering from Perspectives in Health Care for Older Amer mittee on Reuse Administration. physical injuries attributable to the atomic icans; to the Committee on House Admin bomb explosions on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, istration. Japan, in August 1945; to the Committee on H. Res. 932. Resolution prcviding for the PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS the Judiciary. printing of the report "Mandatory Retire By Mr. GILMAN: ment: The Social and Human Cost of En Under clause 1 of rule XXII, forced Idleness"; to the Committee on Mr. BONKER introduced a bill (H.R. H. Con. Res. 440. Concurrent resolution House Administration. 10284) for the relief of Chitra Schlotterbeck; urging a continuing Presidential commit H. Res. 933 . Resolution providing for the whic.h was referred! to the Committee on the ment to improving Federal regulation mak- printing of the report "Senior Transporta- Judiciary.
SENATE-Thursday, December 8, 1977 The Senate met at 1 p.m. and wa.s Considering only the traditional stra [From the New York Times, Dec. 8, 1977] called to order by Hon. SAM NUNN, a tegic doctrine of the United States, the JANE'S EDITOR SAYS B-1 DECISION MAY DOOM Senator from the State of Georgia. President's decision on the B-1 was, at THE WEST test, in my view ill advised. The strategic LoNDON, December 7.-President Carter's PRAYER defense of the United States has for two decision to scrap the B-1 strategic bomber The PRESIDING OFFICER. In the decades depended for its credibility on may help bring about a Western defeat if a absence of the Chaplain, we will have a the triad o.f strategic bombers, sub general nuclear war breaks out, according to minute of silent prayer. marine-launched ballistic missiles the editor of "Jane's All the World's Air [Pause.] craft" m a preface to the 1977-78 edition. IN DEFENSE OF IDENTITY CARDS lation to bar illegal aliens, or as they are One of the study's major conclusions Mr. PACKWOOD. Mr. President, last sometimes called, "undocumented work and one that I incorporated in my pro year, at my urging, the Select Commit ers," from taking American jobs. On Sep posed Alien Employment Act, S. 993, is tee on Small Business performed a field tember 29 this year, I placed the results that we develop an identity-checking sys study and held hearings on possible legis- of that study and hearings in the RECORD. tem that gives every U.S. employer a con- December 8, 19 77 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 38857 crete method to establish the identity of ready seven or more million illegals in the his acceptance, as a young lawyer, of a any job applicant. In short, we must have United States today, then they are already moose head for payment of a legal fee. a foolproof "right-to-employment" card, inundating us: but the floods lie ahead. An identity card is not the solution, it is Chief Justice Kenison always main such as the social security card, to be merely one device to aid in the regulation of tained a strict standard of judicial re shown at the time of employment. one problem. The presumptive philosophical sponsibility, one which has kept the court The creation of a national identity card objections to it ought to be analyzed. If we removed from the tangles of politics and has raised vital questions whether this is believe that a country bas the right to reg contributed greatly to respect for the in an intolerable infringement on our civil ulate citizenship by a rhythm suitable to tegrity of its decisions. liberties or an outright assault on the its own priorities, then it follows that a The accomplishments of this man are American right to privacy. In defense, country has the right to seek the means of too numerous and varied for individual As distinguishing between those people with I argue that it is neither. William F. in its frontiera ·who are citizens, and those citation. But prominent among his many Buckley recently pointed out in the who are not. achievements was consolidation and uni Washington Star, the abuse is not in the An identity card is, of course, the kind fication of the body of New Hampshire card, but in the uses to which it is put. of thing one associates with totalitarian re law and its administration. I recommend a reading of Mr. Buckley's gimes like Russia's and China's, and despotic Although Chief Justice Kenison no defense to my colleagues and I ask that regimes like South Africa's used for the pur pose of doing things no state should ever longer will participate in the decisions of the article be printed in the RECORD. the New Hampshire Supreme Court, his There being no objection, the article be permitt ed to do. But that is a contamina tion not of the card, but of the uses to legacy of considered, able, and nonparti was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, which it is put. san judicature will continue to influence as follows: This distinction-as we move cautiously and instruct the American, as \Veil as the [From the Washington Star, Nov. 1, into the question of what to do about the New Hampshire, judiciary process. 1977] illegals-we ought to keep clearly in mind. It would have the effect of causing the armies I was delighted to learn that Judge IN DEFENSE OF IDENTITY CARDS Kenison now plans to teach at the (By William F. Buckley, Jr.) beleaguering our little magazine to pack up, and go home. Franklin Pierce Law Center in Concord, I am associated, in one of my lives, with N.H., for this new role will extend his what the professionals call a "little maga zine." It is a journal of conservative thought remarkable and wholly positive impact and opinion, a small chapel filled with jew JUSTICE FRANK ROWE KENISON upon the practice of law and the judicial eled objects on which the season's light re RETIRES WITH "THE RESPECT process. fract through stained glass windows wonder OF THE ENTIRE JUDICIARY" The late U.S. Chief Justice Earl War fully, variously, inexhaustibly, illuminating Mr. MciNTYRE. Mr. President, on No ren once said of Frank Rowe Kenison: the truths we live and die for. The tablet keepers of that magazine received an afflatus vember 2, 1977, Frank Rowe Kenison re He is one of the small galaxy of Supreme recently, causing us to come out in favor of tired as chief justice of the New Hamp Court Justices who are spending their sum a national identity card, and we woke the shire Supreme Court, thus closing a mers and all of their unoccupied time with next day to find ourselves surrounded by the 25-year career of judicial leadership trying to teach methods and means for ad faithful, hurling objects at us, charging that marked by dedication and outstanding vancing the cause of justice-and he has the we had profaned the very foundations of our respect of the entire judiciary of this entire service to the State of New Hampshire, nation. church. It is un-American to have an I.D. to the United States of America, and to That is, in my judgment, a venture in justice. I would like to take this oppor Mr. President, as I salute the character ideological mystification. What is un-Amer and the career accomplishments of this ican is the invasion of privacy. The docu tunity to share with my colleagues the in mentation of individual Americans is not in spiration of this fine man's life and to most excellent of men, I ask unanimous itself a violation of privacy. What is done offer a personal tribute to him. consent to have printed in the RECORD a with that documentation is what matters. Frank Kenison, born and brought up sampling of the press tributes that ap Before we had a federal social security act, in a small town in his native State, has peared in New Hampshire publications at we did not need federal social security num devoted his entire life to the cause of the time of his retirement. bers. It would be chaotic to attempt to do law and justice in New Hampshire. After Specifically these are: an editorial that without social security numbers; and, so far appeared in the Concord Monitor of Oc as one can judge, Americans nowadays ac admission to the New Hampshire bar in cept not only social security, but social se 1932, he joined his father's law practice, tober 29, a front page article by Cynthia curity numbers; and there has been no abuse. but was soon elected to the office of coun Kyle in the October 31 issue of the Con Before the age of passports, there were no ty solicitor. In 1937, he became the State cord Monitor, and the pertinent passage passport numbers; but there is no rational assistant attorney general and continued of an editorial in The Valley News No resentment of passports nowadays, if it is his rising career in public law with two vember 1. conceded that the identification of the in There being no objection, the material dividual is important. terms as New Hampshire's attorney gen Which brings us to the critical question. eral from 1940 to 1942 and again in 1945 was ordered to be printed in the RECORI?, Much having been written on the problem of and 1946, serving in our country's Armed as follows: immigration, the subject of an identity card Forces in the interim. In 1946, Justice [From the Concord (N.H.) Monitor, arises. It appears that there is available a Kenison was named to the New Hamp Oct. 29, 1977] technology for the manufacture of an iden shire Supreme Court, the leadership of JUSTICE KENISON' S TENURE EXPIRES tity card that is virtually proof against which he assumed in 1952. Chief Justice Frank R. Kenison of the New forgery. By definition, anything produced During his distinguished tenure on the Hampshire Supreme Court reaches the man by craft can be reproduced by craft: so that datory retirement age of 70 on Tuesday. He although it is unsafe to say that the con supreme court, he made substantial prog ress toward improving the State legal leaves the state's highest tribunal a legacy templated identity card will be absolute proof of fairness, integrity and compassion that of the identity of its holder, experts assure system, bringing it to the fore among the it will have to struggle to maintain. us it would take the resources of a super courts of this Nation. As a firm believer Justice Kenison is a compact man with an power to duplicate it. in the crucial importance of the judici easy smile and a perpetual twinkle in his What have we got, if we have an identity ary within the framework of our demo eye. His friendly demeanor masks an intel card? A means not of damming the tide of cratic system of government, he strove, lectual toughness and determination that immigrants coming in over the Mexican bor have guided the Court to the zenith of na der (primarily); but a means of greatly re always, to apply the principle of the law with a fair and even hand. tional respect. ducing their number. The population prob He was named to the Court 31 years ago lem in Mexico is as severe as anywhere in A hallmark of the Kenison court, one and has presided over it as chief justice for the world. I was a student in Mexico when from which all of us might take good the past 26 years. His departure marks the the population of the country was 22 million. counsel, was the clear and concise lan end of an era and the begining of an uncer The woman was born in 1975 (I quote a Mex tain one for the Supreme Court. The naming ican authority) who will become the mother guage of the chief justice. He believes that the ordinary citizen ought to be of his successor is locked in political turmoil. of the 100-millionth living Mexican. Though it's doubtful he would acknowl The barometric differences in the economy able to read and understand the decisions edge it, that must disturb him. For if one of the American sunbelt, and of the north of the judiciary. This conviction is a di thing bas characterized the Supreme Court country of Mexico, is of the kind that causes rect extension of the judge's down-to under Justice Kenison's leadership, it has tidal waves. If it is true that there are al- earth personality, once demonstrated by been the absence of political considerations CXXIII--2445-Part 30 38858 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE December 8, 1977 and the anticeptic independence of the "Protecting the public from unconstitu upholding broad legal principles rather than state's judiciary from influence by the execu tional government action is one of the judi niggling technicalities. tive or legislative branches. cial system's noblest functions," says Keni "Legalistic prose, if pursued to its logical He thus has become known, not only in son who has taken much of that responsi extreme, is an invihtion of the devil. We get New Hampshire, but throughout the nation, billty during the past 31 years. our thoughts frozen into cramped confined as the giant of New Hampshire's judiciaz:y. Top state officials from both political cabins," he once commented. Twice he was suggested for appointment to parties, as well as the state's congressional Among other things, he will be known for the U.S. Supreme Court. But-because those delegation, twice tried unsuccessfully, in the way he elevated the stature of the state appointments are made with a finger in the 1969 and 1970, to persuade then-President Supreme Court to national prominence, for political wind, he never was nominated. New Richard Nixon to nominate Kenison to a the unification of the court system, and Hampshire is simply too small. U.S. Supreme Court seat. for his studied indifference to political in Justice Kenison came to Conco·rd in 1937 Former U.S. Supreme COurt Justice Earl fiuence3 even while ruling on volatile, par from his home town of Conway where he Warren called Kenison "one of the small tisan legislation. practiced law briefly with his father and galaxy of Supreme Court justices who are AEsociate Justice John W. King of the New became the Carroll County solicitor. spending their summers and all of their un Hampshire Superior Court, while governor, He was named as an assistant attorney occupied time with trying to teach methods wrote in the Boston University Law Review general-the only one-and three years later and means for advancing the cause of dedicated to Chief Justice Kenison: was appointed attorney general, at $4,000 a justice." "The tone of the judicial-legislative year. The key, Kenison says, is not to let per executive relations in New Hampshire has in Despite serving as chief justice longer than sonal opinion get in the way of the law. great part been molded by Judge Kenison. anyone else in the state's history, he never You shouldn't give any consideration to He has taken a strong position in matters of lost his folksy touch. One of his pet peeves whether the decision wlll be popular or un importance to the judicial branch while dis always has been the stiff formality of legal popular. You've got to keep yourself out of associating himself from the issues and language. Thus his opinions have been it." squabbles and arguments inevitably in sprinkled with "street talk" that any citizen "The law has to move," says Kenison, volved in partisan legislative proposals. The could understand. who shies from ca111ng himself a strict con result has been a respectful isolation of the He also has been noted for finding imagi stitutionalist, but admits that the more judiciary from partisan politics, and a bi native ways of dispensing justice within the than 200-year-old document is his first ref partisan support for matters advocated by the framework of bad law. He has sought to sus erence for cases. Chief Justice." tain principles rather than adhering slavishly "The law can't stay static forever." to the letter of an 111-conceived statute. The son of an Ossipee Superior Court He has teen a defender of the rights of the clerk who practiced law, Kenison originally individual caught in the web of a burgeoning aspired to the pulpit, not the bench. By the TOKAMAK FUSION TEST CENTER government. And we know first-hand he has time he entered Brewster Academy, a legal Mr. CASE. Mr. President, I ask unan been an activist in promoting the need for interest had replaced the religious one. imous consent to have printed in the the public better to understand the judicial From there he graduated to Dartmouth RECORD a statement by the distinguished system. College in Hanover and Boston University Justice Kenison has fought quietly-for Law School. His climb up the legal ladder Senator from New Jersey 38860 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE December 8, 1977 , change from colonial territories to in intend to share some of this material other extreme, the countries with over $1,000 with my colleagues in the hope that this GNP per capita (which used to be considered dependent status for most developing before inflation and the oil price rises as the countries. And we are still feeling our will stimulate their thinking prior to really wealthy LDCs) numbered thirty-one in way in dealing with . the implications of Foreign Assistance Subcommittee hear 1975, with thirteen exceeding $2,000 GNP per this vast change. Some 80 of the 114 de ings next year on foreign aid legislation. capita. Most of the latter group were oil ex veloping countries are newly independent There are a large number of issues porters. But even in the thirty-one richer sovereignties. which must be considered in the process countries a substantial portion of the popu We tend to overlook some of the less of rationalizing our foreign assistance lation lived in absolute poverty. dramatic, but very significant changes in efforts. At the outset, it is important to The differences in incomes per capita understand the problems and prospects among countries also translate into major the developing countries over recent differences in income and welfare levels years. of the Third World. Only when we un among regions. In 1973 the per capita income A major improvement has taken place derstand something of the totality of in the Middle East was over five times, and in health. This is reflected in the increase our economic relations with the Third that of Latin America over four times that o! in life expectancy in the developing coun World will we be able to see clearly the Asia. Africa was ahead of Asia by around 40 tries, from an average of 32 years ,just particular role of foreign assistance, percent. before World War II, to 49 years in the which is only one of many aspects of The range of population size is even greater our overall foreign and economic policy. going from several tens of thousands to latter part of the 1960's. There has also nearly 500 million in India. been some decline in birth rates in the This will be the first of a number of With one-country, one-vote rule that pre, last 15 years-from 40 to 35 per thou such reports to my colleagues on this vails in most U.N. agencies, the developing sand-although not enough of a drop to issue, beginning with the general issues countries can pass any resolution they can curtail .the population explosion we are and going on to more specific topics, agree on by a two-thirds majority or better. witnessing. Illiteracy has also fallen in such as food, population, technology, And they do agree rather often. By their developing countries from 44 percent of security assistance, human rights, and numbers they thus have the potential to the adult population in 1950 to 34 percent arms sales to developing countries. block reform of U.N. voting procedures as An excellent overview of U.S. relations well as any attempt that might be launched in 1970. to replace the United Nations with a new set For all their problems, these countries with the developing countries was re of global institutions in which their voting are far more capable of handling their cently published by the Atlantic Coun power would be substantially weakened. internal affairs and planning their own cil Working Group on the United States · WHAT ARE THEm GOALS? development than they were 15 to 20 and the Developing Countries. The To most newcomers to the task of dealing years ago. Working Group was chaired by Ambas with developing countries, the salient negoti These changes were accompanied by a sador Edwin Martin. The first chapter, ating problem is not their numbers but their highly favorable growth in GNP per capi which deals with U.S. interests in the relative unity, especially in international ta in the developing countries. Their developing countries, is · a very helpful forums, when facing the industrialized world. average growth rate was 3.4 percent from introduction to the subject. The forces that unite these 114 countries can 1950 to 1975, faster than either the de Mr. President, I ask unanimous con best be described in terms of common goals sent that this material be printed in the and common problems. Those goals and prob veloping countries or industrialized na lems must be understood if responses to the tions have grown in any comparable pe RECORD. varying proposals being made by the LDCs riod before 1950. This growth rate There being no objection, the mate are to be chosen wisely. Some of the bases for reached a remarkable 6.6 percent per an rial was ordered to be printed in the their unity are more profound than others, num in the first 3 years of the 1970s be RECORD, as follows: and the unity is stronger on some issues than fore oil price increases and the world re THE U.S. INTEREST IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES on others, but it is nonetheless a remarkable cession slowed their economic growth. factor on the international scene. The depth WHO ARE THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES? of feeling that lies behind this unity was But this major progress .tends to mask The developing countries are 114 sovereign revealed by its persistence despite the strains very serious problems. The poorest de countries, all members of the United Nations of the 1973 oil price increase, impoverishing veloping countries grew much more slow and most of its specialized agencies. They all but a handful of LDCs and making a few ly than the middle income developing are rather closely united in a group called OPEC members enormously rich. countries. The large, poor countries of "the 77" from the number of its members In attempting to explore what their goals South Asia and most of Africa, with a to when first organized in 1964. The 77 repre are, it must be understood that outsiders tal population ·Of over 1 billion, grew at sent around 2 billion people, over 50 percent operate at a handicap in interpreting their of the world's population-two-thirds if one beliefs and ambitions and that any brief less than 2 percent on a per capital basis includes the People's Republic of China, description of goals must gloss over many between 1950 and 1975. Even in the mid which although not a formal member of differences in emphasis among the countries dle income developing nations there ·are the group usually supports them in U.N. involved. Nevertheless, the following repre large groups of very poor people who have· forums. Although demographic forecasting sents a set of widespread and important had few, if any, of the benefits of rapid is a hazardous occupation, by the year 2000 beliefs of which we in the developed world GNP growth. It is this large group that is the countries now belonging to the 77 will must take some account in choosing our the special target of our bilateral aid pro probably represent around 5 billion of the policies. gram, primarily as a result of the new di 6.5 billion people then on earth, as their We may take it as a tribute to the devel rections focus legislated by Congress in population is growing about three times as oped nations, perhaps unintended, that all fast as that of the developed countries (see developing countries, having achieved their 1973. The new directions mandate em figuro 1). first aim of political independence, as a mat phasizes the development needs of the It is. true that most GNP measures tend to ter of national policy are committed to poor primarily on improving food pro exaggerate differences in income levels, but "modernization" in a "Western" but non duction and nutrition; health and popu they do correlate rather well with such other ideological sense. They translate moderniza lation planning; and manpower training basic criteria of modernization as literacy tion largely into improving their material and education. We recognize that pro and health. In these terms, most of the well-being and enlarging their power, pres grams in these areas are less easy to de people in developing countries live in con tige, and the sovereign independence of their ditions of severe poverty. Preliminary esti nation. Which comes first will vary from vise and administer than are capital in mates for 1975 for 100 countries, all mem country to country and over time, though tensive projects. But the poor majority bers of the World Bank, illustrate this fact we are often puzzled by how frequently they require special attention because they as well as the diversity in the economic give political goals priority despite their have been bypassed by much of the levels attained by developing countries. De poverty. However, the two objectives are gen growth in developing countries. spite continuing inflation in dollar terms, erally considered as mutually supportive. We are fortunate that there is a con twenty-eight countries were still below $200 Ideologies, both politic::l and economic, tend siderable body of recent thought in writ-. GNP per capita-including India, Bangla to be chosen because of their expected con ing on the subject of development and desh, .Pakistan, and · Indonesia. 1.2 billion tribution to this modernization process people lived in these twenty-eight countries, rather than for their specific content. Com the appropriate U.S. role. Some of this 60 percent of those of the developing world mitment to a larger or smaller public role in has been stimulated by the President's (excluding China). the economy, to greater or lesser equality in review of foreign assistance and the con Eight of these countries had not even incomes, and to more or less authoritarian cern of Congress with our growing inter reached $100 GNP per capita: six in Africa governments, becomes a secondary issue in dependence with developing countries. I south of the Sahara and two in Asia. At the the face of these two objectives. Hence the ,. December 8, 1977 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 38861 relative ease with which governments with We defend the principles of current world wanted quickly what we had achieved by sharply different outlooks on issues collab economic arrangements against a New In centurtes of slow accumulation of capital orate in the 77. ternational Economic Order on the grounds and technology. WHAT ARE THEm COMMON PROBLEMS? that the former have worked and stood the To create in a few decades an advanced in test of time. If one could give an Indian dustria! economy has been enormously diffi Developing country unity has been forged landless laborer an idea of how an average cult, given the poverty which most develop from not only common goals but also common family lived in an average developed coun ing countries suffer. From this situation de problems. There has been a widespread shar try, might he not consider that the system rives the constant pressure for greater trans ing of colonial rule in the past and, even had worked better for some than for others, more importantly, a common belief that their fers of resources from developed to develop including himself? Or if one were to explain ing countries by any means in order to sup present poverty and national weaknesses, as to a Pakistani textile worker the operating well as their difficulties in achieving their plement domestically generated savings and current goals, are primarily due to the actions principles of the so-called voluntary textile nationally earned foreign exchange, even if agreement, might he not conclude that its the burden of accumulated debt grows to and attitudes of the "all-powerful" richer quotas on his country's exports were fixed countries. levels that threaten to become unmanage This is an obvious oversimplification. Pov less in accordance with an international able. In general, our economists-not our erty and dependence have many causes, with order based on the principles of free market businessmen-were the first to see that de each country afflicted by its package of handi competition than on the basis of interference veloping countries were usually short of caps, even though some of them are rather with the market by a few developed countries capital and had a surplus of labor, while our widespread. The following presentation must to protect the profits and jobs of their textile situation was the reverse. The least costly be judged leniently, therefore, as not appli industries at the expense of their consumers? technology for them-economically and so cable with precision to any one country but Or take the question of migration. Dur cially-seemed, therefore, to be a labor rather a broad-brush picture of an evolving ing the last century, the developed countries intensive one. But developing countries often were able to relieve •the pressure of a grow changed that we did not want them to enjoy situation. ing population on job opportunities, a pres 1. Being located for the most part in tropi the benefits of our high technology and were cal or subtropical zones has given the devel sure far less than that faced today by nearly actually trying to limit their export potential oping nat ions extremes of rainfall. Where all developing countries, by emigration to by urging on them outmode! ways of doing heat and no frost are combined with high any place in the world, including North and things. humidity, people, animals, and plants are a t South America, Australia, and New Zealand. While most leaders of developing countries tacked by their enemies with a virulence sel Now all of these coun.tries face the over still obj'ect to what they regard as second dom experienced in temperate zones. It has populated developing ones with various kinds best answers to their needs, a few have been been suggested, with considerable justifica of barriers to emigration from them. Who attracted by the independence that the Peo tion, that we should refer not to the North will be admitted is usually dictated wholly ple's Republic of China has achieved by its South but to the temperate-tropical dialogue. by the needs of the developed, not the de stress on small-scale and labor-intensive 2. Their cultural heritage is also often a veloping countries. technology and a high degree of national serious handicap to development in the GNP It was our long-standing confidence in our self-sufficiency. Whether China's cultural terms by which it is commonly defined. The ability to dictate the rules of the game that background, its large area and population, values and attitudes required to operate a made the OPEC oil price escalation and then and its autocratic political system make its modern industrial society are quite special the OPEC embargo such a profound shock approach unique and not easily transferable and specific. Our relative success ln the West to us, with implications going well beyond to other countries, as some of its leaders have is the result of a complex process of indoc oil. So far this is a rather isolated break been suggested, remains to be tested. In the trination and selection over many genera through. In general, whether it is a question ory, at least, the prognosis for easy copying tions. The societies of developing countries of aid or trade or private investment or price of the Chinese approach must remain poor, have their own value systems, of course, often structure or immigration or financial ar especially in view of increasing evidence that more ancient than ours and often expressed rangements, the developing countries feel the Chinese themselves are finding it's neces in complicated institutions and patterns of with some justificrution that they remain sary to modify their policy of full self required behavior. But they often stress dif the recipients of favors within bounds set sufficiency. ferent virtues than those required to operate rather rigidly by the developed countries. Another example of out-of-phase devel a modern industrial society, due largely to (b) A far more serious handicap than opment is the population explosion which the absence of opportunities to benefit from these overt pressures has been the unin threatens the progress of most of the devel any others. It is the int eraction between these tended example our existence and success oping countries as well as everyone's future local value systems and alien ideas, manners, has set for ·them. Desire for wealth or power well-being. Refiecting our humanitarian in and outlooks introduced by the pervasive in or both seems to be almost a universal trait. stincts, the health experts of the developed ternational communication media which have The consequences for the developing coun countries undertook in the postwar period produced the serious cultural confiicts seen in tries have been a n almost instinctive desire a major and successful attack on several of most of the developing countries in pursuit of to copy Western societies, broadly and even the more serious endemic diseases. The result modernization. These confiicts are at the in some detail. They are seldom able to put of this effort, coupled with modestly rising origin of many of the mistakes and contradic together an accurate picture of what we are income levels, was a drastic fall in death tions that we are prone to criticize. They are or of the path by which we got here. Never rates coming long before economic growth to be regretted-although we have to be care theless, our visible success in achieving the and education had created substantial moti ful about who can cast the first stone-but mutually desired goals makes it mandatory vation for the parental planning for the fu they are also a sign of change. All change may for them to copy us as best they can. The ture that is basic to reduced fertillty. In the not be constructive but without it there effort to do so has created serious problems Western world the fall in death rates oc would be no hope of progress. for them because our current ways of doing curred only in the last half of the nineteenth 3. Most of the developing countries have things are often inappropriate to their needs century, by which time education and in become active seekers of wealth and power and opportunities. Moreover, our societies come growth had established the necessary on the world stage only after World War II. clearly cannot be copied as ·they now exist conditions for voluntary limitation of fam For the majority of them, the independence without enormous distortions. There are nec ily size. they achieved in the postwar period was a essary sequences by which progress in one Another example is the effort many have necessary prerequisite for progress. This has area is made possible only by progress in made, mostly unsuccessfully, to copy our meant that they are all trying to make a others. democratic forms of government, again with place for themselves in a world system domi We, of course, share some of the blame for our active encouragement. This has been nated for centuries by the present industrial we seldom understood the historical irrele done despite the slow spread of democracy countries. This results in handicaps of three vance to the LDCs of some of our current in among Western countries in the centuries basic kinds: stitutions and practices, though often it was since modernization began, and a number (a) Their military and economic power a case of our having nothing else to offer. For of cases of serious backsliding, even in this enabled the developed countries to colonize example, one of the fundamental aspects of century. Its successful operation is far from much of the world and use its resources as our societies which they have sought to copy easy. The universal suffrage on which de they saw fit. Even after most colonies be has been our capital-intensive, high-tech mocracy is based was again a phenomenon came independent and developed countries nology system for producing and distributing largely of the latter part of the nineteenth were outnumbered by the developing world goods and services. Whether they looked at century, when long historical tradition had at both the country and population level, market-oriented or centrally-planned econo given the people of most states a strong they managed to maintain essential control mies the approach was th·e same. The wealth sense of national loyalty. In addition, pri over global political and economic relation produced by these means was many times mary education was almost universal and ships. Changes have taken place mainly be that enjoyed by any society in previous world the economic situation of the bulk of the cause we chose to make them, not because we history. The desire to enjoy similar abun population was reasonably satisfactory, or were forced to do so. The rise to positions dance was irresistible and generated the often at least constantly improving, under a widely of power of the Communist countries may described "revolution of rising expectations." supported economic system, based mainly have weakened our global political position However, there was obviously a serious on private enterprise. Almost nowhere have but not our economic one. timing problem. They not unnaturally the developing countries achieved these 38862 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE December 8, 1977 favorable conditions for the operation of the that it has taken the industrialized world duction in the number of illiterates. Nearly fairest but most difficult system of govern four to five centuries, helped by the borrow everywhere a significant professional group ment. ing of wisdom and experience from the earlier has already been formed, even in countries To add to their problems of political or Jewish, Greek, and Roman cultures and of in which twenty years ago a university grad ganization, most developing countries have science and technology from the early Chi uate was a rarity. had to face intense internal and external nese and Arab societies, to arrive at the rela Some 80 of the 114 are newly independent pressures to choose between capitalist-lib tively advanced position it occupies in the countries. They have organized governments, ertarian and Marxist-authoritarian politico world of today. In many ways, this heritage all of which have already learned to walk economic systems. This is a dilemma which was summarized in the Protestant ethical and some to run. This is no mean achieve the industralized countries did not have to standards formulated in the sixteenth and ment, for the operation of a government is confront in their formative period. seventeenth centuries. We should be aware a complicated task, often more complex in When these factors a:-e all brought into better than anyone in a developing country a poor country than a rich one, and cer focus, current tendencies'·to write off develop could be-of the long struggles, the mistakes tainly far more so now than when the United ing countries or to disparage aid because of and suffering that have produced our pres States first began to run its own affairs. their pC'litical or other difficulties, are ob ent societies. We should also keep in mind Colonial regimes left some helpful institu viously both unhistorical and unjustified. that Western civ111zation has experienced, in tions and some trained nationals behind, (c) Finally, WP. have taught the world by our lifetime, the two bloodiest wars in his yet both were more often than not ill-suited our example that t:ile symbol and substance tory. The developing countries' not knowing to perform the tasks of an independent gov of national power lies in military strength. or understanding all this, and our forgetting ernment, committed to development and to A first fruit of nationhood is an army. Prog it, is a major cause of the failure to achieve playing a role on the world stage. That col ress in status is often measured by the move a common outlook on the present or the lapse and chaos have not often occurred is from tanks to jet aircraft to guided missiles. future. more significant than that many of the new Whether we had or have legitimate justifi:::a On the other hand, the developing coun countries are still struggling with bureau tton for ou.r enormous expenditures on de tries in their national policies and priorities, cratic inefficiency and corruption. What de fense is debatable, although they come out of and in their individual efforts, have not al veloped country can claim immunity from fat and not out of life itself. But the exam ways been single-minded in their devotion to these afflictions? ple is inescapably powerful for others, development. Moreover, they have made mis These three factors-health, education, and whether or not they have enemies, external takes, often against our advice, and have government leadership-are basic to all else or inttrnal. In fact, the defense budget tends wasted vast resources, some of which we had and have thus been dealt with first. Without by its weight to create both. provided in aid. But if we remember well our progress in them, other development goals The most conspicuous recent example is own history, we will realize that man is an become almost out of reach. With them, and the use by several OPEC members of a large imperfect animal, that mistakes are a seem in a number of cases helped by the posses part of their increased income from oil ex ingly necessary part of the learning process, sion of valuable natural resources, many ports to add military strength to their eco including our own as well as theirs with re developing countries have made great prog nomic pcwer though fortunately not at the spect to development policies, and that waste, ress in that more easily measurable index nuclear level so far. What legitimate national whether on wars or the preparation for wars of development, GNP growth; in fact enough interests, other than a concept of prestige or simply in conspicuous consumption, still did so that over the decade of the 1960s, that the West has sanctified, justify such a goes on everywhere. developing countries as a group averaged a huge diversion of resources to a nonproduc A fair judgment must, therefore, reflect a 5.5 percent increase per year in GNP in real tive purpose is hard for a foreigner to considerable degree of historical perspective terms, and in the first three years of the perceive. and a wlllingness to judge others no more seventies the increase even reached 6.6 per The result has also been that often the harshly than we judge ourselves. But this cent, substantially better records than the m111tary establishment becomes the first does not absolve anyone from pressing to im developed world could boast for the same well-trained and well-organized national in prove the effectiveness of the use of re prosperous periods. It represents a remark stitution which, coupled with the physical sources to meet human needs so long as re able economic achievement. power at its command. makes the military sources are scarce and so long as so many Nevertheless an outstanding feature of eco the controlling factor in national political people must exist deprived of the minimum nomic change in the developing world since life-whether or not it occupies the formal essentials of life. If we do find the will to 1960 has also been in unevenness, with the seat of power. continue to help generously with our human poorest countries, needing growth the most, The military have made useful and often and material resources, the progress made in increasing their GNPs the least. According to strongly modernizing contributions in many the last twenty-five years by many develop the World Bank estimates in the fairly long countries, but their profession does not ing countries would seem to indicate that, span of 1960-73, nineteen of the ninety-one normally equip military officers with the po despite the difficulties just noted, a truly co developing countries with populations in litical skills required for responsive as well as operative effort can achieve worthwhile re excess of 1 milllon people (excluding cen efficient government. Moreover, the diversion sults in decades rather than in the centuries trally planned economies, except Yugoslavia) of scarce resources to purchase their equip we needed. · experienced average annual per capita GNP ment should be regretted, even by those However, it is essential to distinguish the growth of 1 percent or less; nine had absolute whose exports have benefited so much many from the rest of the developing coun declines. As one would expect, none of the from it. tries. The variety of experiences among the nineteen so far possess discovered mineral or oil deposits of importance. At the other HOW MUCH PROGRESS SO FAR? 114 countries making up the developing world and the complex of elements that con end of the income scale, thirty-five countries The nations of the world have been collab stitute development require that any eval or nearly 40 percent of the total, have man orating on the development task for a quart uation of progress give consideration to d.lf aged to register an average per capita growth er of a century, yet public confrontation on ferent measures of development. rate of over 3 percent per year, ten of them development issues is sharper now in many The most dramatic success story thus far in excess of 5 percent. With population in respects than in the beginning and most de has undoubtedly been the improvement in creases ranging from 2 to 3 percent, or even veloping countries are st!ll poor and unable health. The evidence is in the great increase more in a few cases, these are outstanding to mount an effective attack on their pover in life expectancy, going from a thirty-two records. Wi>th a population growth rate of ty. It is customary in some developed coun year average in the developing countries only 1.2 percent a year, the U.S. GNP growth try circles to take as given that the develop just before World War II, to forty-nine years rate was 3.1 percent during the same period. ment effort, particularly as promoted by aid in the last half of the sixties, a rise of over These data underline the important point transfers, has failed. The developing coun 50 percent. Here, in declining death rates, that not all nations have been helpless be tries have tended to confirm this negative lies the cause of the population explosion, fore the economic domination or exploitation conclusion by stressing, sometimes stridently for birth rates have also been falling but not of the developed world. This is especially re and publicly, their lack of success in reduc nearly as rapidly, going from forty to thirty flected in the fact that seven of the ten ing their poverty. five per thousand in the last fifteen years. achieved their outstanding record largely by Is progress as absent as this suggests? In the field of education there has also exports of manufactures to developed coun There is no simple answer to this question. been steady progress in nearly all developing tries rather than by the possession of rich In the first place, here as in most human countries. Although much that has been mineral resources. In fact, during the sixties endeavors, success must be measured against taught in schools has not been as relevant exports of manufactures by the developing some standard of achievement. How rapidly as it should have been to the urgent needs countries increased at an average rate of 15 the developing countries should have become of the developing .societies-perhaps partly per year. As a result, manufactures were 9 developed is really the basic issue. What is because it copied too closely our educational percent of their total exports in 1955 and 21 involved is not a mechanical process of system-and women and the rural popula percent in 1973. spending so many dollars to raise output by tion have been neglected, a substantial edu The successful 35 countries had an esti so much. It is in most cases the transforma cated class has been created in mcst coun mated mid-1973 population of 613 milllon tion of a well-rooted society, its institutions, tries. The number of people able to read and while the lagging 19 counted only 260 mll its attitudes, its. values, and its human skllls. write has increased greatly, though popula lion. As might be expected, both the Middle In this context, it is essential to remember tion growth has prevented an equivalent re- Eastern-North African and Latin American -:. December 8, 1977 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 38863 areas are well represented in the successful percent of their GNP is of substantial help to undisputed political control was in the hands grou~ight and six countries respective their investment programs. Moreover, the 4 of the more powerful government. ly-and less in the second group of relative percent figure measures the contribution in In the postwar period several factors have economic stagnation, one and two respec purely financial terms, taking no account of contributed to a fundamental change. With tively. In Asia and Africa south of the Sa the technology and experience transferred out relinquishing significantly their basic hara the division of countries is, on the with that money. Developed-country aid position of control, the strong powers have other hand, fairly even. clearly has played a large and helpful role in moved on many fronts to help weaker na Particularly significant for future policy providing these poorer countries with the tions become stronger, both politically and is the fact that nineteen of the thirty-five necessary foundation for more substantial economically. success stories had 1973 per capita incomes progress. The colonial powers, shaken by World War of $500 or over and only five had incomes of 2. The contribution of economic growth in II and pressed by new forces in their colonies under $200. On the other hand, of the nine the developed countries to that in develop and by anticolonial attitudes in many of the teen states with poor GNP records almost ing countries is reflected directly in the developed countries, were not able to resist all were under the $200 per capita GNP fig growth of the exports of the latter to the the widening demands for political inde ures in 1973 (seventeen) and twelve did not former. In the period of unusual prosperity pendence. In many cases, it seemed prudent even reach $100 per capita that year. Of the for most of the industrial world from 1960 to retire gracefully from the political bur nine with negative growth, all but Uruguay to 1973, these exports increased nearly four dens of governing in order to retain a favor and Senegal had per capita GNP in 1975 of fold, from $196 billion in 1960 to $750 billion able economic position in the developing less than $150. in 1973. Covering the period before the quad countries. Thus over the 1960-73 period the general rupling of oil prices, only a fraction of this Once the former colonies became inde pattern has been for the middle-income growth can be attributed to price increases. pendent, long-established cultural and eco countries to get richer while the poorest But just as the concessional ale! contribution nomic ties led public opinion in the former countries could improve their GNP per cap was of greatest importance to the poorer colonial powers to support economic aid and ita only modestly if at all. As a result, the countries, so access to export markets is of other concessions to the new countries. In income spread within the developing coun particular value to the middle-income addition, there was often a hope that such try group, already wide, has increased great states. help could maintain spheres of political and ly in recent years. The JOint effort to speed For developing countries that do not export economic influence that would compensate up development everywhere has clearly been oil, export receipts represented $148 per cap in part for the loss of empire and of global vigorous or more successful, or both, in ita for countries in the $500 to $1,000 group prestige brought by the independence move some countries than in others. but only $15 to the under $300 countries. In ment. This remains an important though The overall success of the LDCs in the 1973 this trade was by far the biggest con probably diminishing element in pollcymak 1960-73 period, therefore, must not be per tribution to developing-country foreign ex ing in several of the European countries. mitted to conceal the failure thus far to change resources, total net receipts as capital At the same time, the United States and achieve very much for the 12 percent of the or similar transfers amounting to less than to some extent other rich countries were con total developing country population who half that, $35 billion. cerned that the Soviet bloc, and later the live in these nineteen poorest countries. 3. Despite the excesses of milltarism and the People's Republic of China, might take ad Clearly we should try harder than in the rivalries and bickering among countries that vantage of the poverty, inexperience, and past to tailor measures to the special eco should be cooperating for survival, national antipathy toward their "capitalist exploiters" nomic needs and potentialities of this in loyalties have also had beneficial effects. of some Third World countries and establish creasingly disparate group of countries, with Given their circumstances, especially those close polltical ties with them, perhaps even special attention to those who are having the of the countries only achieving independence install Marxist governments. In the cold war greatest difficulty making economic progress. in the post-World War II period, it has context of the fifties and sixties, this was This will become a major point in the dis taken and will continue to take large doses of seen as a. serious problem. It became a major cussion of U.S. policy in chapter 3. nationalistic fervor to unite populations in motivation for the benevolent policies of Finally a cause for concern, though one a common effort to better their situation some Western countries toward developing not as capable of precise statistical descrip through a vigorous development program in ones. tion, has been the persistence of the gap be volving current sacrifices for future gains. Although the cold war support for eco tween the rich and poor within nearly all 4. The colonial experience, despite many nomic favors has not wholly disappeared in developing countries, regardless of their distorting elements and some complete fail the United States and from a long-term GNP growth rates. Here too the world com ures in this respect, has given many coun standpoint should not do so, it seems to be munity, acting of course through its mem tries their only trained leadership and a bu playing a declining role, reflected in fall1ng bers, has a challenge which it has not yet reaucratic structure without which a na e.mounts of aid in the absence of other jus met successfully. tional government could not have functioned tifications that have been persuasive to our The positive results described above have at the time of its independence. A consider political leaders. Partly this may be traced to been made possible for the LDCs not only by able amount of infrastructure investment the spirit of detente, producing less concern their own actions but by help from the al was also left behind as well as some produc about conflicting ideologies, but probably of ready industrialized countries. For we have tive skills, although usually at rather low more importance has been the repeated fail made many positive contributions in addition levels. ure of the USSR or the United States to to the negative effects of our colonial pres achieve solid power positions in the develop 5. Much of the production technology of ing countries through aid programs. Chas ence cited above. For example: developed countries has been useful and has 1. In the postwar period, a. substantial tened by the examples of Indonesia and the saved a great deal of time and effort for the United Arab Republic, the USSR seems to volume of financial and technical flow has developing countries. Where it would not taken place from developed to developing have recognized the weakness of aid as a meet their needs, our scientists, using our an tool for this purpose and is concentrating her countries through private and public chan alytical procedures and technical equipment, nels. relatively modest aid effort outside Commu and increasingly supplemented by their own nist countries on Turkey and Afghanistan. In 1973, total public and private trans professionals trained in our universities and fers from developed to developing countries, We in the United States also have lost some laboratories, have often been able to produce but not all of our musions about the ab1llty net of repayments of principal, were some $33 technology which did. blllion, of which $12.4 was from public funds. of our aid programs to influence domestic Total net transfers from DAC countries added The novelty of a strong country trying to poll tical ideologies directly and in the short nearly one-fourth to the total export earn help a weak one in a relationship which raises term. ings of the developing countries, representing enormously complicated economic, social and Nevertheless, there remains a deep concern an important increase in their foreign ex political issues has required a learning proc shared by thoughtful people in the developed change availabilities. For the oil-importing es3 in which mistakes, as well as successes, countries that as long as large blocs of peo developing countries alone, they were much have their role to play. Much has been ple exist in absolute poverty alongside pros more significant, adding nearly two-thirds learned, as we have seen, but even in this pering population groups in their own coun to their export earnings. learning period progress ·has been far from try or elsewhere, there will be a. growing risk DAC transfers also made an important ad negligible. In the future we ought to be of political upheavals that could lead to re dition to the savings available for investment, able to stimulate more development with gimes antagonistic to the societal values to especially in the case of the poorer develop fewer assistance dollars. which we in the West attach the most im ing countries where savings ratio to GNP WHY SHOULD THE UNITED STATES HELP? portance. That concern is eminently justi necessarily tend to be low. Public bilateral This is the fundamental question. For all fied. Such regimes would represent a. threat and multilateral net flows were 4 percent of of recorded history up to the past quarter of to us regardless of the labels they might give the GNP of the countries with less than $200 a century, the usual political relationship themselves or with what countries they per capita incomes in 1973. Savings of these between a rich and powerful country and might allgn themselves. countries average less than 15 percent of a poor, weak nation was one of domination. A related argument for positive policies to their GNP, and public savings are only a por This was often accompanied by tribute or, ward particular developing countries, especi tion of this totaL Hence the receipt of later on, by a colonial connection in which, ally in the United States has been that it 1s net public funds from abroad amounting to 4 whatever the balance of economic advantage, useful to secure influence in settling local 38864 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE December 8, 19 77 disputes, sometimes disputes with important portant justification of our concern with tend to limit their interest in working sacri implications for big-power rivalry, such as what happens in developing countries lie.3 in fices -now to protect the future. in the Middle East. Somewhat similar has the growing importance of global economic 5. As the world scientific community makes been the use of aid to try to "buy" favorable interdependence and common policies and further progress, whether in the use of space attitudes of particular countries on contro actions to deal with a number of problems, or the ocean depths, in laser rays or cell versial international issues in the United both political and economic, which affect all fusion, in weather modification or biological Nations or elsewhere. In neither case has ex of us. This list is a familiar one, but a few warfare, a more effective international sys perience so far been encouraging, factors comments on each point may be useful. tem of control will be imperative. This can other than short-term economic gains or 1. Industrial countries' exports to develop be based only on the desire of the vast ma losses being nearly always more important to ing areas amounted to $21 billion in 1960. jority of states and people to control the decisions affecting national interests than aid By 1973, the figure had more than tripled to spread and use of such technologies in the flows. $69.5 billion, about one-eighth of their total interest of a common future. We must share In some cases it may even be counterpro exports. Price increases ov·er that period ac a common interest in that future. ductive, for the appearance of changing counted for only a modest proportion of that 6. Improved technologies of transport and votes as a result of aid pressures, even when rise. For the United States, the corresponding destruction make the whole world more vul the change is due to the logic of the facts of figures were $7.1 billion of exports in 1960, nerable to violence from private terrorists the case, is sure to produce accusations of rising to $20.6 billion in 1973 or to nearly with real or imaginary grievances. The dif sellout from both domestic opponents of the 30 percent of total exports. This represents ficulties of coping with increasing energy developing government and many of its 77 an important increa;e for U.S. industry and costs and potential petroleum shortages are colleagues, thus making more difficult the agriculture in profits and jobs, one that can encouraging the spread of nuclear power very change in position that was sought. Yet only go on growing if developing-country plants. Almost inevitably those plants carry the temptation continues, again especially economics continue to grow. with them some potential for the production in the United States with adverse effects on There was a similar growth in imports of nuclear weaponry. Whether nuclear mate the efficiency with which aid is used and from developing countries so that they were rials are captured by private groups or fall hence on public support for aid budgets. by 1973 a similar percentage of total im into the hands of irresponsible governments, Throughout the postwar period, a growing ports of the industrialized countries, reflect all mankind is threatened. War of any kind concern for social welfare and equity in the ing our need for minerals, fuels, agricultural and anywhere is, in fact, a threat to peace developed countries has been reflected in commodities, and manufactured goods pro for all of us, given present world tensions. greater emphasis on social justice and hu duced in developing countries. Without these Control of these threats will be difficult manitarian needs in justifying aid appropri imports our consumers would have to pay at best, but will be possible only if all gov ations. Undoubtedly improved travel appor higher prices for a considerably narrower ernments, acting with wide public support, tunities and more vivid media coverage have range of goods. Their value to us is especially really see it as in their own, as well as in also created an awareness of a.nd concern critical in the case of certain nonrenewable the global interest, to prevent violence and about distant suffering that could never have resources on which both our economy and nuclear disaster. Developing country govern existed previously. Popular response is most our security depend. This is not a static ments and peoples must have, and believe dramatic at times of great natural disasters, they have, something to lose. The stakes are such as famines, but it is a permanent factor situation; quite the contrary. For example, despite our low rate of population growth, high for everyone. of varying degrees of importance in most 7. There is a wide consensus that a liveable developed countries. the United States is now expected to have 50 million more people in 2000 than there are world for everyone-economically, environ Converting this credible concern for pov now. mentally, and politically-depends directly erty and suffering into more favorable donor This factor plus rising incomes will in on keeping the size of the world's population policies has often been made difficult by the within reasonable bounds. Over the next apparent lack of an equal concern for im crease substantially our dependence for growth, and perhaps even security, on an twenty-five years, 80 percent of the increase poverished groups on the part of the govern will occur in developing countries as their ments of many of the developing countries. expanding flow of raw materials from de veloping countries. Unless their economies population growth rate is currently nearly They will appear to believe that the fruits of three times that of the developed world. Only increased productivity will be adequately are functioning well and their political situ ation is reasonably stable and friendly, we they as nations and their people as parents distributed by the "trickle-down" process. can reduce that figure. Only a realistic possi There has been limited though growing pres cannot count on these supplies. Related to the trade benefits to us which bility of a better future for them and their sure from donor countries on the leaders of children can motivate them to try. The help the developing world to redirect aid programs flow from their economic health is the op portunity· they offer to our business and of developed countries has made an impor to help poorer people more directly, whether tant contribution to a better future but through rural development, basic education, financial community to invest capital and skills to the benefit of millions of stock needs to do so even more effectively in the paramedical free health clinics, special nu years to come. Planning, family or other, trition projects, or the substitution of labor and bond holders and bank depositors, also taxpayers. must feed on this hope that the future can intensive for capital-intensive technologies be better. · 2. The external public debt of eighty-six in various sectors. Sometimes there have beim 8. Looking to the longer-term· future, the fewer sound project proposals of this sort larger developing countries at the end of 1974, owed to various donor countries and world may have to face constraints of one presented by devel,opin.g countries than do kind or another on the availability of non nors were p·repared to finance. This lack of international agencies, was $151 billion, of which nearly one-third was undisbursed. In renewable resources, or those like productive developing country support for domestic pol land and fresh water which are expansible, icies aimed directly at reducing absolute pov addition to this, and to a considerable vol ume of private debt, DAC countries at the if at all, only at sharply rising costs. There erty is reflected also in the emphasis given may also be ultimate constraints on environ generally in the North-South dialogue by end of 1973 had made direct private invest mental absorptive capacity, of which the the 77 to national contrasts in wealth and ments in developing countries of just under most plausible would limit the amount of power between the two groups of countries $60 billion, rising by some 10 percent a year. waste heat released to the atmosphere for rather than to individual poverty. We can Our governments, some of our financial in fear of engendering a calamitous change in hardly fault them for this set of attitudes stitutions, and some of our people would be the earth's climate. The timing and serious as we were much wealthier than they before poorer if economic conditions or political ness of such constraints will be affected by we paid very much attention to greater attitudes were to cause any significant pro how long and to what degree man continues equality in income distribution as a national portion of these debts to be canceled or ex to look primarily to the possession of more problem. pected income from them to be withheld. material objects not just for survival-food, What rights can legitimately be expected 3. Equally critical for the health of the clothing, and shelter-but as the prime re to flow from our role as aid-giver is a dif world financial systems is the handling of sources of happiness in general. A modest ficult question. However, it cannot be denied the huge external reserves being accumu shift toward spending a larger proportion that the half-truth that foreign aid "taxes lated by the OPEC members. Effective inter of incomes on services than on things is al the poor to give to the rich" has substantially national monetary arrangements depend in ready taking place in the most developed hurt the support for foreign aid in the United creasingly on their cooperation in managing countries. It may need encouragement. States. Concern for social justice is the major these reserves wisely in the global interest. The most likely candidates for serious argument for foreign aid today in only a 4. The environment in which we live-air, scarcities seem to involve arable land and few smaller European countries but they land, and water-is threatened by man's ac fresh water, fossil fuel energy supplies (es happen to be those doing the most for devel tions. Cooperation from developing countries pecially as petroleum or natural gas), and oping countries. Such concern could provide in controlling pollution and other damage certain minerals with specialized uses a more powe·rful rationale in the United to the environment will become more and (uranium, chrome, platinum, etc.). The con States if it could be given a more prominent more important as the years go by. This can straints may take the form of physical short place by all parties to the international de only be expected if the developing nations ages at any acceptable price or increased velopment effort. not only perceive the threat in time but costs of maintaining an adequate supply due Looking to the future, and having in mind also see a future for themselves worth pro to the need for larger investment of scarce the United States particularly, the most im- tecting. The pressures of present poverty capital or human skills. To prevent the re- December 8, 1977 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 38865 sultant constraints from putting greater need be less concerned about these issues ing quality of life. That common effort must limits than necessary on growth in individual than most other countries and need not, encompass the measures necessary to con well-being, and especially to avoid reductions therefore, take the lead with the risks this vince the governments and peoples of de in it, act ive programs along various lines are might in'lolve. These points may have some veloping countries that if they cooperate necessary, some of which will be induced by validity but the term less concerned is in there wlll be a better future for them, not price changes but others will require greater this case a long way from not being con only in terms of physical well-being but, just or lesser degrees of collaboration by the glo cerned at all. Our highly organized economy as important, of personal and national dig bal community. By far the most effective is particularly susceptible to disruption from nity and independence, with a full sharing way of avoiding intolerable pressures on land, external factors. We are finding it almost in decision making that affects their future. water, and food is to restrict the growth of impossible to keep out illegal immigrants or If this requires some remaking of the present global population, which also accelerates de narcotic drugs. We can avoid terrorist at international economic order, then we will velopment and the escape from poverty. For tacks from abroad and dangers of various need the cooperation of all to do it wisely other resources, however, rates of usage de sorts to Americans who travel abroad only and effectively. pend more heavily on the rate and nature at the very high cost of hermetically sealed Whenever international arrangements, pol of economic development-especially in sec borders, a condition hard to achieve under icies, and programs may be needed to meet ondary industry-than on population num current technological conditions. And wher these requirements, it is essential also that bers. Research on ways to discover new re ever political troubles start, whether isolated no nation, developed or developing, forget sources more readily, to make the use of acts of terror or nuclear attacks, the United that in nearly every case successful perform them more efficient, to locate substitutes, States will be a prime target, not because of ance depends upon national and, in turn, and to facilitate re-use, can make major con what we hav-e done so much as for what we individual actions. To set up the right inter tributions altough one can never be sure stand for in terms of wealth and power. Nor national institutions, to vote the right U.N. when needed breakthroughs will become can we close our borders to some forms of air resolutions, even to turn over substantial available. Research results cannot be pro and water pollution. sums of money to international bodies, will duced on a schedule. If a serious deterioration were to occur in solve no problem in the absence of national But if difficult situations should arise de international arrangements to deal effective will to act within each country to carry spite these and other measures that may be ly with the major areas of economic inter out the ~;~.ppropriate measures. thought of in future decades, it might be dependence, the impacts on the U.S. economy come desirable to guide reductions in the use would be serious. In fact, significant read of the more vital scarce goods in ways that justments in U.S. political structures might would refiect the marginal costs of depriva oo required to maintain internal order and DAVID K. E. BRUCE-IN tion to the consumer rather than relative our own security. The tendency would prob MEMORIAM market purchasing power. Thus a reduction ably be toward an enhancement of govern in food supplies should fall less heavily on a ment jurisdiction and power to a degree Mr. JAVITS, Mr. President, the Na person eating the minimum for survival than which most Americans would deplore. tion and the world have lost a great one who is eating more than is really good Nor could we avoid moral damage to our diplomat, a gracious and highly intelli for him because he can afford it. selves if we had to watch economic disaster A start should be made now to develop with all its fatal consequences spread around gent American, and, for many of us, a common programs to avoid or postpone the world. Without an effective international dear friend. scarcities and to think through what the framework there would be little one could Our hearts go out to Evangeline global reaction should be if they neverthe do to avoid it and nothing to do but watch Bruce, who has been Ambassador less arise. Doing so and establishing a suc it if it came. Emergency relief efforts can Bruce's partner these many years. cessful history of solving other global prob never replace continuing joint programs to The obituary on Ambassador Bruce lems together, like those of development, move the more than 1 billion very poor peo tells the story in his case. The facts are within a respected institutional framework ple in developing countries steadily farther themselves a legend. The Nation may would help to reduce the danger that such away from the brink of famine. constraints will lead to violence between rich Against these gloomy possibilities, the fact truly mourn its loss. and poor, among and within nations. that economically we might get along better The obituary from the New York These elements in the present and future in a disorganized world than our European Times, Tuesday, December 6, 1977: world order describe what interdependence or Japanese friends is relatively unimpor I ask unanimous consent to print the among the world's nations means. They offer tant, for their fate will have a considerable New York Times article in the RECORD. the main reasons why we must make an impact on our prospects. The alternative of There being no objection, the obituary extraordinary effort to put substantial con a "fortress America" is almost too frighten was ordered to be printed in the REcORD, tent into what word for all peoples by giving ing to contemplate. In fact, if we should as follows: them a future to care about and a willingness decide not to make a really vigorous effort to share with us the tasks of guarding that to work with the developing world, we would DAVID K. E. BRUCE, DIPLOMAT, DIES future against the many perils which certainly need as many as possible of the (By Albin Krebs) threaten it. Such a program has no ideologi OECD countries in our camp, a choice that David K. E. Bruce, one of the nation's cal bias between a capitalist or socialistic might not be made as readily by a number most gifted and seasoned diplomats, 'died economic system, only a prejudice in favor of them as we would like to believe. But early yesterday at Georgetown Medical Cen of that equality of opportunity for all hu for those which did, their greater vulnera ter in Washington. mans necessary to enable them to make the bility would call for further sacrifices from Mr. Bruce, who was 79 years old, suffered most of their capacities within the limits set us to help them adjust to a serious failure a heart attack Sunday at his home and was by the need for all to share whatever oppor of the world economic system, and thus admitted to the hospital at 10 P.M. He had tunities there are. make U.S. problems more acute. been retired since early 1976 after having Of course there can be no guarantee that It should be noted here that, as a result served 16 months as chief United States greater cooperation from the developed coun of long years of imposed or chosen eco delegate to the North Atlantic Treaty tries in the efforts of the developing countries nomic isolation, the USSR and her allies Organization. to improve the well-being of their peoples and the People's Republic of China, even Upon his retirement, he was awarded the can achieve significant results, given the far without new relations with some of the Medal of Freedom. more. important role that must be played by developing countries, might fare better rela Secretary of State Cyrus R. Vance said in the latter's governments and peoples. Nor can tively speaking than the U.S. in such cir a statement yesterday that Mr. Bruce had we be sure that improved future prospects, cumstances. In a chaotic world situation, "served the United States with great dis economic and other, will persuade develop closer relations with the Communist coun tinction" and "was among the most eininent ing nations to cooperate in solving the prob tries might in fact prove to be attractive diplomats of his generation:• lems of global interdependence in which we alternatives to some of our present friends Mr. Bruce was a man of great charm, wit have such an important stake. among the developed countries. and sympathy, whose easy skills n.t cooling Ideologies have a long record in history of The issue thus comes back to what the sometimes heated situations led him to a disrupting long-established and constructive United States and its friends should do, both distinguished career that included heading economic relationships. Yet no credible by what specific means and in terms of how three of his country's premier embassies, alternative to a joint effort to improve in big an effort. those in London, Paris and Bonn. dividual well-being in all its aspects seems If this analysis is correct, it is in the He was highly regarded in all those capi available for trying to overcome these divisive interest of the United States to play an tals, particularly in London, where he was loyalties, as we must if mankind is to be able active intellectual and material role among Ambassador for eight years, the longest that to share an improving future. the developed countries in seeking a basis anyone ever held that post. He also served The one alternative sometimes suggested is for cooperation among all countries that will in less glamorous and more vexing dip that the United States-with a large area enable a common effort to deal with critical lomatic assignments, such as the job he took behind wide oceans, high technology, rela global issues listed earlier, and do so in ways on in 1970-head of the American delega tively abundant natural resources, great mili that wlll permit all peoples, including Ameri tion at the stalemated Paris peace talks to tary power, and great economic strength- cans, to look forward to a steadily improv- end the war tn Vietnam. In addition, he was 38866 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE December 8, 1977 the first head of the U.S. liaison omce set the following year war had erupted in Eu whether diplomatic, social or financial, with up in Peking in 1973. rope, and Mr. Bruce, he recalled years later, a refreshing admixture of charm, toughness, After serving as Ambassador to France "knew instinctively that within months we amiab111ty, slyness, wit and an aura of off from 1949 to 1952, Mr. Bruce returned to would be deeply involved." He sought and handed expertise. He had a reputation as a Washington to become Under Secretary of won appointment as the chief representative man of reason, capable of being polite and State, and in 1953, he was made the special of the American Red Cross in London. Even quietly analytical on the most agitated of United States observer at the European De before the official entry of United States into subjects. When a diplomatic bargaining dis fense Commission and later was appointed the war late in 1941, Mr. Bruce had been re cussion turned uncomfortably overheated, representative to the European High Au cruited by Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan to he was apt to cool matters with generous thority for Coal and Steel. be the general's right-hand man in the for pourings of Dom Perignon. In the two latter posts, Mr. Bruce strove mation of the Office of Strategic Services, the He moved in a richly embossed world, one to achieve a united Europe, an undertaking intelligence-gathering organization that was in which he could keenly discuss the most that was only a partial success. He later re to evolve into the postwar Central Intell1- esoteric of books and speak learnedly on such garded the breakdown of attempts to com gence Agency. From 1943 until 1945 at the subjects as fine silver and furniture. An avid pletely unify Europe as "a great failure for height of World War II, Mr. Bruce com and knowledgeable art collector, he at one the United States as well as a great personal manded the O.S.S. in the European Theater time served as president of the National Gal failure." of Operations. lery of Art in Washington. Mr. Bruce's knowl SERVED SIX PRESIDENTS WED MELLON'S DAUGHTER edge of the arts stood him in good stead in Mr. Bruce was a Democrat, but in his diplo discoursing on diplomatic problems. "In po Mr. Bruce came from a moderately well-to litical affairs," he once told a news conference matic roles he was strictly nonpartisan. He do family, and never had to do without. He took on assignments from Presidents Harry S. in Bonn, "the inab111ty of nations to com did not become a rich man, however, until pose their differences constitutes a dishar Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. after he married his first wife. She was Ailsa Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard M. mony that would be insufferable to any art Mellon, the only daughter of Andrew W. Mel loving audience." Nixon, and Gerald R. Ford. lon, the multimillionaire industrialist who Upon his first "retirement" from the State A raconteur of considerable repute, Mr. was Secretary of the Treasury at the time of Bruce liked to regale his friends and audi Department, in 1969, when he left his post his daughter's marriage to Mr. Bruce in 1926. in London because of health problems, Mr. ences with anecdotes about an assortment The following year, Mr. Bruce left the For of relatives, his favorite being a 102-year-old Bruce said "The cardinal rule for an am eign Service and moved with his wife to New bassador in a foreign country is to cherish grandmother. He once told a delighted York, where, for the next several years, he audience about "the old lady, who had long no antipathies or attachments for particular was active in the management of the Mellon domestic political parties or programs. This, abandoned any effort to communicate with business interests and in the firm of W. A. relatives, addressing them only in French, fortunately, does not forbid him to contract Harriman & Co. (At one point he was a friendships regardless of parties, or love the a language none of them understood.'' "She director of some two dozen corporations.) loathed Baltimore," he said, "although she country of his residence dispassionately." While acquiring the base for a fortune, Mr. Mr. Bruce was called out of retirement a acknowledged the excellence of its shellfish.'' Bruce became the close friend of W. Averell When fire swept the city, he said, his cen year later for the Paris Vietnam talks, then Harriman, who was later to have a hand in the Peking post, and in 1974 he became the tenarian progenitor perched on her roof. getting him back into diplomatic channels. "There goes the national bank!" She had American representative to the North At David and Ailsa Mellon Bruce were di lantic Treaty Organization in Brussels. He made joyous exclamations such as, her bonds vorced in 1945. Their only child was lost with in that bank, Mr. Bruce said, but she was then 76 years old. her husband, Stephen R. Currier, in a 1967 Mr. Bruce was a descendant of old and later explained she had always detested its airplane crash in the Caribbean. architecture. distinguished Maryland families. His father, Later in 1945 Mr. Bruce married Evangeline William Cabell Bruce, was a United States Despite his smoothness and calm de Bell, daughter of a career Foreign Service of meanor, however, Mr. Bruce could on occasion Senator from Maryland and was noted as a ficer, and they had three children, Alexandra, lawyer and an author (his biography, "Ben be blunt. At one point, during the frustrating David and Nicholas. Their daughter died in Vietnam negotiations in Paris, he became jamin Franklin, Self-Revealed," won the 1975. Pulitzer Prize in 1918). Mr. Bruce's mother incensed afer Xuan Thuy, the North Viet Evangeline Bruce, a woman noted for her namese representative, began an intemperate, was the former Louise Este Fisher, a member taste and beauty, loved her husband's assign of one of Baltimore's first fammes. His older personal attack on President Nixon. ments abroad, but managed at the same time Mr. Bruce told him coldly: "Your choice brother, James, was to become Ambassador to to preside over the couple's three permanent Argentina in the 1940's. Born in Baltimore on of words and your attitude ... with regard to households, a red brick house in the George President Nixon [are l shameful and com Feb. 12; 1898 David Kirkpatrick Este Bruce town area of Washington, a Gothic-style had a comfortable upbringing, attending pri pletely inadmissible. At least one should be mansion on the old tobacco plantation in courteous if one cannot be quiet." He added vate schools· and moving in the best circles. Virginia and an (l.partment in London. He entered Princeton in 1915, but left in testily that "there have never been any true In 1947, at Mr. Harriman's urging, Mr. negotiations." 1917, in his sophomore year, to enlist in the Bruce served as Assistant Secretary of Com Army. While serving in the artillery in merce and the following year became chief Mr. Bruce's role in the Paris talks ended France, he received a battlefield commission of the European Cooperation Administra in frustration and deadlock on July 29, 1971, and was discharged as a first lieutenant. tion Mission to France, a job in which he but later it was revealed that with his help, Secretary of State Kissinger had had secret DELIVERING A PIANO channeled Marshall Plan aid into France's postwar recovery. In 1949 he became Ambas talks with the Communists side that even After the war Mr. Bruce served briefly as a tually helped break the deadlock. diplomatic courier in Europe, quitting in sador to Paris and remained there until 1952 disgust after !leing assigned to deliver a baby and his return to Washington to be Under A GRACEFUL SPEAKER grand piano to a Y.M.C.A. in Istanbul. He Secretary of State. Mr. Bruce, who walked with a slight limp attended the law schools of the University In 1957 President Eisenhower ignored the because of a wartime injury or gout (none of Virginia and the University of Maryland, protests of' his fellow Republicans over Mr. of his friends was able to determine the and after being admitted to the Maryland bar Bruce's $1,000 campaign contribution to the exact cause), was well over 6 feet tall. He in 1921 set up practice in Baltimore. In 1924 1956 Democratic campaign and appointed spoke fluent French, but found it rough he was elected to the Maryland House of him Ambassador to West Germany. Presi going in Bonn because he knew little Ger Delegates. dent Kennedy sent him to London in 1961. man. He was a graceful extemporaneous He joined the Foreign Service the following The Bruces were admired and loved by the speaker with a trace of a Tidewater accent. year and was assigned to Rome as a vice con British, who appreciated their knack for He dressed excellently and unfiashlly. sul, With the primary duty of screening seeming down-to-earth, taking their children A man of exceptional warmth and gen would-be emigrants to the United States, to a pub for traditional steak and kidney pie erosity, he never hesitated to spend his d\vn While in that job Mr. Bruce met Benito Mus washed down with a pint of bitter. (Mr. money in carrying out his diplomatic as solin! and told him, undiplomatically: "I've Bruce was also a gourmet of great sophisti signments. For example, when he was Am been here for six months and my luggage is cation and kept impressively stocked wine bassador to France, he used nearly the stm being held by your Customs." Hours cellars in his homes.) The embassy in. Lon entire annual entertainment expense al later the luggage was delivered to his apart don entertained all sorts of people-writers lowance furnished by the State Department ment. and artists, long-haired dropouts, the so just for the traditional Fourth of July party During the 1930's Mr. Bruce, who had es cially, prominent and the politically power for the American colony in Paris. He thus tablished residence in Virginia, bought a 500- ful. assumed responsib111ty for the payment of acre tobacco plantation and worked it as a As Prime Minister Harold Wilson told Mr. all other debts in connection with embassy gentleman farmer. He also invested in a plant Bruce, "Your ambassadorial epitaph w111 receptions and entertainments for the rest that manufactured parachutes in Virginia. never contain the phrase 'United States Am of the year. In 1939 he was elected to that state's House bassador to the Establishment.'" Discussing the role of an ambassador, of Delegates Mr. Bruce was a man of singular grace Mr. Bruce once said: "The dictionary defi Hls tenure was short-lived, however. By who seemed able to perform any task, nition of diplomacy is the simplest and December 8, 1977 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 38867 most a.ccura.te of all-diplomacy is the But in any event I urge Senators to be we will be here and possibly dispose of management o! international relations by prepared for possible rollcall votes a week the matter on that date. negotiation. It is not a. system of moral from today. Mr. BAKER. Mr. President, I thank philosophy, it is rather the application of Mr. BAKER. Mr. President, will the the majority leader, and I might just say 1ntell1gence and tact to the conduct of o! for the record that we have an expres fl.olal relations between the governments of majority leader yield? Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. I yield. sion of strong preference from Senator independent states." YouNG, who, of course, is the ranking Funeral services !or Mr. Bruce will be Mr. BAKER. Mr. President, I under held at 2:30 P.M. Friday a.t St. John's stand the statement of the majority minority member on the Appropriations Church on Lafayette Square in Washington. leader to be that Thursday the 15th of Committee, to do it the week of the 19th, December then will be a business day for and I will contact Senator YouNG and ask all practical purposes. him to be in touch with his counterpart, NOTICE CONCERNING NOMINATION Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Yes. Senator STENNIS, to see if they can work BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON THE Mr. BAKER. I had hoped, and a num that matter out to their satisfaction. But JUDICIARY ber of Members on this side of the aisle I would like to note now that on this side Mr. EASTLAND. Mr. President, the had indicated their preference, that we would express a preference for the following nomination has been referred these things might be grouped together 19th in order to take account of the re to and is now pending before the Com to deal with on the 19th of December in quirements of Senator YouNG as he has mittee on the Judiciary: stead of the 15th. Do I gather from the in mind. Mack Burton, of Arkansas, to be U.S majority leader's remarks that that is Mr. President, may I ask the majority marshal for the western district of Ar not a practical alternative in his view? leader one other question? kansas for the term of 4 years vice Lee R. Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. I would like to Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Yes. Owen. have seen the 9th as the day for action Mr. BAKER. I wonder if he can give On behalf of the Committee on +;he on social security financing rather than us any idea now about the possibility of Judiciary, notice is hereby given to all the 15th, but the House will be in on the further recesses of the Senate or even of persons interested in this nomination to 15th, and I discussed the matter with the sine die adjournment for this session? file with the committee, in writing, on or Speaker earlier today. It was his feeling Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. I think that before Thursday, December 15, 1977, any that the House might dispose of the con there will have to be a sine die adjourn representations or objections they may ference report on the morning of next ment before January 3, or as of noon wish to present concerning the above Thursday. That being the case, I feel January 3, the Constitution requiring the nomination with a further statement that the Senate should be prepared to two Houses to meet once each year, un whether it is their intention to appear at take it up once the papers reach the less that date is changed by law. So as to any hearing which may be scheduled. Chamber; otherwise, if the Senate when there will be sine die adjournment, waited until Tuesday, in the event that I am just in no position at the moment there were disagreement between the two to venture a conjecture. RECOGNITION OF THE Houses and the papers had to go back to The conferees continue to work on the LEADERSHIP the other body, it might very well be that energy bills, and I believe that some The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem the other body would have problems with progress is being made, and I would hope pore. The Senator from West Virginia. attendance the following week. for continuing progress. I would hope that the conferees could complete their PROGRAM FOR MONDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1977 It is conceivably an eventuality that some problem would be encountered with work before Christmas. It will take a Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. President, social security financing even on next week or 10 days after the conferees reach the Senate will shortly go out until next Thursday. But just so that we might be agreement for the papers to be prepared Monday at 11 a.m. The 11 a.m. Monday prepared, I think that the Senate should and the report to be written, and this morning session will be strictly pro be ready on Thursday to handle the con would mean that, if the conferees were forma. The Chair will convene the Sen ference report if it comes over from the able to finish their work before Christ ate. Immediately the Senate will go out. other body. mas, we would probably have to come There will be no business transacted. May I say again that I, too, would have back in January to act on the conference There will be no statements included in preferred waiting until the Tuesday reports. the RECORD of that day, no bills or reso after, which would mean the 20th of lutions introduced, and following that I would prefer to see the Senate do its December, but because the House is go work on those conference reports before pro forma session the Senate will go ing to take up the conference report next over until next Thursday, a week from the second session formally begins. Thursday, I believe that the Senate I would rather not carry over the en today. should be here and be ready to follow PROGRAM FOR THURSDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1977 ergy legislation into the second session through with action on that day, if in or into February, I will put it that way. The Senate will convene at 11 a.m. on deed the House does send over the con Thursday, December 15. Hopefully on ference report. And so if the conferees complete their Thursday the Senate will be able to take Mr. BAKER. Mr. President, I thank the work and we can do the Senate floor up the social security conference report majority leader. work on the conference in early Janu if the House of Representatives acts I am also concerned about the mate ary, then I would hope that we would thereon. rial dealing with the B-1 bomber. I know proceed accordingly so as to dispose of It is my understanding that the House there are Members on this side who think the energy legislation as soon as possible of Representatives will convene at it is urgently important for them to be and get it down to the President. 10 a.m. on Thursday. The Senate will here. I think many of them would prefer Mr. BAKER. Mr. President, I thank convene at 11 a.m. that that matter be taken up the week of my friend, the majority leader, and it The Senate hopefully will also be able the 19th. Is there any possibility that will be a surprise to no one to know that to dispose of the legal services conference that item might be deferred then until he and I have discussed this matter in report. the 19th or 20th to the satisfaction of an informal way before we held the col The matter involving the B-1 bomber the majority leader? loquy and the information he imparts to will likely be taken up on Thursday. Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. I would not me then not totally surprising. Mr. STENNIS, the chairman of the con rule out that possibility. I did get word I wish to say, Mr. President, that it ferees on that matter, will be prepared from Mr. STENNIS this morning to the would be extremely difficult for many to take up the issue. effect that he would hope that we could Members, possibly all Members, on this So Senators will be well advised, I take up that matter next Thursday. If side of the aisle to readjust their sched think, to anticipate possible rollcall votes Mr. STENNIS and Mr. YOUNG should work ules for the time after Christmas and on Thursday, a week from today, on any it out between themselves that it should before the projected reconvening date of one or more of those three items. be taken up the following Tuesday, then January 19. There may be other items ready for that could be arranged. However, as of And I hope there may be an oppor action by that time, and I speak with this moment at least, my information tunity to consider this matter further and reference to conference reports. I do not from Mr. STENNIS is that he would like to discuss it in greater detail with the foresee any rollcall votes on nominations. to proceed next Thursday inasmuch as majority leader. Since we talked earlier. 38868 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 8, 19 77 I find there are very, very strong objec have said at this point, but I do not want Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Good. tions on this side to trying to rearrange to leave anything on the record that Mr. MATSUNAGA. We did pass a reso that schedule as we have previously an anyone could interpret as any sign of lution amongst the Senate conferees this nounced. pessimism on my part, and I appreciate morning that we had determined to come I understand the difficulties ·of his po the questions that have been asked, by out with an energy package and this sition and the importance of trying to the distinguished minority leader. He ex might confirm the views of the majority finish this legislation, and I know he un presses the concern that has been evi leader and the hope of the minority derstands because I have said many times denced to him. But I hope we could just leader that the conferees will come out from this place that I, too, want to see leave the record stand that insofar as with something. I think we now have an an energy bill passed. I in no way want the floor work on the conference reports attitude-and I might say that the vote to stop this. I committed to that earlier is concerned, we will schedule that after was 15 to 3-we have determined to come this year with the foreknowledge that I due consultations among us, and it will out with some energy package. probably was not going to like what came be scheduled in consideration of those Mr. BAKER. Which side of the aisle out in terms of the final legislative prod who manage the conference reports, in were the three on? uct. But I feel an obligation to pass an consideration of the problems of the Mr. MATSUNAGA. The three were on energy bill. So I do understand the posi other body, and in consideration of our our side. They had their own personal tion of the majority leader, but I would own respective viewpoints. reasons. hope that we might consider this matter Mr. BAKER. Mr. President, I Mr. BAKER. I just wanted to be a little further because I have very, very thank-- exonerated. strong expressions of objection to chang Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. President, will Mr. MATSUNAGA. With a vote of 15 ing that brief time between sine die ad the distinguished majority leader yield? to 3 they did pass the resolution to come journment and reconvening in terms of Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Could I yield out with some energy package. plans that have long been made and be to the minority leader first? Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. I am de come more important because we have Mr. BAKER. I thank the Senator from lighted. I think it is entirely conceivable been in so long this year. Hawaii for letting me interrupt for a that we could see some action on confer Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. I regret that moment only to say that I thank the ence reports before Christmas. That is this discussion took place in a way be majority leader for that additional in not outside the realm of possibility, and cause I am afraid that it may leave the formation and insight, and I am fully so may I reassure the distinguished mi impression that the outlook for energy sensitive to the difficulties that he always nority leader that I think the important legislation is rather gloomy. I do not has in trying to arrange the business of thing is for the conferees to get their want to leave that impression. I think the Senate. And I always want to be work done and to get the conference re the conferees are making progress, and helpful in that respect. ports signed, and then we will all get I think there is a good likelihood that Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. The Senator our heads in a huddle and we will work the conferees may complete action on is always helpful. out the scheduling for the debate on the the legislation in conference before Mr. BAKER. And I want to pass on to conference reports on the floor. Christmas. As to what happens there him today the difficulties that I find on Mr. BAKER. I thank the majority after is conjectural. this side of the aisle about readjusting leader. I think we always have to think in schedules and to tell him that I appreci The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem terms of the other body. We have to give ate his reassurance of his willingness to pore, All time of the leadership has ex consideration to the feelings and the consider this matter and to discuss it pired. advice certainly and counsel of the with those of us in the minority. I would Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. President, managers of the conference reports and join him, however, in one other thing, there can be no business before the Sen the ranking minority members. and that is nothing is meant by this ate. I think all has been said. So my reaction to the able minority colloquy to indicate that either of us, I leader's question really is off the top of believe, have any doubt or lessening of my head. It may very well be that once commitment to the passage of an energy ADJOURNMENT UNTIL MONDAY, DE the conference reports have been signed, package. We have disagreed on the de CEMBER 12, 1977, AT 11 A.M. the managers of the bills and the rank tails, but we are long past that point, and I am not expressing any view except Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. President, ing minority members would prefer to I shall move that the Senate stand in ad wait until the 19th of January. that I wish to accommodate the sched uling requirements of Members of the journment, under the order previously Certainly, my scheduling will be fi Senate on this side of the aisle for whom entered, with thanks to the very distin nalized once I have advised with them, I am responsible, and it has nothing to guished Presiding Officer, the junior Sen once I have advised with the minority do with the probability of the outcome ator from Georgia, who does such a su leader, apd we can I think always find a of the conference. perb job in all the work he does, not only reasonable, feasible, and workable ap Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. I thank the in presiding over the Senate, but in his proach to the floor scheduling of those distinguished minority leader. work on committees. May I say in that matters. Mr. ·BAKER. I thank the majority regard that when he speaks I listen. And I have voiced the hope that we could leader. so I move that the Senate stand in ad complete the action on the floor in the Mr. MATSUNAGA. I thank the ma journment until the hour of 11 a.m., event all other things were equal before jority leader for yielding. Monday, December 12, 1977. we started into the next session in a for In listening, I thought as a member of The motion was agreed to, and, at mal way. the energy conference committee I might 1:25 p.m., the Senate adjourned until There is nothing final about what I strike an optimistic note here. · Monday, December 12, 1977, at 11 a.m. EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS GOOD NEWS-PAPERWORK IS ful, and lethargic. In recent years, the DOD employees that the surveys, studies, REDUCED AT DOD Defense Department has been particu or reports they sought were not needed or larly subjected to stich easy criticism. already existed somewhere else. On this occasion it gives me real pleas In fiscal years 1975 and 1976, this dedi HON. DAVID C. TREEN ure to call to my colleague's attention a cated public servant is credited with sav OF LOUISIANA recent news account which addresses the ing the Defense Department (and the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES particular accomplishments of Mr. Bob taxpayers) $40 million. Kelley, a DOD Management Analyst. Mr. The following article spells out the Thursday, December 8, 1977 Kelley has demonstrated unusual zeal details of Mr. Kelley's accomplishments. Mr. TREEN.·Mr. Speaker, Members of and ability in reducing paperwork, avoid I wish to publicly commend him for his Congress frequently find it easy to criti ing costly and unnecessary dwta collec outstanding work. He has set a fine ex cize the bureaucracy as inefficient, waste- tion, and ·convincing many well meaning ample for others and has proven that the