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Russland- Analysen NR. 322 07.10.2016 russland- analysen http://www.laender-analysen.de/russland/ BEWEGUNG IN DER RUSSISCHEN POLITIK? ■■ ANALYSE ■■ DOKUMENTATION Russland im Herbst 2016. Dumawahlen und Ein Meinungsforschungsinstitut als Regimeumbau 2 »ausländischer Agent«. Reaktionen auf die Hans-Henning Schröder, Bremen Einstufung des Lewada-Zentrums durch das ■■ TABELLEN ZUM TEXT russische Justizministerium 25 Wahlbeteiligung 6 Stellungnahme des Direktors des Levada-Zentrums Lev Gudkov 25 ■■ UMFRAGE Chronik der Ereignisse 27 Fairness bei den Dumawahlen 10 Erklärung der deutschen Osteuropaforschung 29 Alltagssorgen der Russen 11 ■■ ANALYSE ■■ RANKING Ordnung der Macht Russen auf der Forbesliste der Milliardäre im Die Generation Anton Wainos und Russlands September 2016 30 techno-bürokratischer Autoritarismus 13 ■■ CHRONIK Fabian Burkhardt, München 21. September – 6. Oktober 2016 33 ■■ AUS RUSSISCHEN BLOGS Wahlmanipulation ohne Folgen? 20 Sergey Medvedev, Berlin/Moskau ■■ NOTIZEN AUS MOSKAU Dumawahlennachlese 22 Jens Siegert, Moskau ► Deutsche Gesellschaft Forschungsstelle Osteuropa Zentrum für Osteuropa- und internationale Studien Centre for East European and International Studies für Osteuropakunde e.V. an der Universität Bremen in Gründung Die Russland-Analysen werden unterstützt von RUSSLAND-ANALYSEN NR. 322, 07.10.2016 2 ANALYSE Russland im Herbst 2016 Dumawahlen und Regimeumbau Hans-Henning Schröder, Bremen Zusammenfassung Die Dumawahlen im September 2016 haben gezeigt, dass die »Machtvertikale« funktioniert und die Füh- rung den politischen Prozess im Lande unter Kontrolle hat. Allerdings sind die Finanz- und Wirtschafts- probleme ungelöst. Dementsprechend kann die Führung der Bevölkerung auf lange Sicht die soziale Sta- bilität nicht garantieren. In dieser Situation, in der die Administration den politischen Prozess kontrolliert, aber befürchtet, dass die ökonomischen und sozialen Probleme überhand nehmen, beginnt das Putinsche Zentrum den Apparat umzubauen. Eine neue Elitengeneration rückt nach, die erste Generation der Putin- schen Oligarchen und Bürokraten zieht sich zurück. Ein starker Staat? In den Regionen setzten sich durchweg die regie- Die Russische Föderation stellt sich Ende September rungsnahen Kandidaten durch. Die Dumawahlen wur- 2016 als ein Staat dar, der nach außen Stärke demons- den diesmal nach einer Änderung der Wahlgesetzgebung triert und im Innern stabil erscheint. wieder nach einem »Grabenwahlsystem« durchgeführt, Die russische Unterstützung für das Assad-Regime bei dem die Hälfte der 450 Deputierten über Listenwahl verschafft diesem im syrischen Bürgerkrieg die Vorhand, und die andere Hälft durch Direktwahl in 225 Ein- und mit dem militärischen Erfolg im Rücken agiert zelwahlkreisen bestimmt wurde. »Einiges Russland« – der russische Außenminister in Genf und New York in die »Partei der Macht« – erreichte bei den Listenwah- Großmachtmanier. Auch der fragile Waffenstillstand in len 54,2 % der Stimmen. Bei den Direktkandidaten der Ost-Ukraine hängt vom guten Willen der russischen konnte sie 205 von 225 Wahlkreisen gewinnen. Insge- Regierung ab. Keiner dieser beiden bewaffneten Kon- samt stellt sie 343 Deputierte und verfügt damit für die flikte ist ohne die Mitarbeit der russischen Seite lösbar. nächsten fünf Jahre über mehr als drei Viertel der Sitze Russland hat sich mit seinen Interventionen in der Ost- im Parlament. Dies ist unstreitig ein politischer Erfolg. Ukraine und in Syrien wieder als internationaler Akteur Das Verfahren am Wahltag selbst wurde offenbar kor- ins Spiel gebracht. Getragen wird diese Politik im Inne- rekter durchgeführt als bei den Dumawahlen im Dezem- ren von einer breiten Akzeptanz in der Bevölkerung, ber 2011. Direkte Wahlfälschung wurde nur in Einzel- die insbesondere dem Präsidenten gilt, dessen Zustim- fällen gemeldet, sieht man von Regionen wie Tatarstan mungswerte seit Frühjahr 2014 Spitzenwerte erreichen. oder Tschetschenien ab, in denen Wahlbetrug ohnehin Allerdings ist das Bild nicht ganz ungetrübt. Die erwartet wurde. Die Wahlbeteiligung von über 90 % Wählermobilisierung war 2016 schwächer als bei frü- und die hohen Zustimmungsraten in diesen Regionen heren Parlamentswahlen, Wirtschaft und Staatsfinan- sind auch nicht geeignet, diesen Verdacht zu entkräften. zen leiden unter den niedrigen Energiepreisen, Real- Doch ist die korrekte Durchführung der Abstim- löhne sinken oder stagnieren, Sozialleistungen werden mung nur ein Aspekt einer demokratischen Wahl. Ebenso beschnitten. Um unter diesen Bedingungen weiter nach relevant ist, dass alle Bewerber die gleichen Chancen bei außen Stärke demonstrieren und im Innern die Stabi- der Zulassung zur Wahl und die gleichen Möglichkeiten lität wahren zu können, muss sich die russische Füh- haben, sich der Öffentlichkeit zu präsentieren. Der Ein- rung einiges einfallen lassen. Denn es gilt, die Volks- satz der Administrationen hatte aber bereits im Vorfeld wirtschaft in Schwung zu bringen und die soziale Lage der Wahlen – bei der Bestellung der Wahlkommissio- zu verbessern, um die Bevölkerung weiter an die Füh- nen, bei der Aufstellung und Registrierung der Kandi- rung binden zu können. daten sowie in der Wahlkampagne – sichergestellt, dass sich kein unerwünschter Kandidat und keine missliebige Der 18. September Oppositionspartei durchsetzen konnte. Durch restrik- Der »einheitliche Wahltag« am 18. September hatte tives Vorgehen bei der Registrierung und durch Behin- für die politische Führung positive Ergebnisse erbracht. derung bei der Agitation wurden der nichtsystemischen Gewählt wurde an diesem Tag die Duma, 39 Regional- Opposition von vornherein alle Chancen genommen. parlamente und sieben Gouverneure bzw. Oberhäupter Dieses Vorgehen ist nicht neu, man hat derlei in Russ- von Regionen sowie die Vertretungskörperschaften in land vielfach erprobt und zuletzt bei den Regionalwah- einer Reihe großer Städte. len 2014 und 2015 erfolgreich eingesetzt. Das Ergebnis RUSSLAND-ANALYSEN NR. 322, 07.10.2016 3 der Dumawahl 2016 demonstriert also, dass die Zentrale Das schlug sich auch auf den Lebensstandard nie- in der Lage ist, politische Ziele mit Hilfe der regionalen der. Die Inflationsrate war gestiegen. 2014 machte sie und kommunalen Verwaltungen landesweit durchzuset- nach offiziellen Angaben im Jahr 11 % aus, 2015 waren zen. Insofern bestätigt das Wahlergebnis die Stabilität es 12 %. Das Realeinkommen waren im Jahre 2015 und Funktionsfähigkeit des Apparats und die Wirksam- um 4,3 % zurückgegangen, in den Monaten Januar– keit der politischen Kontrolle. Dies ist eine der Voraus- August 2016 um 5.8 %. Vor diesem Hintergrund disku- setzungen für die Erhaltung der politischen Stabilität. tierten Sozialpolitiker über die Zukunft des Rentensys- tems und über die Finanzierbarkeit von Sozialleistungen Die Zurückhaltung der Wähler angesichts des wachsenden Haushaltsdefizits. Die Krise Der Rückgang der Wahlbeteiligung (47,8 % gegenüber erreichte damit auch den Alltag. Die Masse der Bür- 60 % 2011 und 63 % 2007) ist zwar beachtlich, doch ger erfuhr sie unmittelbar. Preissteigerungen, Angst die Führung hatte dies mit der Vorverlegung der Wah- vor Armut und Arbeitslosigkeit rangierten in Umfra- len von Dezember auf September selbst verursacht und gen nach den größten Sorgen der Bevölkerung denn wohl auch in Kauf genommen. Der Wahlkampf fand auch an der Spitze. im Sommer statt, als viele Wähler im Urlaub oder auf Das hatte kaum Folgen im politischen Bereich. Die ihren Sommerhäusern waren, zudem hatte er eine ver- Umfragewerte des Präsidenten, des Ministerpräsiden- gleichsweise geringe Intensität. So war die Mobilisie- ten und der Regierung gaben zwar um einige Punkte rung geringer als bei früheren Wahlen. nach, bewegten sich aber nichtsdestoweniger auf hohen Allerdings – und dies muss die Führung beunruhigen – Niveau. Das Unbehagen über die Verschlechterung der war die Wahlbeteiligung und die Mobilisierung für die materiellen Lage hat gegenwärtig keine fühlbaren Aus- »Partei der Macht« in einer Reihe von wichtigen Regio- wirkungen auf die politische Haltung. Insofern ist die nen – vor allem in Moskau und Petersburg – erschreckend Stabilität des Systems im Moment nicht gefährdet. niedrig. Erreichten Wahlbeteiligung und Stimmenanteile für »Einiges Russland« in Tschetschenien, Karatschajewo- Das Band zwischen »Macht« und »Volk« Tscherkessien und Tatarstan um die 90 % (Ergebnisse, die Allerdings muss sich die politische Führung Gedanken den Verdacht auf direkte Wahlfälschung nahelegen), so lag darüber machen, wie sie ihren Rückhalt in der Gesell- die Wahlbeteiligung in Moskau, Sankt Petersburg, Tomsk, schaft sichern kann, wenn es nicht gelingt, die Wirt- Novosibirsk, Perm, Irkutsk und Tomsk bei 30–35 %. Die schaftsdaten und die soziale Lage der Bevölkerungs- Stimmenanteile für »Einiges Russland« lagen zwischen mehrheit zu verbessern. Im Laufe des letzten Jahres 31 % und 40 %. Geht man von der Gesamtzahl der Wahl- sind mehrfach Gruppen, die die Putin-Administration berechtigten aus (nicht nur von denen, die ihre Stimme eigentlich zu ihren Unterstützern zählt, mit Protestak- abgegeben haben) dann haben sich im Endeffekt in Mos- tionen hervorgetreten. Die Arbeiter auf der Baustelle kau, Petersburg und einigen Regionen Sibiriens nicht mehr des Weltraumbahnhofs »Wostotschnyj« streikten wegen als 12–15 % der Bürger aktiv für die »Partei der Macht« Lohnrückständen, die Fernfahrer wehrten sich mit Ver- ausgesprochen (vgl. Tabelle Nr. 1 auf S. 6–7). Das ist kehrsblockaden gegen die Einführung einer Maut, die gewiss noch kein Akt politischen Protestes, doch zeigt es,
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