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Ultraefficient Thermophotovoltaic Power Conversion by Band-Edge Spectral Filtering

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Ultraefficient Thermophotovoltaic Power Conversion by Band-Edge Spectral Filtering Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Ultraefficient thermophotovoltaic power conversion by band-edge spectral filtering. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2kh465km Journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(31) ISSN 0027-8424 Authors Omair, Zunaid Scranton, Gregg Pazos-Outón, Luis M et al. Publication Date 2019-07-16 DOI 10.1073/pnas.1903001116 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Ultraefficient thermophotovoltaic power conversion by band-edge spectral filtering Zunaid Omaira,b,1, Gregg Scrantona,b,1, Luis M. Pazos-Outóna,2, T. Patrick Xiaoa,b, Myles A. Steinerc, Vidya Ganapatid, Per F. Petersone, John Holzrichterf, Harry Atwaterg, and Eli Yablonovitcha,b,2 aDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; bMaterial Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720; cNational Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401; dDepartment of Engineering, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081; eDepartment of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; fPhysical Insights Associates, Berkeley, CA 94705; and gApplied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 Contributed by Eli Yablonovitch, June 10, 2019 (sent for review February 27, 2019; reviewed by James Harris and Richard R. King) Thermophotovoltaic power conversion utilizes thermal radiation Here, we present experimental results on a thermophotovoltaic from a local heat source to generate electricity in a photovoltaic cell. cell with 29.1 ± 0.4% power conversion efficiency at an emitter It was shown in recent years that the addition of a highly reflective temperatureof1,207°C.Thisisarecordforthermophotovoltaic rear mirror to a solar cell maximizes the extraction of luminescence. efficiency. Our cells have an average reflectivity of 94.6% for below- This, in turn, boosts the voltage, enabling the creation of record- bandgap photons, which is the key toward recycling subbandgap breaking solar efficiency. Now we report that the rear mirror can be photons. We predict that further improvements in reflectivity, used to create thermophotovoltaic systems with unprecedented high series resistance, material quality, and the radiation chamber thermophotovoltaic efficiency. This mirror reflects low-energy in- geometry will push system efficiency to >50%. Such a highly frared photons back into the heat source, recovering their energy. efficient thermophotovoltaic system can have significant impact Therefore, the rear mirror serves a dual function; boosting the as a power source for hybrid cars (32), unmanned vehicles (33), voltage and reusing infrared thermal photons. This allows the deep-space probes (34–36), and energy storage (37, 38), as well possibility of a practical >50% efficient thermophotovoltaic system. as enabling efficient cogeneration systems (39–41) for heat and Based on this reflective rear mirror concept, we report a thermopho- electricity. tovoltaic efficiency of 29.1 ± 0.4% at an emitter temperature of 1,207 °C. The Regenerative Thermophotovoltaic System In an ideal thermophotovoltaic system employing photon reuse (Fig. energy | photovoltaics | thermophotovoltaics | TPV | solar 2A), a hot emitter is surrounded by photovoltaic cells lining the walls of the chamber, collecting light from the emitter. For efficient hotovoltaic devices generate electricity from thermal radia- recovery of unused photons, the photovoltaic cells are backed by Ption (1–6). In thermophotovoltaic energy conversion, first highly reflective rear mirrors. Such mirrors are needed, in any described (7) in 1956, photovoltaic cells convert thermal radia- case, to provide the voltage boost associated with luminescence tion from a local heat source to electricity. The key is to find a extraction. As shown in Fig. 2B, the below-bandgap recycled way to exploit the great majority of low-energy thermal photons component of the radiated spectrum rethermalizes within the that would otherwise be unusable in a photovoltaic system. heat source after being reflected from the photovoltaic cell. Most effort in this regard has been directed toward engineering the hot emitter, making it spectrally selective such that it suppresses Significance the emission of low-energy photons (8, 9). In this arrangement, the spectral emissivity of the thermal source is tailored to the absorp- Thermophotovoltaic conversion utilizes thermal radiation to gen- tion edge of the photovoltaic cell (10, 11), as illustrated in Fig. 1A. erate electricity in a photovoltaic cell. On a solar cell, the addition The spectral filter has been implemented by photonic crystals (12– of a highly reflective rear mirror maximizes the extraction of lu- 17), metamaterials (18–22), and rare-earth oxides (23, 24). minescence, which in turn boosts the voltage. This has enabled the We present a different approach. All new record-breaking solar creation of record-breaking solar cells. The rear mirror also reflects cells now include a rear mirror to assist in the extraction (25) of low-energy photons back into the emitter, recovering the energy. band-edge luminescence from the photovoltaic cell. For high-quality This radically improves thermophotovoltaic efficiency. Therefore, photovoltaic materials, the rate of internal photon generation is the luminescence extraction rear mirror serves a dual function; high. However, in devices with poor photon management, this is boosting the voltage, and reusing the low-energy thermal pho- typically wasted by a poorly reflecting electrode at the rear of the tons. Owing to the dual functionality of the rear mirror, we device. When a highly reflective mirror is inserted, a bright internal achieve a thermophotovoltaic efficiency of 29.1% at 1,207 °C, a photon gas develops, maximizing the observed external lumines- temperature compatible with furnaces, and a new world record at cence flux associated with a large carrier concentration. This pro- temperatures below 2,000 °C. vides a voltage boost of ∼0.1 V at open circuit (26). Indeed, the Author contributions: Z.O., G.S., L.M.P.-O., M.A.S., V.G., P.F.P., J.H., H.A., and E.Y. de- development of a highly reflective rear mirror has been the main signed research; Z.O., G.S., L.M.P.-O., M.A.S., J.H., and E.Y. performed research; Z.O., driver of recent efficiency records in solar photovoltaics (27–29). L.M.P.-O., and E.Y. analyzed data; and Z.O., L.M.P.-O., T.P.X., and E.Y. wrote the paper. Serendipitously, such a rear mirror could also reflect below- Reviewers: J.H., Stanford University; and R.R.K., Arizona State University. B bandgap photons (Fig. 1 ). Unprecedented thermophotovoltaic The authors declare no conflict of interest. efficiency can be achieved by reflecting low-energy photons back This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- to reheat the blackbody emitter, while utilizing the high-energy NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND). photons for photovoltaic electricity generation. In effect, the 1Z.O. and G.S. contributed equally to this work. semiconductor band edge itself provides spectral selectivity, 2To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: [email protected] or eliy@ without the need for a spectrally selective thermal emitter. This eecs.berkeley.edu. idea, first patented in 1967 (30), relies on the reuse of low-energy This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. photons (31), thus wasting no energy. We will call this process 1073/pnas.1903001116/-/DCSupplemental. “regenerative thermophotovoltaics.” Published online July 16, 2019. 15356–15361 | PNAS | July 30, 2019 | vol. 116 | no. 31 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1903001116 AB Alternately, P P η = electrical = electrical , [1b] Pabsorbed Pelectrical + Qwaste which is the conventional definition of heat engine efficiency, where Qwaste is the waste heat. Eqs. 1a and 1b assume that the internal surfaces of the radi- ation chamber are completely covered by photovoltaic cells as shown in Fig. 2. To the extent that the internal walls are not fully covered by photovoltaic cells, the remaining area of bare walls needs excellent reflectivity to produce a good net “effective Fig. 1. Increasing the efficiency of thermophotovoltaics by managing the reflectivity” that controls the system efficiency. low-energy thermal photons that cannot be absorbed by the semiconductor. The incident power Pincident(Ts) at an emitter temperature Ts There are two approaches for doing this. (A) Use a spectrally selective can be defined as the incident black body radiation flux bs(E, Ts) coating that will ideally emit high-energy photons or (B) exploit the semi- corrected by the spectral emissivity «(E) of the emitter [∼0.91 for conductor band edge itself as the spectral filter. The presence of a rear mirror ensures that any unabsorbed photons are reflected back to the graphite (44)], integrated over energy and area, emitter and are rethermalized. Z∞ PincidentðTsÞ = «ðEÞ bsðE, TsÞ · E dEA, [2] Photon reuse in this chamber—enabled by high mirror 0 reflectivity—results in high system efficiency. The system power conversion efficiency, η, is defined (42, 43) as the electrical where E is the photon energy and A is the surface area of the power generated by the photovoltaic cell, divided by the total photovoltaic cell. The cell absorptivity spectrum a(E), used to P thermal radiative power
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