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Simulation Approach to Estimate Rice Yield and Energy Generation Under Agrivoltaic System

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Simulation Approach to Estimate Rice Yield and Energy Generation Under Agrivoltaic System Simulation Approach to Estimate Rice Yield and Energy Generation under Agrivoltaic System By Thum Chun Hau Submitted to the Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Agricultural Sciences Principal Supervisor Professor Kensuke Okada 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am grateful to many people in writing this Master thesis. First, I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Kensuke Okada for his continuously guidance, enthusiasm, and devotion. His excellent knowledge in academic and remarkable erudition are gratefully acknowledged. My special thanks to Prof. Mizoguchi Masaru and Assoc. Prof. Kae Miyazawa for reviewing my thesis and valuable comments. Second, my gratitude is expressed to Mr. Kenji Watanabe for numerous supports and his collaboration to the experiment. I am very thankful to Ms. Slavka Batorova and Mr. Ken Matsuoka for introducing rice farmer to me, and explanation on the agrivoltaic system design. I also want to express my deep gratitude to my friends, laboratory members, and family members for their attention and endless support. Finally, my deep thanks to my father, mother, and my wife. Their love and support to me will cherish forever. 2 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................ 11 1.1 Agrivoltaic concept ........................................................................................................ 11 1.2 Agrivoltaic system in Japan ........................................................................................... 11 1.3 Rice (Oryza sativa) the most important cereal crop in Japan ........................................ 12 1.4 Energy demand in Japan ................................................................................................ 12 1.5 Feed-in Tariff scheme in Japan ...................................................................................... 13 1.6 Agrivoltaic research around the world and in Japan ...................................................... 13 1.7 Movable solar photovoltaic panels in AV research ....................................................... 15 1.8 Selection of rice in AV research .................................................................................... 16 1.9 Relationship between solar radiation and rice yield ...................................................... 16 1.10 Research objective ....................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2: Effect of partial shading on rice grain yield and energy output ............................. 19 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Materials and methods ................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Site description........................................................................................................ 19 2.2.2 Experimental plot .................................................................................................... 19 2.2.3 Crop management ................................................................................................... 22 2.2.4 Weather measurement ............................................................................................. 24 2.2.5 Plant growth measurement ...................................................................................... 25 2.2.6 Combine plot yield .................................................................................................. 29 2.2.7 Solar photovoltaic system ....................................................................................... 29 2.3 Results ............................................................................................................................ 31 2.3.1 Weather conditions ................................................................................................. 31 2.3.2 Dry matter production, leaf area index (LAI) and SPAD value ............................. 34 2.3.3 Grain yield and total biomass ................................................................................. 36 2.3.4 Combine plot yield .................................................................................................. 38 3 2.3.5 Culm length, head length and head number............................................................ 39 2.3.6 Energy output from solar photovoltaic system ....................................................... 39 2.4 Discussions .................................................................................................................... 40 2.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 3: Calibration and validation of models for light distribution, rice growth and power generation in AV system .......................................................................................................... 41 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 41 3.2 Solar radiation model ..................................................................................................... 41 3.2.1 Materials and methods: Model calibration and validation for Autodesk Revit and Dynamo ............................................................................................................................ 42 3.2.2 Results and discussion ............................................................................................ 45 3.3 Crop growth model ........................................................................................................ 45 3.3.1 Model parameterization, calibration and validation for APSIM-Oryza ................. 45 3.3.2 Materials and methods ............................................................................................ 46 3.3.3 Methods of model evaluation.................................................................................. 51 3.3.4 Results and discussion ............................................................................................ 52 3.4 Solar energy model ........................................................................................................ 54 3.4.1 Materials and methods: model calibration and validation for PVSyst ................... 55 3.4.2 Results and discussion ............................................................................................ 55 3.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 57 Chapter 4: Scenarios analysis for economically optimum rice and energy production in agrivoltaic system .................................................................................................................... 58 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 58 4.2 Scenario analysis of solar radiation at different tilt angles ............................................ 59 4.2.1 Materials and methods ............................................................................................ 59 4.2.2 Results and discussion ............................................................................................ 59 4.3 Scenario analysis of rice yield at different tilt angles .................................................... 60 4.3.1 Materials and methods ............................................................................................ 60 4 4.3.2 Results and discussion ............................................................................................ 60 4.4 Scenario analysis of energy output at different tilt angles ............................................. 62 4.4.1 Materials and methods ............................................................................................ 62 4.4.2 Results & discussion ............................................................................................... 65 4.5 Economically optimum rice and energy production ...................................................... 66 4.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 68 Chapter 5: General discussion and conclusion ........................................................................ 69 5.1 Partial shading on rice yield in AV ................................................................................ 69 5.2 Simulation approach in AV with rice cultivation .......................................................... 69 5.3 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 70 5.4 Recommendations and future study application ............................................................ 70 5 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Fixed solar photovoltaic panels in AV system. ...................................................... 15 Figure 1.2 Movable solar photovoltaic panels in AV system (Source: https://solar-sharing- japan.blogspot.com/2014/). ...................................................................................................... 15 Figure 1.3 Solar
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