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Analisis Kebijakan Jembatan Selat Sunda Peraturan Presiden Nomor 86 Tahun 2011 Oleh

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Analisis Kebijakan Jembatan Selat Sunda Peraturan Presiden Nomor 86 Tahun 2011 Oleh PEMBANGUNAN KEMARITIMAN DAN PESISIR Studi Kasus: Analisis Kebijakan Jembatan Selat Sunda Peraturan Presiden Nomor 86 Tahun 2011 Oleh : Alim Bathoro1 Abstract The process of development are two sides of the same coin, one side is the physical development and the other side is human development. However, in the development process, usually prefer the physical development, and less attention to human development. Therefore, people as objects, not subjects of development. The political authorities see development only in terms of economic benefits, the development of socio-political side ignored. Therefore, the development has a problem. Maritime development in the coastal areas and archipelago are also experiencing the same dilemma. In order to obtain an understanding of maritime development, this study will analyze the policy of the Sunda Strait bridge. Therefore, this study will analyze, who benefited from the Sunda Strait Bridge project, and who was defeated in the Sunda Strait Bridge project. If we read Peraturan Presiden (Perpres) No 86 Tahun 2011 related to the Sunda Strait Bridge, the actors had been found, they are government officials (local and central) and national enterprises. This research found that conflicts of interest between the central and local elite, has resulted in making the Sunda Strait bridge construction was delayed several times. Clearly, national enterprises seems to be the main actor in the local policy, both in Lampung and Banten. That is in local policies, local governments easily become part of the national enterprises interests. Keywords : Policy, Actor, Elite, Government Pendahuluan hal itu berhasil, maka boleh jadi jembatan yang Pembangunan di Indonesia memasuki babak baru menghubungkan Sumatera dengan Malaysia akan ketika Perpres 86 Tahun 2011 digulirkan, perpres menyusul, sehingga menghubungkan Indonesia tersebut mengatur tentang pembangunan Jembatan bagian barat dengan Benua Asia. Sehingga, cita-cita Selat Sunda antara Merak dan Bakahuni. Pem- menjadikan Indonesia tersambung jalan transAsia akan bangunan jembatan itu menjadi sangat menarik, menjadi kenyataan. karena akan menghubungkan dua pulau besar di Namun, terlepas dari hal tersebut, bagaimana Indonesia. Yang merupakan pulau terpadat pertama sebenarnya proses tekhnokratis dan proses politis yang dan kedua, yakni Jawa dan Sumatera. melatarbelakangi kebijakan pemerintah tersebut, Kedua pulau adalah bagian dari peradaban masa sehingga peraturan presiden yang mengatur hal itu lalu di Indonesia dan pernah menjadi lokasi ibukota bisa keluar. Mengingat besarnya pembiayaan dua negara nasional pra Indonesia yakni Sriwijaya dan pembangunan jembatan Selat Sunda, akan memakan Majapahit. Dan, negara nasional sekarang Indonesia dana antara Rp. 100 trilun-200 triliun, dan kemudian beribukota di Jakarta, yang berada di pulau Jawa. berlangsung selama 10 tahun. Maka, kegagalan imple- Kejayaan Jawadwipa (Jawa) dan Swarnadwipa mentasi kebijakan atau ketidaksuksesan perencanaan (Sumatera) akan dipercepat dengan menghubungkan kebijakan menjadi tamparan bagi kualitas atau mutu secara langsung keduanya melalui sebuah jembatan kebijakan yang diterbitkan oleh pemerintah. sepanjang 30 km dan bentang atau lebar 60 meter, Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini akan mencoba menggali serta setinggi 70 meter dari permukaan laut. Apabila permasalahan dalam analisis kebijakan pemerintah 1 Dosen Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji. JURNAL SELAT, MEI VOL. 3 NO. 2 EDISI 6 451 berkaitan dengan pembangunan Jembatan Selat nisikan persoalan, menentukan tujuan, mengevaluasi Sunda selanjutnya disingkat JSS melalui pertanyaan alternatif pilihan, memilih alternatif dan mengukur penelitian sebagai berikut : kinerja. Kita bisa menerjemahkan ini menjadi empat Bagaimana analisis kebijakan berupa peraturan macam pertanyaan tentang keyakinan atau nilai: siapa, presiden yang mengatur pembangunan Jembatan apa, kapan, dan bagaimana? Siapa yang mengaman- Selat sunda dapat dikeluarkan? kan nilai, dan nilai apa yang diamankan itu, dan melalui institusi apa pengamanan itu diberikan, serta kapan Kerangka Teori dan bagaimana upaya pengamanan itu dilakukan? Analisis Kebijakan Sedangkan aspek-aspeknya menurut Amir San- Kebijakan tidak hanya dipahami sebagai persoalan toso4, sekurang-kurangnya mempunyai tiga aspek yaitu: teknis-administratif semata, tetapi juga sebagai analisis mengenai perumuasan kebijakan, analisis persoalan politik. Karena terkait dengan penggunaan mengenai penerapan kebijakan, analisis mengenai kekuasaan, yang niscaya kebijakan publik berlangsung penilaian(evaluasi) kebijakan. Analisis perumusan dalam suatu setting kekuasaan tertentu. Artinya ada kebijakan, pada mana analisis kebijakan biasanya pihak yang berkuasa dan pihak yang dikuasai. dimulai, muncul secara alamiah dari pendekatan Biasanya, analisis kebijakan biasa dilakukan oleh yang kelembagaan yang mendominasi perkembangan berkuasa, namun tidak tertutup kemungkinan analisis tahap awal ilmu politik. Analisis perumusan kebijakan ini dilakukan oleh pihak yang dikuasai. Dalam membahas, misalnya hubungan diantara agensi- pemerintahan otoriter, dimana keputusan kebijakan agensi pemerintah dimana kebijakan tersebut memang cenderung memposisikan diri sebagai dirumuskan, dan hubungan antara eksektif dan penguasa atau kaki tangan penguasa. Namun, dalam legislative selama proses perumusan berlangsung. alam demokrasi, dimana warganegara atau rakyat Analisis ini, misalnya, mencoba menjawab pertanyaan: didudukkan sebagai pemegang keadaulatan, maka bagaimana suatu kebijakan dibuat? Mengapa peme- analisis harus dilakukan dalam posisi ini. Oleh karena rintah memiliki alternative A dan bukan B bagaimana itu, political standing ataupun ideological standing kebijakannya? Siapa saja yang terlibat dalam peru- penting untuk dipahami dan dihayati oleh seorang musan kebijakan dan siapa yang paling dominan? analis.2 Mengapa orang itu atau golongan itu yang lebih Analisis kebijakan publik menurut Parsons3, dominan? Dalam analisis ini diperlukan gambaran mencakup determinasi kebijakan, ini adalah analisis yang lengkap mengenai kelompok yang memerintah yang berkaitan dengan cara pembuatan kebijakan, dan interaksi antar anggota kelompok tersebut. Studi mengapa, kapan, dan untuk siapa kebijakan dibuat. mengenai interaksi tersebut jelas merupakan studi Isi kebijakan, analisis ini mencakup deskripsi tentang ilmu politik dan pilihan atas kebijakan tertentu adalah kebijakan tertentu dan bagaimana ia berkembang suatu pilihan politik. Analisis mengenai penerapan dalam hubungannya dengan kebijakan sebelumnya, kebijakan mencoba mempelajari sebab-sebab dari atau analisis ini bisa juga didasari oleh informasi yang keberhasilan atau kegagalan kebijakan publik. Melalui disediakan oleh kerangka nilai teoritis yang mencoba pembahasan mengenai faktor-faktor yang mem- memberikan kritik terhadap kebijakan. Analisis pengaruhi penerapan kebijakan seperti misalnya kebijakan terkait erat dengan penggunaan beragam masalah kepemimpinan dan interaksi politik diantara teknik untuk meningkatkan atau merasionalkan proses pelaksana kebijakan. Aspek ini berkembang sebagai pembuatan kebijakan. Quade misalnya mengeskpresi- akibat daripada kesadaran dikalangan ilmuwan kan pandangan bahwa tujuan utama analisis ini adalah kebijakan bahwa implementasi suatu program tidak membantu pembuat keputusan untuk membuat pilihan hanya bersifat tekhnis dan administratif belaka. yang lebih baik ketimbang yang dibuat pihak lain. Jadi Implementasi kebijakan ternyata melibatkan masalah- analisis ini berhubungan dengan manipulasi efektif masalah politik yang sering menjadi faktor penting yang dunia nyata. Karenanya, analisis kebijakan dalam mempengaruhi pelaksanaan suatu program. Per- pengertian ortodoks ini dimaksudkan untuk mening- tanyaan-pertanyaan yang coba dijawab dalam analisis katkan metode untuk mengidentifikasi dan mendefi- penerapan kebijakan antara lain adalah: bagaimana 2 Purwo Santoso, Modul Pembelajaran Analisis Kebijakan Publik, Research Center for Politics and Government UGM, 2010, Hal 5 3 Wayne Parsons, Publik Policy Pengantar Teori dan Praktek Analisis Kebijakan, Kencana, Jakarta 2011, hal 56-58 4 Affan Sulaiman, Publik Policy, BKU Ilmu Pemerintahan Magister Ilmu-ilmu Sosial, Kerjasama Unpad-IIP, 1998 10 -11 452 JURNAL SELAT, MEI VOL. 3 NO. 2 EDISI 6 cara kebijakan diimplementasikan? Siapa saja yang Sejarah Singkat Jembatan Selat Sunda dilibatkan dalam proses implementasi tersebut? Sejarah jembatan Selat Sunda7 awalnya merupa- Bagaimana interaksi antara orang-orang atau kelom- kan gagasan dari Prof Sedyatmo. Gagasan yang pok-kelompok yang terlibat dalam penerapan kebijakan dikemukakan tahun 1960 tersebut dijuluki Tri Nusa tersebut? Siapa yang secara formal diberi wewenang Bimasakti. Saat itu, Sedyatmo beranggapan tentang melaksanakan program dan siapa yang secara formal pentingnya hubungan lang-sung antara Pulau Jawa lebih berkuasa dan mengapa? Bagaimana cara kerja dan Sumatera. Dalam perjalanan, proyek Jembatan birokrasi pusat dan daerah serta agensi lain yang ini timbul tenggelam. Hingga pada tahun 1986, terlibat dalam proses pelaksanaan program. Pada Presiden Soeharto menunjuk Habibie agar menin- pokoknya, studi implementasi mencoba menjawab daklanjuti ide Sedyatmo atas rencana pembangunan pertanyaan, mengapa hal itu terjadi? Implementasi tiga jembatan nasional. Yakni, Sumatera-Jawa, Jawa- kebijakan harus dibedakan dari dampak atau evaluasi Bali dan Jawa-Madura. Namun karena kendala biaya kebijakan mengkaji akibat-akibat dari suatu kebijakan dan
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