DOCSLIB.ORG

China Human Rights Report 2014》

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
China Human Rights Report 2014》 ሂᣉӔѹ௄ࠛྻ Taiwan Foundation for Democracy 本出版品係由財團法人臺灣民主基金會負責出版。臺灣民主基金會是 一個獨立、非營利的機構，其宗旨在促進臺灣以及全球民主、人權的 研究與發展。臺灣民主基金會成立於二○○三年，是亞洲第一個國家 級民主基金會，未來基金會志在與其他民主國家合作，促進全球新一 波的民主化。 This is a publication of the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD). The TFD is an independent, non-profit foundation dedicated to the study and promotion of democracy and human rights in Taiwan and abroad. Founded in 2003, the TFD is the first democracy assistance foundation established in Asia. The Foundation is committed to the vision of working together with other democracies, to advance a new wave of democratization worldwide. 本報告由臺灣民主基金會負責出版，報告內容不代表本會意見。 版權所有，非經本會事先書面同意，不得翻印、轉載及翻譯。 This report has been published by the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy. Statements of fact or opinion appearing in this report do not imply endorsement by the publisher. All rights reserved. No portion of the contents may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the publisher. 臺灣民主基金會 Taiwan Foundation for Democracy 《China Human Rights Report 2014》 目 次 Foreword..................................................................................................... i Preface........................................................................................................ 1 Social Rights............................................................................................. 33 Political Rights.......................................................................................... 77 Judicial Rights..........................................................................................115 Economic and Environmental Rights...................................................... 161 Educational and Cultural Rights.............................................................. 205 The Human Rights of Taiwanese Businesspeople in Mainland China.... 251 Foreword i Foreword This 2014 edition of the China Human Rights Report is in front of you thanks to the dedication of contributing scholar-authors, and the capable guidance of the board trustees and supervisors of the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy. It is a compendium of reference materials for your perusal and comments. We look forward to your critique. As in every previous edition, this year's contributing authors are objective and impartial in presenting their materials in a candid manner. In line with academic integrity, they don't duck the tough questions, nor do they exaggerate the issues. They strive to offer you a balanced in-depth account of every aspect of human right status in China in the past year. We hope you fi nd it useful. It is widely known that the idea of human rights encompasses numerous issues, of which each entails multiple definitions. In the history of humanity, there have been different ways to group various types, or principles, of human rights. Some major categories are political, economic, social, environmental, religious, cultural rights, which could be further broken down to the rights for women, children, workers, ethnic minorities, homosexuals, foreign and domestic migrant workers, prison inmates, and the rights to medical care and education. In the limited pages allocated here, we adopt the time-honored chapter layout to present to you a most comprehensive view with a wealth of specifi c examples to demonstrate the core fi ndings from long-term observations. In the realm of political rights, the freedom of speech, the right to participation, government efficacy, autonomy and self-determination of ethnic minorities in China are benchmarks for human rights watch. Naturally, this chapter dutifully covers the China-unique phenomena in recent years: the New © 2014 by Taiwan Foundation for Democracy ii China Human Rights Report 2014 Citizens Movement, press and cyber censorship, access to government data, the Shagnfang (petition) system, the Occupy Central Movement in Hong Kong towards the end of 2014, and complicated ethnic tension in Xinjiang and Tibet. The conclusion was, despite Chinese authority's measures to advance political rights status, there is still plenty of room for improvement. In the chapter about economic rights, the economic and environmental problems on the heel of economic growth are described. In this difficult juncture of economic transition, Beijing has rolled out legal and administrative measures trying to treat the symptoms and cure the disease at the same time: For example, replacing GDP goals with infrastructure adjustment for a sustainable growth, pledging to disclose and eradicate corruption, and striving to protect the environment. But in a land where counter-measures abound in response to every offi cial measure, the wide-spread cavalier attitude towards law and regulation is not conducive to achieving government goals. Beijing authority is trapped in a quandary of smog-fi lled air and heightened grievances against a yawning wealth gap. In terms of social rights, a close observation reveals wide concerns over worker safety, medical care, old age care, children's and women's rights, food safety as well as land appropriation and forced demolition/eviction. These are typical social issues challenging every country or society. The prosperity from decades-long phenomenal economic growth gives Beijing abundant resources to deal with the problems. With the Decisions on Depending Reforms in a Comprehensive Way being implemented progressively, Chinese people's social rights status is likely to improve soon. However, the scope and pace remain to be seen. The watch on judicial rights status was carried out from four angles: (1) law enforcement, investigation and extra-judicial process, (2) judicial proceeding, (3) lawyers' rights to practice law, and (4) high-profile cases. While Beijing's © 2014 by Taiwan Foundation for Democracy Foreword iii endeavors are recognized in abolishing labor re-education program, rectifying cases of wrongful conviction, making court opinions available on-line, and rolling out legal-aid service at the provincial level, this report clearly points out areas in need of reforms: curtailed personal liberty in detained education program, restricting lawyers' role in court cases, and annual review for license renewal. In short, there is much to be desired to advance judicial rights in China. To avoid repetition of narratives about cultural and educational rights in previous years, this year edition shifts to cultural rights of ethnic minorities. China has embarked on a number of proactive initiatives to enhance cultural and educational rights of ethnic minority groups. Instead of authority imposing what Han people think is best for the minorities, the report urges the leaders, mostly of Han-majority descent, to step into the shoes of minorities to facilitate cross-ethnicity cohesion, to incorporate their struggles and evolution into school curriculum, to learn about their culture and languages, to elevate understanding and respect for their religious heritage, and so on. The report believes this is the best approach to upholding the cultural rights of ethnic minorities. When it comes to the rights of Taiwan-origin businesses, the corresponding chapter acknowledges that China remains a place full of opportunity and challenge to Taiwanese, albeit incidents of Taiwanese rights being infringed are often heard, including forced eviction from factory or land, threat to personal safety and life, forced closure of factory/business. This report makes specific recommendations to Taiwan government, Chinese authority and Taiwan-origin businesses operating in China: such as Taiwan should raise authorization level of parties engaging in cross-strait negotiations; China should show political will to crack down on hideous behaviors of Chinese people preying on Taiwanese businesses; Taiwanese should resort to judicial proceeding in China for dispute resolution. In all fairness, advancement in China's human rights status deserves credit © 2014 by Taiwan Foundation for Democracy iv China Human Rights Report 2014 where credit is due, though there are areas warranting timely attention. After the Communist Party of China (CPC) held the fourth plenary session of the 18th national congress (CPC NC), Chinese president Xi Jinping reiterated his pledge to rule the nation with law and according to the constitution. We welcome and appreciate his pronouncement of such a commitment. We look forward to seeing China—while pursuing economic development-- dutifully carry out phased reforms in various aspects to enforce the law, to empower the people, and to boost government effi cacy, all for the ultimate goal of upholding democracy and safeguarding human rights, and shrinking the gap between Taiwan and China. Teh-Fu Huang President Taiwan Foundation for Democracy January 20, 2015 © 2014 by Taiwan Foundation for Democracy Preface 1 Preface Chuei-Ling Shin* I. Foreword: The Tug of War between Preservation of Stability and of Rights The economic success of China's reform and opening over the past 30 years is clear, and the nation's strength has continued to rise. According to an International Monetary Fund report, at the end of 2014, China's economy surpassed the United States' in size after adjustments for purchasing power parity, making China the largest economy in the world. China's sudden rise is already a fact recognized worldwide. However, while the economy has grown rapidly and China has become a moderately prosperous society, rights issues in the nation have arisen as well, and citizens' consciousness of their rights has gradually awakened. In response
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dissertation JIAN 2016 Final
    The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2016 Reading Committee: Laada Bilaniuk, Chair Ann Anagnost, Chair Stevan Harrell Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Anthropology © Copyright 2016 Ge Jian University of Washington Abstract The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Laada Bilaniuk Professor Ann Anagnost Department of Anthropology My dissertation is an ethnographic study of the language politics and practices of college- age English language learners in Xinjiang at the historical juncture of China’s capitalist development. In Xinjiang the international lingua franca English, the national official language Mandarin Chinese, and major Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Kazakh interact and compete for linguistic prestige in different social scenarios. The power relations between the Turkic languages, including the Uyghur language, and Mandarin Chinese is one in which minority languages are surrounded by a dominant state language supported through various institutions such as school and mass media. The much greater symbolic capital that the “legitimate language” Mandarin Chinese carries enables its native speakers to have easier access than the native Turkic speakers to jobs in the labor market. Therefore, many Uyghur parents face the dilemma of choosing between maintaining their cultural and linguistic identity and making their children more socioeconomically mobile. The entry of the global language English and the recent capitalist development in China has led to English education becoming market-oriented and commodified, which has further complicated the linguistic picture in Xinjiang.
    [Show full text]
  • A Structural Analysis of Counter-Terrorism Legal Architecture in China, 33 Emory Int'l L
    Emory International Law Review Volume 33 Issue 3 2019 Fighting the "Three Evils": A Structural Analysis of Counter- Terrorism Legal Architecture in China Enshen Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr Recommended Citation Enshen Li, Fighting the "Three Evils": A Structural Analysis of Counter-Terrorism Legal Architecture in China, 33 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 311 (2019). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr/vol33/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Emory Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Emory International Law Review by an authorized editor of Emory Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LIPROOFS_5.23.19 5/23/2019 10:00 AM FIGHTING THE “THREE EVILS”: A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF COUNTER-TERRORISM LEGAL ARCHITECTURE IN CHINA Enshen Li* ABSTRACT In the aftermath of September 11 attacks, China has not been immune to the global trend of destructive terrorism. However, China’s perceptions of terrorism and legal responses to it greatly diverge from those of other countries. This Article first seeks to understand the cause, source, and impact of terrorist threats in China, known as “Three Evils”—terrorism, extremism, and separatism, through a critical inquiry of the country’s ethnic and religious policies. It then proceeds to delineate China’s legal framework for combating the “Three Evils” to explore the cultural characteristics of the government’s approach against these rising threats. Tracing the evolution of the country’s counter-terrorism laws and policies, this Article argues that China has developed an operational infrastructure composed of four strands to fight terrorism: crackdown, criminalization, control, and cooperation.
    [Show full text]
  • Hua Zhu English Department MA Thesis Full Draft-2
    ABSTRACT A CRITICAL-DRAMATISTIC STUDY OF RHETORIC: ANALYZING IDEOLOGICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CHINA IN THE REPORTING OF THE KUNMING ATTACK by Hua Zhu This thesis argues for a new methodology, namely, critical-dramatistic analysis, for studying the rhetorical construction of reality in news reports and the politics and ideological forces that motivate and legitimatize such discursive representation of reality. Mainly synthesized from pentadic analysis and social-oriented critical discourse analysis, this methodology proposes a hybrid analytical framework that explains textual features of news reports in terms of the historical and sociocultural exigencies. To verify the applicability of this methodology, I employ a critical-dramatistic analysis to critique the ideological representations of China in three news reports on the Kunming Attack. My analysis of the reporting of the Kunming Attack also provides fresh data to understand the interpretive frames of different discourse communities. Implications upon discourse analysis of reality construction in news reports and upon cross-cultural communication are suggested, followed by a discussion about the limitations of the current study and the possible directions for future studies. A CRITICAL-DRAMATISTIC STUDY OF RHETORIC: ANALYZING IDEOLOGICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CHINA IN THE REPORTING OF THE KUNMING ATTACK A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of English by Hua Zhu Miami University Oxford,
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Cold War Experimental Theatre of China: Staging Globalisation and Its Resistance
    Post-Cold War Experimental Theatre of China: Staging Globalisation and Its Resistance Zheyu Wei A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Creative Arts The University of Dublin, Trinity College 2017 Declaration I declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or any other university and it is my own work. I agree to deposit this thesis in the University’s open access institutional repository or allow the library to do so on my behalf, subject to Irish Copyright Legislation and Trinity College Library Conditions of use and acknowledgement. ___________________ Zheyu Wei ii Summary This thesis is a study of Chinese experimental theatre from the year 1990 to the year 2014, to examine the involvement of Chinese theatre in the process of globalisation – the increasingly intensified relationship between places that are far away from one another but that are connected by the movement of flows on a global scale and the consciousness of the world as a whole. The central argument of this thesis is that Chinese post-Cold War experimental theatre has been greatly influenced by the trend of globalisation. This dissertation discusses the work of a number of representative figures in the “Little Theatre Movement” in mainland China since the 1980s, e.g. Lin Zhaohua, Meng Jinghui, Zhang Xian, etc., whose theatrical experiments have had a strong impact on the development of contemporary Chinese theatre, and inspired a younger generation of theatre practitioners. Through both close reading of literary and visual texts, and the inspection of secondary texts such as interviews and commentaries, an overview of performances mirroring the age-old Chinese culture’s struggle under the unprecedented modernising and globalising pressure in the post-Cold War period will be provided.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Note
    Kunming Forum on United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management Cities of the Future: Smart, Resilient and Sustainable Yunnan Zhenzhuang Guest House, Kunming, China 10-12 May 2017 Information Note Organized by United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM) The National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation of China (NASG) Introduction The United Nations Statistics Division of DESA, as the Secretariat of the UN Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM) in collaboration with the Government of China through the National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation of China (NASG), will jointly organise the Kunming Forum on United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management with the overarching theme “Cities of the Future: Smart, Resilient and Sustainable” from 10 – 12 May 2017 in Kunming, Yunnan, China. NASG will also host the Third Meeting of the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators (IAEG-SDGs) Working Group on Geospatial Information (WGGI). This physical working meeting will be convened from 8 – 10 May 2017 at the same venue, back to back with the Kunming Forum. Draft Schedule Monday Third Meeting of IAEG-SDGs: Working Group on Geospatial Information 8 May (by invitation only ) Tuesday Third Meeting of IAEG-SDGs: Working Group on Geospatial Information 9 May (by invitation only ) Kunming Forum on UN Global Third Meeting of IAEG-SDGs: Wednesday Geospatial Information Working Group on Geospatial 10 May Management Information (Joint official opening session) (by invitation only ) Thursday Kunming Forum on UN Global Geospatial Information Management 11 May Friday Kunming Forum on UN Global Geospatial Information Management 12 May Language The Kunming Forum on United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management will be conducted entirely in English.
    [Show full text]
  • Asiaray Awards Concession Rights to Operate Kunming Railway Station
    [For Immediate Release] Asiaray Awards Concession Rights to Operate Kunming Railway Station Advertising Media * * * Latest Highlight of Online & Offline Strategy Kicks Off with Top KOL Viya in Kunming (Hong Kong, 15 June 2020) - Asiaray Media Group Limited (“Asiaray” or the “Group”; stock code: 1993.HK), a leading out-of-home (“OOH”) media company with a strategic focus on airport, metro line and high speed railway advertising, is pleased to announce that the Group has recently been awarded the concession rights to operate advertising media at the Kunming Railway Station. This agreement will further expand Asiaray’s business presence in Kunming. With this latest win, along with media resources secured earlier including Kunming Changshui International Airport, Kunming Metro Line 3 and Kunming Airport Shuttle Bus, the Group now possesses comprehensive coverage of the Kunming transport network. Following the High Speed Rail (Hong Kong Section) project, Kunming Railway Station represents the second railway project won by Asiaray in China. The latest concession right will facilitate the Group’s further development of a nationwide railway media network together with its more established airport media network of over 30 airports and metro media network of 20 lines spanning across 8 cities in the region, as well as generate greater synergies, enabling it to move closer towards the goal of becoming the media operator of “the Largest Transport Hub in Asia”. Located in Kunming City, Yunnan Province, Kunming Railway Station is a top-tier station operated by China Railway Kunming Group Co., Ltd. It is an important junction of the South Western Railway System, which is the major artery of the national railway network, and is also a key station at the transport hub of the Shanghai-Kunming Railway, Chengdu- Kunming Railway and Nanning-Kunming Railway.
    [Show full text]
  • Asiaray Media Group Limited 雅仕維傳媒集團有限公司 (Incorporated in the Cayman Islands with Limited Liability) (Stock Code: 1993)
    THIS CIRCULAR IS IMPORTANT AND REQUIRES YOUR IMMEDIATE ATTENTION If you are in any doubt as to any aspect of this circular or as to the action to be taken, you should consult your licensed securities dealer or registered institution in securities, bank manager, solicitor, professional accountant or other professional adviser. If you have sold or transferred all your shares in Asiaray Media Group Limited, you should at once hand this circular and the accompanying form of proxy to the purchaser or transferee or to the bank, licensed securities dealer or registered institution in securities or other agent through whom the sale or transfer was effected for transmission to the purchaser or transferee. Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited and The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited take no responsibility for the contents of this circular, make no representation as to its accuracy or completeness and expressly disclaim any liability whatsoever for any loss howsoever arising from or in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of this circular. Asiaray Media Group Limited 雅仕維傳媒集團有限公司 (Incorporated in the Cayman Islands with limited liability) (Stock Code: 1993) MAJOR TRANSACTION: SUPPLEMENTAL SHENZHEN METRO LINE 4 EXCLUSIVE CONCESSION RIGHTS AGREEMENT FOR ADVERTISING AND MEDIA RESOURCES 24 December 2020 CONTENTS Pages Definitions ........................................................ 1 Letter from the Board ................................................ 8 Appendix I – Financial Information of the Group ....................
    [Show full text]
  • Resilience Assessment of Complex Urban Public Spaces
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Resilience Assessment of Complex Urban Public Spaces Hui Xu 1 , Yang Li 1 and Lin Wang 2,* 1 School of Economics and Management, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China; [email protected] (H.X.); [email protected] (Y.L.) 2 School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-1389-608-2002 Received: 8 December 2019; Accepted: 10 January 2020; Published: 14 January 2020 Abstract: Risk events frequently occur in “complex urban public spaces” (CUPSs) and cause serious economic losses and casualties. To reduce the risks and enhance the system resilience, this paper formulates a theoretical framework to assess the resilience of CUPSs. Resilience is defined as the ratio of preparedness to vulnerability, according to the implication of the concept. Three-level practical indicator systems were established for these two dimensions, respectively. Furthermore, a hybrid approach combining the Analytic Network Process (ANP) and the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) was adopted. The Chongqing West Railway Station (the Station (W)) and the Lianglukou Rail Transit Station (the Station (L)) were used for a case study. The results showed that the Chongqing West Railway Station was more resilient to risks than the Lianglukou Rail Transit Station. Therefore, the proposed theoretical framework could be applied in assessing the resilience level of CUPSs. Resilience improvement strategies can be formulated according to the assessment results. Furthermore, the practical indicators could also provide references for urban disaster management. Keywords: resilience assessment; complex urban public spaces; disaster preparedness; vulnerability 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of International Symposium on Policing Diplomacy and the Belt & Road Initiative
    Proceedings of International Symposium on Policing Diplomacy and the Belt & Road Initiative June 28 – 30, 2016, Hangzhou, China The American Scholars Press Editors: Yuewei Ge, Lisa Hale, and Jin Zhang Cover Designer: Wang Jun Published by The American Scholars Press, Inc. Proceedings of International Symposium on Policing Diplomacy and the Belt & Road Initiative is published by the American Scholars Press, Inc., Marietta, Georgia, USA. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright © 2016 by the American Scholars Press All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-0-9721479-0-3 Printed in the United States of America 2 Preface The beautiful early summer weather of Hangzhou welcomed scholars, professors and graduate students from home and abroad to participate in The International Symposium on Policing Diplomacy and the Belt and Road Initiative (B&R) organized by Zhejiang Police College located on the bank of Qianjiang River. As the President of the college, I would like to take this opportunity to say thank you for visiting us and giving your full support to the symposium. The theme of the symposium is policing diplomacy to support China and The Belt and Road Initiative. According to Xinhua News in March 2017, “China’s the Belt and Road Initiative was proposed in 2013 by Chinese President Xi Jinping, aims to build a trade and infrastructure network connecting Asia with Europe and Africa. China’s Belt and Road Initiative is more about investment, infrastructure, shared opportunity and interconnectivity for a shared future….” “The Belt and Road (B&R) Initiative brings hope that openness, shared development and cooperation will cross walls and barriers.” With the implementation of The Belt and Road Initiative, it is essential to build a peaceful and safe B&R.
    [Show full text]
  • A Primer on International Labor and Employment Issues
    The Global Employer: A Primer On International Labor 2016 and Employment Issues The Global Employer: A Primer On International Labor and Employment Issues 2016 © Baker McKenzie 2016 All rights reserved. This publication is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research permitted under applicable copyright legislation, no part may be reproduced or transmitted by any process or means without the prior permission of the editors. Save where otherwise indicated, law and practice are stated in this volume as of December 2016. IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER: The material in this volume is of the nature of general comment only and is not intended to be a comprehensive exposition of all potential issues arising in the contest of a cross-border or multi- jurisdictional transaction, nor of the law relating to such issues. It is not offered as advice on any particular matter and should not be taken as such. Baker McKenzie, the editors and the contributing authors disclaim all liability to any person in respect of anything done and the consequences of anything done or permitted to be done or omitted to be done wholly or partly in reliance upon the whole or part of this volume. Before action is taken or decision not to act is made, specific legal advice should be taken in light of the relevant circumstances and no reliance should be placed on the statements made or documents reproduced in this volume. Baker McKenzie International is a Swiss Verein with member law firms around the world. In accordance with the common terminology used in professional service organizations, reference to a "partner" means a person who is a partner, or equivalent, in such a law firm.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultivation and Composition of Commercial Tourism Zones in Yunnan, China
    Cultivation and Composition of Commercial Tourism Zones in Yunnan, China Anthropology Departmental Honors Thesis University of Colorado, Boulder By Rose Salerno April 10 2017 Carla Jones, Advisor, Department of Anthropology Kaifa Roland, Department of Anthropology Emily Yeh, Department of Geography 2 Table of Contents 5- Introduction 13- Methods 15- Beginnings 17- Limitations 19- Fieldwork 22- Conclusion 24- Tourism in China 24- Conditions for Tourism 28- Politics and Tourism 30- Representation 31- Tourism as Poverty Alleviation 33- Ethnic Minorities and the Han Majority 33- Classification 36- Han in Minority Spaces 39- Creation of the “Other” 42- Redefinition of Ethnic Identity 47- The Anthropology of Tourism 47- What is Tourism? 49- Authenticity 52- Avoiding Binaries: postmodernism, reflexivity and the mutual gaze 56- Situating the Interviews 60- Dali 65- Lijiang 71- Shangri-La 77- Xizhou 81- Shaxi 85- Outsiders 89- Conclusion 3 Abstract This thesis examines the composition and cultivation of commercial tourism zones in Yunnan, China. I identify expectations tourists bring to their travels, and how receiving communities meet and transform those expectations, based on fieldwork in five receiving communities. I argue tourists have three primary motivations in touring to Yunnan: pursuit of the exotic, the natural world, and personal freedom. I situate this argument within three academic literatures: the scholarship on tourism in China, Chinese ethnic minorities, and the anthropology of tourism. I break the actors in Yunnan’s commercial tourism zones into four artificial categories of on-location actors: local residents, Han or ethnic minority migrants, foreign expatriates, and tourists. Commercial tourism zones such as Dali, Lijiang, Shangri-La, Shaxi and Xizhou form not only as a response to tourists’ desires but also as a result of municipal policies, and individual cultivation of tourism.
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional-Executive Commission on China
    CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2015 ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION OCTOBER 8, 2015 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 96–106 PDF WASHINGTON : 2015 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Mar 15 2010 23:16 Oct 07, 2015 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 U:\DOCS\96106.TXT DEIDRE CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS House Senate CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey, MARCO RUBIO, Florida, Cochairman Chairman JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma ROBERT PITTENGER, North Carolina TOM COTTON, Arkansas TRENT FRANKS, Arizona STEVE DAINES, Montana RANDY HULTGREN, Illinois BEN SASSE, Nebraska TIMOTHY J. WALZ, Minnesota SHERROD BROWN, Ohio MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California MICHAEL M. HONDA, California JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon TED LIEU, California GARY PETERS, Michigan EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS CHRISTOPHER P. LU, Department of Labor SARAH SEWALL, Department of State STEFAN M. SELIG, Department of Commerce DANIEL R. RUSSEL, Department of State TOM MALINOWSKI, Department of State PAUL B. PROTIC, Staff Director ELYSE B. ANDERSON, Deputy Staff Director (II) VerDate Mar 15 2010 23:16 Oct 07, 2015 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 0486 Sfmt 0486 U:\DOCS\96106.TXT DEIDRE CO N T E N T S Page I. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 2 Key Recommendations ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]