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Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: the Emergence of the Yunnanese
Between Winds and Clouds Bin Yang Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: The Emergence of the Yunnanese Introduction As the state began sending soldiers and their families, predominantly Han Chinese, to Yunnan, 1 the Ming military presence there became part of a project of colonization. Soldiers were joined by land-hungry farmers, exiled officials, and profit-driven merchants so that, by the end of the Ming period, the Han Chinese had become the largest ethnic population in Yunnan. Dramatically changing local demography, and consequently economic and cultural patterns, this massive and diverse influx laid the foundations for the social makeup of contemporary Yunnan. The interaction of the large numbers of Han immigrants with the indigenous peoples created a 2 new hybrid society, some members of which began to identify themselves as Yunnanese (yunnanren) for the first time. Previously, there had been no such concept of unity, since the indigenous peoples differentiated themselves by ethnicity or clan and tribal affiliations. This chapter will explore the process that led to this new identity and its reciprocal impact on the concept of Chineseness. Using primary sources, I will first introduce the indigenous peoples and their social customs 3 during the Yuan and early Ming period before the massive influx of Chinese immigrants. Second, I will review the migration waves during the Ming Dynasty and examine interactions between Han Chinese and the indigenous population. The giant and far-reaching impact of Han migrations on local society, or the process of sinicization, that has drawn a lot of scholarly attention, will be further examined here; the influence of the indigenous culture on Chinese migrants—a process that has won little attention—will also be scrutinized. -
The Co-Construction of Mine Villages—An Important Way for Coal Mining Enterprises in Yunnan's Minority Areas to Fulfill Social Responsibility
International Conference on Informatization in Education, Management and Business (IEMB 2015) The Co-construction of Mine Villages—an Important Way for Coal Mining Enterprises in Yunnan's Minority Areas to Fulfill Social Responsibility Yunhong GONG Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan Province, 655011 China Abstract. In the minority areas with the enterprises possess a capital advantage and the backward development of economy, the management personnel who are good at fulfillment of social responsibility by coal mining economic situation, planning, and innovation. enterprises is of more important significance. Therefore, the coal mining enterprises must be The coal mining enterprises in minority areas encouraged and supported to fulfill their social should pay more attention to the social responsibility and obligations, and give full play responsibility with the local minority to the advantages in capital, awareness in talents characteristics, mainly including maintaining the and development, and management ideas, etc. national unity, promoting the prosperity and Specifically, these enterprises can help development, and protecting the ecological collaborative villages know well the environment in minority areas, etc. In recent development ideas, make work measures, make years, explorations on a model for the every effort to the co-development of social co-construction of mine villages in many places undertakings and the co-construction of of Yunnan province are worthy of reference and infrastructure, actively undertake poverty introduction. Therefore, the co-construction of alleviation work, and participate in social mine villages is necessarily used as an important construction and management by combining with way for the coal mining enterprises in Yunnan's their own development characteristics and the minority areas to fulfill social responsibility. -
Ecological Risk Assessment of Typical Plateau Lakes
E3S Web of Conferences 267, 01028 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126701028 ICESCE 2021 Ecological Risk Assessment of Typical Plateau Lakes Yuyadong1.2*, Yankun2 1.School of Ecology and Environmental Science Yunnan University, China 2.The Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Station of DEEY in Kunming, China Abstract. Plateau lakes have significant ecological value. With economic development, lake pollution and ecological degradation have become increasingly prominent. There are many ecological risk assessment methods. This article combines four different ecological risk assessment methods including single-factor pollution index, geological accumulation index method, potential risk index method, and pollution load index method to analyze the heavy metal pollution in Yangzong seabed mud as comprehensively as possible. It shows that the results obtained by different ecological risk assessment methods are slightly different. The overall trends of the geological pollution index and the single-factor pollution index are similar. In terms of time, except for the two elements of mercury and cadmium, the contents of other heavy metals in 2019 are lower than in 2018, indicating that heavy metal pollution has decreased in 2019; from the perspective of spatial distribution, In 2018, the overall pollution level on the south side of Yangzonghai was higher than that in the central and northern regions of Yangzonghai . On the whole, whether it is the potential risk index or the appropriate pollution load index, the pollution level on the south side of Yangzonghai is higher than that in the central and northern areas of Yangzonghai, and the northern area has the least pollution. ecosystems is relatively reduced, which makes the economic development of plateau lake basins face severe 1 Introduction challenges. -
Dissertation JIAN 2016 Final
The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2016 Reading Committee: Laada Bilaniuk, Chair Ann Anagnost, Chair Stevan Harrell Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Anthropology © Copyright 2016 Ge Jian University of Washington Abstract The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Laada Bilaniuk Professor Ann Anagnost Department of Anthropology My dissertation is an ethnographic study of the language politics and practices of college- age English language learners in Xinjiang at the historical juncture of China’s capitalist development. In Xinjiang the international lingua franca English, the national official language Mandarin Chinese, and major Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Kazakh interact and compete for linguistic prestige in different social scenarios. The power relations between the Turkic languages, including the Uyghur language, and Mandarin Chinese is one in which minority languages are surrounded by a dominant state language supported through various institutions such as school and mass media. The much greater symbolic capital that the “legitimate language” Mandarin Chinese carries enables its native speakers to have easier access than the native Turkic speakers to jobs in the labor market. Therefore, many Uyghur parents face the dilemma of choosing between maintaining their cultural and linguistic identity and making their children more socioeconomically mobile. The entry of the global language English and the recent capitalist development in China has led to English education becoming market-oriented and commodified, which has further complicated the linguistic picture in Xinjiang. -
The Proteome Homology of Peptides from Dry-Cured Xuanwei
THE PROTEOME HOMOLOGY OF PEPTIDES EXTRACTED FROM DRY-CURED XUANWEI HAM Lujuan Xing, Xiaoge Gao, Guanghong Zhou and Wangang Zhang* Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Abstract –The objective of this study was to investigate the proteome homology of peptides purified from dry- cured Xuanwei ham. The Xuanwei ham peptides (XHP) were extracted and then LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS connected with Proteome Discoverer was used to analyze the peptide compositions. The results showed that there were 93 peptides identified in Xuanwei ham. The proteome homology results showed that myosin was the main protein for the generation of peptides accounting for 39% of all peptides. Hydrophobic amino acids accounted for 21% of free amino acids, among which Glu and His were the main amino acids. The abundant composition of peptides and free amino acid may endow the special flavor and characteristic for Xuanwei ham. Key Words – Peptides; Proteome homology; Amino acid composition. I. INTRODUCTION Xuanwei ham is produced in Xuanwei city of Yunnan province and the special climatic condition contributes to the unique flavor and texture for dry-cured hams. During the long ripening time, intense proteolysis is formed in ham muscles and 10% of muscle proteins including soluble and insoluble proteins could be degraded[1]. Intense protein degradation results in the accumulation of peptides with different sizes and free amino acids at the end of processing. Many studies have reported that bioactive peptides could be produced in dry-cured hams, while no studies have studied the proteome homology of these bioactive peptides in Xuanwei ham. -
Water Resource Risk Assessment Based on Non-Point Source Pollution
water Article Water Resource Risk Assessment Based on Non-Point Source Pollution Xiaodie Yuan and Zhang Jun * School of Architecture and Planning, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: As one of the most important causes of water quality deterioration, NPS (non-point source) pollution has become an urgent environmental and livelihood issue. To date, there have been only a few studies focusing on NPS pollution conforming to the estimation, and the pollution sources are mainly concentrated in nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. Unlike studies that only consider the intensity of nitrogen and phosphorus loads, the NPS pollution risk for the China’s Fuxian Lake Basin was evaluated in this study by using IECM (Improve Export Coefficient Model) and RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) models to estimate nitrogen and phosphorus loads and soil loss and by using a multi-factor NPS pollution risk assessment index established on the basis of the data mentioned above. First, the results showed that the load intensity of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the Fuxian Lake Basin is low, so agricultural production and life are important sources of pollution. Second, the soil loss degree of erosion in the Fuxian Lake is mild, so topography is one of the most important factors affecting soil erosion. Third, the risk of NPS pollution in the Fuxian Lake Basin is at a medium level and its spatial distribution characteristics are similar to the intensity characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loss. Nitrogen, phosphorus, sediment, and mean concentrations are important factors affecting NPS pollution. -
My Visits to the Hmong in the Triangle of Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan
A Hmong Scholar’s Visit to China: the Hmong in the Triangle of Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan by Kou Yang Nyob luag ntuj yoog luag txuj, nyob luag av yoog luag tsav (‘In Rome be like the Romans’--- Hmong proverb) I have made a few visits to the Hmong of the triangle of Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan, and will highlight below two of these visits: the visit in August 2009 to the Hmong of Qianxi (黔西),and my 2014 visit to the Hmong of Xingwen, Gong xian, Junlian, Gulin, Xuyong, Yanjin, Yiliang and Zhaotong. In early August 2009, I led a group of international scholars of Hmong studies to do a post conference visit to the Hmong/Miao in Guizhou Province, China. This visit was under the auspices and sponsorship of the Guizhou Miao Studies Association (also known as the Miao Cultural Development Association), and the guidance of its Vice-President, Professor Zhang Xiao. The group visited both Qiandongnan (Southeast Guizhou) and Qianxi (West Guizhou) Hmong/Miao of Guizou. The visit was my third trip to Qiandongnan, so it was not so special because I had previously written about and travelled to many areas within Qiandongnan. Moreover, Qiandongnan has been Guizhou’s premier cultural tourist region for decades; the Hmu represent the largest sub-group of the Miao in Qiandongnan. The language of the Hmu belongs to the Eastern branch of the Miao language. Economically, educationally, and politically, the Hmu are much better off than the Hmong and Ah Mao, who speak the Western branch of the Miao language. For example, I met with so many politicians, bureaucrats and professors of Hmu ancestry in Guiyang, but only one professor of Hmong descent. -
Household Stove Improvement and Risk of Lung Cancer in Xuanwei, China
Household Stove Improvement and Risk of Lung Cancer in Xuanwei, China Qing Lan, Robert S. Chapman, Dina M. Schreinemachers, Linwei Tian, Xingzhou He erably lower in China (6.8 in men and 3.2 in women) and was Background: Lung cancer rates in rural Xuanwei County, lower still in Yunnan as a whole (4.3 in men and 1.5 in women). Yunnan Province, are among the highest in China. Residents In Xuanwei, more than 90% of residents are farmers with little traditionally burned “smoky” coal in unvented indoor or no exposure to industrial or automotive air pollution, and firepits that generated very high levels of air pollution. Since residential stability is very high. Most men, but very few the 1970s, most residents have changed from firepits to women, smoke tobacco. Nearly all women, and some men, cook stoves with chimneys. This study assessed whether lung can- food on the household stove. cer incidence decreased after this stove improvement. Meth- For household cooking and heating, Xuanwei residents have ods: A cohort of 21 232 farmers, born from 1917 through traditionally burned “smoky coal,” “smokeless coal,” or wood in 1951, was followed retrospectively from 1976 through 1992. unvented indoor firepits. (Smoky coal and smokeless coal are All subjects were users of smoky coal who had been born general descriptive terms used throughout China for bituminous into homes with unvented firepits. During their lifetime, and anthracite coal, respectively.) Burning smoky coal in a 17 184 subjects (80.9%) changed permanently to stoves with firepit generates very high indoor concentrations of airborne 3 chimneys. -
Volume 90 Number 4 2003 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
Volume 90 Annals Number 4 of the 2003 Missouri Botanical Garden A REVISION OF THE Yelin Huang,2 Peter W. Fritsch,3 and 2 IMBRICATE GROUP OF Suhua Shi STYRAX SERIES CYRTA (STYRACACEAE) IN ASIA1 ABSTRACT Several taxonomic treatments of Styrax (Styracaceae) exist in regional ¯oras of Asia, but the Asian species of the genus have not been comprehensively revised since 1907. To help rectify this, we conducted a taxonomic revision of the Asian species of Styrax series Cyrta with imbricate corolla aestivation. Our revision comprises 17 species with a combined distribution from Japan south to Sumatra and west to Nepal. The circumscriptions of the heretofore poorly de®ned species S. hookeri and S. serrulatus are clari®ed. Styrax agrestis var. curvirostratus is elevated to the species level, and lectotypes are selected for S. duclouxii, S. ¯oribundus, S. hemsleyanus, S. hookeri, S. hookeri var. yunnanensis, S. hypoglaucus, S. japonicus, S. limprichtii, S. macranthus, S. obassia, S. perkinsiae, S. serrulatus var. latifolius, S. shiraianus, S. supaii, and S. wilsonii. Keys, descriptions, and distribution maps are provided for all species. Key words: eastern Asia, Styracaceae, Styrax, Styrax series Cyrta. Styrax L. comprises about 130 species of trees ern Argentina and Uruguay (Fritsch, 1999, 2001). and shrubs distributed in eastern and southeastern Styrax is by far the largest and most widespread of Asia, the New World, and the Mediterranean region the 11 genera in the Styracaceae sensu Fritsch et (Fritsch, 1999). The range of this genus is typical al. (2001) and Fritsch (in press a). Characters of many plant groups distributed among the refugia unique to Styrax in relation to the family include a of Tertiary mixed-mesophytic forests in the North- stamen tube attached high (vs. -
Between Winds and Clouds: the Making of Yunnan (Second © 2012 by University Century Bce to Twentieth Century Ce)
<XQQDQ3HULSKHU\RU&HQWHURIDQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO1HWZRUN" Michael C. Brose China Review International, Volume 17, Number 3, 2010, pp. 305-309 (Article) Published by University of Hawai'i Press DOI: 10.1353/cri.2010.0082 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cri/summary/v017/17.3.brose.html Access provided by Wyoming, Univ of (23 Jun 2014 10:50 GMT) Features 305 To his credit, rather than manufacture a thesis for the book that did not match his evidence, he chose instead simply to present the information he had. Most of the interpretation he does offer is from other scholars. He does not offer his own interpretation beyond tempering the positions of others, or engaging in some limited speculation. It is similar to some of the books of translation he has previ- ously published in which he expects the translated material to speak for itself. This material is important, but it does not speak for itself. Moreover, I would very much like to know the opinions and perspectives of someone who has studied this subject for more than thirty years. I know he has something to say, and I just wish he would be more assertive in saying it. There is only one area in which he has made a serious error, and that is in choosing to use Wade-Giles romanization in the text. While it is certainly true that pinyin is no better than Wade-Giles in representing the Chinese language, it is very much beside the point. The issue is no longer a struggle for dominance between two equal systems. -
Landscape Approaches for Mountain Community Sustainable Development in a Time of Climate Change
Lijiang and Stone Village, Yunnan, China Event Report 19-22 May 2016 Landscape approaches for mountain community sustainable development in a time of climate change Policy consultation and South-South exchange workshop Author information This report was written by Krystyna Swiderska (IIED, UK). About the event The workshop on “Landscape approaches for mountain community sustainable development in a time of climate change: Policy consultation and South-South exchange” was organised by the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy (CCAP, China), Asociación ANDES (Peru) and IIED, on 19-22 May 2016, in Lijiang and the Stone Village, Yunnan, China. The Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy (CCAP) is a leading policy research and advocacy centre in China. Our goal is to analyse policies related to agricultural research and development, natural resource and environmental issues and integrated rural–urban development, as well as policy decision support systems in China, and to help formulate practical and feasible policies for sustainable development in rural China. Asociación ANDES (Association for Nature and Sustainable Development) in Peru is a small international indigenous- led organisation that works to support indigenous peoples’ struggles for biocultural rights and self-determination, land rights and territorial development, and community-controlled and biodiversity-based food systems. ANDES' support takes the form of independent research and analysis; engendering collective action; networking at local, regional and international levels; and fostering new forms of knowledge creation, partnerships and alliance-building. IIED is a policy and action research organisation. We promote sustainable development to improve livelihoods and protect the environments on which these livelihoods are built. We specialise in linking local priorities to global challenges. -
A Structural Analysis of Counter-Terrorism Legal Architecture in China, 33 Emory Int'l L
Emory International Law Review Volume 33 Issue 3 2019 Fighting the "Three Evils": A Structural Analysis of Counter- Terrorism Legal Architecture in China Enshen Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr Recommended Citation Enshen Li, Fighting the "Three Evils": A Structural Analysis of Counter-Terrorism Legal Architecture in China, 33 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 311 (2019). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr/vol33/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Emory Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Emory International Law Review by an authorized editor of Emory Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LIPROOFS_5.23.19 5/23/2019 10:00 AM FIGHTING THE “THREE EVILS”: A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF COUNTER-TERRORISM LEGAL ARCHITECTURE IN CHINA Enshen Li* ABSTRACT In the aftermath of September 11 attacks, China has not been immune to the global trend of destructive terrorism. However, China’s perceptions of terrorism and legal responses to it greatly diverge from those of other countries. This Article first seeks to understand the cause, source, and impact of terrorist threats in China, known as “Three Evils”—terrorism, extremism, and separatism, through a critical inquiry of the country’s ethnic and religious policies. It then proceeds to delineate China’s legal framework for combating the “Three Evils” to explore the cultural characteristics of the government’s approach against these rising threats. Tracing the evolution of the country’s counter-terrorism laws and policies, this Article argues that China has developed an operational infrastructure composed of four strands to fight terrorism: crackdown, criminalization, control, and cooperation.