cringing embassies within Reach ot the Press by Richard Gilbert Improving Public Diplomacy by Hans N. Tuch A Cuban Dissident’s Story by George Gedda The Blues of Zona Rosa by Martha F. Brady Plus: Financial Planning Supplement THE LEADER OP THE

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Honoring the Service, Sacrifice and Dedication of The Foreign Service and Their Families

May 4,1990

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Coming Together Foreign Service Day, when our retired colleagues will join us for the presentation of awards, a solemn plaque inscription ceremony, and a review of world events, is more than a reunion. It is a reminder to us AMERICAN FOREIGN still in active service of the wealth of dedication and intellect that today’s SERVICE ASSOCIATION Foreign Service corps inherits from those who went before us. Our May Governing Board 4 activities are also an uplifting time, a welcome respite from the daily President: THEODORE S. WILKINSON State Vice President: GEORGE F. JONES frustrations of prescribed procedures and forms. AID Vice President: WENDELL MORSE USIA Vice President: VANCE PACE Those who return will find elements of continuity. There is still plenty Retiree Vice President: CHARLES A. SCHMITZ of dedication within the Foreign Service, as the awards citations will attest; Secretary: MICHAEL COTTER Treasurer: MICHAEL DAVILA the same respect persists for integrity, versatility, excellence, and of course State Representatives: PURNELL DELLY service. That’s what we’re all about. And yes, our colleagues emeriti will EILEEN HEAPHY DAVID T. JONES recognize the ongoing struggle with the Office of Management and Budget ROSS QUAN and with the Congress for adequate foreign affairs appropriations, which DAVID SMITH AID Representatives: PAULA BRYAN continues just as when they left the Service. Nor is there anything new SAMUEL SCOTT USIA Representative: OMIE KERR in the administration’s dreary annual assault on cost-of-living increases Retired Representatives: JOHN J. HARTER in our retired colleagues’ annuities. L. BRUCE LAINGEN But there is plenty of ferment, too, internally as well as (obviously) on DAVID SCHNEIDER the world scene. Stung by reprimands from the courts and by critiques Staff Executive Director: SABINE SISK from the General Accounting Office—and with statistics showing that General Counsel: TURNA LEWIS Controller: CATHY FREGELETTE the percentage of women in the Foreign Service of the State Department Member Services remained static at 24 percent throughout the decade, and that women Director: CHRIS BAZAR Member Sendees constitute only 5 percent of the Senior Foreign Service now—our new Representatives: AMY L. MACEACHIN leadership has bent over backward to place women in key positions with CATHERINE SCHMITZ Membership Coordinator: JANE T L. SCHOUMACHER promotion potential, encouraging each bureau to have at least one woman Membership Assistant: LISA SCHROETER as a deputy assistant secretary. Minority representation did increase signifi¬ Lepal Assistant: CHRISTOPHER PERINE Law Clerks: JAY EISENBF.RG cantly in the eighties, including at the senior level, but remains below LINDA VEGA Conference Coordinator: BRIAN HENNESSEY levels in the general U.S. workforce. AFSA supports the efforts of manage¬ Administrative Assistant: CHAMPA JARMUL ment to attract high-caliber minority representatives, in particular black Executive Assistants: BARBARA THOMPSON officers (currently only 6 percent of the Service). MELISSA HATHAWAY Professional Issues The ferment extends also to the structure of the State career system, RICHARD S. THOMPSON which is being modernized somewhat now in negotiations between AFSA Congressional Liaison and management that will result in a more flexible “cone” system, more ROBERT M. BEERS, RICK WEISS Scholarship Programs stimuli for service training, and a number of changes in time-in-class CRISTIN K. SPRINGF.T rules, including for senior officers. Scholarship Assistant How else do we need to adapt for the nineties? Now that communism STACY MAC PH AIL is cannibalizing itself, is it still relevant to claim to be the country’s first The American Foreign Service Association, founded line of defense in peacetime? Our answer is yes, but we need to retrain in 1924, is the professional association of the For¬ to deal with a changing set of challenges. The enemies are as much transna¬ eign Service and the official representative of all tional as national—narcotics trafficking, overpopulation, depletion of natu¬ Foreign Service employees in the Department of State and the Agency for International Development ral resources, despoliation of the biosphere, uncontrolled refugee flows, under the terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. etc.— and multilateral work is bound more and more to displace tradi¬ Active or Retired membership in AFSA is open to all current or retired employees of the U.S. foreign tional bilateral diplomacy. Simplistic, confrontational explanations of our affairs agencies. Associate membership is open to international concerns will be even less saleable than they are today. The persons having an interest in or close association tough task that the practitioners of public diplomacy face is discussed in with the Foreign Service. Annual dues: Active Mem¬ bers—$80-165; Retired Members—$45-55; Associ¬ two articles in this issue. ate Members—$45. All AFSA members are mem¬ A second major challenge for the next decade will be helping to restore bers of the Foreign Service Club. Please note: AFSA America’s competitiveness. To the extent that military strength becomes dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business superfluous, our influence will rest even more on economic strength, and expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholar¬ our export performance needs to improve a lot more. To draw closer to ship and AFSA Fund donations may be deductible our private sector partners in this endeavor, AFSA is appealing to corpo¬ as charitable contributions. • AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION rate America to join us as “international associates,” and we can now point 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Ex¬ with some pride to a growing list of successfully completed colloquia. ecutive offices, membership, professional issues, schol¬ arship programs, insurance programs, JOURNAL of¬ Our coming together must not be limited to the narrow community of fices: (202)338-4045. Governing Board, standing Foreign Service professionals. If we are to work together to reinvigorate committees, general counsel, labor-management rela¬ tions, member services, grievances: (202)647- America’s international leadership, we need to build a foreign affairs con¬ 8160. stituency that includes our exporters and potential exporters, and AFSA • Foreign Service Club (202)338-5730. is working hard to stimulate that. —led Wilkinson 2 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 Editorial Board Chairman Improving Public Diplomacy 14 HOWARD SCHAFFER RICHARD AHERNE Hans N. Tuch WILLIAM BEECHER PETER BENEDICT HELEN FOUCHE Strengthening USIA’s mission by trimming BENJAMIN LOWE LYNN SEVER the agency’s goals THEODORE WILKINSON “The Independent How Much Should the Public Know? 19 Voice of the Foreign Service” Richard Gilbert Editor ANN LUPPI Embassies should practice ‘all possible Associate Editor ANNE STEVENSON YANG candor’ with the press Assistant Editor/ Advertising Manager JULIA T. SCHIEKEN Testing ’s Limits 24 The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is pub lished monthly except August by the Ameri¬ can Foreign Service Association, a private George Gedda non-profit organization. Material appear¬ ing herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent An aspiring Cuban politician discovers the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries invited. how far dissent can go JOURNAL subscriptions: AFSA Mem¬ bers—included in annual dues; Others, S25. Overseas subscriptions (except Canada), $35 per year. Airmail not available. Journal: The Blues of Zona Rosa 30 Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C., and at additional post office. Postmas¬ ter: Send address changes to AFSA, 2101 Martha F. Brady E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Microfilm copies: University Microfilm An account of the 1985 Salvadoran massacre Library Services, Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed by one who was there by Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries invited. The ap pearance of advertisements herein does not imply AFSA endorsement of the services or goods offered. In Memory: “Arnie, Bill, and Bonnie” 42

© American Foreign Service Arthur Lezin Association, 1990 ISSN 0015-7279 May 1990, Vol. 67, no. 5 Finding a Financial Planner Connie Dupras and Elizabeth Lee Cover: U.S. embassies abroad Do you need help planning your finances? If so, here’re some pointers. sometimes find the needs of diplomacy conflict with the public’s right to know. On page AFSA Views 2 10 • 25 • 50 6 19, former Moscow information Clippings 8 Books 36 officer Richard Gilbert explores Realtors 40 AFSA News 57 how to bring embassies within reach of the press. Washington- Advertisers’ Index/ area artist David Chen made the Marketplace 48 cover drawing for the JOURNAL.

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most FSJ, May 1980 Officers at the U.S. embassy in Tehran who questioned restrictions on important contacts with opposition leaders or the Islamic establishment were told that critical information might be leaked and distorted by the shah’s enemies. Those signs of trouble that U.S. officials in Washington did detect, such as the reports of torture by the Iranian secret police publicized in congressional investment hearings and the press, they chose, for the most part, to ignore. Two tendencies grew and reinforced each other in the process: the inclination to view Iran through the shah’s imperial periscope and the propensity to equate with the U.S. interests with those of the Pahlevi dynasty. ttWhy Bother About Human Rights?” by Sandy Vogeljjcsanjj management FSJ, May 1965 Alexander DeTrop, 54, EFSO-3, is, as his rating indicates, a career Expellable Foreign Service officer. ... A succession of State Department professionals selection panels have given him top rating for a distinguished career of being thrown out ot the USSR (twice), Poland, Ghana, Ceylon, Indonesia, and Bulgaria. . . . With the rank of Expellable Minister a clear possibility within you trust. the next two or three years, DeTrop is, accordingly, an outstanding exemplar of a too seldom honored profession in the federal service. He is one of the best of that selfless breed whose business it is to be declared persona non Rental and Management jjrata in a succession of hardship posts in the far corners of the globe. . . . oj Tine 'Properties in DeTrop explained the whole system: Northwest ‘DC, CheVy Chase, “When the United States discovers some foreign diplomat engaged in espionage, smuggling, dope peddling, exotic erotics, or the like,” he said, Be the id a and Potomac “and it becomes necessary to eject him, experience shows that some officer in our diplomatic mission in his country of exactly similar rank and duties will be expelled in retribution.” “Obviously, it would be folly to leave to chance, or the decision of the foreign country, who that officer will be . . . prudence dictates that we place an Expellable officer in our embassy, whose retributative hurling-out will cause us no harm. Hence my profession.” “Expellable DeTrop Tells His Secrets,” by Alfred Friendly FSJ, May 1940 In [the early 19th century] the seamen were not pampered and treated as they are today, as is evidenced by a hearing before the consul involving mutiny by five members of the whaling barque Emma of New Bedford. The men refused to obey orders, complaining of the food, and refused to appear Executive Housing at the consulate until the consul ordered them brought before him in irons. The consul, after personally inspecting the food supplies and finding them Consultants, Inc. fresh and sufficient, ordered the men back. As they refused, the consul ruled, 7315 Wisconsin Avenue “I pronounce the act of refusing duty and setting the master’s authority at Suite 1020 East defiance mutinous conduct and in consideration of their refusal to go on board after a hearing before me, I hereby order and decree that for the Bethesda, Maryland 20814 purpose of bringing them to return on board and to duty, that they each 301/951-4111 receive two dozen lashes with a piece of 12 thread rariine rope after which, if they still refuse, to confine them in the fort and receive the flogging every ‘We care for your home day as often as they can bear it until they submit.” A note follows that after one flogging, “every man requested to be allowed as if it vdere our oWn. ” to go to duty.” “Early Records of the Consulate at Zanzibar,” by E. Talbot Smith

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Education hardship Letter from Efraim A. Cohen, FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL “Clip¬ Washington, D.C. pings”] appeals to Congress to create , March 21, equality in the federal workplace by 1990 “Cosdy Schooling for Diplomats’ Chil¬ taking from Foreign Service employees Letter from Anne L. Clunan, dren” alleges that a recent internal many of the basic due process rights Washington, D.C. audit questioned “whether the 25 granted to them under the Foreign percent [hardship] bonus was war¬ Service Act of 1980. The writer I am the daughter of a Foreign ranted for 127 of the 145 posts that claims that when accused of violating Service officer who has served his qualify for hardship pay.” The con¬ the law, Foreign Service employees country for 26 years. I was also a cept of paying employees increased “should be treated just like everyone beneficiary of the education stipend compensation in consideration of ex¬ else” rather than receiving more rights berated by Jack Anderson and Dale treme hardships experienced overseas than Civil Sendee employees. Van Atta in their column “Costly is common to many private American Foreign Service personnel spend a Schooling for Diplomats’ Children” employers. Similarly, allowances are majority of their careers serving at (March 1). authorized by Congress to enable the U.S. posts worldwide. In order to My father was stationed in Belgrade, government to maintain a competent allow them adequate opportunity to Yugoslavia, when I first needed the work force abroad and to avoid plac¬ defend themselves against allegations education allowance, which was then ing the employee at a financial disad¬ of wrongdoing, Congress designed $10,000. I had completed the final vantage. the act to take into account the (eighth) grade in the only English Of the 238 State Department posts, unique conditions that are the norm school in Belgrade and had the choice 145 receive hardship differentials rang¬ in Foreign Sendee employment and of going to a boarding school or to a ing from 10 to 25 percent. Only 43 that simply do not prevail in a pre¬ local school to be instructed in Ser¬ posts (including locations such as dominantly domestic Civil Service. bian, a language I did not know. My Khartoum, Kabul, and Georgetown, The act grants employees longer parents opted for the former. Guyana) receive 25 percent. The audit periods to respond to allegations at As Messrs. Anderson and Van Atta cited in the article, part of a routine, each stage of the appeals process. noted, the State Department policy is ongoing process of reviewing all State This is only to allow for the distances to send diplomats’ children to the Department operations to ensure maxi¬ involved and uneven, often unreliable “least expensive adequate [meaning mum efficiency, recommended reevalu¬ mail deliver)' systems. And should the English-language] schools nearest the ation of differentials at 25 of the 145 employees request a hearing, they post.” The nearest adequate school posts. The auditors also made recom¬ cannot be taken off the State Depart¬ to Belgrade was in Italy, with an mendations that may result in in¬ ment rolls until the conclusion of the annual tuition of $14,000. I was sent creased rates at some other posts. hearing. instead to an American boarding Messrs. Anderson and Van Atta This was intended to cover the school, where tuition, room, and also characterize the $14,900 educa¬ cases of employees stationed thou¬ board were $9,100. That left $900 in tion allowance for Foreign Service sands of miles from Washington. Em¬ savings for the U.S. government and children abroad as a “sky-high sti¬ ployees suspended abroad would be U.S. taxpayers (among whom, I might pend” when compared with Defense stranded there with their families and add, Foreign Service officers are in¬ Department schools that cost approxi¬ unable to defend themselves against cluded). The end result was that I mately $5,000 per year per pupil. charges against them in the U.S. was educated in the American school The education allowance is not a unless and until they could relocate system, received a better education, stipend. Rather, it is the maximum at their own expense. lived in and learned about my own reimbursement for officers assigned The Federal Times editorial country and saved the government to posts that do not have adequate stemmed from the case of an Agency money. local educational facilities. for International Development em¬ To suggest that the “perks” that ployee, David Devin, who was in¬ the Foreign Service enjoys are unwar¬ Due process dicted for his alleged involvement in ranted is unjust. When serving their the smuggling of gold. The fact that country in places that may not have a Federal Times, March 26, 1990 Devin was allowed to remain on the steady supply of things like electricity, Letter from Ted Wilkinson, ATS A rolls even after he was indicted for water, gas, and food, Foreign Service and pled guilty to a felony, indicated officers are entitled to allowances to A recent editorial [“Double Stan¬ that an exploitable weakness existed make their service less of a hardship dards,” Jan. 29, 1990, see March in the appeal procedure. That weak¬ on their families. ness has now been eliminated by a

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The Washington Post, March 9, 1990

Felix Bloch, suspected of spying for the , has asked to appear before a diplomatic review board to appeal his dismissal as a security risk. . . . Department spokesman Margaret Tutwiler said the appearance was re¬ quested by Bloch’s attorney but no hearing date has been set. The department announced Feb. 8 that under provisions of a law permit¬ ting suspension or dismissal of a federal employee “in the interest of national security,” Bloch, 54, had been suspended, his annual salary of $80,700 was being withheld, and steps were being taken to fire him. Bloch had 30 days to file an appeal, which must be considered by a review board. . . . The three-person review board has the option of reinstating him. But Tutwiler said, “If he is not reinstated his employment will be terminated.” Bloch has been under investigation since he was placed on paid leave on June 22. He has not been charged with any crime. . . . Tutwiler said the review board will be closed because ‘When the caCC comes to move, there will be “discussions of national security and intelligence matters.” She CaCC guardian said she did not know if Bloch can take his case to the courts if his appeal is rejected. Micropolitics

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ATTENTION... axiom explains how James Baker III policy himself is beyond criticism. His runs the State Department for Presi¬ judgment that the professionals can PEOPLE on the dent Bush. . . . Baker sees the clusters be and often are very wrong comes MOVE. . . of decisions to be made in terms of from more than 20 years in key decision-makers. He works at relation¬ government posts. But carried to ships. Policy evolves from relation¬ excess, that mind-set is disruptive. It ships, and not the reverse. . . . is not easy to revise or even fine-tune The department also benefits from policy when the president views him¬ the Baker management style. This self as the desk officer. . . . Cathie Gill, inc. style was honed on running presiden¬ Working-level diplomats at the State tial campaigns from to Department are troubled by this con¬ Opens Doors George Bush, and during his years as centration of policymaking inside the Reagan chief of staff and Treasury Oval Office, but that does not apply secretary. Baker works hard: 14 hours to Secretary of State James A. Baker a day, and usually weekends. He III. Baker gets to know Bush’s mind We specialize in spends most of his time with a small as soon as Scowcroft does and, after sales and property group of close aides. He keeps his that, closes off kibitzing from his management in the operation from getting caught in the Foreign Service officers, no matter client-sendee web of his own agency. how much they disagree. . . . Metropolitan Washington This annoys State Department profes¬ area. sionals, but they concede Baker is The good ambassador malting his system work. Critics talk about his “expediency,” National Review, April 16, 1990 Our name means but politics to Baker is understanding by Selden Rodman Personal Attention, the character of those he must deal with, and establishing relationships From the moment Alvin Adams ar¬ Service, and Results. for the resolution of disputes. In a rived in Port-au-Prince last December world providing change enough of its and, in the airport, quoted in Creole own, managing the politics of change a Haitian proverb—Bourik chage pas may be no small feat. kampc (an overburdened donkey can’t stand still)—Haitians knew that an Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, American official at long last was on April 4, 1990 their side. For several days die en¬ raged [Haitian President] Avril re¬ George Bush is personally microman¬ fused to see the new ambassador, but aging the worst U.S.-Soviet crisis since American financial support had since Mikhail Gorbachev took over, been withdrawn after Namphy shot imposing his own judgment about up the elections, Avril had to swallow CathieCrill \nc. Lithuania on working-level State De¬ his pride. It seems that Adams was partment diplomats and nearly elimi¬ astute enough never to refuse cate¬ REALTORS ® nating the Pentagon’s strategic input. gorically to restore aid, but every Described by one sympathetic, pro- time the two talked Adams must have Bush insider as “his own Baltic desk made it clear that without a firm 4801 Massachusetts officer,” the president is said by election schedule and guarantees of Avenue, NW officials to be using Brent Scowcroft international supervision, no aid would Suite 400 more as personal aide than national be forthcoming. Washington, DC 20016 security adviser. Gen. Scowcroft, a When Avril was finally forced out product of military discipline, often [March 13], Adams was careful, like (202) 364-3066 relays Bush’s decisions to State with¬ the polished diplomat that he is, to out submitting them to tightly honed take none of the credit, leaving it to strategic analysis—or, indeed, any analy¬ the good Haitians to stand in the Serving Washington, DC, sis at all. . . . spotlight and act nobly—which they Maryland & Virginia That Bush is a self-confident, hands- did. . . . on president who wants to guide

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Setting more modest goals for USIA

HANS N. TUCH

Public diplomacy cannot convert unac¬ may find in USIA a convenient scapegoat for ceptable policies into acceptable ones. others’ policy failures and handicap the Here we define public diplomacy as the agency’s efforts further by curtailing its government’s process of communicating with resources. During the Reagan administra¬ foreign publics to create understanding of tion, for example, the impressive techno¬ U.S. ideas and ideals, institutions and cul¬ logical innovation ofWorldnet, the agency’s ture, and current goals and policies. Direc¬ worldwide television network, as a new and tors of the U.S. Information Agency (USIA) potentially highly effective medium of com¬ have, however, at times exaggerated the munication, was jeopardized by USIA’s in¬ effectiveness of public diplomacy programs, flated statistics on viewing audience, alleg¬ as part of an effort to convince Congress to edly documenting its early successes. Mean¬ make necessary appropriations. Realizing that ingless USIA publicity that the new service USIA is not a permanent department of the was reaching “31,935 hotel rooms in 255 U.S. government with its own domestic hotels throughout Europe” and “over 5 constituency, they sought to demonstrate million households in 15 countries” is pure USIA’s alleged successes to justify the agency’s puffery and lacks credibility for anyone budget and, especially, increases for new seriously wishing to evaluate this medium. programs and technological improvements. The ballyhoo over USIA’s 1981 television Some career Foreign Service officers, in spectacular “Let Poland Be Poland” is an¬ both traditional and public diplomacy, be¬ other example of oversell. The star-studded lieve that if USIA’s aims were limited to program was meant to elicit sympathy for promoting understanding of America and its the Polish people’s loss of freedom and to policies, its efforts could be justified. Sup¬ gain worldwide support for their resistance port or even acceptance of our policies by against Soviet-manipulated oppression. How¬ foreign publics, however, may be an overly ever, USIA’s director could not be con¬ optimistic and therefore unrealistic goal. If vinced by his professional staff that his public diplomacy cannot live up to what has approach would not have the desired effect been promised, a disappointed Congress among foreign viewers but would instead be counterproductive. As one friendly Euro¬ pean television producer put it, “You can’t Hans N. Tuck’s 35 years as a Foreign Service convince Europeans of America’s seriousness officer included public diplomacy posts in and its concern for the Polish people by Frankfurt, Moscow, Berlin, Brasilia, and bringing on Hollywood celebrities and hav¬ Bonn, as well as in Washington, as acting ing Frank Sinatra sing a couple of songs.” director of VOA. This article was adapted Yet even eight years later, USIA’s domestic from his forthcoming book, Communicating publicity listed “Let Poland Be Poland” as with the World: U.S. Public Diplomacy one of its most successful achievements, Overseas, an Institute for the Study of Diplo¬ claiming “. . . 185 million people in 50 macy, Georgetown University book to be pub¬ countries saw at least 30 minutes or more of lished by St. Martin’s Press. the [90-minute] telecast.”

14 FOREIGN SERVICE TOURNAL • MAT 1990 Worldnet studios in Congressional and other critics naturally and, at the same time, for solidifying its Washington, D.C. view such hyperbole with skepticism, which support in the foreign affairs community, in is then transferred to other, possibly more Congress, and among the American public deserving USIA programs. could be enhanced if its announced goals were scaled down. The goals enunciated in the 1978 reorganization memorandum from Tunnel vision President Jimmy Carter to USIA Director John Reinhardt offer a useful model, namely: Another perennial problem that confronts “to reduce the degree to which mispercep¬ the career practitioner of public diplomacy is tions and misunderstandings complicate rela¬ the one-dimensional ideological approach tions between the United States and other that some USIA directors have adopted both nations, [achieve] the clearest possible under¬ in directing the agency’s programs and in standing of differing points of view ... to selling the agency to the Congress. These encourage the sharing of ideas and cultural directors have represented anti-Communism activities among the people of the United as practically the only justification for USIA’s States and the peoples of other nations . . existence. This way of thinking held two [to have] other nations and other peoples dangers for the agency: First, if it turned out know where this country stands and why . . that USIA’s anti-Communist activities did . [and to have them] understand our values, not diminish the menace the Soviet Union our institutions, the vitality of our culture.” posed to the democracies, the agency would These positive goals, expressed in meas¬ be discredited. Second, if somehow the ured terms, appear more in keeping with a Communist menace were to disappear or be generally realistic approach to foreign affairs. modified as a principal issue facing the Rather than striving for ideological or politi¬ United States, the rationale for the agency’s cal “victory” (implying defeat for the other existence would be endangered. side), these goals point toward managing Public diplomacy’s potential for contribut¬ and representing our interests, protecting ing to the conduct of U.S. foreign policy, our national security, and maintaining peace.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 15 Liberian technicians on on a visit to the Leaving a mark proval of educational and cultural exchange Voice of programs has increased, along with legis¬ America newsroom. The communications process that under¬ lative familiarity' with their objectives, opera¬ lies the conduct of public diplomacy is best tions, and successes. Support for exchanges maintained as a dialogue—a two-way rela¬ has not been at the expense of such other tionship. Such a relationship suggests inform¬ public diplomacy programs as the Voice of ing, understanding, and persuading rather America, libraries, and publications, nor of than gaining superiority, making points, or recent efforts to enter into the age of achieving victory. television. To keep the Congress and the Dynamic USIA directors, as presidential American public informed about these activi¬ appointees, understandably want to leave ties without promising unattainable suc¬ their mark. They would do well, however, cesses should be a priority for any director to learn from the experience of their prede¬ of the agency who wants to leave a personal cessors. As a first step, they ought to become imprint on the U.S. government’s public familiar with the public diplomacy process, diplomacy. recognize its limits, and grasp its opportuni¬ ties. Second, they should not confuse their personal ideological or political agenda with Competing with pop culture the objectives to be achieved through public diplomacy. Third, they ought not, in their An even more basic question facing public ambition to succeed, to oversell the poten¬ diplomacy in a democratic society is whether tial of public diplomacy, lest they contribute any government program can compete with, to diminishing it. much less prevail over, the daily onslaught Finding understanding and support in of information and images to which foreign Congress for a USIA with more reasonable audiences are exposed through commercial goals and limited expectations of effective¬ or private channels such as film, television, ness should not be as difficult now as it may advertising, press services, and tourism. have been in the past. Congressional ap¬ Social scientists have differed in their

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 conclusions on the depth, duration, and Flexible priorities breadth of impact that all these images and signals carve into the consciousness of vari¬ Further, public diplomacy must be flexible ous audiences with different cultures and in adjusting to major social or political Can any traditions, living on different continents. It changes in a country’s or region’s internal government is virtually impossible to measure accurately or international conditions. The largely peace¬ compete with the the impact of a government’s public diplo¬ ful democratic revolutions that erupted in daily onslaught macy program on foreign audiences in the Eastern Europe toward the end of 1989, to face of all the other images and signals to of information cite one clear example, appeared to signal a and images to which they are exposed. Public diplomacy successful conclusion to the work of the professionals have taken comfort and encour¬ U.S. government-financed Radio Free Europe which foreign agement, however, from the realization that (RFE). Indeed, the success of these revolu¬ audiences are their efforts significantly balance, moderate, tions in the former Soviet bloc nations, exposed through and supplement the information available to many of their own citizens agreed, was commercial or foreign publics from other sources. The enhanced greatly by RFE’s broadcasts, which absence of the body of thought and informa¬ private served effectively for 40 years as a surrogate channels? tion supplied through public diplomacy pro¬ source of free news and information to grams, one can thus argue, would deprive deprived audiences in Poland, Hungary, foreign publics of the opportunity to obtain Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria. With as comprehensive and accurate an under¬ Eastern Europe basking in its own free radio standing of America as possible. networks, newly liberated newspapers, televi¬ Some programs useful for creating knowl¬ sion, and other media, some RFE profession¬ edge and understanding of our country als who remained citizens of their former cannot realistically be carried out by any but countries could even expect to be welcomed a federal government agency. The Wireless back to assist in their home nations’ newly File, USLA’s worldwide press service, for free media communities. A shift in U.S. instance, so valuable to selected foreign government public diplomacy priorities in audiences, would not be available were it not the region thus seems clearly in order for the for USIA. Similarly, the Hubert Humphrey 1990s. Scholarship Program serves a clear purpose Eastern Europe’s students, young profes¬ not addressed by private institutions, but sionals, and creative, politically minded intel¬ vital for our public diplomacy objectives. lectuals urgently need opportunities to help U.S. Information Service (USIS) libraries convert their countries into open, demo¬ overseas would not be maintained privately cratic societies and market-oriented econo¬ or commercially, yet they contribute sig¬ mies. To address this need, the United nificantly to achieving USIA’s goals. Youth States should follow the precedent of its exchanges, while customarily carried out successful educational and cultural exchange privately by nonprofit exchange organiza¬ programs following World War II. Those tions, need the current U.S. government programs brought thousands of Germans injection of funds to achieve their intended and Austrians, along with other West Euro¬ purposes. peans, to the United States to study, ex¬ It is incumbent on USIA’s leadership, change ideas, and become acquainted with acting, one would hope, cooperatively with the ways of living in a democracy. This large their professional colleagues in the field, to commitment of people and resources was a deploy the agency’s limited resources intelli¬ major factor, together with the Marshall gently. They should not duplicate private or Plan, in the successful reestablishment of all commercial efforts but concentrate on activi¬ of war-devastated Western Europe into vi¬ ties and themes that would most effectively able, politically free, economically strong, promote the achievement of U.S. public democratic societies. diplomacy objectives. For example, a new USIA director determining the agency’s priorities may want to question the need for Remembering postwar lessons introducing a worldwide television news operation within Worldnet (similar to Voice U.S. public diplomacy can help again by of America’s) in light of the Cable News applying the often forgotten lessons of the Network’s plans to provide an American postwar period. USIA should take the lead, global television news service. in collaboration with the U.S. private sector and academic institutions, in developing

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 17 exchange programs and other opportunities eign Service. Those who embark on a career designed to help emerging East European in public diplomacy may have training and democratic leaders catch up and learn what experience in journalism, social work, or the The officer’s they had missed during their dark years law, or they may have an academic back¬ under totalitarian rule. ground as teachers. But they usually know knowledge of a Because both technological and budgetary nothing about public diplomacy, what it is, country’s history limitations restrict the Voice of America’s or how it works. Before these new career and culture (VOA’s) worldwide reach, its managers need officers go abroad into the real world of is indispensable to marshal VOA’s resources for broadcasting public diplomacy, they need some ground¬ to effective to those areas of the world where they best ing in the discipline: theoretical, historical, and serve U.S. public diplomacy. The argument conceptual, and practical. How to do that is in favor of introducing the Munich-based best left to expert USIA trainers. Beyond the empathic VOA Europe in 1985 was that young discipline itself, however, new Foreign Serv¬ communication Europeans were not being reached ade¬ ice officers specializing in public diplomacy with the quately with information about the United need thorough language and area studies designated States by their own media or by other U.S. training to prepare them for their country of audience public diplomacy programs, and that an assignment. Unless they speak the language attractive and imaginative radio program fluently—not adequately but fluently— aimed at this audience would fill the infor¬ Foreign Service officers are handicapped in mation void. Even if VOA Europe were able their career aspirations, and the USIS post to build significant audiences, however, one cannot adequately discharge its mission. may seriously question the cost-effectiveness Further, the officer’s knowledge of the of a program that typically contains about country, its history, and its culture is indis¬ 10 minutes of hard information per hour pensable to effective and empathic com¬ and 50 minutes or more of audience¬ munication with the designated audience. building music. Without such knowledge, furthermore, offi¬ Could the considerable resources ($3 mil¬ cers cannot fulfill the mandated advisory lion per year) devoted to VOA Europe not function, advising Washington and ambassa¬ be used more cost-effectively for communi¬ dors abroad on intercultural implications of cating with Europe’s young people through U.S. foreign policies and actions, and their cultural and educational exchanges, for ex¬ effect on foreign public opinion. ample? Rather than scattering its resources It would be advantageous to the conduct on programs and in areas where it is not the of foreign affairs if Foreign Service officers best medium for achieving U.S. diplomacy specializing in other types of work also objectives, VOA could employ its technical received some training in public diplomacy, resources and the talents of its dedicated and learning how public diplomacy functions as superb professional staff in broadcasting an element in the overall foreign relations important information to those areas of the process, how it can support them in their world where it is the only, or at least the work, and how they can facilitate its mission. most effective, medium of communication. It would make them better Foreign Service Especially important for USIS is our obli¬ officers and prepare them for occasions when gation to treat foreign national employees they themselves may have to work on public with the trust and respect accorded to U.S. diplomacy or supervise, as deputy chiefs of personnel. Much of the field work of USIS mission or ambassadors, those directly in¬ depends on the dedication, experience, exper¬ volved in it. tise, and contribution of these foreign na¬ Finally, most professionals in the field tional colleagues. They provide the insight, know and practice what political appointees continuity, and knowledge that are indispen¬ who direct the U.S. government’s public sable for the conduct of public diplomacy. diplomacy also need to learn and remember: we must present America in its diversity and in its totality. The credibility of the commu¬ nications process embodied in the practice Providing the right training of U.S. public diplomacy overseas depends equally on truthfulness and on compre¬ The penultimate critique concerns the hensiveness. If we meddle with the truth or training of Foreign Service officers specializ¬ present only one aspect of American life ing in public diplomacy. Specialists in politi¬ while hiding another, we will inevitably be cal or economic work usually have ample found out and suffer a loss of credibility, and academic training before entering the For¬ thus effectiveness, as public diplomats. □

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 How Much Should the Public Know?

Almost Everything

RICHARD GILBERT

Pan Am 103 exploded above Scodand whelming community concern. Neither the on December 21, 1988. The next day, Moscow press corps nor the embassy press ABC’s Moscow bureau broadcast a story office saw the notice as anything more than suggesting that U.S. diplomats had “advance a routine security warning to the commu¬ warning” of the terrorist attack over Locker¬ nity. It would have remained one more bie: the American embassy in the Soviet anonymous piece of paper on a bulletin Union had posted an “administrative no¬ board, except for the tragedy in the skies tice” throughout the chancery and mission over Lockerbie. Only later did it become public areas a week earlier, warning the known that the threat on which the alert and American community about threats to Pan administrative notice were based—an anony¬ American flights from Frankfurt. Just min¬ mous call to the U.S. embassy in Helsinki— utes after that news report, as press spokes¬ was unrelated to the airliner’s tragic fate; it man at the American embassy in Moscow, was apparently a grotesque coincidence. my telephones erupted with calls from jour¬ The clamor on our phone lines grew by nalists in the United States, the United the minute and abated only late in the Kingdom, Japan, and throughout Europe. afternoon, as Washington offices opened and The first call marked the beginning of an the locus of the story shifted from Moscow. intensive period of several hours, during The decision to respond openly and which all of us in the press office fielded promptly to American and international press questions about the embassy’s actions with queries following the crash was never de¬ little formal guidance, relying instead on our bated. The eight-hour time difference be¬ sense of the public’s right to know. tween Moscow and Washington, and the Our response, to the discomfiture of the need to act quickly, precluded meaningful Department of State and the embarrassment consultations with department officials, which of some other U.S. embassies, was to con¬ would certainly have resulted in delay and firm for the news media that ABC Moscow’s perhaps vacillation. Instead, we attempted report was essentially correct. The embassy to be responsive while staying carefully had issued and distributed an administrative within the facts as we knew them. It seemed notice on December 14 containing the gist clear that there was an overriding public of a routine, unclassified Federal Aviation interest best served by candor and forth¬ Administration alert about an apparent threat rightness. to our principal transit route from the Soviet Union to the United States. Coming in the Richard Gilbert served with USIA in Bang¬ midst of the Christmas travel season, the kok, Bucharest, Helsinki, and Monrovia, as embassy considered this a matter of over¬ well as Washington and Moscow. He is now a Washington, D.C. -based freelance writer.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 19 Strained credibility refrain from stalking the American psychia¬ trists in return for regular updates along Two months later, a flawed attempt to with a departure press conference and a U.S. All possible manage conflict between press and govern¬ media-only background briefing. candor is ment during an especially sensitive episode The unspoken agreement unraveled imme¬ the best public in U.S.-Soviet relations demonstrated how, diately. Conflicting interests of the press, relations even with the best of intentions, the exigen¬ diplomats, delegation members, and Soviets, cies of diplomacy at embassies abroad can and their varying views on the value of open the door to misinformation and preju¬ publicity, resulted in chaos. For some Ameri¬ dice, confusing and misleading the public. can visitors, press leaks were weapons to In early 1989, the State Department punish the Soviets for past psychiatric abuses. Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Soviet dissidents feared a cover-up unless the Affairs led a large team of American psychia¬ Western press maintained a close watch on trists and human rights specialists to the the visit. Soviet Union under an extraordinary, and The press office, caught in the middle, extraordinarily sensitive, agreement negoti¬ found its credibility strained, to say the least. ated with the Soviets. Under its terms, the The news media—particularly a television U.S. team would have access to Soviet network that had brought a special corre¬ psychiatric institutions, patients, and patient spondent from New York to cover the records in an unprecedented effort to deter¬ story—refused, not surprisingly, to rely on mine whether Soviet psychiatrists had im¬ uncertain and unpredictable handouts for properly confined political dissidents to psychi¬ their coverage. The delegation, on the other atric institutions and, if so, whether steps hand, became more and more unwilling to had been taken to halt and prevent such provide what information could be made abuses. available, on the grounds that the press was Moscow’s 24 U.S. press bureaus expressed “uncooperative.” The embassy’s ability to enormous interest in this story of Americans deliver promised information evaporated, prowling the bowels of Soviet mental hospi¬ while the Soviets unknowingly exacerbated tals with carte blanche to spotlight human the problem by releasing their own informa¬ rights violations. Interest in the story was tion about the delegation’s activities. sharpened even before the delegation left During a final, highly charged press con¬ the United States, when a few members used ference, U.S. delegation leaders refused to press leaks to hype the mission and grind reveal “prematurely” the results and other their own axes. details of their visit. In the consequent news In Moscow, the embassy press office was vacuum, a few dissident delegation members called upon to handle the delegation’s press offered their own, highly colored version of relations, talcing into account the public the visit to frustrated American reporters interest and the U.S. government’s “right” faced with deadlines and stonewalled by to conduct a sensitive and important diplo¬ official reluctance. As the delegation flew matic initiative out of the public eye. The home from Moscow, the embassy press State Department believed that Soviet sensi¬ office was left to pick up the pieces. bilities and the need to protect the privacy The episode reaffirmed my belief in all of patients, among other things, precluded possible candor as the best public relations, open coverage of the American team’s daily public information, and public service. When activities. Thus, we were asked to control faced with media queries about Pan Am the flow of information—a daunting task, 103, our responses shaped a public record given demands placed on the Moscow press that has, in months since, forced more corps by New York editors. disclosure of threats to travelers. Our reti¬ We in the press office believed that cence during the psychiatrists’ visit may have providing the press with as much informa¬ opened the door to inaccurate and skewed tion as possible through scheduled photo information accounts of the visit. opportunities, interviews, and regular brief¬ ings would help avoid the “circus atmos¬ Supporting the press phere” delegation leaders dreaded and en¬ sure the group’s ability to conduct its U.S. embassies must deal with the Ameri¬ inquiries in private. A compromise seemed can press in situations ranging from war and to evolve at the delegation’s initial press revolution, summit meetings, and disasters conference, under which the press would to routine news events that focus public

20 FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • MAY 1990 351-88

ADM^N^STRATI_VE NOTICE

American Embassy, MOSCOW December 13, 1988

TO : All Embassy Employees

SUBJECT: Threat to Civil Aviation

Post has been notified by the Federal Aviation Administration that on December 5, 1988, an unidentified individual telephoned a U.S. diplomatic facility in Europe and stated that sometime within the next two weeks there would be a bombing attempt against a Pan American aircraft flying from Frankfurt to the United States.

The FAA reports that the reliability of the information cannot be assessed at this point, but the appropriate police authorities have been notified and are pursuing the matter. Pan Am has also been notified.

In view of the lack of confirmation of this information, post leaves to the discretion of individual travelers any decisions on altering personal travel plans or changing to another American carrier. This does not absolve the traveler from flying an American carrier.

attention on a particular place. During my The Embassy Moscow professionals to support the press in fulfilling public notice of tenure in Moscow, these moments ranged its legitimate function? How well do they December 1988. from political events that transformed the understand the reporter’s task? How com¬ U.S.-Soviet relationship to describing a ma¬ mitted are they to requirements imposed by jor fire at the embassy, explaining U.S. the American system to freely provide infor¬ refugee policy during a crush of visa seekers, mation to the American press abroad? In my and offering a short training seminar for view, the answer to each question is, not reporters about what to watch for during very well. celebrations of the revolution in Red Square- Too often, we confuse advocacy with on November 7. reporting and “public diplomacy” with pub¬ But how prepared are Foreign Service lic information. We often treat the reporter

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 21 as an interloper apt to unsettle delicate the rationale for them—they pay the bills. diplomatic arrangements. Officers frequently There are other, less ethereal reasons for fail to distinguish between classified informa¬ advocating more frequent exchanges be¬ Television tion and information that simply has not yet tween American journalists and embassy alone commands been reported. Diplomats often see informa¬ officers. Reporters are drawn to stories of that embassies tion as a precious commodity to be parceled conflict and controversy and need the con¬ establish out when there is a need to know and only text and sense of complexity Foreign Service consistent and rarely to be shared with the public. Yet officers can provide. Foreign Service officers reasonable foreign affairs are replete with examples of also benefit from regular, substantive ex¬ procedures damage done and history misread because of changes with knowledgeable journalists. One “secret” diplomacy and policies hidden from especially able Moscow officer explained his for access press and people. willingness to give regular background brief¬ While some American ambassadors abroad ings to reporters, saying diplomatic and understand the value to their missions and press reporting should not be wholly dispa¬ themselves of good press at home, skillful rate. Recognizing that Washington poli¬ interlocutors are probably the exception. cymakers are apt to receive their information Meanwhile, at the department’s bidding, and shape their opinions more from CNN U.S. embassies lavish much attention on and the front pages of The Washington Post “handling” the permanent press corps as¬ and than from embassy signed to the White House and Department political reporting, he found it beneficial to of State during foreign travel, but they pay his own reporting to be aware of how the scant attention to how they treat the legiti¬ press analyzes events. Thus, when the offi¬ mate queries of relatively less exalted Ameri¬ cer’s own reports take a different point of can correspondents day to day at embassies view, he or she will be ready to explain the around the world. Pity the poor journalist disparity to media-conscious department offi¬ who, reporting from different cities around cials. Such contacts benefit both journalists the world, confronts a myriad of embassy and embassy officers, and the public too. press rules, policies, and practices reflecting Despite all these advantages, I know of the differing personalities of embassies and few attempts to achieve reasonable consis¬ their leadership. One embassy willingly gives tency in the access accorded to the American reporters background briefings, another press at embassies aboard. Similarly, presenta¬ doesn’t; one embassy always permits on-the- tions about the responsibilities of FSOs to record attribution, another never. Some the U.S. press and useful strategies for embassies are open and responsive, while dealing with reporters are not part of the others mask inexperience and apprehension normal Foreign Service training curriculum. with a brusque “no comment.” Even USIA generalist officers, who hold nearly all information jobs abroad and an increasing number of senior press positions A right to know? in the department and elsewhere in Wash¬ ington, have little formal training in manag¬ In a world of classified information and ing relations with the U.S. press. We have private contacts between governments, ambi¬ come to rely on our good fortune in having guity naturally exists about how to define so many excellent officers with good horse the public’s “right to know.” Certainly, sense and a knowledge of what’s right. confidences must be protected. Revealing But we need more than good luck in these negotiating tactics can destroy their effective¬ days, when the technologies and techniques ness. But in a republic like ours, the public of news gathering are changing so quickly. has a right to know almost everything, In this age of satellite broadcasting, portabil¬ almost always. ity, miniaturization, and instant access to live For a nation where public servants are worldwide pictures and sound, television accountable and public opinion often shapes alone commands that embassies establish foreign policy, a continuing flow of informa¬ consistent and reasonable procedures for tion to citizens is essential. Policies ought to access and that officers be trained to deal be tested and justified in public debate. If with the special requirements of the elec¬ our system does not always yield intelligent tronic media. While a single print journalist foreign affairs decisions, a deficiency of good with pad, pen, and tape recorder can be as information may be the most significant formidable as a TV crew, today’s television culprit. In addition, taxpayers deserve infor¬ demands immediacy and rarely allows the mation about our activities abroad as well as luxury of delay while instructions are crafted

22 FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • MAT 1990 in Washington.

Finding solutions

Toward this goal, the Bureau of Public Affairs might do well to establish principles to guide U.S. embassies abroad in their dealings with the American press. These principles would help create a consistent modus operandi for American journalists and diplomats abroad. Such public affairs principles would also provide a benchmark of an administration’s commitment to open¬ ness in foreign policy. Meanwhile, the Foreign Service Institute should consider including a public affairs component in all training courses designed to prepare staff and families for service abroad. Foreign Service personnel at all levels should receive specific training in press relations including the Constitutional basis on which public servants and the press Soviet officials, especially since TASS, the interact and the techniques for doing so Soviet press agency, began to run short responsibly. Ambassadors, especially, would items reporting the calls and the Soviet profit from hands-on guidance from profes¬ version of their substance. At that point, sionals to teach them the art of the interview Ambassador Jack Matlock developed a new (not to mention the “sound-bite”) and how tactic. Instead of relying on tired cliches to communicate policy crisply and pointedly when AP and UPI checked with us after one on camera or off. At the embassy level, the of these sessions (“We don’t comment on press officer—usually the public affairs offi¬ diplomatic business”), we began to offer our cer or information officer—should be ex¬ own brief, on-the-record descriptions of the pected to be a knowledgeable and authorita¬ meetings. Thus, the American press no tive observer of the domestic situation, able longer had to rely solely on TASS reports or to give a briefing as well as schedule one the views of our Soviet interlocutors. To¬ and, most importantly, create and maintain gether with the ambassador’s weekly back¬ productive relationships between every em¬ ground briefings for the American press (a bassy and the American press. Moscow institution) and his frequent inter¬ I read recently about Admiral Ernest J. views and willingness to meet with visiting King’s reply when, in 1942, the then chief journalists, such public information tactics of naval operations was asked to state the contribute to better reporting and, perhaps, U.S. Navy’s press policy. King reportedly better public understanding in the United replied: “Don’t tell them anything. When States about what is happening in Moscow. it’s over, tell ’em who won.” I recognize our It’s not a question of whether we deal relations with the press have undergone a sea with the U.S. media from posts abroad but change in the past half century. The atmos¬ only whether we deal with them openly, phere is more open, and officials better intelligently, and in the spirit of the Ameri¬ recognize the benefits good public informa¬ can Constitution. An attempt to impose a tion brings to policy. But even now, reluc¬ Washington monopoly on access to informa¬ tance prevails at many embassies abroad, and tion is fruitless and shortsighted. Instead, by reporters find their queries directed to Wash¬ ensuring that the Foreign Service under¬ ington no matter how simple it may be to stands the press and its legitimate function address them. and by eliminating inconsistencies in the One small incident illustrates how the degree of access provided to the press by public can benefit from one kind of in¬ different embassies, we can better gain the creased forthrightness at embassies. The public understanding and support that good press in Moscow carefully notes the comings policies require. Such an effort would serve and goings of the U.S. ambassador to the us all, as diplomats and journalists, and as foreign ministry and to meetings with senior citizens. D

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 23 Testing Cuba’s Limits

One dissident’s quest for free expression

GEORGE GEDDA

All criticism is opposition. All opposition is itself ideologically isolated and uncertain counter-revolutionary. — about future assistance from the Soviet Union. Still, Castro retains a strong core of That demanding standard would support and, with dissidents such as Baha¬ appear to leave Cubans who are monde either in jail or intimidated, his hold disenchanted with their system on power seems secure, at least for the short little choice but to remain silent term. or to head for the more congenial confines In March 1989, Bahamonde entered the of Miami. But Roberto Bahamonde is a race for a municipal assembly seat from his different breed of dissident. He won’t leave neighborhood district in the outskirts of Cuba and he won’t keep quiet about what , running as an advocate of free he regards as the serious shortcomings of the enterprise, free speech, establishment of a . His persistent question¬ multi-party system, free emigration, and a ing of Castro’s doctrine has kept him in free press. That he lost this quixotic quest trouble with the law for much of his adult was no surprise. What did raise eyebrows was life. He has spent more than two years in that a dissident would try to use the electoral detention, including extended periods in a process as a vehicle for change in Cuba’s psychiatric hospital where he claimed he was Marxist-Leninist state. There are no known subjected to electric shock treatments admini¬ precedents in 31 years of Castro’s rule for stered not by a doctor but by a torture what Bahamonde did in March 1989. It was expert. Now 54, he is a political prisoner a classic match-up: Bahamonde, the pro¬ once again. capitalist insurgent, against a veteran of the He is one of many victims of what the Angola war known for his unswerving sup¬ State Department and private human rights port of the revolution. groups regard as a significant increase in Although Bahamonde lost, he reinforced political repression in Cuba over the past in a unique way the widespread notion that year and a half. The crackdown reflects the some Cubans would welcome the kind of uneasiness of a regime that suddenly finds change he advocates. His efforts also provide a rare insight into the way Cuban authorities deal with renegades like Bahamonde. While George Gedda is an Associated Press multi-candidate elections were instituted years correspondent at the Department of State. ago, a variety of mechanisms have been

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 introduced to ensure that only the party demonstration was canceled, but police main¬ Roberto Bahamonde faithful prevail and that less than resolute tained a strong presence outside the embassy and George Gedda at supporters of the regime remain on the to guard against unexpected developments. Bahamonde’s home in periphery. Three days later, with no defense attorney 1989. present, Bahamonde was convicted in a closed trial on charges of attending illegal Enforcing conformity meetings. So far as is known, only two of his colleagues who were arrested at the time of For much of the time since the municipal Gorbachev’s visit also remain in detention, election, life for Bahamonde has been a but other human rights activists have been horror story, beginning with a pre-dawn convicted and sentenced since then on what knock at the door by the political police two appear to be politically motivated grounds. weeks after his election night adventure. The After his arrest, Bahamonde said he was told crackdown against him was probably less the that his problems arose partly from a lengthy product of his bid for office as a regime critic interview he granted to me on March 31 at than other manifestations of his nonconform¬ his home. Sentenced to three months in ity. He is, after all, a member of the Cuban prison, he was taken to Combinado del Este Commission on Human Rights and National prison in Matanzas, about 70 miles east of Reconciliation, one of several independent, Havana. unauthorized groups that tried to make a A few weeks after he began serving his political statement in April 1989 during the sentence, Cuban authorities dealt him an visit to Havana of Soviet President Mikhail even more damaging blow: he was tried and Gorbachev. Bahamonde and 20 of his friends convicted on a charge of working as a were arrested about 36 hours after Gor¬ free-lance photographer without a license. bachev’s arrival, presumably because they His three-month prison term was extended were planning to take part in a pro- by one year. The timing of the government Gorbachev demonstration at the Soviet em¬ action left the clear impression that he was bassy the night before the Kremlin leader’s being penalized for his political activities. departure. The dissidents want for Cuba the Cuba is filled with moonlighters who, al¬ kinds of reforms Gorbachev has instituted in though ostensibly required to have a license, the Soviet Union. After the arrests, the operate without one. If they are non-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 25 religious tolerance in Cuba than, say, in many Muslim countries. And while church¬ goers are never invited to become party members, they probably don’t have to worry about losing their jobs. In some Latin American countries, dissi¬ dents like Bahamonde routinely are gunned down by death squads. Bahamonde, al¬ though a police target for years, had been able to earn a living before his most recent arrest and to raise a family. He and Rafaela have four children ranging in age from 17 to 24. His oldest child, Roberto, had diffi¬ culty initially in gaining admission to the university because of his father’s irreverent attitude toward the revolution, but the authorities eventually relented; Roberto gradu¬ ated in 1989 with a degree in engineering Roberto and Rafaela political, the government normally looks the and now has a job. Bahamonde. other way. This has been an especially trying time for family members because of Bahamonde’s prison conditions. His wife, Rafaela, said History of dissent after a New Year’s eve visit that the cell Bahamonde shares with seven other inmates Bahamonde is a pleasant man with a bari¬ had been fouled by human waste that tone voice and the sort of diction associated dripped down through the ceiling for the with a well-ordered mind. One night last previous month. He had suffered a danger¬ year a few days before his arrest, Bahamonde ous weight loss and complained that the spoke to this reporter about the indignities rations were becoming increasingly smaller he had suffered as one who refuses to accept and less appetizing. Early this year, both things as they are under Castro. prison conditions and his health improved. He first ran afoul of the law in 1971 when he wrote a letter to Castro encouraging abandoning moral incentives for workers in Bahamonde’s experience illustrates favor of material incentives. He believed once again the strict—at least by only higher pay could stimulate an increase Western standards—constraints on in Cuba’s lagging production. The letter both personal and political free¬ earned Bahamonde a 19-day detention, the dom in Cuba. There are official guidelines last four days of which were spent at a for personal behavior, both written and psychiatric hospital outside Havana. He was unwritten, which most Cubans choose not sent home with a certificate stating that he to challenge. Yet the rules governing limita¬ was suffering from paranoia. tions on speech are probably somewhat His most traumatic experience with the more flexible than is widely believed abroad. authorities began on May 27, 1975, when, In contrast to the situation a generation ago, while working at a state cattle farm, he was Cubans can be remarkably candid in private accused of attempting to instill fellow work¬ conversations, depending on the circum¬ ers with anti-regime sentiments. After 20 stances. One Cuban went so far as to admit days’ imprisonment, Bahamonde was sent to me in the presence of a government back to the psychiatric hospital. There he official that he had seen an American-made came under the sadistic control of one anti-Castro documentary that had been smug¬ Heriberto Madeiros, who was in charge of gled onto the island. Thousands of Cubans administering electric shock treatments. listen to the U.S. government’s Radio Marti Bahamonde matter-of-factly described with no apparent penalty, although the Madeiros’s methodology. “He did them station’s more irrepressible listeners may (the treatments) on his own without doc¬ possibly find themselves at the bottom of tors’ ordering them,” he said, adding that the list for benefits such as a new apartment he suffered afterward from both hypersensi¬ or a college education. Countless Cubans tivity and loss of memory. attend church services. There is tar more “It took me years to recover. I recognized

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 my family, but there were friends whose said. “I had to see him there amid all the names I did not remember. But little by stench.” He was detained for 56 days and little I got my memory back. I think now released without explanation. I’m all right. I feel good.” After his 1983 release, Bahamonde was His imprisonment lasted 10 months, until not permitted by the government to work March 1976, but in January 1983, he was in his profession as an agricultural engineer. arrested once again and sent back to the He earned what he could working as a psychiatric hospital. Bahamonde is able to free-lance photographer, even though the discuss his various imprisonments, but Ra- authorities refused to give him the license faela cannot; she makes no effort to hide her required of all who are self-employed in bitterness about the cruelty to which her Cuba. husband has been subjected. She spoke of In March 1989, when the municipal his experience in the hospital’s “punishment assembly elections were held, Bahamonde wing”—beatings, madmen wandering around saw an opportunity to make political points. naked, deaths resulting from shock treat¬ The local election in his neighborhood, a ments, and confinement cells laced with somewhat rundown area in east Havana excrement. “I felt like throwing up,” she known as San Miguel de Padron, was set for

Putting Sources at Risk

Should a reporter chance putting a dissident problems with the police probably will never at risk by seeking contact with him or her in be frilly known. If it played a role, it a totalitarian country? The answer usually is probably was not a very big one. yes, but the issue is by no means clear cut. In March 1990, on a recent visit to Cuba, I first met Robert Bahamonde on March I showed up at a pro-government rally in 30, 1989, at the home of his fellow dissident front of the home of a dissident named Elizardo Sanchez. We talked briefly, and I Gustavo Arcos, a one-time confidant of wanted to hear more. He invited me to his Fidel Castro. The mob, obviously convened house the following evening. with the encouragement of the government, There, he spent almost two hours going was protesting a meeting Arcos had had with over his experiences as a target of Cuba’s several allies earlier in the day. political police. I wondered whether he It was an ugly scene, with raised fists, would pay a price for inviting a Western taunts, and some rock throwing. Several reporter to his home, but he seemed uncon¬ windows were broken. cerned. I wanted to talk to Arcos that day to get That, it seems to me, should be the basis his reaction, but I decided not to knock at on which to decide the desirability of con¬ his door, reasoning that the crowd might tact. Why should a reporter overrule a use that against him as well. I stayed away dissident’s judgment that contact is harm¬ from his house in the succeeding days out of less? The dissident is more aware than the concern for his well-being. But after a reporter of the authorities’ tolerance thresh¬ dissident friend of his, Maria Aguirre, told old. me a week later he was welcoming visitors, As I recall, Bahamonde told me that night we went to his home. that one of his goals is to remove Cubans’ Though he was indeed pleased to receive fear of speaking out. He invited some of his me, his wife was worried such visits could neighbors to drop by and listen to the provoke another protest demonstration. A conversation, but none did. Since Baha- short time after I arrived, three dissidents monde’s return to prison, many neighbors knocked at the door, and Mrs. Arcos refused have shunned his wife and children. to let them in. Her husband interceded, they Four days after our talks at his home, the came in for a few minutes, and then left. police took Bahamonde into custody, and Arcos has spent 12 of the past 24 years in he won’t be free until July. How much my Cuban prisons. The safest thing for him is conversation with him contributed to his to keep quiet, but he’s not that kind of man.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 27 March 9. Political campaigning in Cuba is protest vote. forbidden; voters make their choices based After the March 20 balloting, Bahamonde on biographical data about the candidates. once again asked for a new election, contend¬ (Castro looks with disdain on U.S.-style ing that he was improperly denied permis¬ elections, arguing that candidates make ex¬ sion to read his platform to his neighbors. travagant promises during the campaign, He lodged his appeal with the state electoral then break them after their election.) But council, which on April 1, 1989 ruled Bahamonde made his intentions known to against him. some of his neighbors, explaining what he stood for. Not many voters ventured out on that Bahamonde’s arrest on April 4 chill, rainy evening, but there was a large seemed related more to the pro¬ police presence, part of a not-so-subtle effort test activities he had planned dur¬ to discourage potential votes for Baha¬ ing the Gorbachev visit than to his monde. As additional insurance, the party electoral ambitions. If Cuban authorities militant in charge of the proceeding recom¬ were genuinely disturbed by the prospect of mended the election of Gerardo Aldama, the a pro-free speech capitalist making headway establishment candidate, and he refused Ba¬ through the electoral system, then Baha¬ hamonde permission to speak. The election monde probably would have been picked up was held, Bahamonde’s opponent won the at the time of his candidacy rather than show-of-hands vote (there was no vote during Gorbachev’s stay. count), and that seemed to be the end of it. What apparently struck fear in the hearts But Bahamonde maintained that the refusal of the authorities was die specter of Gor¬ to allow him to speak was a procedural error. bachev’s visit being used by Bahamonde and He appealed to the municipal electoral other dissidents to rally opposition to Cas¬ council for a new election. Surprisingly, the tro. Indeed, many Cubans see Gorbachev as appeal was upheld, and the citizens of San their best hope for an eventual political Miguel de Padron reconvened on the night relaxation in Cuba and an improvement in of March 20, again with the police looking living standards. Cubans used to await eagerly on. Once again, however, Bahamonde was Spanish-language Soviet publications, until denied permission to read his platform. The the summer of 1989, when Castro banned session turned into a sometimes acrimonious them for their sometimes sneering attitude debate over Bahamonde’s past troubles with toward socialism. the law. Bahamonde’s experience as a candidate Bahamonde’s critics seized on the rumors underscored another profound difference that he had once plotted an attempt on between Cuba and the Soviet Union these Castro’s life and that he had tried to leave days: less than a week before Bahamonde the country during the Mariel boat lift of made his electoral bid, national elections 1980, an allegation that he vigorously de¬ were held in the Soviet Union after a nies. (Neighborhood militants wanted to campaign in which, unlike Cuba, public expel him aboard the boat lift, but for policy issues were the subject of extended unexplained reasons, government officials debate. The results indicated strong backing insisted that he remain in Cuba.) To put to for Gorbachev’s reform program. The refusal rest that recurring charge, Bahamonde ob¬ to allow Bahamonde permission to state tained a letter from the Immigration Minis¬ publicly his views before a neighborhood try confirming that he had never attempted gathering is but one illustration of how far to flee the country. The issue was potentially the Soviets have drifted ideologically from crucial since the government has systemati¬ Cuba under Gorbachev’s tutelage. cally attempted to portray those who left But Eastern Europe is moving resolutely from Mariel in 1980 as traitors and “scum.” on the democratic path, and it must have Bahamonde’s credentials as a candidate been extraordinarily unsettling for Castro to were reviewed for more than an hour of see one ally after another in that region often heated debate before the assembly toppled in the latter half of 1989. But so chairman called for a vote count, which was long as Castro remains wedded to his agreed to. The final tally was 31 for Baha¬ orthodox approach to socialism, Gorbachev’s monde, 60 for his opponent, and 59 absten¬ admirers in Cuba are well advised to keep to tions. Bahamonde believed, not illogically, themselves. Bahamonde chose not to and is that most who abstained sympathized with paying a steep price. He’ll be behind bars his views. He read their abstention as a until July. D

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MARTHA F. BRADY

Incident wasn’t the right word. the strip, nightclubs, discos, and side¬ took time to reload and pumped An incident is nothing to die walk cafes: Chilis, the Flashback, Las additional rounds into that target from. At the Zona Rosa 13 people Pizzas, the Mediterranee. Most of us before vanishing into a cover of died, four Marine guards among them, lived near the Zona Rosa. We all darkness. shot down in cold blood at a sidewalk drove through it once or twice a day. Lying dead amid shell casings and cafe in San Salvador. Massacre was The cafes were small and adjoining, shattered food were four U.S. Ma¬ the word. The Zona Rosa massacre. festive facades of art deco and white rines, two U.S. businessmen, five A Salvadoran said on television that stucco, with red enameled tables at Salvadorans, a Guatemalan, and a there was no word for it, so savage Chilis, striped umbrellas at the Medit¬ Chilean. was it. But the world called it a erranee, shade and diversion along The two Marines at the Flashback massacre. the Boulevard Hipodromo, tacos and were spared. Lance Corporal Anton That was five years ago, the Zona beer. Thirteen people were assassi¬ Koszuth was one of them. “I heard Rosa massacre. Those of us still in El nated in that cheerful setting, and at three loud bangs and saw people Salvador think about it every time we least a dozen others were left for scattering. I saw bullets ricocheting drive by. Those long gone still drive dead. oft' the walls and sparks flying. I hit by it in their minds. It was Wednesday, June 19, 1985, the deck and yelled for everyone to Debbie Charles, who worked at the 8:45 p.m. Six U.S. Marine guards, off take cover.” embassy, calls it a night she can’t duty and unarmed, had arrived only As his friends died around him, forget. Her boyfriend, Corporal Rich¬ minutes before and taken a front Koszuth crawled back into the Flash¬ ard Sode, was on duty at post one table at Chilis. After ordering, two of back, located a storage room behind when it happened. She was talking to them stepped away to speak with the bar, and began herding people him on the phone. “I have to hang friends eating at the Flashback. At inside. Then he turned out the light up,”he said. “Something’s happening that instant, approximately 10 young and called post one on a hand-held at the Zona Rosa.” men dressed in camouflage T-shirts radio. The Zona Rosa. The pink zone, and bearing M-16s pulled up in two That El Salvador was a dangerous pickup trucks, jumped out, and be¬ post we knew. Didn’t we? We said it Martha F. Brady arrived in El Salva¬ gan shooting. often enough. Be careful, we said. El dor in 1983 and has worked for State The gunmen swung their weapons Salvador was six years into a civil war. and AID. Her husband is a retired back and forth, raking three cafes and Death and violence were daily occur¬ FSO. Both their sons are Marines. For dropping anyone in the line of fire. rences not kept secret. Vary your reasons of security, the names of those But their target was the Marines. routine, we said. Don’t be conspicu¬ still serving in El Salvador have been According to some survivors, they ous, we said. Those things we said changed.

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The AFSA Plan is underwritten by Federal Insurance Company, one of the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies. and believed, and yet . . . Armando Reyes, a Salvadoran em¬ in the vase, the heads fall, and you I was in the bedroom not four ployee in die fiscal and budget sec¬ note the flowers are less than speci¬ blocks away when I heard the burst tion, described the mood as unnatu¬ men. A woman touched a fallen bud of automatic weapon fire. I moved ral calm. gently and said, “Look, the roses into another room and sat down, not David Passage was charge d’af¬ have dropped their little heads.” knowing what to do, what to think. faires. “Meet with all the wives,” he The charge entered, approached Then came the telephone call: “Some told me, “and tell them that the each coffin, and snapped an impecca¬ Marines have been killed in the Zona embassy is open today and we’re ble salute. I felt my scalp tingle. Then Rosa . . . Other people are dead too.” going on with business.” The United Luisa de Diaz, who worked with the Then helicopters began to circle and States, he said, “is not going to be U.S. Information Sendee, began the swoop, flooding the neighborhood intimidated by bullies with rifles.” rosary: Senor, te ofrecemos este Rosario with search lights, and banshee-like He asked me to organize a memorial con todo el corazon . . . sirens whistled through the streets. service for Friday. Luisa and I met not long ago at a Karl Sutter was chief of the mis¬ Outside the charge’s office I spoke coffee shop in the Zona Rosa. The sion’s Salvadoran guard force in June briefly with Colonel Blizzard. He had Marines, she told me, had always 1985. That night he himself was slept but three hours the night before been special to her. ‘“Do you have a getting dressed to go to the Zona and had transported a dead Marine minute, ma’am?’ they would ask, Rosa, when he heard the gunfire. “I across his lap to the hospital. Down¬ then get me to help them with their knew something had happened,” he stairs in the security detachment of¬ Spanish.” said. “I just didn’t know it had fice, six or seven Marines sat word¬ For el eterno descanso del alma de happened to us.” Then the radio call lessly on folding chairs. estos hermanos nuestros . . . came through the security channel: At 2 p.m. I left the chancer)' by the “We called them the consentidos Marines down! Chilis!—and he was north door and walked into the mo¬ she said, smiling. “The pets, the the first on the scene. “I probably tor pool, where a sharp tropical sun favorites.” passed the guys who did it on the glared off white pavement and ar¬ In a room to the left of the road.” mored vehicles. The Salvadoran driv¬ Marines lay the body of a Wang At the Zona Rosa, he saw chaos. ers and dispatchers, always so quick laboratory employee also killed in the “There was blood and bottles and to laugh, were that day silent, their massacre. Those of us who knew screaming, and it was dark, and oh, faces grave. I drove down the Alameda people with Wang drifted into that God, it was awful,” he said. Roosevelt and onto Mascota, skip¬ room. Searching for something to Lieutenant Colonel David Blizzard ping the Zona Rosa, where fire hoses say, I said, “It’s the saddest day in was the senior Marine at the embassy. were used that morning to wash away San Salvador.” He, too, rushed to the site. “The the pools of blood from the night “Why do you say that,” a man react car had already left with several before. asked, not unkindly. “Because Ameri¬ Marines,” he wrote. “I stayed behind Afternoon melted into evening. At cans were killed?” and went from body to body check¬ 6 p.m. a wake was held at the “Five Salvadorans were killed too,” ing for vital signs.” Auxiliadora funeral home. We walked I said. Corporal Richard Sode remained upstairs to a large formal room on the “But five Salvadorans are killed at post one throughout the night. right, and there it seemed the entire every day,” he said. “As Americans arrived on the scene, U.S. mission was present, spilling out The following morning, Friday, the they loaded the Marines up and in great sorrow and confusion, a mass bodies were flown to Panama aboard headed for the hospital, and we were of swollen figures moving without a C-141 and from there to Andrews getting status reports all the times, direction, milling. Air Force Base, where President who was making it and who wasn’t.” Deeper into the room, past Salva¬ Ronald Reagan, Marine Corps Com¬ In the first dark moments of the doran military and civilian officials, mandant P.X. Kelly, families, and event, those of us at home did not past Marines in blue tunics, past thousands of other Americans awaited know who made it and who didn’t. I friends and colleagues, past what must them. “What the Marines gave is monitored our radio past midnight, have been 300 people, stood four beyond our power to repay,” the and perhaps I learned there; I don’t metallic coffins, a quartet in glisten¬ president said. recall. I only know that by morning I ing gray. The American flag was on In San Salvador, ribbons of black knew. Everyone knew. the left, the Salvadoran flag on the crepe hung at the entrances of cafes The next day, Thursday, we all right, and paratroopers from the Sal¬ and shops along the Zona Rosa, and came to work and went about our vadoran Air Force, serious-faced young proprietors expressed shock that the jobs with sober purpose. I was direc¬ airmen in blue berets, formed the war had come to the suburbs. La tor of a mental health program at the honor guard. A pyramid of wreaths Prensa Grafica that morning pub¬ embassy and remember reading over stood nearby. lished a statement by the Salvadoran a grant proposal for the next fiscal I remember roses. In El Salvador Human Rights Commission condemn¬ year. Mostly I went through the you can buy a dozen roses for the ing the killings and citing the Zona motions, though. I think we all did. equivalent of SI, but once home and Rosa as “. . .a place of recreation, an

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 eminently civil place that in keeping with the Geneva Accords should never be the object of an armed attack.” At four o’clock that afternoon in the vestibule of the embassy, we held a memorial service. Some said they would not attend. They had gone to the wake, they said, and they had work to get out, but when the service began, they came. Everyone came. We couldn’t seat them all. They leaned from the third-floor balcony; hen it is time for your they sat in the stairway that led from ■■ext overseas assignment, the mezzanine; they rested them¬ !»11 the relocation and selves against the walls. ■wrage specialist with The charge spoke on the long j^Ber 60 years of relationship between the U.S. Marine ■Herience. Victory's Corps and the Foreign Service and HHlern warehouses offer the resolve to continue helping El cMblete protection for Salvador. Then Bill Stennett, a South¬ yDispossessions you tfea\»Tin storage. Special ern Baptist missionary, stepped to the cJiMite controlled, high podium. “We are gathered here today ^|Prity areas are to honor four young men,” he in¬ /available for silver, art, toned, and something rippled through piques and private the building. You;- overseas A woman sang, “When peace like a jjWmpment will be packed river attendeth my way/When sor¬ with and rows like sea billows roll/Whatever accuracy to assure timely my lot/Thou hast taught me to arrival to any point say/Tt is well, it is well widi my around the world. soul.’” I looked out at the Marines, 20- some boys in blue, and imagined the powerless rage they were feeling, their brothers cut down not by the forces of nature but by the evil of human hand. Four years later one of Joe falley has expertly protected valuables for them would say, “A memorial cere¬ Alexandria, Virginia Victory's customers mony was the furthest thing from (703) 751-5200 for 32 years. anyone’s mind. ... Us Marines just 800-572-3131 wanted to lick our wounds and get even.” I closed the service with a simple prayer: “We confess to the intense shock and sorrow we are feeling. We ask for the comfort You have prom¬ ised to provide. We have lost four of Your few good men . . .” And then their names were read: “Sergeant Bobby Joe Dickson, Corpo¬ ral Gregor)' FI. Weber, Corporal Pat¬ rick R. Kwiatkowski, Sergeant Tho¬ mas T. Handwork.” And now, “May their souls be with You today in paradise.” Luisa de Diaz said she felt terrible at the service. “I wished I were in another place, anyplace else in the world,” she said. “We were so sorry

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 it happened here, sorry that it hap¬ been holding it in for a long time. knew, real estate too valuable for pened in our country.” That night a woman I know, a sidewalk cafes. “Right there,” Karl Somehow, I wanted to slink away German, asked me why the Marines said. “But then it was a lot closer to too. It’s strange what you feel in had gone there. “Didn’t they know it the street. Oh, and they’ve put up situations like those. A sinking of the was dangerous to sit on the street?” this little rail, see?” He studied it. heart, I felt that, but I also felt the “It’s very sad,” I replied. “Still an easy target.” release that Fridays bring and a secret She shuddered. “We never think it Last month I saw Armando Reyes pride that the charge liked my prayer. can happen to us.” in the embassy cafeteria. I told him I Outside the afternoon was a watery That was 1985. Karl Sutter had not was writing an article on the Zona sunlight, balmy and still, the begin¬ been to the Zona Rosa since that Rosa and asked him if he thought nings of a beautiful evening. “El June night. Together he and I walked about it anymore. Salvador has perfect weather, doesn’t over to Chilis one afternoon and he “I don’t,” he whispered. “It was it?” an AID man remarked. We all pointed out the table where the too terrible.” agreed. “If they could just export it, Marines had sat. Of the cafes, only “But how do you keep from think¬ they’d be oil rich,” one of us chimed Chilis and the Mediterranee remain. ing about it?” in. Everyone laughed. It seemed we Office buildings and shopping centers “You have to control your mind,” had let out our breath a little. We had are devouring the Zona Rosa we he answered and tapped his head with a pencil. Not long ago Debbie Charles brought me some snapshots she had 6000 miles from here... been saving for five years. I opened the envelope, and color photographs This one This one dropped softly into my lap. Marines at the Marine House, Marines at the won’t work. will. Marine ball, Marines young and ma¬ cho in El Salvador. I sorted through the pictures, affectionate, playful faces looking up at me. “That time, that place,” she said, her voice trailing off. Lance Corporal Anton Koszuth was credited with saving civilian lives that night and awarded the Navy Commen¬ dation Medal with the Combat V for Valor and “heroic achievement on 19 June 1985.” Out of the Marines Can you now, he attends community college in Reno, Nevada. About the Zona Rosa he says, “We fell into a rut of tell the difference? going there, but it was hard not going out. How long can you live When it comes to appliances, Appliances Overseas stocks every country makes its own a complete line of large and like that?” rules. 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Dictionary of American lyn Thompson is described as enjoy¬ clude people as contemporary' as Wal¬ Diplomatic History ing “good relations with Soviet lead¬ ter Stoessel and Thomas Pickering, as By John E. Findling, Greenwood ers, who trusted his integrity and well as Cyrus Vance, Warren Christo¬ Press, 1989, $59.95 hardcover liked the fact that he was fluent in pher, George Shultz, and Alexander Russian.” They also liked and re¬ Haig, but not contemporary' black Reviewed by Smith Simpson spected his no-nonsense style of stand¬ ambassadors, such as Edward J. Perk¬ ing up to them. ins, Terence A. Todman, and Donald As Harold Nicholson sadly observed, Findling’s concentration on chiefs McHenry. Diplomatic crises and other “‘Diplomacy’ is carelessly taken to of mission overlooks the significant events, treaties, conferences, catch denote several quite different things,” contribution to U.S. diplomacy by phrases (“peaceful co-existence”), in¬ including foreign policy, negotiation, diplomatic and consular officers of ternational organizations, and scan¬ the processes by which foreign rela¬ lesser rank. For example, Consul dals (Iran-contra) are also included. tions are conducted, and dialogue. Robert Rossow, stationed in Tabriz To each entry is added a bibliogra¬ What these various aspects of “di¬ at the end of World War II, deserves phy, enhancing the value of the work. plomacy” have in common is that an entry for his resourceful reporting The price should not deter readers they relate to governmental activity. on the stealthy, nocturnal movements from adding this to their libraries, for John E. Findling, a history profes¬ of Soviet troops into northern Iran it is such enthralling reading it winds sor at Indiana University Southeast, and toward the Turkish and Iraqi up as readily on a bedside table for appears to be unwilling to accept that borders, while Moscow was making nighttime reading as on a desk for such a connective thread exists. In his heavy territorial and other demands reference and research. Woodrow view, anyone who contributes to a upon Iran and Turkey. Rossow’s Wilson used to tell the story of the country’s transnational relations de¬ timely reports alerted the United dear old lady who, when asked what serves consideration as a participant States and led to the UN Security' she thought of the dictionary, replied in the diplomatic process, including Council’s intervention in the crisis that she found it very interesting, but freebooters, missionaries, entrepre¬ and the withdrawal of Soviet troops. slightly disconnected. Here is one neurs, peace activists, and publicists. Foreign Service officers occupying that is not only interesting but very The lack of a clear conceptualization top administrative positions in the much connected. of diplomacy is all the more disap¬ department also merit entries in the pointing in an otherwise fascinating dictionary, owing to the importance A Question of Balance: The work, because we have been so long of the organizational-managerial role President, the Congress, and in need of a comprehensive diplo¬ thrust upon U.S. diplomacy since Foreign Policy matic dictionary, particularly since the World War II. The dictionary fails to Edited by Thomas E. Mann, The State Department suspended its Bio¬ mention such Foreign Service officers Brookings Institution, 1990, $29.95 graphic Register in 1974. The space as William J. Crockett, William B. hardcover, $10.95 softcover allocated by Findling to a military Macomber, and Ronald Spiers, who adventurer (William Walker), a theo- held top administrative/management Reviewed by Charles Maechling Jr. logian-researcher-professor-biographer posts in the State Department from (Tyler Dennett), a businessman (Com¬ 1963 to 1989, all worthy successors From the time of President George modore Vanderbilt), and other pe¬ to Wilbur J. Carr (who is included). Washington’s first administration, with ripheral figures not only fuzzes the Instead of including journalists like sharp disagreement already dividing concept of diplomacy but reduces the John Gunther and Walter Cronkite— Madison and Hamilton, the separa¬ space—and undoubtedly the research who had no perceptible impact on tion of powers doctrine has provoked time—for diplomats themselves. diplomacy (as distinct from the devel¬ recurring conflict between Congress The biographical entries of diplo¬ opment of public opinion on foreign and the executive branch over the mats differ substantially in the quality policy)—it would have made more conduct of U.S. foreign relations. of analysis—as might be expected sense to include the more outstand¬ Today, the concept of shared power from any undertaking of this magni¬ ing spouses of American diplomats, has prevailed, but this has not ended tude. While most entries are well such as Avis Bohlen, Evangeline Bruce, the debate. researched and analyzed, many lack and Elizabeth Cabot. The latest treatment of this subject, insight. The entry on Lincoln These deficiencies notwithstanding, A Question of Balance, consists of six MacVeagh, for example, does not Findling’s Dictionary provides fasci¬ essays by political scientists, all aca¬ mention the Greek civil war, al¬ nating reading and contains informa¬ demics (Thomas Mann, Robert though it generated the chief burden tion that will be new even to those Katzmann, Gregory Treverton, Barry of MacVeagh’s ambassadorship. Llewel- familiar with diplomacy. Entries in¬ Blechman, Bruce Jeleson, and Pietro 36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 WORLDWIDE INSURANCE FOR FOREIGN SERVICE PERSONNEL ■ PERSONAL PROPERTY ■ AUTO MARINE ■ MARINE TRIP Exclusively administered by HUNTINGTON T. BLOCK INSURANCE 2101 L Street, N.W. 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Nivola), covering such aspects as poli¬ field. The essay on diplomacy suffers Diplomacy Under a Foreign cymaking, war powers, arms control, from a failure to put the subjects in a Flag: When Nations Break trade policy, and the diplomatic func¬ historical context—i.e., how the bal¬ Relations tion. In keeping with the title, the ance looks in comparison with 20 or Edited by David D. Newsom, Insti¬ approach is balanced, sometimes so 40 years ago. tute for the Study of Diplomacy, much that the contributor’s convic¬ If the book has a weakness, it is the 1990, $9.95 softcover tion is hard to discern. omission of certain important aspects The scholarly quality of these es¬ of the subject peculiar to the U.S. Reviewed by Henry E. Mattox says lives up to Brookings’s high foreign policy process and virtually standards, but policymakers and schol¬ unknown in other advanced societies: When nations break relations, some¬ ars will find some topics more rele¬ the role of law, lawyers, and legisla¬ one usually must stay to pick up the vant than others to the fast-moving tion; the impact of domestic political pieces. Switzerland, for example, has international scene. The chapter on factors; and the influence on foreign protected U.S. interests in Castro’s war powers, for example, by Robert policy of a large body of unofficial Cuba continuously for nearly three Katzmann, has the advantages of cur¬ advisers with private agendas and no decades; in fact, the experienced Swiss rency and specificity (Grenada, Libya, responsibility—consultants, think- have represented U.S. interests in Panama), and the treatment provides tank specialists, congressional staff, more than a dozen countries since a useful update. The essays on trade media commentators. Perhaps the next the outbreak of World War II— policy and arms control also cover edition will cover these specifically something of a record. Over the recent developments in a well-defined American elements. years, the United States also has served as the protecting power for numerous states that severed relations with their host governments, going all the way back to 1867 and the fall of Maximilian in Mexico. As recently as the 1960s, Washington looked NATIONAL WINNER-INN OF THE YEAR after British interests in Yemen dur¬ ing a time of civil war and the SUBWAY TO STATE DEPARTMENT absence of formal ties between Lon¬ don and Sanaa. Acting as a diplomatic ARLINGTON protector—always with the agreement VIRGINIA of the host government, of course— can involve a range of duties, from Comfort Comfort Inn safeguarding the departed nation’s embassy, to looking after citizens left Inn Ballston behind, to making formal representa¬ tions on that nation’s behalf. Often it •LOCATION Walk 7 min. to Ballston Metrorail: Direct access to city on 1-66; 4 miles to State Department; 2 miles is a demanding, thankless task that from Marymount university; 11 miles from Arlington Cemetery; 3 1/2 miles from the Pentagon, and leads to strains in the protector na¬ Vietnam and Lincoln Memorials; 4 1/2 miles from National Airport, the White House, Washington Monument and Jefferson Memorial. tion’s relationship with the host gov¬ •RATES Singlc/Dbl ernment. Govern merit 76.00- 82.00 Newsom and Georgetown Univer¬ Rack 85.00- 92.00 Fridav-Saturday 60.00- 75.00 sity’s Institute for the Study of Diplo¬ Off season and long-term stay discounts available macy have provided a valuable service • FACILITIES-ACCOMMODATIONS in publishing eight essays on this 126 rooms and suites with climate control Restaurant and Lounge offers room service from 6:30 AM to 10 PM litde-known but sometimes impor¬ Free Underground Parking, no in/out charges Free color cable TV including CNN. ESPN and Showtime tant diplomatic practice. Even stan¬ (lift Shop, Travel Agency dard treatises on diplomacy devote Comfort Inn Ballston virtually no attention to the role of 1211 N. Glebe Road protective powers: Sir Ernest Satow’s Arlington, Virginia 22201 authoritative, voluminous Guide to For reservations call 703-247-3399 or toll-free Diplomatic Practice (1957) includes

800-221-2222 precisely one sentence on the subject. Diplomacy Under a Foreign Flag at 38 FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • MAY 1990 least begins to correct that gap in the of the United States. The essays in the political role of non-citizens, show¬ literature. Ambassador James J. Blake the first, and more original, half of ing the impact of their political activ¬ surveys the development of the prac¬ the book discuss how citizenship and ity even without voting rights. The tice, and other contributors, includ¬ membership ought to be organized. blurring of the lines between citizens ing Newsom, discuss recent examples The second half of the book com¬ and non-citizen residents in the United of protective powers’ operations. Am¬ pares citizenship and “membership” States is also discussed in an essay on bassadors Donald C. Bergus of the policies for residents of Canada and how incentives for citizenship may be United States and Ashraf Ghorbal of the United States (countries of mass weakened, when benefits and legal Egypt in separate essays discuss the immigration), Sweden and West Ger¬ protection are available to all resi¬ hiatus in U.S.-Egyptian relations from many (traditional countries of emigra¬ dents. 1967 to 1974. In an arrangement tion, with recent recruitment of mi¬ A country’s moral obligations to¬ dating only from the mid-1960s, grant workers), and the United King¬ ward its members are covered in an each headed a special section in Cairo dom and France (former colonial essay that would give pause to visa¬ and Washington under the flag of the powers with evolving citizenship and issuing officers. Joseph H. Carens protecting powers, Spain and India naturalization policies). argues that countries are morally obli¬ respectively. Other contributors ana¬ Excellent essays, including one on gated to grant citizenship to all those lyze their experiences in handing over Germany’s restrictive naturalization it allows to reside and work within its American interests to protector na¬ laws by Kay Hailbronner, and one on borders, even when this permission is tions in Baghdad, Algiers, and Ha¬ dual citizenship by Tomas Hammar, as tacit as permitting long-term stud¬ vana. look at the political basis for national¬ ies or employment for illegal aliens. Slighted somewhat in this brief ity policies. Another essay outlines Once temporary workers or students volume is historical perspective. Schol¬ ars could undoubtedly piece together from the archives informative ac¬ counts of earlier instances in which the United States acted as protecting power or benefited from this sendee. We concentrate on What, for instance, were the implica¬ only ONE thing ... tions when, following the execution Managing your property. of Maximilian, the United States for nine years represented some 10 coun¬ PROFESSIONAL tries in Mexico? How did U.S. inter¬ PROPERTY ests evolve in Germany under the MANAGEMENT Spanish flag during World War I, or in Turkey under Swedish protection OF NORTHERN in the same period? These and similar VIRGINIA INC. questions will have to await further Join our growing number of research in the field. owners from Athens to Zaire who trust the management of Immigration and the Politics their properties to PPM. Pro¬ of Citizenship in Europe and fessional service with a per¬ North America sonal touch. Edited by William Rogers Brubaker, Discounts on appliances University Press of America Inc., and more! Monthly comput¬ 1989, $11.98 softcover erized statements.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAV 1990 39 I” 1 AUTHORIZED EXPORTER Books GENERAL ELECTRIC -U.S A - become members of society, the sponsored, and military terrorism— author suggests, the state should not are forms of war that represent the judge their character or assimilation latest evolution of warfare and re¬ GENERAL ELECTRONICS before offering them citizenship, since quire military approaches to counter no such restrictions apply to native- them. Although Hanle sets forth a INC. born citizens. coherent system of reasoning to sup¬ This emphasis on self-definition as port this view, it rests upon faulty □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS opposed to legal determination of premises. □ RANGES □ MICROWAVE OVENS citizenship by the state is common to Hanle’s general chapter on terror¬ □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS □ WASHERS □ SMALL APPLIANCES several essays and makes them pro¬ ism reflects confusion about terror¬ □ AUDIO EQUIPMENTS TELEVISION vocative reading for anyone working ism’s dynamics. His definition, which □ DISHWASHERS □ TRANSFORM¬ with nationality and immigration laws. requires that “abnormal” amounts of ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG (Please check box) force be used (as defined by the Terrorism: The Newest Face victim of an attack), is erroneous and Available for All Electric compounded by his mistaken view Currents/Cycles of Warfare By Donald J. Hanle, Pergamon- that terrorism is intended to instill Immediate Shipping/Mailing Brassey’s, 1989, $32 hardcover fear and panic in governments. The From our Local Warehouse true purpose of terrorism is to influ¬ Reviewed by Mayer Nudell ence government action by intimidat¬ We Can Also Furnish ing die population at large. In this Replacement Parts for Policymakers are ffequendy confronted way, terrorists hope to precipitate Most Manufactures by the question of whether terrorism misguided and repressive government should be addressed as a military responses that will alienate the popu¬ SHOWROOM problem. There are many arguments lation, advancing the terrorists’ politi¬ General Electronics, Inc. for employing military force against cal agenda. 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20016 terrorism, and examples abound of Hanle further strays off the reserva¬ Tel. (202) 362-8300 this approach’s success. However, the tion when he categorizes terrorism as FAX (202) 363-6538 theoretical basis for resolving the “indirect,” “apolitical,” and so forth. TWX 710-822-9450 question is weak. One of the latest Here he demonstrates a confusion GENELECINC WSH efforts to establish such a theoretical between terror and terrorism. Even basis, Terrorism: The Newest Face of the examples he uses to support his Warfare, is no more successful than taxonomy undermine it. previous attempts but provides one Hanle falls victim to the conun¬ of the best and most integrated argu¬ drum that plagues many analysts of ments for addressing terrorism through terrorism. It is a political phenome¬ military means. non as elusive as politics itself. At the Major Donald J. Hanle (USAF) end of the day, we must always clearly has given considerable thought remember that placing terrorism in to terrorism as a form of warfare. He the context of warfare ensures that is well versed in the philosophy of we will never successfully combat it. war and has read and assimilated the The bitter truth is that war itself is thinking of great writers on the sub¬ the ultimate form of terrorism, but ject from the unconventional—Sun that recognition does nothing to pro¬ Tsu and Mao Zedong—to the con¬ mote peace. In the same vein, terror¬ ventional—von Clausewitz and Sum¬ ism must be considered as a peace¬ mers. The first half of Hanle’s book time phenomenon, thereby establish¬ provides the reader with a succinct, ing parameters within which demo¬ thorough, and readable exposition on cratic governments must conduct them¬ the principles of war and how warfare selves as they formulate policy. Milita¬ has evolved. rizing the fight against terrorism re¬ Unfortunately, the second half of flects a failure to understand its basic the book mistakenly attempts to dem¬ dynamics and drastically limits the onstrate that at least three of several options and countermeasures avail¬ kinds of terrorism—revolutionary, state- able to democracies.

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 Iran’s Revolution: The Search central character of Anne Tyler’s The incorporates how our basic percep¬ for Consensus Accidental Tourist, an author of guide tions of time and interpersonal rela¬ Edited by R.K. Ramazani, Indiana books, aims to help business travelers tionships differ in other cultures. He University Press, 1990, $8.95 softcover feel they had never left home, Fon¬ identifies the biggest challenge facing taine here outlines a program for not anyone doing business overseas— Reviewed by Arnold Shifferdecker only coping with travel but making “ecoshock” (what we used to call efficient use of cross-cultural differ¬ culture shock)—and discusses how to This anthology analyzes Iran’s revolu¬ ences. cope with it. tion at the 10-year mark and seeks to Beginning with the premise that He uses case histories and charts to identify trends in its foreign and the world is becoming ever more clarify his ideas, which are blocked domestic politics in the post-Khomeini international (something diplomats out logically and clearly, even if the era. Six leading Iran experts, includ¬ don’t need to be told), the author language at times gets a bit thick— ing Richard Cottam, Shireen Hunter, stresses an approach to international “cultural assimilator,” “intercultural and Gary Sick, contrast the continu¬ dealings, commercial or diplomatic, sensitizer,” etc. Still, the author treats ing volatility of Iran’s cleric-led revo¬ that not only embraces cultural rela¬ his subject with zest and even a sense lution with the revolution’s durabil¬ tivity but makes use of it. Toward this of humor: a book like this one could ity, despite repeated failure to imple¬ goal, he develops in clear, straightfor¬ have been a lot duller. Fontaine ment internal reform. ward terms a concept he calls “inter¬ manages to make it both informative Of note for the foreign affairs national microcultures,” which amount and entertaining, and little is left out. community is Hunter’s description of to a way of doing business that There’s even a section on jet lag. □ the halting process of Soviet-Iranian detente, which received a large boost not only from the Iran-Iraq cease-fire but also from the Iran-contra revela¬ tions and the Rushdie affair. Hunter claims that the cease-fire and Iran- There Is Only One Place contra enabled radicals within Tehran’s ruling elite to overcome moderates To Stay In Washington and discredit Iran’s tentative opening to the West. This assertion rings true, YOUR PLACE and the “moderate” Rafsanjani has had to steer a cautious policy in his first year after assuming Khomeini’s SHORT OR LONG TERM LUXURY mantle. “A Hotel Alternative APARTMENTS, TOWNHOUSES. PENTHOUSES Release of foreign hostages in Leba¬ For The Prudent Spender.” All Suites Tastefully Furnished & Fully Equipped Kitchens * Telephone * Cable non would bolster claims in the West Television * Security Intercom System that Rafsanjani is indeed a moderate. Complete Health Spa * Concierge * Parking Laundry and Valet * Maid Svc (optional) * But attributing moderation to the Convenience Store mullahs is the kind of thinking, some would argue, that led us into the SPECIALIZING IN RELOCATIONS SERVING CORPORATIONS * PENTAGON arms-for-hostages mess and a decade THE STATE DEPARTMENT * INSURANCE of foreign-policy disasters. INDUSTRY * EXTENDED TRAVEL CONVENIENT METRO LOCATIONS AT: ROSSLYN CAPITOL HILL Managing International As¬ GEORGETOWN FOGGY BOTTOM signments DUPONT CIRCLE By Gary Fontaine, Prentice Hall Inc., 1989, $36 hardcover * Visa and Master Card Honored TLC Development Corporation Reviewed by Kelley Dupuis 1700 N Moore St. Suite 714 Art, Va. 22209

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 41 In Memory Arnie, Bill, and Bonnie

ARTHUR LEZIN talented actors in that extremely lim¬ else remotely connected to the U.S. ited universe. embassy in that bleak and difficult e first met Arnie and Bill W Bill was an altogether different post. All of us were objects of her and their families when we personality'. As the point man for the special warmth and selflessness. The arrived in Islamabad, the capital of U.S. AID mission’s projects in the furthest thing from her mind was Pakistan. Each, in his own way, mer¬ health sector, he was responsible for some kind of deference because of ited the “unforgettable character” de¬ millions of dollars in expenditures her husband’s rank. I would not have scription. Even though Arnie was a and a large, hardworking staff. Al¬ been surprised if some of the Em¬ relatively junior member of the Em¬ though there was no official reason bassy’s Mauritanian employees called bassy political section, his perceptive to do so, Bill took our family under her “Bonnie”. Everyone else did. understanding of the country com¬ his wing when we first arrived, invit¬ What did Arnie, Bill and Bonnie, manded the attention of his col¬ ing us over to meet other members whose personalities and world view leagues, from the Ambassador on of the international community he were so dissimilar, have in common? down. His wry view of life and ability' thought we would enjoy. Our kids It was the way they died. Arnie to milk the humor out of even the were about the same age and they Raphel was U.S. ambassador to Paki¬ most depressing development made liked each other. Bill’s work domi¬ stan on the same plane as President him a popular figure in the American nated his life. On evenings and week¬ Zia when it crashed. Bill McIntyre community. With Arnie as a dinner ends he usually could be found in his was acting director of the U.S. AID guest, any concerns about stimulating office, scribbling notes and instruc¬ mission to Lebanon. He was killed, conversation or a proper mix of na¬ tions to his staff or drafting cables to along with many others, in the terror¬ tionalities among the other invitees Washington. He never felt comfortable ist attack which destroyed the Ameri¬ evaporated. But his most impressive taking time off. I remember when his can embassy in Beirut. Bonnie Pugh contribution to life in that remote wife pushed hard for a brief family was returning to United States to part of the world had nothing to do vacation in Kabul, Afghanistan, a help prepare for her daughter’s wed¬ with official duties, in or out of the welcome change of pace for most of ding, a long-awaited joyous occasion, office. He was a key member of the us. He stopped by my office on his when her plane was blown up. Rawalpindi Amateur Theatrical Soci¬ way out, confessing he wasn’t looking It is a rare day that I am not ety, otherwise known as RATS. Arnie forward to the trip because there was reminded of Arnie or Bill or Bonnie. produced, directed, and sometimes so much that remained to be done. The most vexing problem takes on a acted in plays of astonishing quality. As wife of the U.S. ambassador in completely different hue when meas¬ I have never understood how, but he Nouakchott, Bonnie believed our hap¬ ured against their loss and that of was able to discover and develop piness and well-being were her per¬ their families. Remember them, re¬ Arthur Lezin, a retired FSO, writes sonal responsibility'. In this respect, member how they enriched our lives. from Sunriver, Oregon. we were no different from anyone

J. WESLEY ADAMS JR., 76, died of From 1950, his Foreign Service Human Rights Day observance. cancer Dec. 29, 1989 at the Hospice assignments took him primarily to Mr. Adams is survived by his wife of Washington. the Middle East and South Asia, of 50 years, Frances McStay Adams, Born in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, including tours of duty' in Cairo, New of 4118 49th St., NW, Washington, Mr. Adams served for 32 years in the Delhi, Baghdad, Amman, and La¬ DC, 20016; by their children Tho¬ Foreign Service. His first overseas hore. mas McStay Adams, Daniel James assignment was in Ecuador. In 1944 Following retirement from State in Adams, and Katharine Odell Adams; he joined the Bureau of UN Affairs, 1973, Mr. Adams served for two by a brother, Walter Burt Adams, of taking part in the Dumbarton Oaks years as Woodrow Wilson Visiting Belen, NM, and three grandchildren. Conference of 1944, the San Fran¬ Fellow, detailed to various liberal arts cisco Conference of 1945, and the colleges. He has since been associated NICHOLAS J.A. BACHE, 31, died Rio de Janeiro Conference of 1947. with the Middle East Institute, both March 24, 1990. He served as adviser to Admiral as economic consultant and treasurer, Mr. Bache was born Oct. 1, 1958, Chester Nimitz, the U.S. representa¬ and with the Washington-area United in Summit, NJ. Son of FSO G. tive to the Kashmir Commission, in Nations Association. As recently as Michael Bache and Eleanor (Krout) 1949. Dec. 8, he presided at the UNA’s Bache of Washington, DC, he was an

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 English teacher, wrestling coach, and Army, then for HICOG as a budget Charles; daughters Nancy and Janet; doormaster at the Kent School in and fiscal officer. The rest of his and four grandchildren. Kent, CT. He is survived by his government career was spent mainly parents, of 2805 University Terrace, overseas as administrative officer for CHRISTOPHER E. MCCARTHY, 35, NW, Washington, DC 20016; his the State Department and AID. He died of melanoma Feb. 24, 1990 at brother, Stephen K. Bache of served in Haiti, Panama, Dominican the National Institute of Health. He Pasadena, CA; two sisters, Marion D. Republic, Paraguay, and Vietnam. resided in McLean, VA. Bache of Lakewood, NJ and Vivian Survivors include his wife, Gerald¬ Mr. McCarthy was born in Paris, L.B. Quam of Bloomington, IN. ine, of 8514 Rayburn Rd., Bethesda, where his father was working for MD, 20817; three sons, George, of USIA. He grew up in West Germany EARL THOMAS CRAIN died suddenly Los Alamos, NM, Peter, of St. Peters¬ and the Middle East as well as Wash¬ on November 5, 1989 in El Paso, burg, FL, Michael, of Philadelphia, ington, DC. He received a degree in Texas. PA; three daughters, Molly government at Lawrence University Mr. Crain was born on Oct. 25, Richardson, of Waterville, ME, Deanie in Wisconsin. 1907 in Quincy, Illinois. He entered Kennedy, of Kensington, MD, Amy During his State Department ca¬ the University of Illinois at age 15, Taylor, of Rising Sun, MD; and nine reer, he served in Montreal, Mexico graduating at 19, one of the youngest grandchildren. City, Abu Dhabi, and Washington, graduates. Entering the Foreign Serv¬ DC. ice in 1928, Mr. Crain served in ARTHUR G. LUND, 79, died Feb. 15, Survivors include his wife, Michelle Havana, Port Lirnon, Managua, 1990 in Arcadia, CA. Mr. Lund was W. Petty' of McLean; his parents, Tehran, Algiers, Madrid, Juarez, San¬ administrative officer in Moscow and John Robert and Helen McCarthy of tiago, and Paris. Mr. Crain spent Warsaw, fiscal officer in Paris and Peterborough, NH.; three brothers, three years as Senior Inspector and management and budget officer for William James McCarthy of Malibu, his last post was in Milan, as consul the U.S. Mission to NATO. He is CA, John Jr., of Snohomish, W\, and general and dean of the consular survived by his wife Georgia of 637 Michael Allen McCarthy of Balti¬ corps. Fairview Ave., Arcadia, CA 91007. more, MD; and three sisters, Anne During his tour of duty in Spain M. Pearcy of Waukegan, IL, Eliza¬ (1939-43), Mr. Crain was responsible GRAHAM A. MARTIN, 77, died March beth M. McDermott of Cairo, Egypt, for the liberation and repatriation of 13, 1990, in Winston-Salem, NC. and Margaret McCarthy of Albuquer¬ U.S. prisoners of the Spanish civil Born in Mars Hill, NC., he was a que, NM. war. graduate of Wake Forest University'. After retirement, Mr. Crain and his After working briefly as a newspaper STEPHEN PETERS, 83, died of cancer family remained in Italy for another correspondent, he began a long ca¬ Jan. 17, 1990. 10 years, allowing Mr. Crain to be¬ reer in government service in 1933, Born in Traska, Albania, Mr. Peters come an expert in agriculture, manag¬ first with the National Recovery' Ad¬ came to the United States in 1920 ing olive groves and vineyards. Open ministration and then the Social Secu¬ and settled in . He was a heart surgery forced him to abstain rity' Board. He joined the Army Air graduate of Harvard University where from strenuous work and in 1977, Corps in 1942, rising to the rank of he also received his master’s in educa¬ Mr. Crain and his family moved to El lieutenant colonel. tion. Paso where he leaves many friends. In 1947 he joined the Foreign From 1936 to 1939, Mr. Peters Mr. Crain is survived by his wife, Service and served in Washington, taught in Albania. In 1945, he be¬ Agnes E. Crain, of 6140 Los Felinos Alabama, France, Switzerland, Thai¬ came a research analyst in the State Cr., El Paso, TX 79912, and his land, Italy, and Vietnam. He held the Department. In 1958, he was com¬ daughter, Virginia E. Crain. rank of ambassador as the U.S. repre¬ missioned in the Foreign Sendee and sentative to international organiza¬ served in Rome and Trieste until GEORGE RILEY JENNINGS, 76, died tions in Geneva, and was posted as retirement in 1966. His books in¬ Feb. 2, 1990 in Bethesda, MD, of a ambassador to Thailand, Italy, and clude The Anatomy of Communist heart attack. Vietnam. He was ambassador to the Takeovers, Area Handbook for the A native of New Haven, CT, Mr. Republic of Vietnam at the time of Soviet Union, and Area Handbook for Jennings was a graduate of the Geor¬ the U.S. evacuation from Saigon in Albania. getown School of Foreign Service. 1975. Survivors include his wife, Martha He served in the Army Air Corps in Ambassador Martin is survived by Jean Peters of Alexandria, VA; two die Pacific in World War II. He went his wife, Dorothy Wallace Martin of children, Lawrence S. Peters of to West Germany for five years in 907 N. Stratford Rd., Winston- McLean, VA and Stephanie Peters of 1948, working first for the U.S. Salem, NC 27104; sons Michael and Walnut Creek, CA.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 43 Planning for Prosperity

ELIZABETH LEE and CONNIE DUPRAS

Financial planners usually reach the media only by scandal: there are stories about the retired couple who lose their nest egg by following the advice of a self-styled financial planner or the aged widow tricked overseas, Cobb was “flush with dis¬ into investing in Floridian swamp¬ posable income” and didn’t worry land. The supposed moral of the about finances, until his children stories is either 1) Don’t use a finan¬ reached college age and retirement cial planner, or 2) The only way to loomed ahead. He decided to work get objective advice is to pay a with a planner after going through fortune to a high-priced planner. But Richard Cobb, a Foreign Service an AID retirement seminar. His plan¬ most middle-income earners need help officer with the Agency for Interna¬ ner charged an initial planning fee, with their financial planning and can¬ tional Development, says working with then offset a portion of the annual not afford high fees. Middle-income a financial planner has been “a great retainer fee with commissions. earners should not be frightened or relief.” “I spent the first 45 years of Cobb’s planner has created a trust priced out of the market. my life not knowing where my money fund for his three children’s college was going,” he says. “Now I realize tuition, put aside investment funds, Illustrations by Joe Johnson, public affairs all the opportunities that slipped consolidated his life insurance, re¬ officer in Dublin. through my fingers.” In 12 years viewed his disability insurance, and

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44 financial planning supplement FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • MAY 1990 helped him set both short- and long¬ Some clients with specific needs not spectacular, have been positive in term goals. She also prepares his taxes may require additional professional less than one year of holding invest¬ and keeps copies of all his records. qualifications in a financial planner. ments that were chosen for long¬ “She saved me money and lowered Someone with a large estate, for term, not immediate, performance. my level of anxiety,” Cobb says. example, may want a CFP-attorney, Lowenthal recommends careful re¬ while someone with complex tax con- search before selecting a financial Shopping for the right stuff planner. First ask friends and col¬ leagues for recommendations. Recom¬ Cobb hired a certified financial plan¬ mendations may not yield a planner ner (CFP), licensed by the Interna-- with expertise appropriate to a given tional Board of Standards and Prac¬ client’s needs, but they will provide a tices for Certified Financial Planners. starting point. After choosing a list of CFPs complete a curriculum covering potential advisers, potential clients the planning process, specifically, tax, may ask them for client references. investment, insurance, retirement, and Names will be released only with estate planning and then must pass client approval, as their code of ethics national examinations administered by demands that CFPs keep information the College for Financial Planning in about clients confidential. Some over¬ order to receive certification. The when he began to consider refi¬ seas Foreign Service personnel choose International Board of Standards and nancing a home equity loan. Now his Practices requires CFPs to disclose to planner handles the decisions he pre¬ Connie Dupras is president of Capital clients their background, their prac¬ viously divided among an accountant, Assets Planning Inc. a registered invest¬ tice philosophy, and potential con¬ stock broker, insurance agent, and ment adviser firm near Tysons Corner, flicts of interest. The board also mortgage broker, and she has already VA. She spent eleven years in Africa enforces the CFP code of ethics and saved him $4,000 in refinancing his with the Peace Corps and AID, among determines criteria for continuing edu¬ home equity. Results from invest¬ other organizations. Elizabeth Lee writes cation and licensing renewal. ments she has recommended, while frequently about the Foreign Service.

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A ROLLOVER CAN PUT IT ALL TOGETHER!

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 45 to write financial planners directly to after expenses will be accessible to ners because they do not have the ask for references. more clients by charging low fees, time, energy, interest, or knowledge One factor in the choice of a subsidized over the long run by to manage their financial affairs. Those financial planner may be compensa¬ commissions. Current fees range from considering a financial planner should tion. A potential client needs to $300 to $1,000. take the time to determine which consider whether it would be most services are needed. These might advantageous to work with a planner Fewer headaches include budget help, investment ad¬ who earns a flat fee, fee offset by vice, or an analysis of retirement commission, or commission only. Foreign 5ervice personnel have un¬ options. Identify the needs, then find There is much debate about the usual financial planning needs. Being a planner who can satisfy them. effect of compensation on objectivity. posted overseas makes timely commu¬ F$0 $haron Epstein set her plan¬ As planners earn their commissions nication difficult, while cash flow will ning goals in the first meeting with from the companies selling the finan¬ vary at different posts because of her financial planner. “I didn’t know cial products the client buys, many dramatically different costs of living anything about pensions, investments, people believe that payment by commis¬ in various countries. The planning etcetera, and I didn’t know how to sion only can create a conflict of strategy must be flexible, and the pay attention to these things while I interest and invite unethical activity. client will want to work with a was overseas,” she says. Now the Compensation structure is really a planner who not only knows but planner, a CFP and MBA, invests and marketing decision, however, which cares where Mbabane or Tegucigalpa manages her money, manages her planners make depending on their is. 5omeone in the Foreign Service property while she is abroad, acts as client bases. A planner working with who is shopping for a planner should her legal representative on questions high-income, high net-worth busi¬ ask how he or she deals with the about her house, and prepares her ness owners is able to charge high problems of an overseas client, and taxes. Epstein pays her planner a flat fees, usually $2,500 to $5,000, based the planner should be familiar with fee. “The beauty of the situation is on a percentage of assets. A planner U.S. government benefits and op¬ that he was still looking after my with middle-income clients who have tions. interests while I was overseas,” she modest, if any, net disposable income Clients turn to professional plan¬ says. □

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46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 MASTERCARD « LOANS CHECKING » FREE CABLES • TELESERVE EDUCATION HOME EQUITY IRAs FAMILY ACCOUNTS CDs TRUST MONEYLINE LINE OF-CREDIT AUTO TRAVELERS CHECKS MORTGAGES • DIRECT DEPOSIT • ATMs • QUEST TRAVEL SERVICE • Regulating the Planning Industry Premiere Federal, state, and industry agen¬ • National Association of Securi¬ cies protect consumers by enforcing ties Dealers: The NASD is an Financial industry regulations. Each agency industry association that admini¬ may impose sanctions for non- sters national and state exams for Services at compliance, abuse, or consumer securities licensing. It may arbi¬ fraud. Contact the following agen¬ trate disputes between clients and cies for more detailed information: securities brokers and may suspend Home and or revoke a license. • Securities and Exchange Commis¬ • State Insurance Commission: Abroad sion: The SEC and many state Each state issues life/health and property/casualty insurance licenses commissions require most financial or over half a century, planners to be registered invest¬ upon completion of required course F State Department Federal ment advisors (RIA) or to be work and examination. Many states affiliated with an RIA firm. Regis¬ have continuing education require¬ Credit Union has provided tration does not attest to technical ments for license renewal. a wide range of financial competence. It means the advisor These licenses and registrations services for members must comply with reporting and offer legal recourse in the event of throughout the U.S. and in disclosure requirements and is sub¬ fraudulent advice or actions. Cli¬ more than 150 countries ject to audit for investment advi¬ ents should require written confir¬ and territories worldwide sory' and implementation activities. mation from a planner that his or As the largest credit union RIAs are required to provide consum¬ her firm is an RIA or that the serving the U.S. State ers with Form ADV (full disclo¬ planner is legally exempt from Department and U.S. Infor¬ sure) registration and offer annual registration because of regulation mation Agency personnel, updates. by another federal agency. we’re proud of the service we give members wherever they live Take advantage of our ex¬ ceptional financial services Free 30-minute personal financial by joining State Department consultation.nrmcnlf afinn 30-minuteFind out with personal our free financial Federal Credit Union. consultation. Just fill out and IDS wants to help you mail the coupon or call: achieve greater financial (301) 585-6456 Yes, I’m interested in becoming a State Department Federal Credit Union security. Insurance is offered by IDS Life Insurance Company. member. Please send me a membership application and Member Service Guide. Anthony S. Kochanek, Jr. □ Yes, I want to take advantage of this valuable offer. I understand Name FSO (Ret.) there is no cost or obligation. Personal Financial Planner Address Name With over 90 years of Address experience and 1.1 million City/State/Zip. City clients, the IDS Family of Home Phone _ State Zip/APO Companies (IDS) knows how Business Phone important balanced financial Mail to: State Department Federal Credit Union, Attn: Marketing, 1630 planning is for you. Mail to: Anthony S. Kochanek, Jr. King Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. Just consider the wide range of IDS Financial Services Inc. Suite 600 financial options we make 8405 Colesville Road Or call: 703-706-5140, 800-658-8882 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 available: (cont. U.S.) Mon.-Fri. 8:00 A.M.-4:30 P.M, • Personal Financial Planning Eastern time, 24-Hr. Savings & Loan • Thx-Exempt Investments rate hot line: 301-369-1368. • ERA/Keogh Plans • Money Market and An American Express company Mutual Funds ’AMERICAN! • Unit Investment Trusts ■EXPRESS • Investment Certificates STATE • Insurance DEPARTMENT FEDERAL • Pension & Profit Sharing Plans © 1987 IDS Financial Corporation • Limited Partnerships All rights reserved. CREDIT UNION NCUA

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 • MEMBER EMERITUS FOR RETIREES • MASTERCAR0 • Marketplace

Advertising Index May 1990 page 52 A.G. Edwards page 44 Hutchinson, Pete/McGrath Mgt. Corp, Allied Realty page 51 Interstate inside back cover Appliances Overseas page 34 Ittellieg/Pardoe & Graham page 4 page 35 Book Call page 48 JKJ/GM page 52 Chrvsler/Jeep insert Johnson, Joyce page 50 Chrysler/Jeep back cover Joyce Ed page 46 Clements & Company page 1 Kan, Robert page 47 Clements & Company page 9 Kochanek, Anthony S. page 53 Coldwcll Banker page 35 Laughlin Inc. page 54 Colonial Storage inside front cover Lewis & Silverman page 53 Columbia Plaza RX page 49 Mark Tracz Real Estate page 49 Comfort Inn page 38 Martens Volvo page 49 The Complete Paperback Shopper page 49 Mercersburg Academy page 54 Correri/Long & Foster page 52 MGMB Cotterman/Long & Foster page 7 Monti, Laura page 52 Crowley, Agnes page 52 Mt. Vernon In Town Properties page 53 page 50 Don Beyer Volvo page 48 Morgan RX page 50 Diplomat Properties Inc. page 51 Neill, Mullenholz & Shaw page 53 Dupras, Connie page 50 Network Realtors Euromotor Cars page 50 Noffsinger/Better Homes page 52 page 39 Executive Housing page 6 Professional Property Managment Export Electronics page 49 Property Specialists page 51 page 5 Ferris, Baker Watts page 45 R.A.W. Rescue Products page 49 Ford page 13 Remington Associates page 53 Frazee Realtors page 54 Robertson, Luz page 54 General Electronics page 39 Sandoz and Lamberton page 29 Gill, Cathie page 12 Security Storage page 47 Ginn, Marv page 44 State Department Credit Union page 53 GM-OASC page 11 Stuart & Maury page 50 GM-OASC insert TASIS page 53 Guardian Storage page 10 Taylor, Elaine H i rshorn/Ch u bb page 31 The Towers Inn page 49 page 41 Ho Ho Cash & Carry page 37 TLC Huntington T. Block page 37 Victor)' Van Lines page 38 Yurachek, Paul page 46 r/ Call WALK TO STATE Short Term Rentals VOLVO for any Factory-Set Discounts Remington Condominium To Diplomats Posted ft book 24th & G Streets NW Stateside and Abroad • Immediate shipment Fully furnished and accessorized U.S., U.K., European, or worldwide • Credit cards with balconies. or check • Ask about our Overseas Specs overnight gift delivery Included in each unit are: nationwide • Free monthly Weekly housekeeping services, Overseas and Domestic new title forecast • Mail washer and dryer, microwave Deliveries orders welcome • Open 24

hours every day IV2 blocks to the Foggy Botton Metro JERRY GRIFFIN 1'800'255'2665 DIPLOMA TIC SALES SPECIALIST InCT or Worldwide Low rates and no deposit for (203)966-5470 Foreign Service Personnel FAX 1-203-966-4329 | dbDon Beyer Volvo Remington Associates, Inc. 1231 W. Broad Street 601 24th Street NW, #106 Falls Church, VA 22046 59 Elm Street Washington, D.C. 20037 New Canaan, (703) 237-5020 CT 06840 (202) 466-7367 Fax (202) 659-8520 FAX: (703) 237-5028 MERCERSBURG Export ACADEMY Electronics, U.S.A.’s Largest Located in South Inc. Diplomatic Dealer Central Pennsylvania • Transformers less than two hours easy • Washers/Dryers drive from Washington, D.C., Mercersburg • Dishwashers offers an excellent academic pro¬ • Refrigerators SONY gram in a friendly and supportive • Air Conditioners PHILIPS Diplomatic Discounts environment. • Freezers AU!^S0NIC A diverse student body and AIWA faculty, small classes, a beautiful Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats, • Ranges TOSHIBA campus, and numerous athletic Members of International Organizations • TVs/VCRs GRUNDIG and extracurricular activities pro¬ & Military Personnel vide a wonderful setting for a rich • Small appliances AKAI Contact: Dana Martens and rewarding experience for boys • Audio Equipment SHARP Diplomatic Sales Director and girls grades 9-12. SANSUI For more information write or call:

DIRECTOR OF ADMISSIONS MARTENS Mercersburg Academy VOLVO OF WASHINGTON Mercersburg, PA 17236 4810 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. (717) 328-2151 FAX: (717) 328-2151-9072 110/220 Volt Stereo 50/50 hz - Video - T. V. - Appliances Washington, D.C. 20016 or 1719ConnecticutAve., N.W. (Near Dupont Ctr.) (202) 537-3000 L. Bruce Laingen, Executive Director Washington, D.C. 20009 Fax: (202) 537-1826 National Commission on the Public Service Phone (202) 232-2244 FAX (202) 265-2435 (202) 638-0307

WASHINGTON, DC AREA \ PAPERBACK] LOW COST ACCOMMODATIONS COLUMBIA PLAZA PHARMACY I LOVERS I 516 23rd St. NW. Enjoy Our Unique Washington, D.C. 20037 Telephone (202) 331-5800 Paperback Book Service Hotel-Suites 420 North Van Dorn Street FAX (202) 452-7820 • Monthly newsletter lists 300 Alexandria, VA 22304 new releases (800) 368-3339 * (703) 370-1000 • Featuring mass-market and “An Equipped Kitchen in Every Room” trade paperbacks 1990 GOVERNMENT RATES • Categorized by subject with OFFICIAL OR LEISURE brief reviews Daily Weekly Monthly • Order your selections for Efficiency $60 $300 $1100 immediate shipment 1 Bedroom 72 400 1200 • Special requests for any 2 Bedroom 86 500 N/A book honored State/City taxes included • This is not a book club-no SAVE MEAL & INCIDENTAL EXPENSE $$ purchase required * An Equipped Kitchen in Every Room Subscribe today - enclose your check or money | * Free Cable TV with HBO/ESPN order for $20.00 for one full year to: * Free Utilities/Free Parking THE COMPLETE PAPERBACK * Pool/Laundry/Convenience Store * Complimentary Newspaper/ SHOPPER Continental Breakfast P.O. Box 44, Dept. 177 * Metro Bus at Front Door to Metrorail Winnetka, IL 60093 ■ Name ■ For a color brochure and more rate flyers j Mail to: The Towers Hotel/Suites (FSJ) 11 Street 420 N. Van Dorn Street City Alexandria, VA 22304 Name State & Zip Code - Tel No Est. 1974 Address I J SHOP IN AN AMERICAN NEILL, DRUG STORE BY MAIL! BUY MULLENHOLZ An ice cream soda is one of the few items we cannot mail. Drugs, & SHAW cosmetics, sundries SELL mailed to every coun¬ ATTORNEYS AT LAW try in the world. We maintain permanent INVEST family prescription GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT records. SEND NO LAW INCLUDING U.S. FOREIGN MONEY — pay only after satis¬ SERVICE GRIEVANCE BOARD factory receipt of order. Ed Joyce ACTIONS * SECURITY Retired FSIO CLEARANCE ISSUES * EEO LICENSED IN * TAXATION AND TAX PLANNING VIRGINIA * ESTATE PLANNING, WILLS AND TRUSTS * GOVERNMENT <£Mouiyr RELATIONS G. JERRY SHAW ‘TTfl/yO/V WILLIAM L. BRANSFORD ‘REALTY A THOMAS J. O'ROURKE V-'NC 815 Connecticut Ave., N.W., 6257 Old Dominion Dr. Suite 800 Morgan Pharmacy™ McLean, Va. 22101 Washington, D.C. 20006 3001 P Street, N.W. OfT: 821-8300 (202) 463-8400 Washington, D.C. 20007 Res: 821-2109 FAX: (202) 833-8082 FAX: (202) 337-4102

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caoCAPITAL ASSETS TO PLANNING, INC REGISTERED INVESTMENT ADVISOR EUROPE 1980 GALLOWS ROAD, SUITE 240 PICKUPASAABORMERCEDES VIENNA, VIRGINIA 22182 PHONE: 703-442-0505 BENZ AND SAVE. FAX: 703-442-7544 You’ll not only save money by SWITZERLAND . ENGLAND . GREECE taking delivery in Europe or stateside, * First independent American co-ed board¬ Connie Dupras you’ll save even more just for being in ing and day school established in Europe. Certified Financial Planner the military or Diplomatic Corps. * Beautiful campuses on historic properties Certified Public Accountant near Lugano, London, and Athens. Call or fax for details. * U.S. college prep, AP courses, excellent college placement record; grades PK-12. • Planning, Investments, Insurance * Small classes, dedicated faculty, secure Tax Preparation international family-style community. ASK FOR * Travel, sports, arts, cultural programs, • Fee/Commission Offset extensive course-related European travel. or Fee Only Randy Merry * Unique PG and Summer Programs TASIS Schools announce the opening • 11 Years Overseas Experience International and Diplomatic Sales of a new boarding program in Greece. Mercedes Benz / Saab • Tysons Corner Location 7020 Arlington Road For details contact: near Dunn Loring Metro Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2996 TASIS US Office, Ext 70 326 East 69th Street, Tel. (301) 986-8800 / Telex 440155 New York, NY 10021 DERAND/PENNINGTON/BASS, Inc. FAX: (301) 986-0679 Tel: (212) 570 1066 Registered Broker Dealer-Member SIPC, NASD Factory Authorized Dealer Fax: (212) 249-3097 Diplomat Properties is pleased to announce that... Judy Benjamin has joined the firm as a real estate consultant, specializ¬ ing in the needs of Foreign Service families in buying Property Specialists, Inc. and renting property in Northern Virginia. A graduate of Cornell University, who has worked professionally A professional and personal service tailored to meet your needs in: in social science research, writing, teaching and edit¬ • Property Management ing, Judy has lived close to 20 years overseas as part • Sales and Rentals of the Foreign Service community. Judy’s personal • Multiple Listings experience makes her uniquely aware of the concerns • Real Estate Investment Counseling shared by families living abroad. Diplomat Properties is happy to welcome her, knowing that she will be as Our staff includes: much an asset to you as to us. Donna Courtney Fran Palmeri If you are returning to Washington, Donna Linton Bill Meeks write Judy for a FREE Welcome Kit. Rick Brown Bill Struck Gerry Addison Randy Reed DIPLOMAT PROPERTIES All presently or formerly associated ATTN: Judy Benjamin with the Foreign Service. 3900 N. Fairfax Dr., #204 Arlington, VA 22203 4600-D Lee Highway Arlington, Virginia 22207 (703) 522-5900 (703) 525-7010 (703) 247-3350 Serving Virginia, Maryland and D.C. Allied Owners Are Serving at 46 Overseas Posts Highest rental value Staff of trained agents Qualified, responsible tenants Monthly computerized statements Skilled maintenance personnel for your home management needs

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7001 Wisconsin Avenue / Chevy Chase, Ml) 20815 (301) 657-8440«, 656-8600«, FAX 907-4766 50 Years of Managing Foreign Service Properties in the Washington Metropolitan Area Former Foreign Service Spouse §* A Full Time Professional Flealtoi® LAURA MONTI Specializing in the more affordable Metropolitan Washington, D.C. suburbs Moving? of Prince William, Stafford, Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania.

A MCMKft OP 1X1 SCAR* HNANCuU. Nt TvrOAK Please let APS A know Write or call for a free coLoiueu. information package: BANKER □ 392 Garrisonville Road If you are being transferred, Stafford, VA 22554 please include AFSA in your CARRIAGE HOUSE (703) 659-2141 BUS., 690-4040 METRO change-of-address notices. Your REALTY, INC. (800) 826-2943 OUT OF VA 690-3809 FAX agency will NOT notify us when (703) 720-0614 RESIDENCE you move from one post to an¬ other or back to Washington. LONG & FOSTER, REALTORS® Send address changes to: ANNE M. CORRERI 9) AMC REALTOR® AFSA Membership Licensed in D.C. and Virginia 2101 E Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 LONG & FOSTER, REALTORS® 7010 Little River Turnpike D.C. Office: 363-9700 Annandale, VA 22003 VA Office: 750-2800 Home: 256-9248

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Property Management

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RELOCATING? To the Washington, D.C. Metro area or any¬ where in the USA? We can provide you with We Think You'd Like... complete information about your new commu¬ nity. Ask our relocation department for a free To Know: relocation package. •Where to get reliable information on Washington, Maryland, and Virginia housing RENTAL •Whether to sell, buy, rent or refinance •The financial implications of each MANAGEMENT? •If you already own, how much your house is We can find the best tenants for your home worth now and provide a variety of management services •How to find the best property for your needs with tailored to your needs. Ask our property man¬ an agent who knows the market agement department for an information pack¬ We're in our fourth decade of caring age. real estate service. We'd be happy to answer your questions and share Foreign Service References Available your concerns. Drop us a line.

JOANNE PERNICK FRAZEE, tfiglfes.™ ™ Aand Gardens'-' 4801 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20016 _ _ Sales • Rentals • Property Management • Relocation Tel. 202-363-9100 I • 1801 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852 (301)881-9000 IK CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-842-MOVE Classifieds

TON, VA, Personalized reloca¬ able. Executive Clubs, 610 Bashford BEACH and riverfront property, PROPERTY MANAGEMENT tion, short or long term. We spe¬ Lane, Alexandria. VA 22304 (703) Melbourne, FL area relocation pack¬ cialize in walk-to-Metro sales and 739-2582, (800) 535-2582. age available. Full service real es¬ furnished rentals. Arlington Villas, tate. Margaret Mitnik or Ed Huie, FAHEY & ASSOCIATES: Profes¬ AUSTIN, TEXAS: Lakeway homes 1-1/2 blocks from Metro, luxuri¬ Mark Realty, P.O. Box 372517 sional, residential, property man¬ and homesites outside of Austin ous studio, 1, 2, 3 bedroom. Fully Satellite Beach, FL 32937-0517. agement service for Northern Vir¬ on 65 mile long Lake Travis. ginia properties. Expertise and per¬ furnished. Washer/dryer, micro- wave, cable, linens. American Re¬ Three 18 hole golf courses, world sonal attention to detail are the of tennis center, 400 slip marina, hallmarks of our established firm. alty Group, 915 N Stafford St., FOR SALE Arlington, VA 22203. (703) 524- 4000 ft. airstrip: contact Roy & References provided. JIM FAHEY, Associates for information, 2300 0482 or (703) 276-1200. Chil¬ FOR INFORMATION ON 9520B Lee Highway, Fairfax, VA Lohmans Crossing, Suite 122, Aus¬ dren welcomed. Pets on approval. HOMES currently for sale in North¬ 22031 (703) 691-2006, FAX (703) tin, TX 78734 (512) 263-2181. ern Virginia, or to receive The 691-2009. BACK FOR TRAINING? HOME Washington Post classified ads or LEAVE? DC TOUR? We are The SARASOTA (AND ENVIRONS) WASHINGTON MANAGE¬ for the latest rates and financing Washington Metro Area Short- Florida Tropical climate - white MENT SERVICES: Specializing alternatives available for your new Term Rental Specialists. Excellent sand beaches - no state income tax. in property' management services home, please write to Carolyn locations. Wide price range. In Grow your own papayas. Your for the FS community. Residential Mooney, C/O McEnearney Associ¬ Virginia walk to FSI. In DC and ideal retirement home, from 1 mil. property management is our only ates, 1320 Old Chain Bridge Road, Maryland walk to metro. Large down to $50,000. call (813) 924- business. Call, write, fax, or telex 6618 or write Don McNertney, McLean, VA 22101. Mary Beth Otto, 2015 Q St. NW, selection of furnished and equipped efficiencies, 1-bedrooms, 2-bed- 3977 Spyglass Hill Rd., Sarasota, Washington, DC 20009. Tel (202) FL 34238. 462-7212, Fax (202) 332-0798, rooms and some furnished houses. TAX RETURNS Telex 350136 Wash. Mgt. Many welcome pets. For brochures WARRENTON Beautiful house & info: EXECUTIVE HOUSING available on weekly basis. Five miles FREE TAX CONSULTATION for CAROL PARIS BROWN, INC. CONSULTANTS, INC., Short from training center. Linens, dishes, overseas personnel. We process re¬ Full Sendee Property Management: Term Rental, 7315 Wisconsin Ave., microwave, dishwasher, washer/ turns as received, without delay. our state of the art Property Man¬ Suite 1020 East, Bethesda, MD dryer, phone, carport, TV/CTR. Preparation and representation by agement System integrates truly 20814. (301) 951-4111. Reserve Cost within per diem limits. enrolled agents, avg. fee $195 personalized service with advanced early! Avoid disappointment! Gogerty, Rt 5 Box 257, Warren- includes return and “TAX Trax,” information management concepts. unique mini-financial planning re¬ ALEXANDRIA LUXURY HIGH- ton VA 22186, FAX (703) 347- For detailed information call, write view with recommendations. Full RISE APARTMENTS, 1, 2, 3 5260 Attention Gogerty (703) 349- or FAX David Norod, 1980 Gal¬ planning available. Milton E. Carb, bedrooms including utilities and 9136. lows Road, Vienna, VA 22182. E.A., and Barry B. De Marr, E.A. many amenities. Short-/long-term Telephone (703) 556-6143 FAX RETIREMENT DECISIONS? Con¬ CFP, FINANCIAL FORECASTS, rentals, furnished/unfurnished. The (703) 442-4744. sider the Northern neck of Vir¬ metro location 933 N. Kenmore Summit, 260 S. Reynolds, Alexan¬ ginia. 2 1/2 hours to Washington, St. #217 Arlington, VA 22201 MANOR SERVICES: Former fed¬ dria, VA 22304. 45 minutes to Williamsburg. Hun¬ eral law enforcement agent letting (703) 841-1040. WILL YOU NEED A FULLY dreds of miles of waterfront, cham¬ his ten year residential management AFSA TAX COUNSELING: Prob¬ FURNISHED apartment five min¬ pionship golf courses, modern hos¬ company expand upon retirement. lems of Tax and Finance: Never a utes’ walk from FSI and Rosslyn pital. Waterfront and inland prop¬ Best tenant screening. Frequent charge to AFSA members for tele¬ subway? We have first class efficien¬ erties. Free brochures. Judith property inspection. Mortgages phone guidance. R.N. “Bob” Dus- cies, 1 bedrooms, and some 2 McCloskey, Chesapeake Properties paid. Repairs. Close personal atten¬ sell (ex-AID) enrolled since 1973 bedrooms and penthouses in River Ltd. P.O. Box 168, White Stone, tion. We’re small but very effec¬ to Tax Practice. At tax work since Place. They are completely fur¬ VA 22578, (804) 435-1688. tive. FS and military references. 1937 and now still in practice nished including CATV, all utili¬ Lowest rates, Best service. Tersh FOGGY BOTTOM 1 bedroom solely to assist Foreign Service ties, telephone, linens, etc. Short Norton, Box 42429, Washington, condo with indoor parking, FSO employees and their families. Also term leases of 2+ months available. DC 20015, (202) 363-2990. owner. This beautiful and spacious lecture “Taxes” monthly at FSI in Write Foreign Service Associates, condo has fireplace, porch, 15 Rosslyn, VA. Office located across P.O. Box 12855, Arlington, VA minute walk to state. $1200/ from Virginia Square Metro Sta¬ 22209-8855. FAX 1-703-636- REAL ESTATE month with parking. Clark Price, tion, 3601 N. Fairfax Dr., Arling¬ 7603. Children welcome. Please 2501 K St. #4-C, Washington DC, ton, VA 22201.(703)841-0158. WASHINGTON D.C. APART¬ send us dates. 20037. Tel. (202) 625-6440. Avail¬ ATTORNEYS specializing in tax MENTS. Short or long term. EXECUTIVE CLUB ARLING¬ able September. planning and return preparation Decorator furnished, fully equipped: TON AND OLD TOWN ALEX¬ MOOSEHEAD LAKE MAINE, for the Foreign Service Community microwave, cable, phone, pool, spa. ANDRIA. Immaculate and beauti¬ VACATION COTTAGES, RE¬ available for consultation on the Two blocks FSI and Metro, 5 min. fully furnished apartments with full TIREMENT HOMES, BUILD¬ tax implications of investment de¬ State, Georgetown. Photos. (703) hotel services. One-two bedrooms, ING LOTS-OfF beaten track. Also cisions, business related deductions, 522-2588 or write Adrian B.B. some with dens, all with equipped rentals. Great place to spend some separate maintenance allowances, Templar, 1021 Arlington Blvd., kitchens. Complimentary shuttle to home leave. Bill Kinner, Century real estate purchases and rentals, PH1214, Arlington, VA 22209. metro, Rosslyn, and Pentagon. 21 Goodwin Real Estate, Box 186, home leave deductions, audits, etc. Member AFSA. Health Club and outdoor pool. Greenville, Maine 04441 (207) Contact Susan Sanders or Paul Many extras. Rates within your per WASHINGTON, D.C./ARLING- 695-2569. Clifford—Clifford, Farha & Sanders- diem. Shorter or longer terms avail-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 55 Classifieds

1606 New Hampshire Ave., NW, BOXES ETC 220 Wilson Blvd. FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS will be 7002 Hamel Hill, McLean, Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) Arlington, VA 22201, Tei.(703) AND THEIR FAMILIES-Our firm Virginia, 22101 667-5111, FAX (202) 265-1474. 358-9500, Fax (703) 358-9242, can assist you in drafting wills and tlx 7101104032. powers of attorney, administering HELP WANTED ATTORNEY-FORMER FOR¬ estates, establishing conservatorships EIGN SERVICE OFFICER: Ex¬ and guardianships and providing tensive experience with tax prob¬ BOOKS advice on real estate matters. FREE TRAVEL BENEFITS! Air¬ lems peculiar to the Foreign Serv¬ Prompt response to your inquiries. lines now hiring! All positions! ice. Available for consultation, tax YOUR PERSONAL BOOK¬ CLIFFORD, FARHA 8c SAND¬ $17,500-58,240. Call (1) 602-838- planning, and preparation of re¬ STORE AWAY FROM HOME: ERS 1606 New Hampshire Ave., 8885 Ext. X-17744. turns. No charge for telephone Order any U.S. book in print. N.W. Washington, D.C.20009 Fax advice. M. BRUCE HIRSHORN, ATTENTION - HIRING! Gov¬ Store credit available. Salmagundi 202-265-1474 Tel: (202) 667- ernment jobs - your area. $17,840 BORING PARROTT & FOUST, Books Ltd. 66 Main Street, Cold 5111. P.C., SUITE D, 307 MAPLE AVE¬ - $69,485. Call 1-602-838-8885. Spring, NY 10516. EXT R17744. NUE, WEST, VIENNA, VA 20 YEARS EXPERIENCE REP¬ 22180. Tel. (703) 281-2161, Fax RESENTING FOREIGN SERV¬ (703) 281-9464. ICE EMPLOYEES before the For¬ BOOKS WANTED STUDENT SERVICES eign Service Grievance Board and TAX PREPARATION AND AD¬ in Federal Court; successful coun¬ HIGHEST PRICE PAID for li¬ VICE by T.R. McCartney E.A., sel for the plaintiffs in the womens’ SCHOLARSHIPS AVAILABLE. braries or collections of quality (ex-FS) and staff. Enrolled to prac¬ sex discrimination class action Details: “EARS,” Box 1664, Manas¬ books in the fields of History, tice before the IRS. Business Data against the State Department. Ter¬ sas, VA 22110. Exploration, and Travel, Biogra¬ Corp., P.O. Box 1040, Lanham, ris Edgecombe, Hecker 8c Wayne, phy, Folklore, Diplomacy, Politics, MD 20706-1040. (301) 731- 1121 12th Street N.W., Washing¬ Military History are needed for 4114. ton, D.C. 20005, (202) 682- university and college libraries. 2100. Please contact: W.B. O’Neill, Old TAX PLANNING and PREPA¬ PET CARE 8c TRANSPORT RATION-15 years experience. Vir¬ and Rare Books, P.O. Box 2275, ginia M. Test, CPA, 3485 Brittle- Rcston, VA 22090. (703) 860- EMPLOYMENT Minutes to Washington/Dulles Air¬ wood Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89120. 0782. port! Boarding, airport pickup and CONSULTANT: Retired U. S. delivery, shipping arrangements for Agency for International Develop¬ cats and dogs. All sizes. Write MAIL ORDER ATTORNEYS/WILLS ment Senior Foreign Service offi¬ DULLES GATEWAY KENNELS, cer returning to the Washington, LTD. 4500 Upper Rund Drive, AVON Cosmetics, Jewelry, and FORMER FOREIGN SERVICE D.C. area will be available for Chantilly, VA 22021. Contact Judy Gifts—for FRET: catalog mailed to OFFICER NOW PRACTICING short-term consultancies in the U.S. Dortch (703) 631-9590. you write, or call: Stephanie Y. LAW in D.C./Maryland, general and overseas beginning September Hughes, 713 Grandview Drive, practice, estate planning, real es¬ 1990. Extensive successful experi¬ Alexandria, VA 22305 (703) 836- tate, domestic. Gregory V. Powell, ence in planning, management, HOTELS 8522. Furey, Doolan & Abell, 8401 Con¬ and evaluation of economic develop¬ necticut Ave., PH-1, Chevy Chase, ment and humanitarian assistance STATE PLAZA HOTEL Wash¬ MD 20815. (301) 652-6880. ington, D.C. Charming all-suite SERVICES projects. Also possesses an excel¬ REX R. KRAKAUER, ESQUIRE lent track record in senior posi¬ hotel with fully equipped kitchens. Near U.S. State Department, ma¬ HOW TO UNDERSTAND OUR Providing representation for the tions with Treasury, State, Peace jor monuments and downtown busi¬ RELATIONSHIP WITH KOREA, special legal problems of Foreign Corps, the U.S. Trade and Devel¬ ness district. Restaurant with out¬ an essential guide to cultural values Service Personnel and Staff living opment Program, and private busi¬ door terrace. Families and longterm guiding business and politics in abroad. Divorce, Pensions, Real ness. Numerous commendations stays welcome. Reasonable rates; Korea. “Understanding Korean val¬ Estate, Wills and other matters. 51 from the U.S. and foreign govern¬ Tel: (202) 861-8200. Fax: (202) ues saved our company millions.” Monroe Street, Suite #1400, ments for crisis management and 296-6481. TLX: 140181 (Way- Send $7.50 to AMERIGO, 201 Rockville, Maryland 20850. Tele¬ other accomplishments. Direct ex¬ South Fourth #421 San Jose, CA phone: (301) 294-6100, Fax: (301) perience in the conduct of risk 95112. 738-8802. assessments for major overseas trade and investment projects. Results- VIDEO ENTERTAINMENT HOW TO BECOME A SUC¬ WILLS-ESTATE PLANNING by oriented interaction, analytic, and CESSFUL TUTOR. Order book¬ attorney who is a former Foreign writing skills. Would consider se¬ Service officer. Have your will re¬ let today! Mail $7.00 plus $2.50 lected short-term management as¬ I WILL TAPE TV programs for viewed and updated, or a new one for postage/handling to P.O.B. signments. Current top secret clear¬ your VHS only. Free information. prepared. No charge for initial 825 Merrifield, VA 22116-0825. ance. For resume and references BRITTON, 8703 S.E. Jardin, Hobe consultation. M. BRUCE HIR¬ contact Lawrence A. Marinelli, Sound, FL 33455. COMING BACK ON HOME SHORN, BORING, PARROTT Ph.D., USREP, United States- LEAVE? TDY? TRAINING? Need & FOUST, P.C., SUITE D,307 Saudian Arabian Joint Economic a temporary address to receive MAPLE AVENUE, WEST, VI¬ Commission, Box 78, APO New mail/packages? Use our mailbox ENNA, VA 22180. Tel.(703)281- York 09038-7001. Riyadh FAX service until you’re settled. Call, 2161, FAX (703) 281-9464. 966 1-464-0433 ext. 419. After Write, Fax, or Telex to MAIL SPECIALIZING IN SERVING August 1, 1990, contact address 56 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 A F S A ♦ NEWS

Bringing U.S. Technology to the New Europe Has the 1989 Revolution Made COCOM Obsolete?

In the first 1990 symposium for periods that COCOM’s current cum¬ “international associate” members bersome structure is causing U.S. (U.S. corporations) and others, AFSA firms to lose out on business hosted a stimulating exchange on opportunities abroad. COCOM, the March 27. Cosponsored with the non-treaty organization including all Westchester, NY-based Executive NATO countries except Iceland, plus Council on Foreign Diplomats, the Japan and Australia, has met regu¬ symposium brought together deci¬ larly in Paris since 1949 to identify sion-makers from the government technolog)' that should be denied and private business, including Am¬ to some Communist and Eastern- bassador Allan Wendt and Under bloc countries because of potential Secretary of Commerce Dennis E. military applications. Kloske. Senator John H. Heinz III (R- Former Secretary of Defense Cas¬ PA) gave the luncheon presentation par W. Weinberger, now publisher at the Foreign Service Club, urging of Forbes magazine, opened the that the United States “open the conference by warning that none of door to private investment in East¬ Ambassador Allan Wendt addresses the promising but preliminary ern Europe even more than we have the conference. changes in the Soviet Union and done before.” He called for easing Eastern Europe yet warrants a re¬ controls on U.S. exports to Hun¬ foreign markets. laxation of controls over the export gary, Czechoslovakia, and Poland, Symposium participants who fa¬ of advanced and strategic technol¬ to help build the economies of these vored only modest (if any) CO¬ ogy to Communist countries. Refer¬ emerging democracies through COM modifications contended that ring to recent Soviet pressure on the shared technolog)'. Senator Heinz, despite recent dramatic developments breakaway republic of Lithuania, Wein¬ along with Senator Jake Garn (R- in the Soviet Union and Eastern berger said, “We have an example UT), has recently introduced a bill Europe, NATO countries must main¬ of why it is vital for us to keep that would create a new, inde¬ tain a strong military posture, and recognizing that this is a threat to pendent office of strategic technol¬ COCOM should continue to serve our own peace.” og)' to speed the controls process as an important bulwark in the Weinberger’s address was followed and coordinate controls offices at NATO defense system. with talks by two panels of govern¬ various U.S. government agencies. Panelists at the conference in¬ ment and private-sector experts. Key Deputy Secretary of State Law¬ cluded the officials in charge of points included the need to stream¬ rence Eagleburger announced in No¬ export controls at each of the rele¬ line the Coordinating Committee vember 1989 at the AFSA Bicenten¬ vant U.S. government agencies as on Multilateral Export Controls (CO¬ nial Conference on American Busi¬ well as a West German government COM) list of embargoed exports ness and Government that CO¬ official and representatives of private without endangering vital technolo¬ COM rules will be liberalized in the business. They were: John C. gies, to differentiate controls restrict¬ spring of 1990. Conference speakers Whitehead, chairman of AEA Inves¬ ing exports to the newly emerging confirmed that reviews are continu¬ tors and former deputy secretary of East European republics from those ing, with a view toward announcing state; Wendt, senior representative affecting exports to the Soviet Un¬ important modifications in the CO¬ for international trade controls at ion, and to improve the system to COM regime by June. The U.S. the Department of State; Joachim prevent the re-export of crucial tech¬ business community contends that Jahnke of the West German Minis¬ nologies to non-COCOM coun¬ COCOM procedures need to be try of Economics; Stephen D. Bryen, tries. Private sector officials stressed streamlined and modernized to help during the question and answer maintain U.S. competitiveness in continued page 61

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAI1 1990 57 AFSA files amended complaint on nondisclosure agreement Federal tax return AFSA has filed a second amended complaint in federal district court complaint in connection with the based on new legal grounds. We Several posts have contacted AFSA Department of State’s continued plan to develop the case using depo¬ regarding missing W-2 forms, and use of Standard Form 312, a sitions from key witnesses. we understand that a number of nondisclosure agreement that many AFSA has also been informed that others still do not have them. We department employees are being the department is currently attempt¬ have questioned FO/OCP/FC, the pressed to sign. As reported in the ing to compel employees to sign responsible department within the February AFSA News, the associa¬ SF-312 at security awareness brief¬ comptroller’s office, which said that tion filed suit in federal district ing sessions, by threatening em¬ new copies of the missing W-2 court several months ago charging ployees who refuse to sign the form forms have been sent to all posts the administration with violating with premature security clearance that did not receive them. However, the law by requiring federal employ¬ update investigations. Employees those Foreign Service employees who ees to sign nondisclosure agree¬ should be aware that although AFSA may want to file their federal return ments that have been barred by is maintaining its opposition to the later than the normal deadline (April Congress. form, there is currently nothing 16 this year, as April 15 is a Sunday) AFSA asked U.S. District Judge preventing the department from press¬ should review the following informa¬ Oliver Gasch to order the admini¬ ing employees to sign this nondisclo¬ tion on IRS regulations relating to stration to stop using these secrecy sure form with the implied threat filing extensions. agreements, which impose lifelong that DS will proceed to jreevaluate) Two extensions allow individuals censorship obligations—even for un¬ employees’ security clearance eligibil¬ living and working abroad to file classified documents—on federal em¬ ity if they refuse to sign the form. their federal taxes after April 16. ployees who have access to classified However, we are hopeful that the Note that these extensions extend information. The lawsuit was dis¬ form will be nullified as a result of only the filing deadline, not the missed, and AFSA has filed a new our pending lawsuit. deadline to pay any taxes owed. Under the “out of country” exten¬ sion, people living and working abroad when taxes are due may file

Congress probes State due process

For more than a year, the House AFSA News, the association pre¬ identified in this testimony were Post Office and Civil Service and sented a statement at the first hear¬ chronically slow processing of ap¬ Judiciary committees have held joint ing in March 1989 challenging the peals (often twice as long as the hearings to examine the due process EO’s elimination of procedural due guidelines provided in the Foreign rights available to executive branch process rights. The statement stressed Affairs Manual); meddling by the employees and applicants who are AFSA’s commitment to national secu¬ Bureau of Diplomatic Security' in denied security clearances. Con¬ rity concerns and support for all issues that are rightly the respon¬ gressional interest in this issue was reasonable measures aimed at sibility of the Bureau of Personnel; sparked by an executive order (EO) safeguarding classified information. and seemingly arbitrary' decisions in proposed in January 1989 by the Since then, pressure from Congress specific employee clearance investi¬ Bush administration. This EO would and others has diminished immedi¬ gations. Since that time, the General eliminate the appeals mechanism for ate concern regarding the proposed Accounting Office (GAO) has been those denied an initial security' clear¬ EO by forcing the administration conducting an investigation of indi¬ ance or a clearance upgrade. Under indefinitely to suspend its implemen¬ vidual due process rights and secu¬ the current system, most agencies tation. However, congressional in¬ rity clearance procedures within the send the employee a letter stating terest in overall security clearance department, for which AFSA has that he or she has been denied a procedures at executive branch agen¬ provided information. clearance. The letter explains the cies has led to further hearings. Depending upon the outcome of reason for the denial and allows the In November 1989, AFSA testi¬ the GAO investigation, the commit¬ employee the opportunity to refute fied at a joint hearing before the tees are considering legislation to any evidence allegedly relied upon same committees that the security provide more uniform procedures by the agency in its decision to deny clearance appeals process for State applying to security clearance ap¬ a clearance. Department employees has many peals for all employees throughout As reported in the April 1989 shortcomings. Among the problems the federal government.

58 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 filing information

submit, along with their returns, a estimated amount owed, if any, your return is late. If you file your short statement explaining that they along with Form 4868. The Form tax return late, enclose an explana¬ were abroad on the April 16 filing 4868 extension may also be used by tion. If the IRS decides that you date. The IRS will charge interest those who do not qualify for the had a good reason, the interest on any tax balance unpaid as of out-of-country extension. AFSA has and/or penalties may be reduced. April 16. verified with the IRS that both of The IRS claims that, on average, The other available filing exten¬ these extensions are available to people qualifying for refunds will sion is Form 4868, extending the Foreign Sendee employees. receive payment within 10 weeks filing deadline four months, nor¬ Should you decide to file after the after filing. This period will vary mally to August 15. Those using the April 16 filing deadline, you will be depending on when you file; i.e., it out-of-country extension may apply charged interest on any unpaid tax will be shorter if you file well in for an additional two-month exten¬ due balances. If you file later than advance of the deadline. sion by filing Form 4868. You any extended deadline for which These guidelines are not binding should write in “Taxpayer Abroad” you qualify, you will also be charged and the IRS does not pay individu¬ at the top of this form if you are out penalties (the IRS charges interest als any interest on refunds, whether of the country when filing. It is for unpaid tax due balances and or not they take longer than these important to note that the Form penalties for filing after the dead¬ suggested guidelines. 4868 extension, like the out-of¬ line). Interest is generally computed Further information about filing country extension, is for filing only, by charging one-half of one percent extensions for individuals abroad not for paying any tax owed. There¬ monthly of any tax owed, up to a and other special considerations for fore, to avoid paying interest on maximum of 25 percent of the total taxpayers abroad can be found in overdue taxes, those filing for a tax owed. In addition, the IRS may IRS publications 17 and 54 and on Form 4868 extension must deter¬ impose a late filing penalty equal to side two of IRS Form 4868. Please mine whether they expect to owe 5 percent of the total tax owed for do not hesitate to contact AFSA taxes and enclose a check for the each month or part of a month that should you have any questions.

time basis, depending on eligibility. 90-day Job Search Program their Career transitions Those Foreign Service employees last 90 days in pay status. If such who wish to participate on a full¬ employees file a grievance, win the Many Foreign Sendee employees time basis—and remain in pay grievance, and are not required to have asked AFSA about eligibility' status—may do so 90 days prior to leave the Sendee, they are not obli¬ for the Department of State’s Ca¬ retirement or involuntary separation gated to repay the salary they reL reer Transition Program. The pro¬ (employees terminated for cause are ceived while in the program. gram has two central components: not eligible). Civil Service employ¬ In addition to the retirement semi¬ die Retirement Planning Seminar ees may participate during their last nar and job search program, PER/ and the Job Search Program. 30 days in pay status. CTR maintains a confidential Job The five-day, half-time Retire¬ Part-time participation is extended Skills Bank and Job Leads Register ment Planning Seminar provides to employees assigned to die Wash¬ for employees and former employ¬ information on health, financial plan¬ ington, DC area who, at the time of ees. Former employees may use the ning, and employment outside the the program, are within a year of department’s career transition facili¬ Foreign Service. All full-time em¬ retirement eligibility. Employees who ties for up to one year after leaving ployees of the Department of State participate on a part-time basis and the Service, if they successfully ap¬ eligible to retire within five years of subsequendy retire voluntarily may plied to do so before separation. the seminar may attend. However, later sign up full tune.- The Office of Career Transition priority is given to employees facing Before taking the 90-day pro¬ welcomes inquiries from all employ¬ mandatory retirement. gram, those retiring voluntarily must ees, as well as those from other The Job Search Program is de¬ agree to repay the salary they re¬ agencies, concerning their programs. signed primarily to teach skills in ceived while in the program if they They mav be reached at (703) preparing resumes, networking, in¬ do not retire at the end of the 235-4240, FAX (703) 235-4265, terviewing, and negotiating. For¬ program. Employees who do not by cable slugged for PFIR/CTR, or eign Service employees may partici¬ obtain tenure and are being sepa¬ by mail at 3330 Washington Blvd., pate in the program on either a rated from the Foreign Service are Arlington, \A 22201. full-time (90 calendar days) or part¬ offered the opportunity' to take the

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 59 A F S A • NEWS

State Standing Committee George Jones Vice President

The Department But prior to the last reasonable lengthen the maximum time for of State gave opportunity for revision of an em¬ untenured officers to five years, to AFSA on March ployee’s bid list (November), em¬ give them more time to demon¬ 22 the remain¬ ployees should know whether they strate qualifications for tenure and- der of its propos¬ are being promoted. skills in their preferred cone. AFSA als for changes in the personnel Training. The department’s nego¬ proposes tenure reviews at 42 months system for generalists. State prom¬ tiators told us March 22 they had (instead of management’s 45) and ised we would receive the proposed decided to accept AFSA’s proposal 54 months. changes for specialists and secretar¬ that all onward assignments follow¬ Promotion. AFSA is seeking fur¬ ies by June 1. Until then, as we ing training be bid on competitively ther details of management’s pro¬ discovered in a meeting with the by both trainees and non-trainees. posals on promotion and time-in¬ director general of the Foreign Serv¬ Because such assignments are to be class (TIC) requirements. We have ice, Ambassador Edward Perkins, given priority at the beginning of asked for their computer model on on March 9, the department is the assignment process, all trainees flow-through, and we are particu¬ unwilling to even hint at the direc¬ should know their onward assign¬ larly concerned about the potential tion or scope of what they may or ment within a couple of months impact on OCs. Strangely, man¬ may not do for our 4,400 special¬ after beginning training. AFSA and agement proposed retaining limited ists. If this column and next month’s management are now in agreement. career extension (LCE) authority are dedicated primarily to the inter¬ The Cone System. The new multi¬ for a small number of minister ests of generalist officers, that’s the functional (MF) cone will be the counselors (MCs) with specialized reason—the department chose to conal designation for some 840 skills and abolishing LCEs for OCs, put generalist issues on the negotiat¬ positions already identified by man¬ where the need to retain specialists ing table first. agement. For employees, however, is certainly no less and may be All of you should have seen the MF will not really be a cone; it will greater than at the MC level. AFSA department’s cable, State 85780, be an “alternate” skill code entitling is arguing to retain the authority for management’s most recent summary them to two chances at promotion. both classes. We strongly support of its generalist proposals. I will use There are two ways to acquire the the new requirement that officers the same subheads, in the same code: if your last promotion was ranked at O-l must speak at least order, as in the cable. designated multifunctional, or if you one foreign language to be pro¬ The Assignment and Promotion have served at your present grade in moted into the Senior Foreign Serv¬ Cycles. AFSA has agreed to all of a job outside your current cone. If ice; we are discussing with manage¬ the proposed changes in the rating you are ranked FS-3 through coun¬ ment the timing of its implementation year, the due date for EERs, the due selor (OC), meet either of these date for bids on new assignments, conditions, and are otherwise eligi¬ Other Issues. The draft precepts and the timing of ambassadorial ble for promotion, you wall be for die 1990 boards contain no new selection and deputy chief of mis¬ considered for promotion first multi- language on the importance of the sion and other key assignments. We fimctionally (competing for the num¬ contribution State officers can make believe that the earlier assignments ber of MF vacancies the department to the promotion of U.S. exports are made, the better, and we are has determined to exist at the next and the enhancement of America’s willing to give the Bureau of Per¬ higher grade) and, if unsuccessful, competitiveness. AFSA therefore ta¬ sonnel the benefit of the doubt in considered again within your func¬ bled a proposal to instruct the boards its assertion that it needs seven tional cone (competing for the num¬ to “give particular attention to evi¬ months instead of five to complete ber of vacancies in that cone exist¬ dence of efforts (by officers at all the assignment process. Our one ing at the next grade). AFSA agrees grades) to promote U.S. commercial dissent is on the timing of selection with the department’s objectives of interests ... all officers in the boards. The department has pro¬ increasing cross-conal movement and economic cone and all officers with posed to AFSA that the 1990 boards experience in MF jobs, and believes program direction responsibilities are begin meeting September 5 and the new system is worth trying. expected to have demonstrated such that the promotion lists be pub¬ Junior Officers. New officers are interest and competence.” lished in January. We are flatly now being brought in unconed, and AFSA held a membership meet¬ opposed to publication of the lists AFSA is reviewing the draft regu¬ ing in mid-April to discuss AFSA’s any later than October. As State lations for the new Conal Des¬ and management’s proposals. As al¬ 85780 correcdy states, “Total syn¬ ignation Board, a separate entity' ways, we welcome outside ideas. chronization of annual promotion from the Tenure Boards. We agreed and assignment cycles is impossible.” to management’s proposal to

60 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 Secretaries team up AFSA Committee on Secretarial Issues

AFSA’s Committee on Secretarial Issues, with a rapidly growing mem¬ bership, meets officially once a week, while many work between meetings on their own time. The committee believes Foreign Service secretaries should work as a team, speaking with one voice. We are indebted to the Bonn and Brussels groups for publicizing secretarial concerns; their efforts resulted in the secretarial conference in Brussels and initiated a dialogue with management that now has received worldwide atten¬ tion. We believe this has led to increased awareness and participa¬ tion in addressing the longstanding problems unique to Foreign Service secretaries. Although studies of these problems have been undertaken in past years, to date there have been few concrete results. The Committee on Secretarial Issues holds a working meeting. On March 9, a meeting was held on secretarial issues with Director General Perkins, Deputy' Assistant ity order, that they would like to stress the need for secretaries to be bring before the director general active AFSA members in chapters Secretary Peters, and Basil Scarlis, coordinator for secretarial issues. At¬ through AFSA. We suggested such overseas, and to volunteer to serve issues as: promotions; additional po¬ tending for AFSA were Ted Wilkin¬ as AFSA representatives at posts where there is a vacancy. We would son, George Jones, and three mem¬ sitions at each grade; step increases for shorthand and back-up commu¬ also like to extend an open invita¬ bers of our committee. The director nication skills; secondary skill codes; tion to any Foreign Service secretaiy general informed us that the depart¬ who would like to attend our regu¬ ment intends to have a package of removing the cap from FS-3 posi¬ tions; doing away with the title lar meetings when in the area. Re¬ proposals ready by June 1. “secretary;” and improving on the tired secretaries, please write to us Given the urgent need to find availability of training in language, in care of AFSA, if you would like solutions to the problems of For¬ administrative, and consular courses. us to take up an issue on your eign Service secretaries, we have sent a worldwide telegram asking The committee would like to behalf. secretaries to list five issues, in prior¬

Outreach (continued from page 57)

president of DeltaTech Corp.; J.D. A. Workman, director of policy and Future AFSA outreach program Crouch, principal deputy assistant programs, international division, the events include an April 18 sympo¬ secretary for international security U.S. Chamber of Commerce; inter¬ sium on “East European Business policy, the Department of Defense; national trade consultant Paul Freeden- Prospects”; a conference on the William Schneider Jr. of the Presi¬ berg, and General Howard Fish of environment and international busi¬ dent’s General Advisory Committee LTV Aerospace and Defense Co. ness on June 14; and a symposium on Arms Control and Disarmament; About 100 AFSA members, offi¬ on opportunities for business in Kloske, under secretary of com¬ cials, and industry representatives Korea on September 18. merce for export controls; Willard attended the conference. * ★ ★

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 61 A F S A • NEWS President's Page

sion than the administration in plans New York, San Francisco, and Los More on money for exploiting new opportunities in Angeles—thereby excluding Wash¬ Eastern Europe. Recognizing the ington (which is fifth, after Boston). inadequacy of the administration’s To neutralize this effort, suburban Theodore S. Wilkinson, “salaries and expenses” budget to Maryland Republican Connie Morelia AFSA President cover both existing activities and an has introduced her own bill to expansion in Eastern Europe, the legislate a salary supplement for the Senator Dole authorizing committees with AFSA’s Washington area, if necessary. We may have cap¬ stimulus and support are now work¬ don’t yet know the specifics of how tured the budg¬ ing on bills that would add some the Ackerman and Morelia bills etary headlines $50 to $70 million to the admini¬ would be applied to Foreign Service at the beginning stration’s proposals for operating pay. What we do know is that the of the year with accounts next year—an increase of 2 increases are not likely to be dra¬ his proposal to to 3 percent. Congressional sources matic; although the administration cut back Con¬ told us at first that Under Secretary bill would ultimately allow locality gress’s practice of earmarking for¬ Selin was firmly opposed even to pay differentials of as much as 25 eign aid. But the publicity prize in such small increases, presumably un¬ percent, we understand that current March went to Democratic Con¬ der strict orders from OMB. Since proposals would extend only an 8 gressman Dan Rostenkowski, who then, Selin’s staff has assured us that percent increase to employees in proposed a tough combination of “the situation has changed enough” New York City, at the top of the new taxes and austerity' measures. so that the additional funds can be scale. Other Democrats are alarmed; con¬ justified and can now perhaps be Call to Action. If there is a “peace versely, Republicans are interested accepted graciously. If there are no dividend,” we think it ought to be in Rostenkowski’s unpalatable pack¬ additional funds, expansion in East¬ reinvested. To say that another way, age, because they know something ern Europe will require considerable the money we save from reduced is needed, and because they can pin retrenchment in our Western Euro¬ reliance on heavy weapons ought to a Democratic label on the proposal. pean operations, and we are told be converted into resources for di¬ We mention this because we con¬ that 11 consulates are on the hit list, plomacy. tinue to dream of the day when our with Salzburg and Genoa at the top. No one to our knowledge is foreign affairs budget will be ade¬ The others are reportedly Bordeaux, arguing that “peace through quately financed. So far it’s been Halifax, Bilbao, Oporto, Quebec, strength” has lost its meaning. We another dreary year. We are still a Edinburgh, Antwerp, Lyon, and may be able to keep our defenses at day late and a dollar short for fiscal Florence. a lower cost, but we can’t do it at 1990. To restore the hill State and Stretched thin.Foreign affairs agency no cost. Substituting strong diplo¬ USIA appropriation (some of which funding would be stretched even macy for military muscle is desirable was lost because of a veto and the thinner if there were a parity pay for economic as well as political series of parliamentary complications raise for all to supplement the execu¬ reasons, but diplomacy carries cer¬ that followed), OMB Director Dar- tive pay raise scheduled to go into tain costs too. The resource starva¬ man asked for “offsets” (savings effect in January. Rather than an tion of our civilian foreign affairs elsewhere so as to stay under the across-the-board raise for federal em¬ agencies has got to be reversed. budgetary ceiling); reportedly he ployees, however, what seems most Specifically, we need new appropria¬ went so far as to suggest that the likely to emerge from this session of tions to expand our operations in savings come from Appropriations Congress is a “locality pay” bill that those countries where democracy is Subcommittee Chairman Hollings’ would supplement pay for employ¬ taking fragile root—in Eastern cherished emergency reconstruction ees in the highest cost cities. Con¬ Europe, Panama, Nicaragua, poten¬ funds for South Carolina. Not so, gressman Ackerman and Senator tially in parts of Africa—without said Darman later, but Republicans Glenn are sponsoring legislation to sacrificing our foreign networks else¬ have still stepped in twice to block this intent, and an administration where. moves in the House to restore the version that would be implemented Everyone with an active interest frill 1990 appropriation. Despite the in phases is about to be introduced. in the foreign relations of the United clamor from Panama, Congress is The administration bill would retain States ought to be using his own moving equally slowly on die ad¬ provisions for merit pay for profes¬ words to bring these points home ministration’s request for 1990 sup¬ sionals but would eliminate most to press, public, and Congress. That plemental, primarily for Panama longevity “step increases.” goes double for AFSA members. and Nicaragua. We are told that the administra¬ Success Stories. In the last few Ironically, as Rick Weiss points tion will try to cut costs by limiting months we have learned informally out in more detail on the next page, the application of the proposed bill that the AFSA model is being used the Congress is showing longer vi¬ to the three highest-cost cities— by diplomatic groups in four coun-

62 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 tries to develop their own profes¬ professional association to represent Foreign Service Day. As noted sional associations. We mentioned them without fear of reprisals. in “AFSA Views” and elsewhere, Hungary and (while it lasts) the New Members. Full membership May 4 is Foreign Service Day. AFSA German Democratic Republic in our in AFSA is open to all salaried, sponsors several events during the last issue. More recently, Pakistani active duty Foreign Service person¬ day, including a dedication by Secre¬ and Soviet representatives have asked nel, including politically appointed tary of State Baker of the names us for more information about ambassadors, and I have written to added for 1989 to the Memorial AFSA’s activities and responsibili¬ all of them to make this clear. I’m Plaque in the Diplomatic Lobby of ties. In both cases political liberaliza¬ especially pleased to report that the State Department. I hope active tion has apparently reached the point among the positive responses is one as well as retired AFSA members where diplomatic personnel believe from Shirley Temple Black, now can be present for this important that they can form an independent one of our newest full members. occasion. Legislative Issues

Rick Weiss, Congressional Liaison

As Congress prepares for spring chairman of the House Appropria¬ authorizations is broken down into: recess, the Department of State has tions Subcommittee, has taken the $ 15 million for pay increases, $ 15 completed most of its 1991 budget lead in trying to get continuing million for inflation, and $15 mil¬ testimony before the legislative restrictions on 1990 budgets for lion for shortfalls in overseas cur¬ branch. Secretary Baker and other USLA and State removed. On March rency rates of exchange. Final HFAC senior officials have appeared before 22 and March 27, Smith presented action is expected the first week in the Budget Committee, the House the case for suspension of the rules April. The Senate Foreign Relations Foreign Affairs and the Senate For¬ and approval of the full 1990 budg¬ Committee is expected to begin eign Relations Committees, and the ets, as appropriated. In both cases, work on a parallel authorization for House Appropriations Subcommit¬ Republicans in the House of Repre¬ FY 1991 at the end of April or early tee. In late April, Baker is scheduled sentatives defeated these efforts. May, after House floor action. to appear before the Senate Appro¬ When the 1990 State and USLA In the five-year-old issue of the priations Subcommittee, chaired by budgets are eventually passed by the bugged Moscow new office build¬ Senator Ernest Hollings (D-SC). House, the Hollings Appropriations ing (NOB), HFAC, by a party-line An annual challenge for any Cabi¬ Subcommittee has agreed to give vote on March 29, rejected the net department is obtaining re¬ them expeditious treatment in the administration’s proposal to commit sources—money, personnel, material, Senate. But as long as the restric¬ now to tear down the NOB and program funding—adequate to meet tions remain in effect, the foreign reconstruct it. The majority voted its responsibilities. In the president’s affairs agencies are constrained to instead to leave open all options, budget for 1991, the money for hold down hiring and other ex¬ including an entirely new chancery, State Department operations was penses, just as they would if Gramm- costing up to $300 million, until minimal. In the opening round of Rudman provisions were still bind¬ Ambassador Salgo’s negotiations with hearings, Secretary Baker’s clear pri¬ ing, as they were for several months the Soviets are further along. mary concern was to reduce the for all departments. On the issue of supplemental FY extent to which AID appropriations For the FY 1991 budget, the 1990 appropriations for “emerging are earmarked for specific countries, House Foreign Affairs Committee democracies,” the Congress has many so as to increase the administration’s (HFAC) is proposing to add about proposals and legislative initiatives diplomatic leverage in dealing with $54 million in authorizations above to support Nicaragua, Panama, East¬ AID recipients. what die administration has requested ern Europe, and a revised NATO. Even though the budget is as for State salaries and expenses. Of These proposals will be thrashed out tight as ever, domestic funding re¬ that sum, $9 million would be for in April and May committee hear¬ quirements have preference over for¬ 35 new positions for American posts ings and floor action. The commit¬ eign requirements, and 1990 is a in Eastern Europe. The HFAC be¬ tees to watch will be the Murtha primary and general election year, lieves that Western European posts and Inouye defense appropriations Congress ironically has been more should not be closed and/or stripped subcommittees and the Leahy and responsive to the needs of the de¬ of personnel, with EC 92, trade/ Obey foreign operations subcom¬ partment, at least in its initial ac¬ commercial/financial issues, German mittees. The money, if any, will tions this year, than our own sev¬ unification, and the future of NATO come from Department of Defense enth floor principals. yet to be resolved. An additional cuts. Congressman Neil Smith (D-IA), $45 million in proposed HFAC

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 63 Insurance Programs Unexcelled group plans Hugh W Wolff, Chairman, Board of Trustees for Insurance Programs

AFSA’s group insurance programs— to half the amount purchased for spouses, the plan allows you to three of which were designed for the named insured and that benefits choose the amount of your monthly the Foreign Service—have features for dependent children be limited benefit and how long that benefit not available elsewhere and gener¬ to 10 percent. Most important, this continues. Plan I provides benefits ally cost less than competing plans. plan offers cheaper family coverage for up to five years for disability due APSA’s four programs are: the than most competing plans and is to accident, and one year if due to Hospital Income Plan, Accident In¬ open to AFSA members under age illness. Plan II pays up to age 65 for surance Plan, Personal Insurance 70, with no limitations as to health, disability due to accident and two Plan, and Disability Income Plan. occupation, or overseas assignment. years if due to illness. Plan III pays For members not already enrolled Personal Insurance Plan. For up to age 65 for disability due to in one or more, here is a brief members serving abroad, this plan either accident or illness. Benefits explanation of each: provides broad coverage on personal range from $600 to $3,000 per property and worldwide protection month but, for Plans II and III, Hospital Income Plan. This plan is at agreed values for scheduled jew¬ may not exceed 70 percent of salary, intended to supplement the benefits elry, for, fine arts, silverware, etc. when added to other disability bene¬ provided under the Federal Em¬ Optional coverage is available for fits. ployees Health Plan by paying $30, loss or damage to household prop¬ For more information about any $50, or $100 daily for up to 365 erty, including automobiles, in tran¬ of these insurance programs, bro¬ days of hospitalization. sit and for comprehensive personal chures are available from many AFSA The daily benefit is doubled for liability anywhere in the world. representatives as well as from AFSA days spent in an intensive care unit, Unlike most other plans, which in Washington, or by writing di¬ up to 30 days. Hospitalization due insure only against specified perils rectly to program administrators. to pregnancy and childbirth is cov¬ such as fire, windstorm, burglary, For information about the Hospital ered. No medical examination is and theft, this plan covers against Income Plan, the Accident Insur¬ required to qualify for this plan, and “all risks” of physical loss or damage ance Plan or the Personal Insurance the restrictions relating to pre¬ to your property, subject only to the Plan, write to The Hirshorn Com¬ existing illnesses are more favorable policy limits, exclusions, and limita¬ pany, 14 East Highland Avenue, than in most plans of this type. Such tions. In addition, the AFSA plan Philadelphia, PA 19118. For infor¬ illnesses are covered after the insur¬ pays claims on the basis of current mation on the Disability Income ance has been in force for three replacement cost rather than origi¬ Plan, write to Albert H. Wohlers & months without treatment for the nal cash value of the property lost Co., 1440 N. Northwest Highway, condition, and after two years the or damaged—an important advan¬ Park Ridge, IL 60068-1400 Hie restriction is removed completely. tage for those who buy furniture, sure to indicate that you are a All members and spouses under age appliances, and other personal prop¬ member of die American Foreign 70 are eligible for this insurance, erty for bargain prices in one coun¬ Service Association. but for those over 65, benefits do try, only to suffer a loss in a country not begin until the eighth day of with far greater replacement costs. hospitalization and are reduced by While many insurers charge an extra 50 percent until the 90th day. 25 percent for replacement value Get an AFSA mug! Accident Insurance Plan. This coverage, under AFSA’s plan it costs plan provides worldwide coverage the same as regular coverage, $0.75 Raise a cup to AFSA. AFSA is against accidental death or specified per $100 of value. However, to offering an attractive blue mug with bodily injuries in amounts up to ensure foil payment in the event of the AFSA logo and “Voice of the $300,000 for the named insured a loss, you must carry insurance on Foreign Service” on the reverse, and spouse and up to $50,000 for the replacement value. reasonably priced at only $5 each each dependent child under age 26. Disability Income Plan. Initi¬ plus $1.50 for shipping. Send a Accidents due to acts of war or ated in 1989, when AFSA gained check payable to AFSA, or drop by terrorism are covered for 50 percent access to a large “group insurance our 21st Street or our State Depart¬ of die scheduled benefits at no extra trust” with broad coverage at low ment office, room 3644. These mugs charge. Such coverage is also pro¬ rates, this plan pays monthly bene¬ are eye-catching desk toppers, mi¬ vided for dependents. To our knowl¬ fits, beginning on the 31st day, if a crowave and dishwasher safe. Get edge, no other plan does this. Fur¬ covered disabling illness or accident yours today. thermore, most plans require that prevents the insured from working. insurance on the spouse be limited Available to members and working

64 FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • MAY 1990 A F S A • NEWS

AID Standing Committee

Wendell Morse, date. Administrator Roskens has is the current practice. We believe AID Vice President identified management issues as a the current practice unfairly disad¬ priority concern for him. We hope vantages people serving in stretch On May 4, we join our colleagues his endorsement of our proposal assignments by denying them train¬ from the other foreign affairs agen¬ will come soon. ing they require to perform ade¬ cies in pausing to reflect on our • Restructuring. We are continu¬ quately in the positions they oc¬ service to our country. Our Foreign ing to follow the proposed restruc¬ cupy. For example, FS-5, 4, or 3 Service Day reflection this year turing and reclassification of posi¬ employees serving in FS-2 positions should include time set aside to tions throughout AID. We are with management responsibilities consider the role we play in promot¬ investigating the proposed merger may be ineligible for management ing a better world through the array of Civil Service and Foreign Service training, which is open only to of foreign assistance programs that personnel to assure that Foreign employees of FS-2 personal rank or AID administers globally. Our For¬ Service employees are not jeop¬ above. We have also requested that eign Service jobs and service often ardized, if such a merger is effected. eligibility parity be established for place before us very special chal¬ • EERs. We recently issued sup¬ employees in positions of compara¬ lenges and sacrifices. The addition plemental guidance noting that em¬ ble rank. to the Foreign Service Memorial ployee evaluation reports (EERs) Paula Bryan, Sam Scott, and I Plaque in the State Department for the current cycle (April 1, 1989- have a full plate of concerns that we Diplomatic Lobby of the names of March 31, 1990) should explicitly are currently pursuing with AID Thomas J. Worrick and Gladys D. assess the performance of employees management. We solicit and encour¬ Gilbert, Foreign Sendee colleagues who are a: serving in positions age your input as we tackle each who died in sendee in 1989, re¬ designated for a higher rank officer, one. We have greatly appreciated minds us of the honor and potential in acting capacities or in regular the interest and support that we sacrifice in our service. stretch assignments for extended have received to date from both The AID Standing Committee in periods; and/or b: have supervisory AID/Washington and overseas em¬ April submitted to Administrator and management responsibility for ployees. Continue to let us know Roskens our request for the full¬ contractors. We believe it is impor¬ your concerns. You can reach the time assignment to AFSA of the tant that this responsibility be recog¬ AID Standing Committee as fol¬ AID vice president. We have re¬ nized in the EER. lows: Wendell Morse, BIFAD, Room quested that the position be joined • AID training. In a related 600, SA-2, Tel: 202-663-2582; Paula by a full-time AID-fonded staff assis¬ matter, we have requested that AID Brvan, ANE/TR/PHN, Room 4720 tant and that office space be made training be made available to em¬ NS, Tel: 202-647-6418; Sam Scott, available to them. These foil-time ployees based on the rank of the FVA/LAC, Room 401, SA-8, Tel: positions are crucial if we are ade¬ position to which they are assigned, 703-875-4704. We have much to quately to meet our legislated man¬ rather than on personal rank, which accomplish in the coming year. A second look at bylaws

AFSA has formed a committee to in the District of Columbia, all review the association’s bylaws, and provisions and changes in the by¬ we’d like to ask for your assistance. laws are reviewed by the Labor Over the years, sections of the Department, IRS, local authorities, bylaws have been amended, but no and underwriters, and the commit¬ comprehensive review has been done. tee will consult with these authori¬ Some provisions are archaic and ties and similar organizations for difficult to interpret. Some fairly ideas and to ensure compliance with recent but major AFSA activities, federal and local laws. such as the outreach program, are The membership department in¬ not specifically addressed. In addi¬ cluded a copy of the bylaws in the tion, rather than going to the mem¬ new chapter manual, sent to all posts at the end of March. If you bership every four to five years with Anne Stevenson-Yang has joined the a significant dues increase request, are not overseas, you may request a copy of the bylaws from AFSA JOURNAL staff as associate editor. A the committee wants to examine the graduate of Wesleyan and Columbia possibility of indexing dues increases Washington. Please review them and forward your suggestions to Mike universities, Anne has been working as by tying them to the federal COLA. an editor and writer for seven years. Since AFSA is a union and a Cotter, chairman of the AFSA by¬ laws committee. She comes to the JOURNAL from the non-profit organization incorporated China Business Review.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 65 We Salute the AFSA Award Winners for 1990! Christian A. Herter Award

Robert H. Pelletreau, U.S. ambassador in Tunis, for his skillful management of the U.S.-PLO dialogue, including an active and courageous role in policy formation.

William R. Rivkin Award

Patrick McDuffie, a development officer with AID, who challenged conventional wisdom by opposing resumption of financial aid to the recent military regime in Haiti.

W. Averell Harriman Award

Patricia Hanigan, an economic officer in Seoul, who vigorously and effectively pursued U.S. economic interests in Korea, while developing and defending new analyses of key economic issues.

Avis Bohlen Award

Ruth Wagner, spouse of the American consul in Maracaibo, who systematically and persistently organized efforts to provide assistance and solace to victims of a locally endemic incurable disease, as well as participating in other community endeavors.

Matilda Sindaire Awards for achievement in the study of hard languages: Rekha V. Arness (Thai), Milton L. Charlton (Greek), Jeffrey Feltman (Hungarian), Holcombe H. Thomas (Korean), Charles N. Patterson (Hebrew), Dale Prince (Polish), Eric W Running (Thai).

Merit award panels established for AFSA/AAFSW 1990

On April 3, 24 Foreign Service Jo Anne Cotter, Robert Knopes, fascinating reading, as they review volunteers from the Association of Frances Sullinger their personal essays, extra-curricu¬ American Foreign Service Women Retired Foreign Service Jack lar activities, references, high school (AAFSW), AID" State, USIA, and Lydman, chairman, AFSA Committee transcripts, and SAT scores. After the retired Foreign Service commu¬ on Education; Willis Coburn Arm¬ each applicant is ranked, a final nity met to review the 1990 AFSA/ strong, Marietta Barbier Falzgraf, panel coordinates the scoring and AAFSW Merit Award applications. William Dean Howells, Mary Vance the winners are then announced. The members of the review panels Trent This year the AFSA/AAFSW Merit

are as follows: * * * Awards are named in memory of AAFSW Janet Biggs, chair; Barbara Bonnie Barnes Pugh, who died in Butcher, Ante Kauzlarich, Nadine The AFSA/AAFSW Merit Awards an air crash over Niger in September Soriano, Jo Ain Vaughan were established in 1976 to recog¬ 1989. Bonnie Pugh showed total STATE David Jones, chair; John nize the outstanding academic and commitment and dedication to the Mack, William Mooney, Robert Pace, community activities of Foreign Serv¬ Foreign Service and to the welfare Sharon Weiss ice students, who often have their of the people at each post in which AID Edward Costello, chair; David schooling interrupted by moves and she served. For over 28 years she Bathrick, Vernita Forte, Roy Grohs, unusual circumstances at posts helped carry out U.S. foreign policy Bob Maushammer abroad. Past panelists have found objectives on a person-to-person ba¬ USIA Karl Fritz, chair; Jack Barton, the experiences of the applicants sis.

66 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 A F S A • NEWS

Professional Issues Can State deal with international scientific issues?

Richard S. Thompson Coordinator for Professional Issues

Dr. Frederick M. Bernthal, deputy and building a supercollider—issues sues. director of the National Science that will almost certainly require Bernthal expressed great respect Foundation, talked to a Foreign contributions from other nations. for the career Foreign Service, but Service Club audience March 22 Bernthal discussed whether the said he believes that, like others about the growing importance of Department of State is prepared to throughout the government, they international scientific issues and the handle these issues. OES is well are not yet convinced that science- Department of State’s capacity to prepared, he contended, and is be¬ related issues won’t go away, and in deal with them. Bernthal was for¬ coming an increasingly popular place fact will grow in importance. Sci¬ merly assistant secretary of state for to work. But few people understand ence education is in crisis in the oceans and international environ¬ where science ends and policy picks United States, and we have a ge¬ mental and scientific affairs (OES). up. Certain problems cannot be neric problem in educating people Bernthal described how the envi¬ dismissed as “science” and therefore to understand the issues. In other ronment and competitiveness in busi¬ not of general concern. In the past, industrialized countries students get ness have become transnational is¬ economic questions were sometimes a much better background in math sues. Various modern proposals for belittled, but not today The attitude and science, and many countries great enterprises are too expensive toward science must similarly evolve. have people with technical back¬ for one nation, and not just in the Bernthal responded to a question grounds in high positions. The de¬ scientific realm. about the capacity of Congress to partment must find people in OES The United States has a historic deal with scientific issues by noting who can be moved to higher posi¬ tendency to isolationism, but issues that its Office of Technology Assess¬ tions, to bridge the cultural gap such as ozone depletion and climate ment is very respected for its analy¬ between those who handle technical change now prevent us from retreat¬ ses, but Congress itself is ill- issues and those who handle politi¬ ing into a new isolationism. Overly¬ equipped to translate them into cal issues. ing all is the question of the effect action. Questioned about the U.S. gov¬ of population growth on the envi¬ On the more specific issue of ernment’s overall organization for ronment. training for science attaches, Bernthal handling scientific issues, he agreed OES is a paradigm of these asserted the first problem is to it is “a little messy,” but the final changes. Fifteen years ago it dealt maintain sufficient science-designated responsibility is in the Office of the with only one burning international positions in embassies, and to fill Science Advisor to the President, issue, nuclear nonproliferation, which these positions. Instead of a sub¬ Dr. Allan Bromley. In this day when has now receded. OES responsibili¬ cone of the economic cone, science all agencies dabble in international ties can now be seen throughout the affairs should be established as a relations, the State Department must foreign policy arena: energy, ozone, separate cone. Beyond that, the maintain a credible leading role as biological diversity, fisheries, com¬ Foreign Service Institute has a solid negotiator with other governments. petitiveness, science and technol¬ curriculum for economics but not ogy, construction of a space station, yet for science and technology is¬

In Memoriam

The following additional names on State Foreign Service officer shot Leland. the Memorial Plaque will be un¬ dead June 28, 1989, in the police veiled on Foreign Service Day: headquarters in Grenada by a de¬ Robert W. Woods, a Department mented gunman. of State Foreign Service officer also Col. James N. Rowe, a military traveling with Congressman Leland. assistance adviser, killed by terrorists Gladys D. Gilbert, an AID Foreign April 21, 1989, in the Philippines. Service officer killed last August in Thomas J. Worrick, an AID For¬ the plane crash in Ethiopia that also eign Service officer likewise killed John A. Butler, a Department of took the life of Congressman Mickey with Congressman Leland.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 67 New board members for the Journal

The editorial board brings to the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL broad expertise in both diplomacy and journalism, with members represent¬ ing State, AID, USLA, as well as the journalistic community. Ambassador Howard B. Schaffer has chaired the board since December 1989. • Howard B. Schaffer has spent most of his 35 Foreign Service years dealing with South Asia. He was twice Near Eastern and Asian Affairs (NEA) deputy assistant secretary, and from 1984 to 1987 he served as ambassador to Bangladesh. Ear¬ lier, he had been political counselor at Islamabad and New Delhi succes¬ sively. Schaffer is now at the Center for the Study of Foreign Affairs, where he is preparing a study of Chester Bowles and U.S. foreign policy. He is married to Teresita Schaffer, who succeeded him last year as South Asian DAS. • William Beecher, Washington bureau chief of the Minneapolis Star Tribune and a published novelist (.Mayday Man), has worked in Wash¬ ington for the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, and Boston Globe. Beecher, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, interrupted his career in 1973-75 to work under Defense Secretaries Elliott Richardson and James Schlesinger as acting assistant Front: Howard Schaffer (seated). First row: Ben Lowe, Helen Strother secretary for public affairs. Fouche, and Bill Beecher. Back row: Dick Aherne, Peter Benedict, and Ted • Ted Wilkinson, AFSA presi¬ Wilkinson. dent, has served as AFSA represen¬ tative at USNATO and in Mexico City. His foreign posts also include from 1970 to 1972. director of the Foreign Service Youth Caracas, Stockholm, Geneva, and • Peter Benedict, author or co¬ Foundation and has worked as Tegucigalpa. During stateside tours author of several books on Turkey’s community liaison officer in La Paz. he has served at USUN and in INR, economic devlopment, directs AID’s • Lynn G. Sever, cultural coordi¬ PM, NEA, and OES, as well as Office of Middle East and North nator for USIA’s Office of American AC DA and Defense. African Affairs, under the Bureau for Republics Affairs, has been USIA • Richard W. Aherne, currently Asia and Near East. Benedict has desk officer for Brazil, Argentina, chief of Foreign Service Career De¬ held posts in Niger, Mauritania, Uruguay, and Paraguay. Sever has velopment, has held a variety of Cairo, Beirut, and Ankara. held posts in Brasilia, Sao Paulo, high-level posts, including director • Helen Strother Fouche is presi¬ and Jakarta. of the department Office of Human dent of Washington Editorial Serv¬ • Benjamin M. Lowe, a political Rights, chief of the U.S. Observer ices Inc., a print media and analyst for the Middle America- Mission at UNESCO, and executive advertising consulting firm that writes Caribbean Division, Bureau of Intelli¬ assistant to Secretary Henry Kissin¬ edits newsletter articles. With exten¬ gence and Research, has held For¬ ger. He directed pacification pro¬ sive editorial and public relations eign Service posts in Ciudad Juarez, grams in two Vietnamese provinces experience, Fouche also serves as a Cape Town, and Kuala Lumpur.

68 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1990 The Mona Lisa would be

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