DOCSLIB.ORG

The Life Cycle of Clythia Agarici (Willard) (Diptera: Platypezidae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Life Cycle of Clythia Agarici (Willard) (Diptera: Platypezidae) THE WASMANN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY Vor.. n. No. 2 FALL, 1960 The Life Cycle of Clythia agarici (Willard) (Diptera: Platypezidae) EDWARD L. KESSEL, University ot San FTCmcisco and CalifoTnia Acaclemy of Sciences. Ulyfh1:a agctrici (\Villard), unlike most species of its genus, is often ahnndant in the spring of the year. An excellent oppor­ tunit:· tu make observations on its life history was afforded me during ~lpril and lVIay of 1960 at my home in Novato, California. Se\·eral mushrooms of the genus f1gar·icus, probably belonging to the 'ipecies A. CH'1Jensis, matured simultaneously. It was on the morning- of April16, soon after the veils had broken to reveal the gills on the ·e specimens, that the female flies began visiting the fungi. They started arriving about 10 A.M. and all during the warm part of the day they were ovipositing, as many as six at a time on one mushroom. It was possible to observe them at close range b.'· excavating a "head hole" so that one could look up at the undersurfaces of the fungi. The flies came in slowly for landings on the tops of the mush­ rooms. ~ome of them came directly from a distance. Others alighte<l first on nearby leaves of miner's lettuce (Mantia pe?-[o­ liata) which was growing in abundance in the area. Once on the mushroom, the flies quickly went over the ·ide and onto the gills of the lower surface. I was anxious to see what use, if any, the females would make of thrir flattened hind tarsi in the process of oviposition. In flies of the genu · Clythia the flatness of the tarsal segments of the pos­ terior legs is pronounced and gives meaning to the common name "fiat-tooted flies. " There has been considerable speculation about the significance of these flattened tarsal segments. As far as is kno\Yil. all the species of Clythia are mushroom feeders in the larval stage, and it has been suggested that the widened tarsi 263 264 THE WASMANN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY, VuL. 1, , 1960 serve a "snowshoes" for the female in walking on the mushy surfaces of decomposing fungi. The fact that the tarsi an' more obviously flattened in the female (fig. 1) than in the male 1 fig. 2) lends credence to this suggestion becau.·e it is the fe mal e that must visit the mushl'oom to lay her eo·o· . However, from the ob­ servations described below, it is evident that the female.· Yisit the mushrooms only during the time that they provide firm footinO', which fact explode the "snowshoe" theory. Nevertheless. the fact ........... -- FmunE 1. F emale of Clythia agctrici, showing flattened seg·ments or posterior tarsi. FIGl'l!E 2. Male of Clythia aga?"ici. showing posterior tarsi less flat­ tened than in female. LIFE CYCLE OF CLYTHIA AGARICI-KESSEL 265 remains that it is onl:· the females that have business with the fungus as adult insects, and that business pertains to oviposition. Possihl.'- the heavier and more flattened hind tarsi of the female are adapted to some function in connection with egg laying·. It occnned to me that possibly the female inserts her hind tarsi into the cleft between two gills and thereby forces a wider open­ ing fol' her abdomen. But this attractive theory was soon shown to be incorrect. The flies were not easily disturbed and this fact allowed their activities to be closely watched as the whole under­ surface of the mu hroom was brought into focus through a read­ ing glass. The magnificatio n was adequate to reveal clearly what happened during oviposition. TIH• flie-.; backed into the egg-laying position, sometimes with head directed toward the periphery of the pileus, sometimes to­ ward the stipe. Ordinarily they would take a few steps forward and then back up into the slit between two gills, sinking so deeply that the abdomen was out of sight and t he insect was up to her wing· bases. The wings were in fact flattened out over the surface of the pileus, but the hind legs were not thrust down between the gills as t>xpected. In tead, the:v were directed outward under the wings. mostl:· sideways and only a little toward the rear, the fiattenetl tar:i braced acros two or three gills on each side. The fly remained in this seemingly awkward position for about eight or te11 s('(·onls, and then, apparently by stiffenino· the segments of hel' flattened tarsi, eased herself neatly out of the slot. The egg. are like little wiener· in relative length and thickness as well as in the much elongated, slightly curved hape. Later examination showed that each is attached along its full length to the lateral urface of a single gill, about halfway up to the ba e of the gill where it originates on the underside of the pileus. 'l'he eggs are not glued in place; they stay in position merely by adhering to the moist surface of the gill, and so are easy to re­ move for observation. They are creamy white in color. The follo,,·ing day, April 17, I again took my position in the obsenation "head hole,'' expecting to observe more egg laying, but at no time during the entire day was a female seen to visit the under ·ide of the fungus. ow and then one of the flies (the females were still quite numerous in the vicinity, running about in typical stop-and-go fashion or just sitting on nearby foliage) would happen onto the upper surface of one of the mushrooms, 266 THE WASMANN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY, VoL. l c, 1960 but such flies never tarried long. The gill surface of the fungus had completely lost its attraction for them. In this connection it should be noted that mushrooms found infested with the lalTae of platypezids on previous occasions had always had larvae of ap­ proximately one size. This is under tandable when one has dis­ covered that, for a particular fungus plant, oviposition b.'· platy­ pezid flies seems to be confined to a period of a single da:·. Hatching of the eggs began on the evening of Aprill7. g-iving an incubation period of approximately 36 hours. Hatching was completed by the morning of the next day, indicating that all the embryos had developed at about the same rate. Ob ervations made on the activities of the young larYae (fig. 3) both macroscopically and under the microscope, reYealetl that they do not burrow into the gill tissues. Instead, during the first several days they seem to feed only along the surface of a gill, FrouRJ> 3. Young larvae of Clythia aga?'ici exposed by removing the gills of their mushroom host. LIFE CYCLE OF CLYTHIA AGARICI- KESSEL 267 working where there is a concentration of pores. Mycetophilid maggots may be found in the same fungu , but these cylindrical larvae with their prominent dark heads not only present a very different appearance but also behave very differently within the host. While the young, conspicuously flattened larvae of this platypezicl species feed by scraping· away on the gill surface , the fungu ·-gnat maggots burrow through the mushroom tissues. To look for the younger larvae of Clythia aga1·ici, one needs only to look bet~een the gills, whereas to check for mycetophilicls, one must pull the mu hroom tissues apart. By the fourth clay the larvae of Clythia agarici had the sur­ faces of the gills, especially along their bases, engraved with a series of wormlike trails. By the sixth clay the mushroom tissues had softened and the rim of the disc had flopped. Most of the lar­ vae had by this time deserted the gills and moved toward the cen­ tral axis of the fungus. Many of them had congregated above the stipe and under the disc at its center. On the seventh clay the larvae had completely disappeared from the gill area. ot only was there a concentration of them above the stipe, but others had penetrated its apex and crowded into it interior. Many had even pa sed down to the subterranean area of the tipe prepar~tory to entering the ground to pupate. It eemed prudent at this stage to remove the ftmgi as intact as possible, along with the soil around and below their ba e . From previous observations on undisturbed fungi it was evident that althoug-h there is often a concentration of pupae under the col­ lapsed fungus and in the interior of the decomposing stipe, there may a Iso be considerable dispersal of the mature larvae prior to pupation. Therefore, in order to lose track of as few pupae a possible, the mushrooms with their full-grown larvae were dug up and transferred to rearing cage·. These were gallon-size card­ board cylinders such as are commonly used for packino· ice cream. The fungi wore placed on a one-inch layer of damp river sand which covered the bottom of the rearino· cage. The mouth of a small o- Jass jar was inserted into the upper wall of the containers so that the jar would serve as a lighted verandah when the posi­ tively phototropic adults were ready to emerge and show them­ solves. It is a well-known fact that when such rearing cages are placed in an uncontrolled laboratory environment which does not dupli- 268 THE WAS!VIANN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY, Vor.. 18, 1960 TABLE I 1.'e mpe1·atm·e anclp1·eC'ipitation figM·es• to1· the 1Je?'iocl /1'0?n A.tJril JG to May 2 ancl inclicating to1· each clay the clevelotJmental stage ot the insec ts in this life-1t1 sf01·y stucly ot Clythia agarici.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flat-Footed Fly Recording Scheme
    Flat-footed Fly Recording Scheme Newsletter 4 Spring 2021 Introduction Dead insects as a food source Previous newsletters have reported low numbers of Important new information obtained in 2020 has already platypezid records in all years from 2016 to 2019, while at been reported in a note by Peter Andrews (2021). This the same time including substantial extensions to the ranges concerns observations on the activity of females of of several species and adding new data on a number of rare Agathomyia cinerea , photographed while feeding on dead species. Flat-footed flies have also been noted as sparsely insects. Members of this family are well-known to feed, recorded on Forum field meetings in these years. while running about on leaf surfaces in their characteristic In 2020, due to covid, there were no Forum field meetings, rapid jerky fashion, but it had been thought that their food and field activity by many recorders was constrained and was restricted to surface deposits such as honeydew, pollen grains and microbes. often limited to their own immediate areas. It was not therefore anticipated that many records of flat-footed flies Then Jane Hewitt made a similar observation on 6 would be achieved in the year. However, a steady stream of November, when a female of Agathomyia falleni was seen records has been forwarded to me by a stalwart band of to be feeding on a shrivelled up very small insect that was active fieldworkers, providing some unexpectedly not identifiable. She noticed that it was very keen on feeding interesting results. While more records no doubt remain to from this insect and that it kept returning to it.
    [Show full text]
  • Bruce Peninsula Species List (Cont.) Bruce Peninsula Species List – Compiled by S.M
    Bruce Peninsula Species List (cont.) Bruce Peninsula Species list – Compiled by S.M. Paiero and S.A. Order Family Genus Species/SubSp/Var Author Marshall in association with the Univeristy of Guelph Insect Collection Araneae Linyphiidae Oreonetides sp A and Parks Canada. Colour codes are discussed below. Updated Dec Araneae Linyphiidae Oreonetides vaginatus (Thorell) 2006. A total of 3319 taxa, including species from available literature, are Araneae Linyphiidae Pityohyphantes limitaneus (Emerton) recorded here. Araneae Linyphiidae Pityohyphantes subarcticus Chamberlin & Ivie Araneae Linyphiidae Pocadicnemis americana Millidge Araneae Linyphiidae Sciates troncatus (Emerton) Order Family Genus Species/SubSp/Var Author Araneae Linyphiidae Sisicottus montanus (Emerton) Araneae Agelenidae Agelenopsis utahana (Chamberlin & Ivie) Araneae Linyphiidae Stemonyphantes blauveltae Gertsch Araneae Amaurobiidae Callobius bennetti (Blackwall) Araneae Linyphiidae Tapinocyba simplex (Emerton) Araneae Amaurobiidae Coras juvenilis (Keyserling) Araneae Linyphiidae Tunagyna debilis (Banks) Araneae Amaurobiidae Coras montanus (Emerton) Araneae Linyphiidae Walckenaeria directa (O.P.-Cambridge) Araneae Amaurobiidae Wadotes calcaratus (Keyserling) Araneae Linyphiidae Walckenaeria exigua Millidge Araneae Araneidae Larinioides cornutus (Clerck) Araneae Linyphiidae Wubana pacifica (Banks) Araneae Araneidae Larinioides patagiatus (Clerck) Araneae Liocranidae Agroeca ornata Banks Araneae Clubionidae Clubiona bryantae Gertsch Araneae Lycosidae Alopecosa aculeata (Clerck)
    [Show full text]
  • Dipterists Digest: Contents 1988–2021
    Dipterists Digest: contents 1988–2021 Latest update at 12 August 2021. Includes contents for all volumes from Series 1 Volume 1 (1988) to Series 2 Volume 28(2) (2021). For more information go to the Dipterists Forum website where many volumes are available to download. Author/s Year Title Series Volume Family keyword/s EDITOR 2021 Corrections and changes to the Diptera Checklist (46) 2 28 (2): 252 LIAM CROWLEY 2021 Pandivirilia melaleuca (Loew) (Diptera, Therevidae) recorded from 2 28 (2): 250–251 Therevidae Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire ALASTAIR J. HOTCHKISS 2021 Phytomyza sedicola (Hering) (Diptera, Agromyzidae) new to Wales and 2 28 (2): 249–250 Agromyzidae a second British record Owen Lonsdale and Charles S. 2021 What makes a ‘good’ genus? Reconsideration of Chromatomyia Hardy 2 28 (2): 221–249 Agromyzidae Eiseman (Diptera, Agromyzidae) ROBERT J. WOLTON and BENJAMIN 2021 The impact of cattle on the Diptera and other insect fauna of a 2 28 (2): 201–220 FIELD temperate wet woodland BARRY P. WARRINGTON and ADAM 2021 The larval habits of Ophiomyia senecionina Hering (Diptera, 2 28 (2): 195–200 Agromyzidae PARKER Agromyzidae) on common ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris) stems GRAHAM E. ROTHERAY 2021 The enigmatic head of the cyclorrhaphan larva (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha) 2 28 (2): 178–194 MALCOLM BLYTHE and RICHARD P. 2021 The biting midge Forcipomyia tenuis (Winnertz) (Diptera, 2 28 (2): 175–177 Ceratopogonidae LANE Ceratopogonidae) new to Britain IVAN PERRY 2021 Aphaniosoma melitense Ebejer (Diptera, Chyromyidae) in Essex and 2 28 (2): 173–174 Chyromyidae some recent records of A. socium Collin DAVE BRICE and RYAN MITCHELL 2021 Recent records of Minilimosina secundaria (Duda) (Diptera, 2 28 (2): 171–173 Sphaeroceridae Sphaeroceridae) from Berkshire IAIN MACGOWAN and IAN M.
    [Show full text]
  • Burmese Amber Taxa
    Burmese (Myanmar) amber taxa, on-line checklist v.2018.1 Andrew J. Ross 15/05/2018 Principal Curator of Palaeobiology Department of Natural Sciences National Museums Scotland Chambers St. Edinburgh EH1 1JF E-mail: [email protected] http://www.nms.ac.uk/collections-research/collections-departments/natural-sciences/palaeobiology/dr- andrew-ross/ This taxonomic list is based on Ross et al (2010) plus non-arthropod taxa and published papers up to the end of April 2018. It does not contain unpublished records or records from papers in press (including on- line proofs) or unsubstantiated on-line records. Often the final versions of papers were published on-line the year before they appeared in print, so the on-line published year is accepted and referred to accordingly. Note, the authorship of species does not necessarily correspond to the full authorship of papers where they were described. The latest high level classification is used where possible though in some cases conflicts were encountered, usually due to cladistic studies, so in these cases an older classification was adopted for convenience. The classification for Hexapoda follows Nicholson et al. (2015), plus subsequent papers. † denotes extinct orders and families. New additions or taxonomic changes to the previous list (v.2017.4) are marked in blue, corrections are marked in red. The list comprises 37 classes (or similar rank), 99 orders (or similar rank), 510 families, 713 genera and 916 species. This includes 8 classes, 64 orders, 467 families, 656 genera and 849 species of arthropods. 1 Some previously recorded families have since been synonymised or relegated to subfamily level- these are included in parentheses in the main list below.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fauna of Opetiidae and Platypezidae (Diptera) in the Gemer Region (Central Slovakia)
    ISSN 1211-3026 Čas. Slez. Muz. Opava (A), 60: 41-47, 2011 DOI: 10.2478/v10210-011-0005-8 The fauna of Opetiidae and Platypezidae (Diptera) in the Gemer region (Central Slovakia) Jindřich Roháček & Jan Ševčík The fauna of Opetiidae and Platypezidae (Diptera) in the Gemer region (Central Slovakia). – Čas. Slez. Muz. Opava (A), 60: 41-47, 2011. Abstract: A review of the fauna of flat-footed flies (Diptera: Opetiidae and Platypezidae) in the Gemer region (Slovakia) is presented. Based on previously published records and material examined 1 species of Opetiidae and 17 species of Platypezidae are treated, each with comments on its general distribution, biology and faunistics, and/or nature conservation importance. Nine species of Platypezidae are considered particularly significant for the area because of comprising taxa that are endangered, stenotopic or generally rare. Of the five species newly recorded from the Gemer area, one, viz. Agathomyia collini Verrall, 1901, is a new addition to the Slovak fauna and three, viz. Agathomyia falleni (Zetterstedt, 1819), Protoclythia rufa (Meigen, 1830) and Polyporivora picta (Meigen, 1830) represent second records from Slovakia, the last species being re-discovered in Slovakia after more than 140 years. Key words: Diptera, Opetiidae, Platypezidae, faunistics, nature conservation, Slovakia, Gemer Introduction The flat-footed flies are members of two families, Opetiidae and Platypezidae. While the Opetiidae are represented by a single species of largely unknown biology in Europe the Platypezidae are more diverse and the majority of its species are mycophagous as larvae. Both families were poorly known in Slovakia before the 1980’s. Only Vaňhara (1981, 1986, 1995) studied these groups more thoroughly in Slovakia, listing a total of 27 species.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Status of the Lonchopteridae, Platypezidae and Opetiidae Flies of Great Britain
    Natural England Commissioned Report NECR246 A review of the status of the Lonchopteridae, Platypezidae and Opetiidae flies of Great Britain Species Status No. 34 First published 29th January 2018 www.gov.uk/natural -england Foreword Natural England commission a range of reports from external contractors to provide evidence and advice to assist us in delivering our duties. The views in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Natural England. Background Making good decisions to conserve species This report should be cited as: should primarily be based upon an objective process of determining the degree of threat to CHANDLER, P.J. 2017. A review of the status the survival of a species. The recognised of the Lonchopteridae, Platypezidae and international approach to undertaking this is by Opetiidae flies of Great Britain Natural England assigning the species to one of the IUCN threat Commissioned Reports, Number246. categories. This report was commissioned to update part of the 1991 review of the scarce and threatened flies of Great Britain Part 2: Nematocera and Aschiza not dealt with by Falk, edited by Falk and Chandler. This original volume included a range of families, but rather than repeat the rather large and arbitrary grouping, the Lonchopteridae, Platypezidae and Opetiidae flies were abstracted into the current review volume. Many of the remaining families will form subsequent volumes in their own right. Natural England Project Manager - David Heaver, Senior Invertebrate Specialist [email protected] Contractor - Peter Chandler Keywords - Lonchopteridae, Platypezidae, Opetiidae files, invertebrates, red list, IUCN, status reviews, IUCN threat categories, GB rarity status Further information This report can be downloaded from the Natural England Access to Evidence Catalogue: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/ .
    [Show full text]
  • Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea) of the Gemer Region (Central Slovakia): Part 1 – Bolitophilidae, Diadocidiidae, Ditomyiidae and Keroplatidae
    ISSN 1211-3026 Čas. Slez. Muz. Opava (A), 60: 11-23, 2011 DOI: 10.2478/v10210-011-0003-x Fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea) of the Gemer region (Central Slovakia): Part 1 – Bolitophilidae, Diadocidiidae, Ditomyiidae and Keroplatidae Jan Ševčík & Olavi Kurina Fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea) of the Gemer region (central Slovakia): Part 1 – Bolitophilidae, Diadocidiidae, Ditomyiidae and Keroplatidae. – Čas. Slez. Muz. Opava (A), 60: 11-23, 2011. Abstract: A total of 17 species of Bolitophilidae, 4 species of Diadocidiidae, 2 species of Ditomyiidae and 25 species of Keroplatidae are recorded from the Gemer region in central Slovakia. The material was obtained mainly in the years 2008–2010 by means of Malaise traps and by individual collecting by the authors. Five species, Bolitophila spinigera Edwards, 1925, Antlemon servulum (Walker, 1837), Orfelia nigricornis (Fabricius, 1805), Macrocera maculata Meigen, 1818 and Macrocera zetterstedti Lundström, 1914, are recorded from Slovakia for the first time. The occurrence of Asindulum nigrum Latreille, 1805 in Slovakia is confirmed. Key words: Insecta, Diptera, Sciaroidea, new records, faunistics, Slovakia, Europe Introduction Families of Sciaroidea (Diptera), so called fungus gnats, belong to one of the most species-rich groups of insects, with more than 5000 described species worldwide, but probably a similar number of species still await description. More than 1000 species of these families occur in Europe. In the recent checklist, the following numbers of species are reported from Slovakia for particular families: Bolitophilidae 19 (Košel & Ševčík 2009a), Diadocidiidae 5 (Ševčík & Košel 2009a), Ditomyiidae 4 (Košel & Ševčík 2009b), Keroplatidae 45 (Ševčík & Košel 2009b) and Mycetophilidae 445 (Ševčík & Košel 2009c). The adults are common in the undergrowth of forests, especially in shaded places alongside streams, in cavities under tree roots and overhanging stream banks, but sometimes also in other habitats such as meadows, caves and wetlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Working Paper 19 PDF File
    W O R K I N G P A P E R Directory of Experts in the Identification of British Columbia Species ⁄ Province of British Columbia Ministry of Forests Research Program Directory of Experts in the Identification of British Columbia Species Hannah Nadel Province of British Columbia Ministry of Forests Research Program The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the Government of British Columbia of any product or service to the exclusion of any others that may also be suitable. Contents of this report are for discussion purposes only. Citation: Nadel, Hannah. Directory of experts in the identification of British Columbia species. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. /. Prepared by Hannah Nadel Research Affiliate Royal British Columbia Museum Belleville Street Victoria, B.C. for B.C. Ministry of Forests Research Branch Bastion Square Victoria, BC Copies of this report may be obtained, depending upon supply, from: B.C. Ministry of Forests Forestry Division Services Branch Production Resources Broad Street Victoria, BC © Province of British Columbia The contents of this report may not be cited in whole or in part without the approval of the Director of Research, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank everyone who assisted me by providing names and addresses of experts in their fields. Special thanks go to Mary Arai, Cori Barraclough, Val Behan-Pelletier, Shannon Berch, Susan Bower, Brenda Callan, Rob Cannings, Adolf Ceska, Rama Chengalath, Jeff Cumming, Solke DeBoer, George Douglas, Bert Finnamore, Guy Gilron, Trevor Goward, Gord Green, John Huber, Eddie Ishiguru, Phil Lambert, Leslie Macdonald, Val Macdonald, Stan Orchard, Alex Peden, Ansar Querishi, Rob Roughley, Wilf Schofield, and Jack Sullivan.
    [Show full text]
  • Flies of Illinois
    )OLHVRI,OOLQRLV86$ $QJHOOD0RRUHKRXVH,OOLQRLV1DWXUH3UHVHUYHV&RPPLVVLRQ 3KRWRV$QJHOOD0RRUHKRXVH DQJHOODPRRUHKRXVH#LOOLQRLVJRY 3URGXFHG$QJHOOD0RRUHKRXVHDQG$OLFLD'LD])LHOG0XVHXP,GHQWLILFDWLRQDVVLVWDQFHSURYLGHG -RKQ$VFKHU-RKQDQG-DQH%DODEDQ.HOVH\-53%\HUV 5RE&DQQLQJV-RKQ)&DUU&KULV&RKHQ%HQ&RXOWHU(YHQ'DQNRZLF]%LOO'HDQ0DUWLQ+DXVHU5RVV+LOO -RKQ.O\PNR6SHQFHU3RWH+HUVKHO5DQH\$UWXUR6DQWRV.DWMD6FKXO]$DURQ6FKXVWHII/LDP:ROIIand .HQ:ROJHPXWK (bugguide.net; inaturalist.org) Please note: (—) = Unknown species and genus due to photographic limitations, * = Name of subfamily. )LHOG0XVHXP &&%<1&/LFHQVHGZRUNVDUHIUHHWRXVHVKDUHUHPL[ZLWKDWWULEXWLRQEXWGRHVQRWSHUPLWFRPPHUFLDOXVHRIWKHRULJLQDOZRUN 1HPDWRFHUD&UDQH)OLHV0LGJHV0RVTXLWRHVDQG%ODFN)OLHV >ILHOGJXLGHVILHOGPXVHXPRUJ@>@ versiRn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
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution and Classification of Bibionidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha)
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Scott J. Fitzgerald for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology presented on 3 June, 2004. Title: Evolution and Classification of Bibionidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha). Abstract approved: Signature redacted forprivacy. p 1ff Darlene D. Judd The family Bibionidae has a worldwide distribution and includes approximately 700 species in eight extant genera. Recent studies have not produced compelling evidence supporting Bibionidae as a monophyletic group or identified the sister group to bibionids. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the classification and evolution of the family Bibionidae in a cladistic framework. The study has four primary objectives: 1) test the monophyly of the family; 2) determine the sister group of Bibionidae; 3) examine generic and subfamilial relationships within the family; and 4) provide a taxonomic revision of the extant and fossil genera of Bibionidae. Cladistic methodology was employed and 212 morphological characters were developed from all life stages (adult, pupa, larva, and egg). Characters were coded as binary or multistate and considered equally weighted and unordered. A heuristic search with a multiple random taxon addition sequence was used and Bremer support values are provided to show relative branch support. A strict consensus of 43 equal-length trees of 1,106 steps indicates that the family Bibionidae is monophyletic and is sister group to Pachyneuridae. All bibionid genera are supported as monophyletic except for Bibio and Bibiodes (monophyly of the latter genus was not examined because only one exemplar was included). Results indicate that the subfamilies Hesperininae and Bibioninae are monophyletic and Pleciinae is paraphyletic.
    [Show full text]
  • New Data on Platypezidae and Opetiidae (Diptera) of Finland Gunilla Ståhls & Jere Kahanpää
    © Sahlbergia Vol. 11: 1–6, 2006 1 New data on Platypezidae and Opetiidae (Diptera) of Finland Gunilla Ståhls & Jere Kahanpää Ståhls, G. & Kahanpää, J. 2006: New data on Platypezidae and Opetiidae (Dip- tera) of Finland. — Sahlbergia 11: 1–6. Helsinki, Finland, ISSN 1237-3273. Six species of flatfooted flies, Platypezidae, are reported as new to Finland based on authors investigations during years 2003-2005. Detailed information of Fin- nish records as well as data on host fungus association and habitat of adults are given. This study reports the first confirmed breeding record for Agathomyia lundbecki from Inonotus radiatus, and recorded Platypezina connexa repeatedly as bred from strongly decayed and softened trunk of spruce. Gunilla Ståhls, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Entomology dept., PO Box 26 (Teollisuuskatu 23), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: gunilla.stahls@helsinki.fi Jere Kahanpää, Finnish Environment Institute, PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: kahanpaa@iki.fi Introduction lea (Salo et al. 2005). The Platypezidae comprise about 250 species Adult Platypezidae of both sexes are worldwide of which 44 occur in Europe (Rot- commonly found sitting on or performing ra- heray et al. 2004). All known Platypezidae pid erratic to-and-from movements on broad larvae develop in fungi, and the species ex- leaves of bushes, shrubs and trees, occasio- hibit a preference for lignicolous fungi. More nally herbaceous plants (Qvick 1986, Chand- than 30 species of Platypezidae have been ler 2001). They are using the leaf surface as a reared from fungi in the Holarctic region, 20 food source of honeydew.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 5: Fauna Known to Occur on Fort Drum
    Appendix 5: Fauna Known to Occur on Fort Drum LIST OF FAUNA KNOWN TO OCCUR ON FORT DRUM as of January 2017. Federally listed species are noted with FT (Federal Threatened) and FE (Federal Endangered); state listed species are noted with SSC (Species of Special Concern), ST (State Threatened, and SE (State Endangered); introduced species are noted with I (Introduced). INSECT SPECIES Except where otherwise noted all insect and invertebrate taxonomy based on (1) Arnett, R.H. 2000. American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of North America North of Mexico, 2nd edition, CRC Press, 1024 pp; (2) Marshall, S.A. 2013. Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, Firefly Books, Buffalo, NY, 732 pp.; (3) Bugguide.net, 2003-2017, http://www.bugguide.net/node/view/15740, Iowa State University. ORDER EPHEMEROPTERA--Mayflies Taxonomy based on (1) Peckarsky, B.L., P.R. Fraissinet, M.A. Penton, and D.J. Conklin Jr. 1990. Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Northeastern North America. Cornell University Press. 456 pp; (2) Merritt, R.W., K.W. Cummins, and M.B. Berg 2008. An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, 4th Edition. Kendall Hunt Publishing. 1158 pp. FAMILY LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE—Pronggillled Mayflies FAMILY BAETIDAE—Small Minnow Mayflies Habrophleboides sp. Acentrella sp. Habrophlebia sp. Acerpenna sp. Leptophlebia sp. Baetis sp. Paraleptophlebia sp. Callibaetis sp. Centroptilum sp. FAMILY CAENIDAE—Small Squaregilled Mayflies Diphetor sp. Brachycercus sp. Heterocloeon sp. Caenis sp. Paracloeodes sp. Plauditus sp. FAMILY EPHEMERELLIDAE—Spiny Crawler Procloeon sp. Mayflies Pseudocentroptiloides sp. Caurinella sp. Pseudocloeon sp. Drunela sp. Ephemerella sp. FAMILY METRETOPODIDAE—Cleftfooted Minnow Eurylophella sp. Mayflies Serratella sp.
    [Show full text]