THE MAZE OF SPACE TO COME BREAKTHROUGH INITIATIVES

JAMIE DREW, BREAKTHROUGH PRIZE FOUNDATION - [email protected] - Kerastari 20170529 FOUNDERS: Sergey Brin - Priscilla Chan – Jack Ma – Julia Milner – Yuri Milner - Anne Wojcicki - Cathy Zhang – Mark Zuckerberg. NOMINATIONS. LABYRINTH?

SPACE EXPLORATION? 19571004

7 19610412

196907208 1610…

9 PHILANTHROPY & SPACE EXPLORATION. 2008 GDP Ratio Project Year Cost Equivalent Value University of North Carolina Observatory 1831 $6,4301 $89,000,000 Williams College Observatory 1836 $6,1002 $60,000,000 West Point Academy Observatory 1842 $5,0003 $45,000,000 U.S. Naval Observatory 1842 $25,0004 $225,000,000 Cincinnati Observatory 1843 $16,0005 $149,000,000 Harvard College Observatory 1843 $25,0006 $233,000,000 -Edward Phillips Endowment 1848 $100,0007 $601,000,000 Georgetown Observatory 1844 $18,0008 $154,000,000 Detroit Observatory 1852 $17,0009 $81,000,000 Shattuck Observatory 1852 $11,00010 $52,000,000 Hamilton College Observatory 1852 $15,00011 $71,000,000 Dudley Observatory 1852 $119,00012 $566,000,000 Dearborn Observatory 1865 $25,00013 $37,000,000 Transit of Venus Expedition 1872 $177,00014 $310,000,000 Lick Observatory 1876 $700,00015 $1,220,000,000 Warner Observatory 1880 $100,00016 $139,000,000 Transit of Venus Expedition 1882 $85,00017 $101,000,000 McCormick Observatory 1881 $135,00018 $168,000,000 Yerkes Observatory 1892 $500,00019 $441,000,000 Mt. Wilson Observatory 1910 $945,00020 $408,000,000 Mt. Palomar Observatory 1928 $6,550,00021 $972,000,000 McDonald Observatory 1939 $840,00022 $132,000,000

Space Exploration Projects in the 19th and early 20th Century (Source: MacDonald, A., The Remote Space Age: An Economic History of Space Exploration from Galileo to Gagarin forthcoming doctoral dissertation at the University of Oxford; conversions using GDP time series from Johnston, L.D., and Williamson, S.H., "The Annual Real and Nominal GDP for the United States, 1790 - Present" MeasuringWorth, 2008)

Examining the equivalent GDP ratio value of early American observatories makes it clear that space exploration has been funded at economically significant levels for over 150 years. The table above provides the 2008 GDP ratio equivalent values for a number of American observatories and space exploration projects in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Projects at relative scales equivalent to $100 million to $1 billion were relatively common. It is worth emphasizing that the modern equivalent values calculated here should be taken only to indicate the order of magnitude of expenditure, given that other appropriate equivalent resource share values can be calculated; for example, rather than scaling the expenditure as a share of the total resources of the U.S. economy, the expenditure can be scaled as a share of the resources of the individuals who undertook the projects. James Lick was the richest man in California and the Lick Observatory expenditure represented 17.5% of his entire estate. The equivalent share of the wealth of the richest man in California today, Larry Ellison, is $3.9 billion dollars, approximately four times higher than the GDP equivalent share.

LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE? Credit: Marc Imhoff of NASA GSFC and Christopher Elvidge of NOAA NGDC. Craig Mayhew and Robert Simmon, NASA GSFC. Credit: Apollo 8, William Andres, Dec 24, 1968 Credit: ESA / OSIRIS Rosetta NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute

NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt (SSC/Caltech) ?

NASA/ESA Credit: NASA Credit: NASA 23 TECHNOLOGICAL LIFE? 25 26 27 © The Ohio State University Radio Observatory / NAAPO

PRIMARY FOCUS

Scientifically rigorous programme

1 Million nearby stars 100 Galaxies 1 Galactic Plane Open Data New Information Processing New Instrumentation ADVISORY COMMITTEE 25 João Alves Paul Horowitz Martin Rees (Chair) Mathew Bailes Andrew Howard Brian Schmidt Jim Cordes Nikolai Kardashev Sara Seager Paul Davies Joseph Lazio Seth Shostak Frank Drake Di Li Jill Tarter Ron Ekers Chris Lintott Lucianne Walkowicz Andrew Fraknoi Avi Loeb Jason Wright Mike Garrett Shin-ya Narusawa Shelley Wright John Gertz

© NRAO 35 © CSIRO © Laurie Hatch

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REMOTE ANALYSIS GREENBANK TELESCOPE (GBT) REMOTEUC BERKELEY ANALYSIS GREENBANK TELESCOPE (GBT) UC BERKELEY ONLINE JANUARY 2016 ONLINE JANUARY 2016 observatory compute nodes raw data CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL – NOT – NOT FOR FOR DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION PUBLISHEDPUBLISHED WORK WORK CONFIDENTIAL – NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION 40-320 Gbps onsite reduction/analysis PUBLISHED WORK

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OPERATIONAL DATA EXPRESED AS ONLINE500 PB APRIL- YEAR 2016ONSITE ANALYSIS 10 PB10 /PB YR / YR DATA TRANSFER 20 PB20 /PB YR / YR 10 PB10 /PB YR / YR CLOUD10CAPACITY PB10 /PB YR /DATA YR OVER ANALYSIS 12 MONTHS. DATA EXPRESED AS APF TELESCOPE (APF) 500500 PB PB - ONSITE -YEAR YEAR ANALYSISONSITE ANALYSIS 10 PB / DATAYR TRANSFERDATA TRANSFER 20 PB / YR 10 PB / YR CAPACITYOPEN 10OVER PB /CLOUD YR 12 MONTHS. DATA DATA EXPRESED AS APF TELESCOPE (APF) ONSITE ANALYSIS DATA TRANSFER PUBLISHED WORKVOLUMEOPEN CLOUDOF DATA DATA OVER A YEAR. 500 PB / YR 10 PB / YR ONSITEONSITE ANALYSIS ANALYSIS DATADATA TRANSFER TRANSFER CLOUDCLOUD ANALYSIS ANALYSIS PUBLISHEDOPENOPENVOLUME DATA WORKDATA VOLUMEPUBLISHED OF DATAPUBLIC OF OVER SCIENCE DATA ANALYSIS A YEAR.OVER DATA & API A YEAR. ONLINE APRIL 2016 500 PB / YR ONSITE ANALYSIS10 PB / YR DATA TRANSFER CLOUD ANALYSIS OPENVOLUME DATA PUBLISHED OF DATA OVERPUBLIC PUBLICSCIENCE AANALYSIS ANALYSIS YEAR. 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TELESCOPE, USA 500 PB / YR 10 PB / YR PARTNERGBT:PARTNER AREAS AREAS GREEN BANK TELESCOPE, USA 500 PB / YR 1010 PB PB / /YR YR REMOTE ANALYSIS DATA VOLUME / FLOW DIAGRAM:PARTNERPT: AREAS OPEN CLOUD PARKES DATA TELESCOPE, AUSTRALIA 500 PB7 EB/year / YR REMOTE ANALYSIS DATA VOLUMEPT:RAW DATA / FLOW PARKES DIAGRAM: TELESCOPE, AUSTRALIA ONSITE ANALYSIS 10 PB / YR DATA TRANSFER UC BERKELEY 20 PB / YR 10 PB / YR DATARAWAPF:10 VOLUMEPUBLISHED PBDATA / YR /SCIENCE AUTOMATIC FLOW DATADIAGRAM: PLANET FINDER, USA GREENBANK TELESCOPE1 TB / YR (GBT) 1 TB500 / PBYR - YEAR ONSITE ANALYSIS 10 PB / YR DATA TRANSFER UC BERKELEY20 PB / YR THREE 10TELESCOPES PB / YR IN FULLTHREE OPERATIONAL TELESCOPES10 PB / YR IN FULL OPERATIONAL GREENBANK TELESCOPE (GBT) 1 TB / YR ONSITE ANALYSIS1 TB / YR DATA TRANSFER PB:APF:DATAPB:PROCESSED PARTNER VOLUME PETABYTE AREAS AUTOMATICDATA PETABYTE / FLOW DIAGRAM: PLANET FINDER, USA 1 TB / YR ONSITE ANALYSIS 1 TB / YR DATA TRANSFER CLOUD ANALYSISCAPACITY OVER 12 MONTHS.OPENPB: DATA DATATHREE PROCESSEDUC: EXPRESED TELESCOPES PETABYTE DATA AS UNIVERSITY IN FULL OFOPERATIONAL CALIFORNIA ONLINE JANUARY 2016ONSITE ANALYSIS 1 TB / YR DATAONSITE TRANSFER ANALYSIS DATA TRANSFER CLOUD ANALYSIS OPENPB:CAPACITY DATA TB:UC:THREE OVER PETABYTE TELESCOPES 12 TERABYTEPUBLIC MONTHS. 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42 43

“With ships or sails built for heavenly winds, some will venture into that great vastness.” - Johannes Kepler, Letter to Galileo, 1610 Is there a Moore’s law for speed?

Napier Racer Helios 2 ? 1905 1976

1000 times faster within 100 years 1000 times faster within ? years

Starchip + Lightsail = Nanocraft The Planetary Society

© JAXA Two transformative trends

Microelectronics Photonics NASA / Kim Shiflett StarChip size

15mm 25mm

StarChip Apple Watch chip Si3N4 Substrate Photon Thruster (4 pl.)

NanEye Camera Memory (4 pl.)

Programming Breakout Pins 1W Laser Communications Processor IC Diode Via for power amplifier from Betavoltaic source on reverse

Discrete Ti serpentine resistor (8 pl) ESO / DSS2 BREAKTHROUGH WATCH 56

BREAKTHROUGH WATCH X… Policy • Largest Laser ever built • Relativistic-speed nanocrafts • Discovery of life elsewhere

5/31/17 61 62 63 THE MAZE OF SPACE TO COME BREAKTHROUGH INITIATIVES

JAMIE DREW, BREAKTHROUGH PRIZE FOUNDATION - [email protected] - Kerastari 20170529