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Transparence Et Contrôle Des Marges En Chine : Une Histoire Politique Du Yunnan

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Transparence Et Contrôle Des Marges En Chine : Une Histoire Politique Du Yunnan UNIVERSITÉ DE LYON Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Lyon et Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Transparence et contrôle des marges en Chine : une histoire politique du Yunnan (1992-2016). Thibaut BARA Master Asie Orientale Contemporaine : parcours études 2018/2019 Sous la direction de Stéphane CORCUFF, maître de conférences à Sciences Po Lyon et chercheur associé au Centre d’Etudes Français sur la Chine contemporaine. Avec comme membre du jury, Jean-Louis MARIE, professeur de sciences politiques à Sciences Po Lyon. 1 2 Déclaration anti-plagiat 1. Je déclare que ce travail ne peut être suspecté de plagiat. Il constitue l’aboutissement d’un travail personnel. 2. A ce titre, les citations sont identifiables (utilisation des guillemets lorsque la pensée d’un auteur autre que moi est reprise de manière littérale). 3. L’ensemble des sources (écrits, images) qui ont alimenté ma réflexion sont clairement référencées selon les règles bibliographiques préconisées. NOM : BARA PRENOM : Thibaut DATE : le 3 septembre 2019 3 Transparence et contrôle des marges en Chine : une histoire politique du Yunnan. (1992-2016) 4 Sommaire Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 10 Contextualisation ................................................................................................................... 10 Problématisation .................................................................................................................... 13 Enjeux et Intérêt du sujet ....................................................................................................... 20 Méthodologie ......................................................................................................................... 22 Etat de la littérature sur le Yunnan. ....................................................................................... 35 I/ Le Yunnan jusqu’à 1992 : une province obscure et rebelle ...................................................... 39 A/ Histoire du Yunnan, de l’empire à la république populaire de Chine. ................................. 40 1) Un territoire tardivement intégré à l’ensemble national................................................. 40 2) La révolte des Panthays et le XIXème siècle au Yunnan. .............................................. 42 3) Du seigneur de guerre Long Yun à l’intégration de la République Populaire de Chine. 43 B/ Terreaux et ferments de contestation politique .................................................................... 47 1) Le mouvement du 12.1 一二一运动 .............................................................................. 47 2) Demander le retour des rééduqués ................................................................................. 50 3) Factionnalisme provincial .............................................................................................. 52 C/ Un lieu de production intellectuelle critique. ....................................................................... 56 1) Fei Xiaotong 费教通 et le Yunnan. ............................................................................... 57 2) 王小波 Wang Xiaobo, la révolution au Yunnan. .............................................................. 58 D/ Le Yunnan et ses frontières .................................................................................................. 63 1) Le Yunnan au sein de la Zomia. ..................................................................................... 63 2) Un environnement régional sous tensions. ..................................................................... 69 3) Problématiques du Triangle d’or. ................................................................................... 71 Conclusion partie I .................................................................................................................... 73 II/ Domestiquer le Yunnan : la stratégie de la transparence. ........................................................ 75 A/ Une Hydropolitique de transparence : la construction de barrages au service de l’affirmation de l’Etat. ............................................................................................................... 78 1) Les sources de cette hydropolitique. .............................................................................. 80 2) Faire barrage aux barrages. ............................................................................................ 84 3) Transformation du contrôle mais nouveaux défis. ......................................................... 90 B/ Le tourisme de masse : moteur d’intégration culturelle ....................................................... 92 1) Stratégie de développement : rendre visible le Yunnan ................................................. 92 2) La mise en vitrine du Yunnan. ....................................................................................... 95 5 3) Le Yunnan : une province romantique et dangereuse. ...................................................... 98 4) Un tourisme intérieur de masse, comme outil politique ............................................... 100 C/ Le rôle de l’international dans la stratégie de contrôle. ...................................................... 106 1) Les enjeux économiques du Greater Mekong Subregion. ........................................... 108 2) Qu’est-ce qu’une tête de pont ? ....................................................................................... 113 Conclusion partie II ................................................................................................................. 118 III / Résistances ........................................................................................................................... 119 A/ Tensions dues à l’international : la transformation des enjeux .......................................... 119 1) Echec de la stratégie d’exportation des casinos ........................................................... 120 2) Persistance de l’instabilité aux frontières : le cas de la Birmanie. ............................... 124 3) Le Yunnan comme interface, une nouvelle cible sécuritaire. ...................................... 128 B/ Aspérités politiques. ........................................................................................................... 132 1) Analyse des visites politiques de dirigeants nationaux au Yunnan .............................. 132 2) La lutte anti-corruption au Yunnan. ............................................................................. 135 3) Le Yunnan dans l’affaire Bo Xilai. .............................................................................. 137 B/ Une province toujours marginale ?..................................................................................... 139 1) Persistance d’un retard de développement ................................................................... 140 2) Un terreau de réflexion et de questionnement du développement chinois ................... 145 Conclusion partie III................................................................................................................ 152 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 154 Bibliographie ........................................................................................................................... 161 Annexes ................................................................................................................................... 172 6 Remerciements L’écriture d’un mémoire est un processus solitaire qui pourtant est élaboré, inspiré et rendu possible uniquement par tout un ensemble de rencontres. Les racines de ce mémoire doivent leur existence notamment au professeur de géographie Mr. Perriaux qui m’a appris à approcher un espace de ses sols à ses mythes. Bruno Chabanas comme professeur puis comme guide a été le premier à me montrer l’intérêt d’une approche de la Chine par ses marges du sud-ouest, pour tous les voyages qui ont suivi je lui suis infiniment reconnaissant. Daniel m’a accueilli à Dali et nourri intellectuellement de ces projets et de ces rêves, ce fût précieux. La professeure Dong Yuwei 董 毓葳 m’a invité à saisir la culture chinoise dans sa pluralité et son rapport à la mondialisation. Je suis très reconnaissant à Stéphane Corcuff qui a accepté de diriger ce travail, merci pour sa confiance. Lors de la rédaction des lignes qui vont suivre, une rencontre avec Gregory B. Lee a transformé ce que je croyais être le champ des possibles dans le monde académique notamment par sa conception du rôle du chercheur en sciences sociales et ses liens avec la littérature. Je veux remercier toutes les personnes croisées sur les routes du Yunnan, du nord-Laos, de la Birmanie et du Sichuan qui m’ont ouvert les portes de la réflexion comme celles de l’hospitalité, souhaitant témoigner leur intérêt ou alors me confier des discours et leurs récits de vie : May pour la découverte de Kunming, Laris pour les champignons rouges du Yunnan qu’elle ramenait à Shanghai, 王鈺 pour les balades sur le campus de l’université du Yunnan, Tee Vang pour son hospitalité chez les Hmongs du Laos, Sophia pour sa conversation du Sichuan à Pékin, et tous les autres. L’ambassadeur de France en Birmanie Christian Lechervy a accordé du temps pour mes questions et offerts d’autres interrogations en retour. A Lyon, l’artiste yunnanaise
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