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Legacies of the Troubles and the Holy Cross Girls Primary School Dispute
Glencree Journal 2021 “IS IT ALWAYS GOING BE THIS WAY?”: LEGACIES OF THE TROUBLES AND THE HOLY CROSS GIRLS PRIMARY SCHOOL DISPUTE Eimear Rosato 198 Glencree Journal 2021 Legacy of the Troubles and the Holy Cross School dispute “IS IT ALWAYS GOING TO BE THIS WAY?”: LEGACIES OF THE TROUBLES AND THE HOLY CROSS GIRLS PRIMARY SCHOOL DISPUTE Abstract This article examines the embedded nature of memory and identity within place through a case study of the Holy Cross Girls Primary School ‘incident’ in North Belfast. In 2001, whilst walking to and from school, the pupils of this primary school aged between 4-11 years old, faced daily hostile mobs of unionist/loyalists protesters. These protesters threw stones, bottles, balloons filled with urine, fireworks and other projectiles including a blast bomb (Chris Gilligan 2009, 32). The ‘incident’ derived from a culmination of long- term sectarian tensions across the interface between nationalist/republican Ardoyne and unionist/loyalist Glenbryn. Utilising oral history interviews conducted in 2016–2017 with twelve young people from the Ardoyne community, it will explore their personal experiences and how this event has shaped their identities, memory, understanding of the conflict and approaches to reconciliation. KEY WORDS: Oral history, Northern Ireland, intergenerational memory, reconciliation Introduction Legacies and memories of the past are engrained within territorial boundaries, sites of memory and cultural artefacts. Maurice Halbwachs (1992), the founding father of memory studies, believed that individuals as a group remember, collectively or socially, with the past being understood through ritualism and symbols. Pierre Nora’s (1989) research builds and expands on Halbwachs, arguing that memory ‘crystallises’ itself in certain sites where a sense of historical continuity persists. -
Evaluation of the Building Peace Through the Arts: Re-Imaging Communities Programme
Evaluation of the Building Peace through the Arts: Re-Imaging Communities Programme Final Report January 2016 CONTENTS 1. BUILDING PEACE THROUGH THE ARTS ................................................... 5 1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Operational Context ............................................................................................. 5 1.3. Building Peace through the Arts ......................................................................... 6 1.4. Evaluation Methodology ....................................................................................... 8 1.5. Document Contents .............................................................................................. 8 2. PROGRAMME APPLICATIONS & AWARDS ............................................ 10 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Stage One Applications and Awards ................................................................ 10 2.3 Stage Two Applications and Awards ................................................................ 11 2.4 Project Classification .......................................................................................... 12 2.5 Non-Progression of Enquiries and Awards ...................................................... 16 2.6 Discussion ........................................................................................................... -
INTRODUCTION Spatiality, Movement and Place-Making
Introduction INTRODUCTION Spatiality, Movement and Place-Making Maruška Svašek• and Milena Komarova Vignette 1 As a young child, I had always loved visiting the city. A chance to wonder at the huge fanciful department stores filled with treasures. A chance to get a special treat of fish and chips or tea and cake. But one day that changed. The city was under attack. In the chaos we were forced into the path of the explosion. My senses were overwhelmed: the dull thud; the shattering glass propelling through the air before crashing to the ground; the screaming and shouting; and the sight of helpless policemen and shoppers trying to figure out what to do in all this chaos. I was uninjured but the encounter left its mark. My visits became less frequent and eventually stopped. (Reflection on ‘the Troubles’, Angela Mazzetti, 2016) Vignette 2 During my fieldwork in Belfast, one of the members of the women’s group told me how they bonded over everyday problems and supported each other. ‘When my daughter Kate was 19,’ she said, ‘the fella who she was with was an absolute dick. I remember speaking about her with the girls, in WLP. “Yes, yes, that’s terrible,” I said, “let me tell you what happened to my girl.”’ Talking about such things, Catholic and Protestant women found out that they had a lot in common. ‘You have the same problems,’ she explained; ‘There is just this underlying thing of Catholics and Protestants, 2 Maruška Svašek and Milena Komarova but it’s not of our making, and it’s not of their making’. -
Social Capital's Imagined Benefits in Ardoyne Electoral Ward 'Thesis
1 Social capital’s imagined benefits in Ardoyne electoral ward ‘Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Michael Liggett.’ May 2017 2 3 Abstract Social capital’s imagined benefits in Ardoyne electoral ward Michael Liggett This study examines how access to social capital impacts on the daily lives of residents in an area of Northern Ireland ranked as one of the most deprived areas in the UK but equally, one that is rich in social networks. The thesis challenges social capital paradigms that promote social dividends by highlighting the role of power brokers in locally based social networks. The research uses grounded theory to deconstruct the social capital paradigm to show its negative and positive attributes. Survey and interview data is used to show how social capital contributes to social exclusion because social capital depends on inequitable distribution to give it value and that distribution is related to inequitable forms of social hierarchy access that are influenced by one’s sense of identity. This thesis challenges normative assertions that civil society organisations build trust and community cohesion. The research is unique in that it is focused on a religiously segregated area transitioning from conflict and realising the impact of post industrialisation. The research is important because it provides ethnographic evidence to explain how social capital functions in practice by not only those with extensive participatory experience but also with those excluded from social networks. 4 Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Challenging social capital paradigms ……………..……. 9 1.1 - Definitions of terms ……………………………………………………. -
Population Change and Social Inclusion Study Derry/Londonderry
Population Change and Social Inclusion Study Derry/Londonderry 2005 Peter Shirlow Brian Graham Amanda McMullan Brendan Murtagh Gillian Robinson Neil Southern Contents Page Introduction I.1 Aim of project I.2 Derry/Londonderry I.3 Objectives of the research and structure of the project Chapter One Cultural and Political Change and the Protestant Community of Derry/Londonderry 1.1 Alienation, marginalisation and the Protestant community 1.2 The dimensions to Protestant alienation within Derry/Londonderry 1.3 Project methodology Chapter Two Population Trends in Derry/Londonderry, 1991-2001 2.1 Context 2.2 Changing demographic trends in DDCA, 1991-2001 2.3 The spatial pattern of segregation in DDCA 2.4 Conclusion Chapter Three Questionnaire Survey Findings 3.1 Characteristics of the respondents 3.2 Housing and segregation 3.3 Identity and politics 3.4 Community relations, peace building and political change 3.5 Living and working in Derry/Londonderry 3.6 Conclusion and summary Chapter Four Perspectives on Place, Politics and Culture 4.1 Focus group methodology 4.2 Participatory responses by Protestants 4.3 Evidence of alienation among Protestants 4.4 Nationalist and Republican responses 4.5 Thinking about the future 2 Chapter Five Section A Protestant Alienation in Derry/Londonderry: A Policy Response 5.1 Social housing, identity and place 5.2 Neighbourhood renewal and the Waterside community 5.3 Derry City Council and community interventions 5.4 The Local Strategy Partnership and the Shared City Initiative 5.5 Local Community Fund 5.6 Conclusions -
Entering Catholic West Belfast
Chapter 1 A Walk of Life Entering Catholic West Belfast n a Friday afternoon in September 2004, shortly before returning home from Omy ethnographic fieldwork, I took my video camera and filmed a walk from the city centre into Catholic West Belfast up to the Beechmount area, where I had lived and conducted much of my research. I had come to Catholic West Belfast fourteen months prior with the intention of learning about locally prevailing senses of ethnic identity. Yet I soon found out that virtually every local Catholic I talked to seemed to see him- or herself as ‘Irish’, and apparently expected other locals to do the same. My open questions such as ‘What ethnic or national identity do you have?’ at times even irritated my interlocutors, not so much, as I figured out, because they felt like I was contesting their sense of identity but, to the contrary, because the answer ‘Irish’ seemed so obvious. ‘What else could I be?’ was a rhetorical question I often encountered in such conversations, indicating to me that, for many, Irish identity went without saying. If that was the case, then what did being Irish mean to these people? What made somebody Irish, and where were local senses of Irishness to be found? Questions like these became the focus of my investigations and constitute the overall subject of this book. One obvious entry point for addressing such questions consisted in attending to the ways in which Irishness was locally represented. Listening to how locals talked about their Irishness, keeping an eye on public representations by organizations and the media, and explicitly asking people about their Irishness in informal conversations and formal interviews all constituted ways of approaching this topic. -
Peacelines, Interfaces and Political Deaths in Belfast During the Troubles
Political Geography 40 (2014) 64e78 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Political Geography journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/polgeo Hard to miss, easy to blame? Peacelines, interfaces and political deaths in Belfast during the Troubles Niall Cunningham a,*, Ian Gregory b,1 a CRESC: ESRC Centre for Research on Socio-Cultural Change, University of Manchester, 178 Waterloo Place, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK b Department of History, Bowland College, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YT, UK abstract Keywords: As Northern Ireland moves further from the period of conflict known as the ‘Troubles’, attention has Belfast increasingly focussed on the social and material vestiges of that conflict; Northern Ireland is still a Troubles deeply-divided society in terms of residential segregation between Catholic nationalists and Protestant Walls unionists, and urban areas are still, indeed increasingly, characterised by large defensive walls, known as GIS ‘ ’ Segregation peacelines , which demark many of the dividing lines between the two communities. In recent years a Violence body of literature has emerged which has highlighted the spatial association between patterns of conflict fatality and proximity to peacelines. This paper assesses that relationship, arguing that previous analyses have failed to fully take account of the ethnic complexity of inner-city Belfast in their calculations. When this is considered, patterns of fatality were more intense within the cores or ‘sanctuaries’ of highly segregated Catholic and Protestant communities rather than at the fracture zones or ‘interfaces’ between them where peacelines have always been constructed. Using census data at a high spatial resolution, this paper also provides the first attempt to provide a definition of the ‘interface’ in clear geographic terms, a spatial concept that has hitherto appeared amorphous in academic studies and media coverage of Belfast during and since the Troubles. -
Reflected Lives
Reflected Lives Intergenerational oral histories of Belfast’s peace wall communities Reflected Lives Intergenerational oral histories of Belfast’s peace wall communities First Published April 2018 Belfast Interface Project Joe O’Donnell, Director 2nd Floor 109-113 Royal Avenue Belfast BT1 1FF Tel: 028 9024 2828 E: admin@ belfastinterfaceproject.org W: www.belfastinterfaceproject.org Twitter @BIP_Interfaces ISBN: 978-0-9548819-9-3 This project was funded by Heritage Lottery Fund Text by Rosaleen Hickey Layout design by Tom Hughes Front cover image: Bryson Street © Robert Fitzsimmons, 2018 CONTENTS Acknowledgements 5 Foreword 7 Introduction 13 Historical Background 15 Chapter 1: As We Were: The Age of Innocence 19 Chapter 2: All Changed, Changed Utterly 31 Chapter 3: Rupture and Displacement 33 Chapter 4: Cementing Division: The Walls Go Up 41 Chapter 5: ‘Them’ and ‘Us’: Perceptions of ‘the Other’ 52 Chapter 6: Normalisation of Conflict and Division 55 Chapter 7: Love and Marriage in a Divided Society 60 Chapter 8: Shared Spaces 63 Chapter 9: Post conflict? 67 Chapter 10: Views of the Peace Walls Today 78 Chapter 11: Intergenerational Perspectives 85 Chapter 12: Looking Towards the Future 88 Selected Bibliography 93 Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Heritage Lottery Fund in funding this project and publication. We also thank the local community organisations, groups and facilitators that worked with us to deliver the project, including Short Strand Community Forum and Charter NI. And of course, we gratefully thank all the participants that took part in the project. Without their generosity of time and trust in the project, this publication would not have been possible. -
Interface Issues an Annotated Bibliography
Interface Issues An Annotated Bibliography Mary Conway and Jonny Byrne Interface Issues An Annotated Bibliography Mary Conway and Jonny Byrne Institute for Conflict Research First Published August 2005 Institute for Conflict Research North City Business Centre 2 Duncairn Gardens Belfast BT15 2GG Tel: 028 9074 2682 Fax: 028 9035 6654 Email: [email protected] www.conflictresearch.org.uk Belfast Interface Project Glendinning House 6 Murray Street Belfast BT1 6DN Tel: 028 9024 2828 Email: [email protected] www.belfastinterfaceproject.org ISBN: 0-9541898-6-8 This research was funded through the IFI Community Bridges Programme. All photographs by Frankie Quinn Produced by: three creative company ltd Table of Contents Table of Contents PAGE 1. Ballynafeigh Community Development Association (1994) A Study of Attitudes to Community Relations in a Mixed Area of Belfast. 8 2. Ballymurphy Women’s Centre (2004) Women on the Edge: Conference Report. 8 3. Basten, Anne and Lysaght, Karen (2003) Violence, Fear and ‘the everyday’: Negotiating Spatial Practices in the City of Belfast. 9 4. Belfast Interface Project: Chris O’Halloran, Peter Shirlow and Brendan Murtagh (2004) A Policy Agenda for the Interface. 10 5. Belfast Interface Project (1999) Inner East Outer West. 11 6. Belfast Interface Project (1998) Interface Communities and the Peace Process. 12 7. Belfast Interface Project (1998) Young People on the Interface. 13 8. Bill, Anne (2002) Beyond the Red Gauntlet. 14 9. Birrell, Derek (1994) Social Policy Responses to Urban Violence in Northern Ireland. 15 10. Boal, Frederick (1995) Shaping a City: Belfast in the Late Twentieth Century. 16 11. Boal, Frederick (1982) Segregating and Mixing: Space and Residence in Belfast. -
Delivered: 11/05/2021 in the MATTER of the CORONERS
Neutral Citation No: Ref: KEE11472 ICOS No: Judgment: approved by the Court for handing down (subject to editorial corrections)* Delivered: 11/05/2021 IN THE MATTER OF THE CORONERS ACT (NORTHERN IRELAND) 1959 __________ IN THE MATTER OF A SERIES OF DEATHS THAT OCCURRED IN AUGUST 1971 AT BALLYMURPHY, WEST BELFAST __________ INCIDENT 1 THE DEATHS OF FATHER HUGH MULLAN AND FRANK QUINN __________ CORE ABBREVIATIONS IN THIS INQUEST: MoD: Ministry of Defence NOK: Next of Kin IRA: Irish Republican Army HET: Historical Enquiries Team UVF: Ulster Volunteer Force APC/Saracen: A six-wheeled armoured personnel carrier (APC) APC/Pig: A Humber armoured personnel carrier (APC) SEM-EDX test: Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry CDR: Cartridge Discharge Residue SAA: Small Arms Ammunition SLR: Self-loading Rifle RUC: Royal Ulster Constabulary PSNI: Police Service of Northern Ireland CSNI: Coroners Service for Northern Ireland CSO: Crown Solicitor’s Office FSNI: Forensic Science Northern Ireland 1 CIFEX: Centre for Information on Firearms and Explosives FAL: Fusil Automatique Leger Sections Paragraphs I. Introduction [1]-[8] II. Family Testimonials [9]-[15] III. Setting the scene [16]-[25] IV. The Pathology Evidence: Father Hugh Mullan [26]-[34] V. The Ballistics Evidence: Father Hugh Mullan [35]-[37] VI. The Pathology Evidence: Mr Quinn [38]-[44] VII. The Ballistics Evidence: Mr Quinn [45]-[50] VIII. The Civilian Evidence [51]-[260] IX. Evidence from RUC Witnesses [261]-[277] X. Military Evidence [278]-[470] XI. Other Evidence including the investigation at the time [471]-[474] XII. Conclusions from the Evidence [475]-[524] XIII. Verdict [525] I: INTRODUCTION [1] This is an account of the evidence and my conclusions and verdict. -
Resisting Memory: the Politics of Memorialisation in Post- Conflict Northern Ireland
City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Pinkerton, P. (2012). Resisting Memory: The Politics of Memorialisation in Post- conflict Northern Ireland. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 14(1), pp. 131-152. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00458.x This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/15002/ Link to published version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00458.x Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Resisting Memory Introduction∗ When a society moves out of a period of inter-communal conflict, political energies often turn to questions of how that violent past may be best remembered in order to allow for societal healing. Contemporary Northern Ireland is no exception1. The different strategies that may be utilised to deal with the legacy of the ‘the troubles’ – that is, the violent conflict roughly spanning the years 1969-1998, involving a variety of paramilitary, military and security forces, across the sectarian Nationalist-Catholic and Unionist-Protestant divide2 – were summarised in Chapter 5 of the report of the UK government- appointed Consultative Group on the Past. -
Is a Fence the Best Defence? a Comparative Case-Study on the Influence of the Peace Lines on the Sense of Place and Identity of Residents in West-Belfast
Is a fence the best defence? A comparative case-study on the influence of the peace lines on the sense of place and identity of residents in West-Belfast Marlies Veerbeek Bachelorthesis GPE School of Management Radboud University Nijmegen July 2016 i Is a fence the best defence? A comparative case-study on the influence of the peace lines on the sense of place and identity of residents in West-Belfast Marlies Veerbeek s4222407 Supervised by Margiet Goos Human Geography, Planning and Environmental studies School of Management Radboud University Nijmegen July 2016 Total number of words: 28947 ii I. Preface I am proud to present my bachelor thesis on the influence of the peace lines on the sense of place and identity in West-Belfast. With this thesis, my bachelor Human Geography, Planning and Environmental studies at the Radboud University Nijmegen comes to an end. It was in this bachelor that I got to know Belfast from a human geographical perspective. Working on an assignment regarding Belfast triggered a fascination within me. This fascination was the reason why I decided to complete an in-depth case study research on this extraordinary city. Conducting the fieldwork in Belfast by myself was an amazing experience. Going to an unknown city by myself to interview people on a sensitive matter made me both excited and nervous. Luckily, all went well and I had a wonderful experience in Belfast. Getting to know a city from literature and then actually being in the research field has been most exciting. I would not have been able to finish this bachelor thesis by myself.