Today's Need & Importance Role of Solar Based Automobile System
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A HISTORY of the SOLAR CELL, in PATENTS Karthik Kumar, Ph.D
A HISTORY OF THE SOLAR CELL, IN PATENTS Karthik Kumar, Ph.D., Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, LLP 901 New York Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20001 [email protected] Member, Artificial Intelligence & Other Emerging Technologies Committee Intellectual Property Owners Association 1501 M St. N.W., Suite 1150, Washington, D.C. 20005 [email protected] Introduction Solar cell technology has seen exponential growth over the last two decades. It has evolved from serving small-scale niche applications to being considered a mainstream energy source. For example, worldwide solar photovoltaic capacity had grown to 512 Gigawatts by the end of 2018 (representing 27% growth from 2017)1. In 1956, solar panels cost roughly $300 per watt. By 1975, that figure had dropped to just over $100 a watt. Today, a solar panel can cost as little as $0.50 a watt. Several countries are edging towards double-digit contribution to their electricity needs from solar technology, a trend that by most accounts is forecast to continue into the foreseeable future. This exponential adoption has been made possible by 180 years of continuing technological innovation in this industry. Aided by patent protection, this centuries-long technological innovation has steadily improved solar energy conversion efficiency while lowering volume production costs. That history is also littered with the names of some of the foremost scientists and engineers to walk this earth. In this article, we review that history, as captured in the patents filed contemporaneously with the technological innovation. 1 Wiki-Solar, Utility-scale solar in 2018: Still growing thanks to Australia and other later entrants, https://wiki-solar.org/library/public/190314_Utility-scale_solar_in_2018.pdf (Mar. -
Digital Twin Modeling of a Solar Car Based on the Hybrid Model Method with Data-Driven and Mechanistic
applied sciences Article Digital Twin Modeling of a Solar Car Based on the Hybrid Model Method with Data-Driven and Mechanistic Luchang Bai, Youtong Zhang *, Hongqian Wei , Junbo Dong and Wei Tian Laboratory of Low Emission Vehicle, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; [email protected] (L.B.); [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (J.D.); [email protected] (W.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Featured Application: This technology is expected to be used in energy management of new energy vehicles. Abstract: Solar cars are energy-sensitive and affected by many factors. In order to achieve optimal energy management of solar cars, it is necessary to comprehensively characterize the energy flow of vehicular components. To model these components which are hard to formulate, this study stimulates a solar car with the digital twin (DT) technology to accurately characterize energy. Based on the hybrid modeling approach combining mechanistic and data-driven technologies, the DT model of a solar car is established with a designed cloud platform server based on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to realize data interaction between physical and virtual entities. The DT model is further modified by the offline optimization data of drive motors, and the energy consumption is evaluated with the DT system in the real-world experiment. Specifically, the energy consumption Citation: Bai, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wei, H.; error between the experiment and simulation is less than 5.17%, which suggests that the established Dong, J.; Tian, W. Digital Twin DT model can accurately stimulate energy consumption. Generally, this study lays the foundation Modeling of a Solar Car Based on the for subsequent performance optimization research. -
Recyclability Challenges in ?Abundant? Material-Based
27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition This is a pre-peer review version of the paper submitted to the journal Progress in Photovoltaics. It has been selected by the Executive Committee of the 27th EU PVSEC for submission to Progress in Photovoltaics. RECYCLABILITY CHALLENGES IN “ABUNDANT” MATERIAL-BASED TECHNOLOGIES a a,b,* Annick Anctil and Fthenakis aPV Environmental Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY bCenter for Life Cycle Analysis, Columbia University, New York, NY *Bldg. 130, Upton, NY 11973, tel. 631-344-2830, Fax. 631-3443957, [email protected] ABSTRACT: Much current research in photovoltaic technology is directed towards using “abundant” base metals like copper and zinc (e.g., CZTS or more recently CZTSSe) to overcome the the challenges of material scarcity posed by the use of tellurium, indium, germanium, and gallium in current generation products (e.g., CdTe, CIGS, a- Si/thin-film Si). The supply of these materials is limited because they are minor byproducts of the production of copper, zinc, lead. and aluminum, so that their economic production inherently is linked to that of the base metals. But, although the base metals currently are abundant, their reserves are not inexhaustible. In addition to concerns on resource availability, the main sustainability metrics for large-scale PV growth are low cost and minimum environmental impact. As the numbers of photovoltaic installations grow, greatly displacing traditional power- generation infrastructures, recycling will play an increasingly important role in managing their end-of-life fate, so relieving pressure on the prices of critical materials. Identifying the potential issues in current technologies can help implement a take-back- or recycling-program ahead of time. -
Commercialization and Deployment at NREL: Advancing Renewable
Commercialization and Deployment at NREL Advancing Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency at Speed and Scale Prepared for the State Energy Advisory Board NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Management Report NREL/MP-6A42-51947 May 2011 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. -
Annual Report 20 1 0 Sma Solar Technology Ag
ANNUAL REPORT 2010 SMA SOLAR TECHNOLOGY AG THE FUTURE OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY BUSINESS GROUP FIGURES HIGHLIGHTS 2010 SMA Group 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 Sales € million 1,920.1 934.3 681.6 327.3 192.9 Export ratio % 44.9 38.4 42.3 29.4 20.1 Inverter output sold MW 7,750 3,381 2,180 950 430 Capital expenditure1 € million 158.3 82.1 63.9 12.3 15.0 Depreciation € million 31.3 16.3 8.9 16.0 9.0 Operating profit (EBIT) € million 516.8 228.4 167.4 59.3 33.4 KEY FIGURES AND HIGHLIGHTS 2010 Operating profit margin % 26.9 24.4 24.6 18.1 17.3 Consolidated net profit € million 365.0 161.1 119.5 36.8 20.5 Earnings per share2 € 10.52 4.64 3.44 1.06 0.59 Employees (average during the period)3 5,519 3,412 2,513 1,600 1,164 MORE THAN 1,500 NEW JOBS CREATED in Germany 5,179 3,236 2,400 1,535 1,133 abroad 340 176 113 65 31 BUSINESS IN FOREIGN MARKETS IS BOOMING SMA Group 12 / 31 / 2010 12 / 31/ 2009 12 / 31/ 2008 12 / 31/ 2007 12 / 31/ 2006 HIGH DIVIDEND AND REPRESENTS APPROX. OF € 3.00 PLANNED Total assets € million 1,251.5 718.6 469.6 163.2 112.3 45 % OF SALES Equity € million 728.4 407.6 280.8 64.4 40.7 Equity ratio % 58.2 56.7 59.8 39.5 36.2 Net working capital4 € million 284.6 98.6 78.0 59.4 34.3 EBIT RECORD Net working capital ratio % 14.8 10.6 11.4 18.1 17.8 OF € 0.5 BILLION Net Cash € million 523.4 344.8 239.4 41.2 20.9 GROUP SALES INCREASE TO ALMOST € 2 BILLION PERFORMANCE OF THE SMA SHARE 2010 percent5 SMA share TecDAX® ÖkoDAX® 110 100 90 80 70 60 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec SMA IS BY FAR THE WORLD TREMENDOUS GROWTH MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE SOLAR MARKET, BOTH LEADER IN GERMANY AND ABROAD 1 excl. -
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System Safety and Fire Ground Procedures
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System Safety and Fire Ground Procedures SAN FRANCISCO FIRE DEPARTMENT blank page Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System Safety and Fire Ground Procedures April 2012 San Francisco Fire Department 698—2nd Street San Francisco, CA 94107 Chief of Department Joanne Hayes-White Assistant Deputy Chief Jose Luis Velo, Director of Training Project Manager, Paramedic Captain Jim Perry Lieutenant Dawn Dewitt, Editor Published by: Division of Training 2310 Folsom Street San Francisco, CA Phone: (415) 970-2000 April 2012 This manual is the sole property of the San Francisco Fire Department FOREWORD The goal of this manual is to establish standard operating practices as authorized by the Chief of Department and implemented by the Division of Training. The purpose of this manual is to provide all members with the essential information necessary to fulfill the duties of their positions, and to provide a standard text whereby company officers can: Enforce standard drill guidelines authorized as a basis of operation for all companies. Align company drills to standards as adopted by the Division of Training. Maintain a high degree of proficiency, both personally and among their subordinates. All manuals shall be kept up to date so that all officers may use the material contained in the various manuals to meet the requirements of their responsibility. Conditions will develop in fire fighting situations where standard methods of operation will not be applicable. Therefore, nothing contained in these manuals shall be interpreted as an obstacle to the experience, initiative, and ingenuity of officers in overcoming the complexities that exist under actual fire ground conditions. -
Photovoltaic Power Generation
Photovoltaic Power Generation * by Tom Penick and Bill Louk *Photo is from “Industry-Photovoltaic Power Stations1,” http://www.nedo.go.jp/nedo-info/solarDB/photo2/1994- e/4/4.6/01.html, December 1, 1998. PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION Submitted to Gale Greenleaf, Instructor EE 333T Prepared by Thomas Penick and Bill Louk December 4, 1998 ABSTRACT This report is an overview of photovoltaic power generation. The purpose of the report is to provide the reader with a general understanding of photovoltaic power generation and how PV technology can be practically applied. There is a brief discussion of early research and a description of how photovoltaic cells convert sunlight to electricity. The report covers concentrating collectors, flat-plate collectors, thin-film technology, and building-integrated systems. The discussion of photovoltaic cell types includes single-crystal, poly-crystalline, and thin-film materials. The report covers progress in improving cell efficiencies, reducing manufacturing cost, and finding economic applications of photovoltaic technology. Lists of major manufacturers and organizations are included, along with a discussion of market trends and projections. The conclusion is that photovoltaic power generation is still more costly than conventional systems in general. However, large variations in cost of conventional electrical power, and other factors, such as cost of distribution, create situations in which the use of PV power is economically sound. PV power is used in remote applications such as communications, homes and villages in developing countries, water pumping, camping, and boating. Grid- connected applications such as electric utility generating facilities and residential rooftop installations make up a smaller but more rapidly expanding segment of PV use. -
The Place of Photovoltaics in Poland's Energy
energies Article The Place of Photovoltaics in Poland’s Energy Mix Renata Gnatowska * and Elzbieta˙ Mory ´n-Kucharczyk Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute of Thermal Machinery, Cz˛estochowaUniversity of Technology, Armii Krajowej 21, 42-200 Cz˛estochowa,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-343250534 Abstract: The energy strategy and environmental policy in the European Union are climate neutrality, low-carbon gas emissions, and an environmentally friendly economy by fighting global warming and increasing energy production from renewable sources (RES). These sources, which are characterized by high investment costs, require the use of appropriate support mechanisms introduced with suitable regulations. The article presents the current state and perspectives of using renewable energy sources in Poland, especially photovoltaic systems (PV). The specific features of Polish photovoltaics and the economic analysis of investment in a photovoltaic farm with a capacity of 1 MW are presented according to a new act on renewable energy sources. This publication shows the importance of government support that is adequate for the green energy producers. Keywords: renewable energy sources (RES); photovoltaic system (PV); energy mix; green energy 1. State of Photovoltaics Development in the World The global use of renewable energy sources (RES) is steadily increasing, which is due, among other things, to the rapid increase in demand for energy in countries that have so far been less developed [1]. Other reasons include the desire of various countries to Citation: Gnatowska, R.; become self-sufficient in energy, significant local environmental problems, as well as falling Mory´n-Kucharczyk, E. -
Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells: Advanced Processing and Characterization - 26 101191 / 151399
April 2008 Photovoltaic Programme Edition 2008 Summary Report, Project List, Annual Project Reports 2007 (Abstracts) elaborated by: NET Nowak Energy & Technology Ltd. Cover: Zero-Energy Building: Support Office of Marché International, Kemptthal / ZH 44,6 kWp Solar Power System with Thin Film Solar Cells (Photos: Front cover: SunTechnics Fabrisolar, Back cover: Büro für Architektur Beat Kämpfen, Photo Willi Kracher) Prepared by: NET Nowak Energy & Technology Ltd. Waldweg 8, CH - 1717 St. Ursen (Switzerland) Phone: +41 (0) 26 494 00 30, Fax. +41 (0) 26 494 00 34, [email protected] on behalf of: Swiss Federal Office of Energy SFOE Mühlestrasse 4, CH - 3063 Ittigen postal addresse: CH- 3003 Bern Phone: 031 322 56 11, Fax. 031 323 25 00 [email protected] www.bfe.admin.ch Photovoltaic Programme Edition 2008 Summary Report, Project List, Annual Project Reports 2007 (Abstracts) Contents S. Nowak Summary Report Edition 2008 Page 5 Annual Project Reports 2007 (Abstracts) Page C. Ballif, J. Bailat, F.J. Haug, S. Faÿ, R. Tscharner Thin film silicon solar cells: advanced processing and characterization - 26 101191 / 151399 F.J. Haug, C. Ballif Flexible photovoltaics: next generation high efficiency and low cost thin 27 film silicon modules - CTI 8809 S. Olibet, C. Ballif High efficiency thin-film passivated silicon solar cells and modules - 28 THIFIC: Thin film on crystalline Si - Axpo Naturstrom Fonds 0703 C. Ballif, F. J. Haug, V. Terrazzoni-Daudrix FLEXCELLENCE: Roll-to-roll technology for the production of high efficiency 29 low cost thin film silicon photovoltaic modules - SES-CT-019948 N. Wyrsch, C. Ballif ATHLET: Advanced Thin Film Technologies for Cost Effective Photovoltaics - 30 IP 019670 A. -
Letting in the Light: How Solar Photovoltaics Will Revolutionise The
LETTING IN THE LIGHT HOW SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS WILL REVOLUTIONISE THE ELECTRICITY SYSTEM Copyright © IRENA 2016 ISBN 978-92-95111-95-0 (Print), ISBN 978-92-95111-96-7 (PDF) Unless otherwise stated, this publication and material herein are the property of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and are subject to copyright by IRENA. Material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that all such material is clearly attributed to IRENA and bears a notation of copyright (© IRENA) with the year of copyright. Material contained in this publication attributed to third parties may be subject to third-party copyright and separate terms of use and restrictions, including restrictions in relation to any commercial use. This publication should be cited as: IRENA (2016), ‘Letting in the Light: How solar PV will revolutionise the electricity system,’ Abu Dhabi. About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. www.irena.org Acknowledgements IRENA is grateful for the valuable contributions of Mark Turner in the preparation of this study. This report benefited from the reviews and comments of numerous experts, including Morgan Bazilian (World Bank), John Smirnow (Global Solar Council), Tomas Kåberger (Renewable Energy Institute), Paddy Padmanathan (ACWA Power), Linus Mofor (UNECA), DK Khare (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, India), Maurice Silva (Ministry of Energy, Chile), Eicke Weber (Fraunhofer ISE). -
Optimization of Thin-Film Solar Cells for Lunar Surface Operations
Optimization of Thin-Film Solar Cells for Lunar Surface Operations Shawn Breeding∗ and William E. Johnson† NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, AL, 35812 Thin-film solar cells have been in production for decades, but technology has only recently advanced enough to allow for comparable efficiencies to traditional rigid cells. Some of the benefits of thin-films, such as lighter weight and being foldable, are particularly advantageous to space applications since mass and volume are key considerations of any flight project. Using these thin-film cells in space, however, is outside of their ground-based design criteria. This requires special care to be taken in designing the power generation system of a spacecraft around a thin-film solar cell, particularly in regards to thermal management. Without the diffusion of an atmosphere to mitigate solar load, the temperature of the panels can rapidly exceed their design specification. In this paper a design solution is presented that allows for thin-film solar cells to be used in a robotic lunar lander. Due to the low thermal mass and in-plane conductivity of thin films, it is difficult to remove waste heat by any other method than radiation. On the lunar surface this means angling the arrays to increase their view factor to space, which has the negative consequence of decreasing their power generation. An optimization was developed to balance the heat rejection and power generation of the cells, using constraints on the maximum cell temperature and minimum spacecraft power requirements. The resulting solar panel angle was then used as an input to the Thermal Desktop model to verify the final panel temperatures. -
Design and Implementation of Reliable Solar Tree
5 IV April 2017 http://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.4184 www.ijraset.com Volume 5 Issue IV, April 2017 IC Value: 45.98 ISSN: 2321-9653 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) Design and Implementation of Reliable Solar Tree Mr. Nitesh Kumar Dixit1, Mr. Vikram Singh2, Mr. Naveen Kumar3, Mr. Manish Kumar Sunda4 1,2 Department of Electronics & Communications Engineering, 3,4 Department of Electrical Engineering, BIET Sikar Abstract: - Flat or roof top mountings of Photovoltaic (PV) structures require large location or land. Scarcity of land is greatest problem in towns or even in villages in India. Sun strength Tree presents higher opportunity to flat mounting of PV systems. For domestic lighting fixtures and other applications use of solar Tree is extra relevant whilst PV system is to be used. Sun tree is an innovative city lights idea that represents a really perfect symbiosis among pioneering layout and like-minded technology. In this paper load, PV, battery and tilt angle requirements estimated for solar tree. The optimum tilt angle for Sikar, Rajasthan calculated i.e. Latitude=27.5691 and Longitude=75.14425. The power output of 240Whr with battery unit of 30Ah, 12V was calculated. Keywords— Photovoltaic, Sun, Solar Tree, Tilt Angle, Sikar Rajasthan; I. INTRODUCTION It is a form of renewable power resource that is some degree competitive with fossil fuels. Hydro power is the force of electricity of moving water. It provides about 96% of the renewable energy in the United States. Solar electricity is available in abundance and considered as the easiest and cleanest method of tapping the renewable power.