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- • -T •• VOL. XXI NO. 1 JANUARY 1972
PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN ENGLISH, FRENCH, SPANISH, ARABIC and RUSSIAN BY THE CHINA WELFARE INSTITUTE (SOONG CHING LING, CHAIRMAN)
CONTENTS
THE BEGINNING OF A NEW ERA Soong Ching Ling 2
CHINESE DELEGATION SPEAKS AT THE UNITED NATIONS 6
SOME BASIC FACTS ABOUT THE PEOPLE'S COMMUNES 10
SANDSTONE HOLLOW'S TWENTY-YEAR BAT TLE Chang Kuei-shun 14
KOREAN, ROMANIAN AND JAPANESE ART ISTS IN CHINA 21
DOMINGOS, IMMORTAL AFRICAN FIGHTER 26
CHANGES IN THE BIG FOREST Ma Yung-shun 28
TRAINING DEER FOR HERDING 35
LIVING IN CHINA (POEM) Rewi Alley 36
LANGUAGE CORNER; AN EXAMPLE OF COVER PICTURES: SERVING THE PEOPLE 37 Front: A researcher of the Chinese Academy of DETERMINING INSULIN CRYSTAL STRUC Sciences constructs a model TURE—ANOTHER STEP FORWARD IN showing the spatial structure PROTEIN RESEARCH 38 of insulin, based on analysis of an electron density map CHINA'S GEOGRAPHY: THE RIVERS OF (see story on p. 38). CHINA 41
Inside front: A new oilfield STAMPS: TAKING TIGER MOUNTAIN BY ' in Chinghai province. STRATEGY 45 Back: A view of the Ichun forest area in the Lesser NOTABLE PROGRESS IN CHINA'S INDUSTRY Khingan Mountains in north AND AGRICULTURE 46 east China (see story on p. 28). Inside bock: Wheat harvest at the Pei-an County State Editorial Office: Wot Wen Building, Peking (37), China. Farm, Heilungkiang prov- Coble: "CHIRECON" Peking. General Distributor; GUOZI SHUDIAN, P.O. Box 399, Peking, China. The Beginning of a N
The announced visit of the U.S. crafts. In the realm of production, President to Peking has arous banking, communications and ed excitement throughout the en transport, state enterprises stood tire world. During the Korean side by side with numerous War he urged the bombing of cooperatives — cooperatives for China, but now he is ready to open agriculture, animal husbandry and a dialogue with the Chinese lead fishing as well as those for credit ers. A year before his election and for carrying on various kinds President Nixon asserted in an of manufacture. Thus capitalist article; "Any American policy exploitation began to be eliminated toward Asia must come urgently and the Chinese people organized to grips with the reality of China." a brand-new system of livelihood. The reality of China during the Then the people took a long step past twenty years has brought towards socialism. They dealt about his new realization, and this heavy blows at aU kinds of anti- must be true for many others. revolutionary elements and estab What then is the reality of China? lished people's communes. In every In brief it is this: During the commune, land is collectively past twenty-two years the Chinese owned and cultivated. A com Communist Party, a party whose mune often builds its own fac deeds are true to its words, tories, manages its own mines, has led the people of China in organizes its own schools and ad building up a socialist state worthy ministers its own affairs. It is the of the name of People's Republic; basic unit of our socialist state moreover, the Chinese people power in the countryside. are now fighting shoulder-to- The basic socialist idea has long shoulder with the other peoples been expressed by Chairman Mao abroad — we are supporting each Tsetung as "Serve the People". other in heroic efforts to bring For it is the people, and only the about peace and prosperity. A people who create the world. We new era, the era of the people, is must measure the virility and merit being initiated. of our work by the yardstick of Twenty years ago, at a time how far it brings benefits to the when this magazine — China Re people in general. Chairman Mao constructs — was first published, calls on us to "be prepared against people in China were devoting war, be prepared against natural their efforts to aiding Korea and disasters, and do everything for resisting U.S. aggression, to reha the people". bilitating the national economy, to Before our national liberation, distributing agricultural lands and modern industrial establishments establishing a system of appor were concentrated along the coast, tioning housing, grain and cotton especially in the Shanghai region. for cloth, all on the general prin But now, as we move in the direc ciple of equality. Then they carried tion pointed out by Chairman Mao, \ out the socialist transformation numerous brand-new industrial of industry, agriculture and handi units have sprung up like spring- ti\ time bamboo-shoots all over the dustry. Thus, commodities for country. The wide distribution of daily consumption have on the factories and mines in every prov whole not been short or lacking, ince greatly facilitates our service except for a three-year period of to the people. A little more than natural calamities. And after it, led twenty years ago China's industry by the Communist Party, the peo was the property of foreign im ple quickly restored production to perialist investors and Chinese its former scale and rate of progress. capitalists who cared only for their Revolution has radically changed own profits. But now, under state the character of military ser and collective ownership, industrial vice. Whereas before the feudal production is solely for the benefit army was merely the tool of war of the people. Moreover, the de lords, now the people's army velopment of light industry has not helps in nearly all kinds of civil lagged behind that of heavy in activities. Soldiers and army
Blast furnaces at the Wuhan Iron and Steel Works on the Yangtze River. v>V; •• V.
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Children of socialist China. cadres are now working on farms, Few people are sullen. The people It is said that foreign policy is building railways and helping to appreciate the fact that they them an extension of domestic politics. supervise the administration of selves are the masters. Thus the foreign affairs of a truly factories, mines and schools. The countryside, which contains socialist state are logically linked During the cultural revolution they the major proportion of the popula with an internationalism which is have given much assistance to the tion, is being served by more roads beneficial to all peoples abroad, young Red Guards in their revolu but not to any of the imperialist and more vehicles than ever be tionary activities. Often it is said fore. More and more cooperatives industrial-military cliques. Just in China that armymen and civil as China's policy at home is to for credit and commerce serve the ians work together side by side rural areas, all under the supervi serve the people, her foreign policy and mix with each other "like sion of the people's communes. is to benefit the people all over the water mixes with milk". One of the aims of establishing so world. China does not go in for This is the era of the people. cialism is to wipe out the obvious investments to bring in exorbitant profit, for interference or exploi Chairman Mao teaches us that to difference in living standard be tation. She is for international mu serve the people is the highest tween the urban and the rural ideal of life. We should love the population. Today millions of tual help. A new era has begun. people and hate their enemies; we cadres and school graduates have For years, many friendly coun must either overthrow our enemies gone to the rural areas, and many tries have worked tirelessly to or be oppressed by and even of them have already established restore China's legitimate rights in slaughtered by them. new homes there. As more and the United Nations. The 26th Keep politics firmly in com more factories and mines are being Session of the United Nations mand, launch vigorous mass move opened in the countryside and General Assembly in 1971 adopted ments in our work, carry out the production steadily increases, the by an overwhelming majority the tasks of struggle-criticism-trans people's standard of living is ob resolution sponsored by Albania, formation — these are our guides viously improving. Algeria and 21 other countries to for our daily tasks. Day by day In Sinkiang, Inner Mongolia, restore all China's legitimate rights these ideas are being inculcated Tibet and other regions where in the United Nations and to im mediately expel the Chiang Kai- throughout the land. Thus all China's minority nationalities live working people in China are con in compact communities, socialist shek clique. This is a victory for scientiously striving for peace and development has been and is Chairman Mao's proletarian revolu prosperity, and, when necessary, being helped by the people of the tionary line in foreign policy. It is they will defend their power and more advanced provinces. Selected a victory for all the countries which national independence with all cadres, technicians and soldiers as uphold justice in the United Na their might. well as young school graduates tions and a victory for the people throughout the world. Among the people in China there have been sent to these regions to is a prevailing atmosphere and assist the local people in hastening Chairman Mao prophesies that general feeling of solidarity. They progress on the tasks of construc the next 50 to 100 years, beginning understand their common duty to tion. Numerous local cadres have from now, will be a great era of build up a peaceful and prosperous now also been trained to handle radical change in the social system society for themselves and for their the various jobs. For example, the throughout the world, an earth- posterity. Sales personnel are more number of cooperatives, people's shaking era without equal in any attentive to their customers than communes and state enterprises is previous historical period. These ever before. Bus conductors take steadily rising in Tibet. Twenty prophetic words are daily being meticulous care of their passen years ago Tibet was a region of unfolded before our very eyes. gers. We hear less of quarrels. serfdom. Now it has stepped into Indeed we are on the threshold of Criminal cases have been reduced. the socialist era. a new era of the people.
CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 4
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% %W: Left: New highways have been built all over the couctry.
Right; A mobile store serving a pasture area in the Tien- shan Mountains, Sinkiang.
An armyman joins commune members in building a dam. irn n7f'
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Chiao Kuan-hua, Chairman of the Delegation of (he People's Republic of China to the 26th Session of the U.N. General Assembly, speaks at the plenary meeting on November 15, 1971. Chinese Delegation Speaks
Mr. President,
On October 25, 1971, at its 26th Session, the Gen Fellow Representatives, eral Assembly of the United Nations adopted by an First of all, allow me, in the name of the Delega overwhelming majority the resolution put forward by tion of the People's Republic of China, to thank Mr. Albania, Algeria and 21 other countries demanding President and the representatives of many countries the restoration of all the legitimate rights of China in for the welcome they have given us. the United Nations and the immediate expulsion of the representatives of the Chiang Kai-shek clique. Many friends have made very enthusiastic speeches expressing their trust in as well as encour The government of the People's Republic of Chi agement and fraternal sentiments for the Chinese na has sent a delegation to the 26th Session of the people. We are deeply moved by this, and we shall U.N. General Assembly with Chiao Kuan-hua, Vice- convey all this to the entire^ Chinese people. Minister of Foreign Affairs, as chairman and Huang Hua as vice-chairman. It appointed Huang Hua per It is a pleasure for the Delegation of the People's manent representative and Chen Chu deputy repre Republic of China to be here today to attend the 26th sentative to the United Nations Security Council. Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations and take part together with you in the work of the Attending the Plenary Meeting of the 26th Ses United Nations. sion of the U.N. General Assembly on November 15, the Chinese delegation was greeted and welcomed by As is known to all, China is one of the founding representatives of a host of friendly countries. Adam members of the United Nations. In 1949, the Chinese Malik, president of the current session of the U.N. people overthrew the reactionary rule of the Chiang General Assembly, and the representatives of 57 Kai-shek clique and founded the People's Republic of countries made speeches to welcome the Chinese del China. Since then, the legitimate rights of China in egation. The speeches of many representatives were the United Nations should have gone to the People's filled with enthusiasm and warmth and expressed Republic of China as a matter of course. It was only their confidence, encouragement and fraternal feeling because of the obstruction by the United States for the Chinese people. government that the legitimate rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations were de Chiao Kuan-hua, chairman of the Chinese dele prived of for a long time and that the Chiang Kai-shek gation, spoke at the meeting, giving a comprehensive clique long repudiated by the Chinese people was able statement of the Chinese government's principled to usurp China's lawful seat in the United Nations. stand on important international questions. Following This was a gross interference in China's internal af is the full text: fairs as well as a wilful trampling on the Charter of the United Nations. Now such an unjustifiable state of affairs has finally been put right.
CHINA RECONSTRUCTS profound changes have taken place in the world situa tion. When the United Nations was first founded, there were only 51 member states and now the mem bership has grown to 131. Of the 80 members that joined later, the overwhelming majority are countries which achieved independence after World War II. In the past 20 years and more, the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America have waged unflinching struggles to win and safeguard national independence and op pose foreign aggression and oppression. In Europe, North America and Oceania, too, mass movements and social tides for the change of the present state of af fairs are rising. An increasing number of medium and small countries are uniting to oppose the hegemony The Delegation of the People's Republic of China at the U.N. General Assembly. Left, Chiao Kuan-hua; center, and power politics practised by the one or two super Huang Hua, vice-chairman of the delegation and China's powers and to fight for the right to settle their own permanent representative to the U.N. Security Council. affairs as independent and sovereign states and for equal status in international relations. Countries want independence, nations want liberation and the people want revolution, this has become an irresistible trend of history. Human society invariably makes constant prog ress, and such progress is always achieved through innumerable revolutions and transformations. Take United Nations the United States, where the United Nations head quarters is situated. It was owing to the victory of the revolutionary war of 1776 led by Washington that the American people won independence. And it was owing On October 25, 1971, the current session of the to the great revolution of 1789 that the French people General Assembly of the United Nations adopted by rid themselves of the yoke of feudalism. After mankind an overwhelming majority the resolution restoring to entered the 20th century, the victory of the 1917 Rus the People's Republic of China all its lawful rights in sian October Socialist Revolution led by the great the United Nations and expelling forthwith the repre Lenin opened up a broad path to freedom and libera sentatives of the Chiang Kai-shek clique from the tion for the oppressed nations and peoples of the United Nations and all the organizations related to world. The advance of history and social progress it. This proves the bankruptcy of the policies of hos gladden the hearts of and inspire the peoples of the tility towards the Chinese people and of isolating and world and throw into panic a handful of decadent imposing a blockade on them. This is a defeat of the reactionary forces who do their utmost to put up des plan of the U.S. government in collusion with the Sato perate struggles. They commit armed aggression government of Japan to create "two Chinas" in the against other countries, subvert the legal governments United Nations. This is a victory for Chairman Mao of other countries, interfere in other countries' in Tsetung's revolutionary line in foreign affairs. This ternal affairs, subject other countries to their political, is a common victory for the people all over the world. military and economic control and bully other coun tries at will. Since World War II, no new world war Upholding principle and justice, the 23 sponsor has occurred, yet local wars have never ceased. At countries of the resolution, Albania, Algeria, Burma, present, the danger of a new world war still exists, but Ceylon, Cuba, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Iraq, Mali, revolution is the main trend in the world today. Mauritania, Nepal, Pakistan, the People's Democratic Although there are twists and turns and reverses in Republic of Yemen, the People's Republic of the the people's struggles, adverse currents against the Congo, Romania, Sierra Leone, Somalia, the Sudan, people and against progress, in the final analysis, can Syria, the United Republic of Tanzania, the Arab Re not hold back the main current of the continuous de public of Yemen, Yugoslavia and Zambia have made velopment of human society. The world will surely unremitting and fruitful efforts to restore China's move towards progress and light, and definitely not legitimate rights in the United Nations; many friend towards reaction and darkness. ly countries which supported this resolution have also made contributions to this end. Some other countries Mr. President and fellow representatives. have expressed their sympathy for China in various ways. On behalf of the Chinese government and peo The Chinese people have experienced untold suf ple, I express heartfelt thanks to the governments and ferings under imperialist oppression. For one century people of all these countries. and more, imperialism repeatedly launched wars of aggression against China and forced her to sign many Twenty-six years have elapsed since the found unequal treaties. They divided China into their ing of the United Nations. Twenty-six years are but a spheres of influence, plundered China's resources and brief span in human history, yet during this period exploited the Chinese people. The degree of poverty
JANUARY 1972 and lack of freedom suffered by the Chinese people upon the territorial integrity and sovereignty of these in the past are known to all. In order to win national three countries have aggravated tension in the Far independence, freedom and liberation, the Chinese East, and met with strong opposition of the people of people, advancing wave upon wave in a dauntless the world, including the American people. The Chi spirit, waged protracted heroic struggles against im nese government and people firmly support the peo perialism and its lackeys and finally won the revolu ples of the three coimtries of Indochina in their war tion rmder the leadership of their great leader Chair against U.S. aggression and for national salvation and man Mao Tsetung and the Chinese Communist Party. firmly support the Joint Declaration of the Summit Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Conference of the Indochinese Peoples and the 7- we, the Chinese people, defying the tight imperialist point peace proposal put forward by the Provisional blockades and withstanding the terrific pressure from Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South without, have built our country into a socialist state Viet Nam. The U.S. government should withdraw with initial prosperity by maintaining independence immediately and unconditionally all its armed forces and keeping the initiative in our own hands and and the armed forces of its followers from the three through self-reliance. It has been proved by facts countries of Indochina so that the peoples of the three that we the Chinese nation are fully capable of stand countries may solve their own problems independent ing on our own feet in the family of nations. ly and free from foreign interference; this is the key to the relaxation of tension in the Far East. Taiwan is a province of China and the 14 million people who live in Taiwan are our fellow-countrymen To date, Korea still remains divided. The Chi by flesh and blood. Taiwan was already returned to nese People's Volunteers have long since withdrawn the motherland after World War II in accordance with from Korea but up to now the U.S. troops still remain the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation, in south Korea. The peaceful unification of their and our compatriots in Taiwan already returned to fatherland is the common aspiration of the entire the embrace of their motherland. The U.S. govern Korean people. The Chinese government and people ment officially confirmed this fact on more than one firmly support the 8-point program for the peaceful occasion in 1949 and 1950, and publicly stated that unification of the fatherland put forward by the Dem the Taiwan question was China's internal affair and ocratic People's Republic of Korea in April this year that the U.S. government had no intention to interfere and firmly support its just demand that all the illegal in it. It was only because of the outbreak of the Ko resolutions adopted by the United Nations on the Ko rean war that the U.S. government went back on its rean question be annulled and the "United Nations own words and sent armed forces to invade and Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of occupy China's Taiwan and the Taiwan Straits, and Korea" be dissolved. to date they are still there. The spreading in certain places of the fallacy that "the status of Taiwan re The essence of the Middle East question is ag mains to be determined" is a conspiracy to plot "an gression against the Palestinian and other Arab peo independent Taiwan" and continue to create "one ples by Israeli Zionism with the support and conniv China, one Taiwan", which is in effect to create "two ance of the superpowers. The Chinese government Chinas". On behalf of the government of the People's and people resolutely support the Palestinian and Republic of China, I hereby reiterate that Taiwan is other Arab peoples in their just struggle against ag an inalienable part of China's territory and the U.S. gression and believe that persevering in struggle and armed invasion and occupation of China's Taiwan and upholding imity the heroic Palestinian and other Arab the Taiwan Straits cannot in the least alter the sover peoples will surely be able to recover the lost territo eignty of the People's Republic of China over Tai ries of the Arab countries and restore to the Palestin wan, that all the armed forces of the United States ian people their national rights. The Chinese govern definitely should be withdrawn from Taiwan and the ment maintains that all countries and peoples that Taiwan Straits and that we are firmly opposed to any design to separate Taiwan from the motherland. The love peace and uphold justice have the obligation to Chinese people are determined to liberate Taiwan and support the struggle of the Palestinian and other Arab peoples, and no one has the right to engage in political no force on earth can stop us from doing so. deals behind their backs bartering away their right Mr. President and fellow representatives. to existence and their national interests. The Chinese people who suffered for a long time The continued existence of colonialism in all its from imperialist aggression and oppression have con manifestations is a provocation against the peoples of sistently opposed the imperialist policies of aggression the world. The Chinese government and people res and war and supported all the oppressed peoples and olutely support the people of Mozambique, Angola nations in their just struggles to win freedom and and Guinea (Bissau) in their struggle for national lib liberation, oppose foreign interference and become eration, and resolutely support the people of Azania, masters of their own destiny. This position of the Zimbabwe and Namibia in their struggle against the Chinese government and people is in the fundamental white colonialist rule and racial discrimination. Their interests of the peoples of the world and is also in struggle is a just one, and a just cause will surely accord with the spirit of the United Nations Charter. triumph. The U.S. government's armed aggression against The independence of a country is incomplete Viet Nam, Cambodia and Laos and its encroachment without economic independence. The economic back-
CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 8 wardness of the Asian, African arid Latin American China's nuclear weapons are still in the experimental countries is the result of imperialist plunder. Opposi stage. China develops nuclear weapons solely for the tion to economic plunder and protection of national purpose of defence and for breaking the nuclear mo resources are the inalienable sovereign rights of an nopoly and ultimately eliminating nuclear weapons independent state. China is still an economically and nuclear war. The Chinese government has con backward country as well as a developing country. sistently stood for the complete prohibition and Like the overwhelming majority of the Asian, African thorough destruction of nuclear weapons and propos and Latin American countries, China belongs to the ed to convene a summit conference of all countries of third world. The Chinese government and people res the world to discuss this question and, as the first olutely support the struggles initiated by Latin Amer step, to reach an agreement on the non-use of nuclear ican countries and peoples to defend their rights over weapons. The Chinese government has on many oc 200-nautical-mile territorial sea and to protect the casions declared, and now on behalf of the Chinese resources of their respective countries. The Chinese government, I once again solemnly declare that at no government and people resolutely support the strug time and imder no circumstances will China be the gles unfolded by the petroleum-exporting countries first to use nuclear weapons. If the United States and in Asia, Africa and Latin America as well as various the Sowet Union really and truly want disarmament, regional and specialized organizations to protect their they should commit themselves not to be the first to national rights and interests and oppose economic use nuclear weapons. This is not something difficult plunder. to do. Whether this is done or not will be a severe test as to whether they have the genuine desire for We have consistently maintained that all coun disarmament. tries, big or small, should be equal and that the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence should be taken as We have always held that the just struggles of the principles guiding the relations between countries. the people of all countries support each other. China The people of each country have the right to choose has always had the sympathy and support of the peo the social system of their own country according to ple of various countries in her socialist revolution and their own will and to protect the independence, sov socialist construction. It is our bounden duty to sup ereignty and territorial integrity of their own port the just struggles of the people of various coun country. No country has the right to subject another tries. For this purpose, we have provided aid to some country to its aggression, subversion, control, inter friendly countries to help them develop their national ference or bullying. We are opposed to the imperial economy independently. In providing aid, we always ist and colonialist theory that big nations are superior strictly respect the sovereignty of the recipient coun to the small nations and small nations are subordinate tries, and never attach any conditions or ask for any to the big nations. We are opposed to the power privileges. We provide free military aid to countries politics and hegemony of big nations bullying small and peoples who are fighting against aggression. We ones or strong nations bullying weak ones. We hold will never become munition merchants. We firmly that the affairs of a given country must be handled by oppose certain countries trying to control and plunder its own people, that the affairs of the world must be the recipient countries by means of "aid". However, handled by all the countries of the world, and that the as China's economy is still comparatively backward, affairs of the United Nations must be handled jointly the material aid we have provided is very limited, and by all its member states, and the superpowers should what we provide is mainly political and moral sup not be allowed to manipulate and monopolize them. port. With a population of 700 million, China ought The superpowers want to be superior to others and to make a greater contribution to human progress. lord it over others. At no time, neither today nor ever And we hope that this situation of our ability falling in the future, will China be a superpower subjecting short of this wish of ours will be gradually changed. others to its aggression, subversion, control, inter ference or bullying. Mr. President and fellow representatives. The one or two superpowers are stepping up their In accordance with the purposes of the United arms expansion and war preparations and vigorously Nations Charter, the United Nations should play its developing nuclear weapons, thus seriously threaten due role in maintaining international peace, opposing ing international peace. It is understandable that the aggression and interference and developing friendly people of the world long for disarmament and partic relations and cooperation among nations. However, ularly for nuclear disarmament. Their demand for for a long period the one or two superpowers have the dissolution of military blocs, withdrawal of utilized the United Nations and have done many foreign troops and dismantling of foreign military things in contravention of the United Nations Charter bases is a just one. However, the superpowers, while against the will of the people of various countries. talking about disarmament every day, are actually This situation should not continue. We hope that the engaged in arms expansion daily. The so-called nu spirit of the United Nations Charter will be really and clear disarmament which they are supposed to seek truly followed out. We will stand together with all is entirely for the purpose of monopolizing nuclear the countries and peoples that love peace and uphold weapons in order to carry out nuclear threats and justice and work together with them for the defence blackmail. China will never participate in the so- of the national independence and state sovereignty called nuclear disarmament talks between the nuclear of various countries and for the cause of safeguarding powers behind the backs of the non-nuclear countries. international peace and promoting human progress.
JANUARY 1972 Irrigated fields at the Nanling People's Commune, Sbansi province.
Some Basic Facts the People's Com
Twice as many tractors were operating on Chinese farms in 1910 as in 1965.
CHINA RECONSTRUCTS I. How did the rural people's com distributed according to the social ops often embraced the households mune come into being? ist principle "from each according of an entire township — a total of to his ability, to each according to several thousand — its managing • Rural people's communes in his labor". group was combined with the China were set up widely in the township government so that the A fully-socialist co-op generally autumn of 1958. They were the result was a unit of both political inevitable result of the political and had around 200 households. Land and economic organization. This and other principal means of pro economic developments in China. was the prototype of the people's duction were ovmed collectively, commune. Soon after liberation China's and used and managed under the peasants carried out land reform, co-op's unified leadership. Earn Chairman Mao promptly led by Chairman Mao and the ings were distributed according to summed up the significance of this Communist Party. Then, in line the socialist principle "from each new creation by the masses and with the principle of voluntariness according to his ability, to each their experience and declared, according to his labor". By taking and benefit for all, they went on "People's communes are fine." The part in collective productive labor, to build a new countryside follow Party Central Committee issued a ing the Party's basic line for agri the peasants gradually overcame resolution outlining steps and cultural development: the first the sense of private ownership step, collectivization; the second based on individual farming and methods for the formation of com step, on the basis of collectiviza developed a growing desire to munes. People's communes were tion, mechanization and electrifica build the collective. Collectiviza organized by the tens of thousands. tion. tion greatly promoted produc tion. In 1957, after fully-socialist II. What ore the characteristics of Between the land reform and cooperatives had been formed the people's commune? How 1957, China's agriculture develop throughout most of the country, is it different from the agricul ed from the mutual-aid team to the harvests of grain, cotton and other tural producers' cooperative? semi-socialist agricultural produc industrial crops were all much ers' cooperative and then the bigger than the highest figures in (1) While the agricultural pro fully-socialist cooperative. The history. ducers' cooperative engaged chiefly mutual-aid team had the rudiments in farming, the people's commune In 1957 the Party carried out a of socialism. It consisted of a few both organizes the economy and movement of education for social to a dozen households. The means does the work of the local govern ism which deepened the peasants' of production such as land, draft ment. It is a basic unit of China's socialist consciousness. In 1958, animals and farm tools were still socialist society and of proletarian privately ovmed. Members helped based on the excellent domestic political power in the countryside. political and economic situation. each other in productive labor, ex The commime members' represen changing work for work. Chairman Mao formulated the tative assembly functions as the General Line which called for "go township people's congress. The semi-socialist co-op was big ing all out, aiming high and achiev ger than the mutual-aid team. ing greater, faster, better and more The commune not only has agri Members pooled their land and economical results in building so culture, but also industry and other principal means of produc cialism". The peasants' enthusiasm trade, and leads education and tion, which were used and man for building socialism thus inspired health and the militia. Its Party aged by the co-op. The owners expressed itself in a burst of energy and administrative cadres lead and received a certain amount of com to speedily change the backward organize both political-ideological pensation according to how much ness of the countryside. work and production. In short, they had pooled. Earnings from the people's commune is a brand- collective productive labor were From winter 1957 to summer new social organization unifying 1958 extensive basic improvement leadership of politics, economy, was made to the farm land, center military affairs and culture. ing around building water conser vation projects. Much was done (2) The people's commune is a to develop industry, transport and big collective owned by all its communications, commerce, cul members. With more land, more about ture, education and health oriented hands and more funds than a co to serving agriculture, and the or operative, it can better carry out ganization of local militia. The large-scale basic improvement of fully-socialist cooperative, organ land, experiment with scientific ized chiefly for farming, became farming and fight natural disas munes increasingly inadequate for large- ters. Its far greater economic scale production. In many places strength makes possible faster the smaller cooperatives amalgam progress in water conservation, ated themselves into big ones or mechanization, electrification and formed federations of co-ops. Since the use of chemical fertilizers and such a co-op or federation of co insecticides. It strengthens the
JANUARY 1972 11 rural collective economy, speeds stud farms, farms for experiment policy set forth by Chairman Mao up the building of socialism in the ing with improved strains of seed, which pays attention to three countryside and raises the peas middle schools and clinics. things — the interests of the state, the collective and the individual. ants' standard of living more At present, undertakings run by quickly. the production teams account for The main distribution is done in (3) The people's commune can the biggest proportion of the total the production team, at present the better carry out the policy to "take assets of the commune and its basic accounting unit. teams and brigades. While those grain as the key link and ensure After production and manage an all-round development", that run by the communes and brigades are relatively fewer, they play a ment costs have been deducted is, to develop a diversified econo from the team's annual income, a big role in consolidating and devel my of farming, forestry, stock rais small part is paid to the state as oping rural socialist collective ing, fishery and sidelines, and set tax, a small contribution is made economy. up industry, repair shops and to the public accumulation fund of transport to serve agriculture. Take the October production bri the collective, and the greater part (4) The agricultural producers' gade of the Wangcheng commune is distributed among the members. co-op had two levels of organiza in Hsishui county, Hupeh prov Accumulation for the state and the tion, the co-op and the production ince. The brigade now owns 20 collective is kept low so that in a teams under it. There was owner tractors of various types, 34 elec normal year increased production ship on the co-op level only. The tric motors and 60 machines for will give the members increased people's commune has three levels processing farm and sideline income. products. This equipment provides of organization: the commime; a To achieve the above, the state mechanization for all the irrigation, number of production brigades policy in the rural areas is not to under it; and under each of the drainage, cultivation, transport raise taxes even when production brigades, a number of production and processing of grain, cotton and increases. In the past ten years the teams. There is collective owner fodder done by the production rate of agricultural tax for the pro ship on each of these three levels, teams under the brigade. In 1970 duction teams has remained the with the production team as the this brigade harvested an average same even though every year saw basic accounting unit. The land, of 1,700 jin of grain per mu. It overfulfilled aU state purchasing draft animals, small farm machin a good harvest. Thus for teams in targets for grain, cotton and oil. It ery owned by a production team which production goes up every are managed by it, and it organizes now has 700,000 yuan in public year, agricultural tax takes up an funds and nearly 970,000 jin of re the labor power of its members. It increasingly smaller proportion of serve grain. Collective income also handles its income and distribution the total income. At present it rose markedly. independently, bears its losses it stands at 5, 6 or 7 percent. As pro self and keeps most of the profit. As time goes on, the dictatorship duction continues to increase, the actual rate of agricultural tax wiU Economic undertakings run by of the proletariat will become more consolidated, commune members' become still smaller. the production brigades are those socialist consciousness will con which the production teams are Under China's socialist planning, tinue to rise, the collective econ unable to manage by themselves or farm production is done in a plan omy will become still stronger. which can be better managed by ned way according to the needs of The relatively poor production the brigades. These include small the economy. When there is a sur teams will also gradually reach reservoirs and other water conser plus above the state targets, the the economic level of the better- vation projects benefiting the state purchases this at the same or off teams, and farming wiU be teams under the brigade, shops even higher prices. Thus, in times come more and more mechanized. processing farm and sideline prod of bumper harvest, the teams need With these prerequisites, in time ucts, orchards, schools and health not worry about finding a market the production brigade, and even stations. Some brigades own trac for their surplus, or selling it at a tually the commune, will become tors and other farm machinery. loss. Instead, the collective adds the basic accounting unit. The sys to its income and public accumula Economic undertakings run by tem of collective ownership will tion fund, and improves the mem the communes are those which the eventually be replaced by owner bers' standard of living. This pol brigades are unable to manage or ship by the entire people (the icy of the state keeps prices stable which can be better managed by state). and facilitates adding to the na the communes^ Serving the entire tional reserves, which are the basis commime, these include tractor III. How is distribution carried out of a constant supply. stations, hydro-electric power in in the people's commune? stallations, irrigation and drainage The production team's accumu works, farm machinery manufac Distribution in the people's com lation fund consists of its reserve ture and repair shops, forest farms. munes is done according to the and welfare funds. The reserve
CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 12 fund is used to buy small or These methods of distribution members. These rights are protect medium-size farm machinery, or provide for funds for both the state ed by law. for basic construction or re-pro- and collective economy and for the - ducfion. The welfare fund covers gradual improvement of the life of In addition to these democratic expenses for culture and educa commune members. The Hsichia rights in the political and economic tion, items of collective welfare brigade of the Tsungtsun com spheres, it is also every commune and aid to members who are mune in Chiangtu county, Kiangsu member's right to have work, rest ill, retired or unable to work. It province provides an example. Be and education and to share in so subsidizes, for example, the rural tween 1962 and 1970 the average cial welfare. cooperative medical system under grain yield of the brigade rose Every member able to work has which the members pay only from 300 to 1,000 jin per mu. In the right to take part in productive about one yuan a year for full 1970 it sold the state three times as labor. Men and women get the medical care. The welfare fund much grain above the quota as in same pay for the same work. When pays for the ever-expanding radio 1962 and its collective income was work is assigned, the special phys relay system in the rural areas. It also close to three times the 1962 ical problems of women are given also covers the subsidies given to figure. While members' total in due consideration. members who have financial dif come rose by 95 percent, the bri ficulties, especially families of rev gade's public accumulation fund Time for work and rest are ar olutionary martyrs, dependents of reached the very substantial total ranged according to local farming customs and vary with the seasons. enlisted men, aged people with no of 240,000 yuan. families, orphans and disabled or Proper rest is guaranteed. Com sick members. mune members give their first at IV. What about democratic life in tention to fulfilling collective tar Distribution is based on the so a people's commune? gets. In their spare time they can cialist principle "from each accord work at the small private plots al- ing to his ability, to each according The people's commune is run on loted to them by the production the principle of democratic central to his labor, more income for those team, raise a little poultry or a few ism. The representative assemblies who work more". At the end of head of stock, or do handicrafts. of the production team, the pro the year members receive amounts Members can do what they like duction brigade and the commune based on the number of workpoints with products from this labor. are the organs of power at these (units of payment for labor) they levels. Representatives are elected An important democratic right earn. These are awarded accord after thorough discussions by the for every person is the opportuni ing to the amount, type of job, and members. Every member has the ty to study Marxism-Leninism-Mao quality of labor and members' at right to vote and be elected. Be Tsetung Thought and receive edu titude toward collective produc tween sessions of the representa cation for socialism. A certain tion. tive assemblies, work is carried out amount of time each week is set by a permanent body. (In the pro aside for political study. Party or Cadres at all levels of the peo duction team it is called a leading ganizations at the different levels ple's communes must, according to group and in the brigade and com are responsible not only for carry a state regulation, take an active mune, a revolutionary committee.) ing out the Party's principles and part in collective productive labor. These permanent leading bodies policies but for leading and or This ensures that cadres do not be are also elected by the members. ganizing cadres and the masses in come divorced from actual produc political study. They give help tion and reality, that they maintain Before the start of every produc whenever necessary so that the constant and close ties with the tion year, these leading groups at masses and thus avoid becoming each level draw up production members will deepen their under subjective and bureaucratic in plans based on the targets set by standing of Marxism-Leninism- Mao Tsetung Thought, constantly their work. This is a fundamental the state, the actual conditions in raise their socialist consciousness measure for preventing the restor each unit and the members' needs. and develop the proletarian out ation of capitalism and consoli Unified planning gives due con look of serving the people whole dating the dictatorship of the pro sideration to each of these at each heartedly. letariat. Cadres at the commune level. The drafts are given to the level must do productive labor for members for full discussion, then It was the spiritual power of no less than 60 days a year. Bri revised according to suggestions Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tsetung gade and team cadres take part in and finalized. The figures on dis Thought translated into material labor for workpoints in the same tribution and expenditures are energy that has enabled China's way as ordinary commune mem made public every year. To join millions of commune members to bers. For the time a cadre spends in discussions, approve plans and self-reliantly fight natural disas at public duties, he is given work- other matters, and criticize and su ters and conquer difficulties and points or a subsidy set through dis pervise the way they are carried to reap bumper harvests for ten cussions by the members he leads. out is the right of all commune years in a row.
JANUARY 1972 13 :'%*••• .- H.-.
OUR village, Sandstone Hollow, orchards. Now our brigade owns Photos are selected from the color ^ lieslips in thethp mountainmniintain wilds 64 horses, mules and cattle, ten documentary "Sandstone Hollow". just south of the Great Wall. rubber-tired carts and 17 pieces of There are rocks everywhere, and farm machinery, including trac very little soil, yet for us —130 tors. Our public accumulation families with 670 people — it is fund stands at 250,000 yuan. Before liberation Sandstone home. Hollow was known for its poverty. In 1970 our yield of grain per Its inhabitants had come here Our village was liberated in mu of land reached 600 jin, and in driven from their home villages by 1947. After the land reform we that year we sold 200,000 jin of exploitation and oppression, the followed Chairman Mao's directive fresh and dried fruit. The average victims of famine or other disas to "get organized" and began mov annual cash income for an adult ters. My family came here in 1933. ing towards socialism. We started worker (in addition to grain, fuel We dug up the earth between the with mutual-aid teams. Later we and other produce) was 97 yuan. rocks and lived on what we could had an agricultural producers' co With earnings from family side grow there. Later a landlord in operative and now we are a pro line occupations added in, the Luko village four kilometers away duction brigade in the local peo average cash income was between heard about our settlement and ple's commune. With our collective 130 and 140 yuan. The brigade bought up the whole place for two strength we have transformed has set up a system for coopera ounces of silver. He stuck up a Sandstone Hollow. We have turn notice declaring that from then on ed the bare rocky slopes into ter tive medical care and a school which takes the pupils through a everybody in the village was his raced fields. We built water con tenant. In order to pay his rent servation works, planted trees on seven-year course of primary and and keep alive, the main earner in the mountains and set out junior middle school education. Since we began collective produc 67 of the 78 households had to go tion our members have built new outside the mountain area to get CHANG KUEI-SHUN is the secretary houses with a total of 400 rooms, work as long-term or short-term of the Communist Party branch of the and they have bought 130 new hired laborers. Thirteen families, Sandstone Hollow production brigade in Tsunhua county, Hope! province. bicycles. unable to get along in that way,
CHINA RECONSTRUCTS .V? ^
The boulder-covered mountain Removine: part of a cliff. Party branch .secretary C'lianR slopes of Sandstone Hollow. Kuci-shun moves a rock.
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In a drought the earth Water is brought from far away, Children also fought the drought. cracked and the crops died.
Work begins on hacking The cistern in progress. Rock walls of the cistern. a cistern in the rock.
Pipes bring water from a 'Now we've got our own water!" Well water irrigaUis the fields. well over the mountain.
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/ f*< I l-^'i''** l! ly /^•|}'v* / •V- s- 'i:\ I/: jfi «aX^/^LV'^LV T./^fffSf^I'rarfti -Ewfe^ L IZlif'' <*'.• '- V)te^ilnuV'^flw JANUARY 1972 19 great leader Chairman Mao leads form all our slopes. Actually, it would give still higher yields. The us all. If Lichia village can change took us only seven years, from Party branch organized the people nature, why can't we?" At their 1957 to 1964. In the course of the to sum up their experience and ac • suggestion the Party branch drew work we connected together 23,000 cording to it we planned the dif up a plan to turn our mountain small cultivated patches to make ferent stages of the work to fit in sides into terraced fields in five to 6,629 larger plots, thus expanding with the regular farm work and ten years. our total of 780 mu of land to the weather. After the autumn har The young people were the first 1,200 mu. vest, when the ground was not yet to respond. In the daytime they Back before we had mutual-aid frozen, we hacked away the rock, did the regular work, and at night teams, we used to get only about laid the foundations for the walls by the light of lanterns biiilt the 70 to 80 jin per mu. By 1964 we and transported earth. We built terraces. In the snowy winter, were getting 613 jin. Up to 1956 the walls in the winter when they pried up boulders and split we had received a total of 360,000 everything was frozen. In spring off slabs of rock to block up a jin of relief grain. Then we became after the thaw we spread the earth gully and collected earth on the self-sufficient in grain, and in in the terraces. Thus in one winter mountain to fill it in. In three 1967 for the first time we had a and spring we built several hun months they created a field of 2.8 surplus to sell to the state, 5,700 dred walls and moved 40,000 cubic mu. The older people were very jin. By 1970 we had sold altogether meters of earth and stone. We moved by their spirit, and got to 520,000 jin (260 tons) of grain and made 150 mu of terraces, several gether an "old folks' team" to 1,500,000 jin (750 tons) of fruit. times more than in previous years. erect a 66-meter-long stone em What's a one-mu jield During the cultural revolution, bankment four meters thick and worth? our brigade pried up 5,000 huge three meters high around the new Two thousand baskets of boulders on 1,200 mu of slopes, field. To inspire the builders of earth • carried in 400,000 baskets of earth the future, at the edge of the plot Carried over 10,000 li over the mountains and built 400 we put up a stone tablet with the Good crops from hard mu of terraces and a hundred mu rocks. words: "The persistence of old and of irrigated fields down below. The young turned these rocks into a We started this saying in 1966. stone embankments for them, if field." There is a history behind it. While linked together, would make a 50- we were talking about how to be At the Spring Festival we held kilometer-long wall, 70 cm. thick more like Shansi province's Tachai a meeting celebrating the event. I and one meter high. brigade, we thought about a rock had hardly finished the first sen slope on North Peak which would tence of my talk when the head of The Struggle for Water make a good site for a field, if only the women's association got up "Water conservation is the life we could get some earth. Could and said, "The tablet says nothing line of agriculture," Chairman Mao we do it? Again those who had about the women. After all, we says. How well we've come to been most exploited and oppressed 'build half the world'." understand his words! Sandstone in the old society took the lead. Hollow had no sources of water at That evening the Party branch "We've got strong hands and feet all. We dug many wells but never discussed the matter. "How about and shoulders like steel. This plus found any. Some people said that in the women building something of the Tachai spirit will take us our mountains when we dug shal their own," some comrades sug through anything." In the daytime low wells there wasn't any water, gested. "The rush of water off the we built the terraces and at night and we couldn't dig deep enough mountain could still wreck that we carried earth from two and a to get down to where the water piece of land. A reservoir vfould half kilometers away. In ten days was. For years we had to bring be just the thing." The women we dug and removed 600 cubic it from seven or .eight kilometers took up the idea eagerly. For 20 meters of rock, erected 42 meters away. After we got organized, we days they worked in three shifts to of stone walls and brought in 2,000 pitted our collective strength and complete the reservoir before baskets of earth. We figured we our pickaxes against the rocky March 8, International Working walked over 10,000 li (5,000 kilo mountainsides. In the winter- Women's Day. We held another meters). In the end we had a one- spring seasons from 1953 to 1957 meeting to celebrate it, and every mu field. That year we harvested we hewed out a cistern 12 meters body said, "The women of Sand 500 jin of grain from it. deep and 17 meters in diameter. stone Hollow have proved that they In the winter of 1970, deepening really can build half the world." The water that filled it from the the movement to learn from Ta summer rains supplied the village Working at this rate, we found chai, we decided to build more ter we did not need ten years to trans raced fields of better quality which (Continued on p. 44) 20 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Korean, Romanian and Japanese Artists in China Staff Reporter JNthe golden days of October the Chinese people nese people and the peoples of Korea, Romania and Ja welcomed the Pyongyang National Opera Troupe pan. Everywhere packed audiences applauded the of Korea, the "Doena" Art Troupe of the Armed For performances enthusiastically. ces of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the Matsuyama Ballet Group from Japan. Wherever the Premier Chou En-lai and other Party and govern artists went in their nearly two months' visit — ment leaders attended the performances, met with Peking, Nanking, Shanghai, Hangchow, Kwangchow, the troupe leaders and principal artists during inter Shenyang and Yenan — there were heartwarming vals, and afterwards went on stage to congratulate the scenes showing the militant unity between the Chi troupes on their success. In Praise of Revolutionary Armed Struggle family made us change into the clothes of her husband and son. When we woke up the next morn J SEA OF BLOOD by the ditional form. The varied collec ing we found our own clothes and Pyongyang National Opera tive dance formations enhance the bedding all dry. The elderly Ko Troupe is the story of the Korean revolutionary content. rean couple had stayed up all night people's valiant fight to drive off Many of the troupe's artists drying them. We put on the dry the Japanese invaders and re were in the Korean People's Army clothes and felt warm in our establish independence. Set in the when the Democratic People's Re hearts." 1930s when the Japanese imperial public of Korea fought U.S. aggres Ching Chan-yang, a locomotive ists occupied Korea and rode sion in the 1950s. They had formed driver who took the Volunteers roughshod over her people, the a militant friendship with the Chi across the Yalu River into Korea, opera shows how a mother, the nese People's Volunteers who went was also very moved by the opera, heroine of the story who harbors to Korea to join in the resistance. especially the scene in which the deep hatred for the invaders, comes Some had performed for the mother, braving danger, takes ex to realize through cruel struggles Volunteers during the war, or their plosives to the guerrillas and sings, that as long as the people take up families had sheltered Volunteers. "For the revolution I will transport arms and unite in resolute strug anything, and cross mountains of gle, they can defeat any aggressor Watching the opera, not a few among the audience recalled their knives or a sea of fire!" no matter how strong he seems. experience in Korea. When Sun "Every time after the enemy Guided by the teaching on art Wen-sheng, a veteran Volunteer bombed the railway tracks," said and literature of the Korean peo and now a regiment commander of Ching, "Korean people of all ages ple's great leader Comrade Kim II a P.L.A. railway engineering unit, would come running from every Sung, the Korean artists have saw the scene in which the mother direction to repair the tracks even created many fine revolutionary works through the night making before the bombing and strafing works. A Sea of Blood is an out her son's army uniform, he said, had stopped. They risked their standing example. The acting, "Once we worked for five days and lives to make sure that military singing, music and dancing are nights repairing the Daidongkang supplies reached the front on time. beautifully integrated to express Bridge wrecked by enemy planes. The friendship between the Ko the story. While retaining the A big rain drenched our clothes rean and Chinese people is welded Korean national style, the opera is and bedding. When we arrived at in such common struggle and can a creative development of the tra a Korean home, the mother of the stand the test of any storm." JANUARY 1972 21 Soldiers' Songs, People's Donees The "Doena" Art Troupe gave performances especially for the rpHE "Doena" Art Troupe of Ro- struggle against imperialist inter Chinese People's Liberation Army mania is one of the country's vention, control and threats of ag units in Peking, Nanking, Shang outstanding art groups. gression, and to defend national in hai and Hangchow. To show their dependence and sovereignty. fraternal friendship for the Chinese The songs sung in chorus, "Ode people, the Romanian artists learn The song and dance drama "Re to the Party", "Motherland and ed in a very short time the Chi Party", "I Am a Soldier" and spond to the Call" depicts the nese songs "The East Is Red", armed forces responding to the "Gheorghe Joins the Army", fully "March of the Chinese People's Party's call, turning out in force to express the confidence' and mili Liberation Army", "The Great tant unity of the Romanian Army join the people in fighting the 1970 Road" and Chinese dances. After flood, one of the worst in Roman and people under the leadership every performance, there was a ian history. The Chinese audience of their Party. The symphonic warm gathering of the Chinese poem "Tudor Vladmirescu" extols was very much drawn to this P.L.A. men and women and the the great Romanian patriot who new work which reflects the actual Romanian artists. led the struggle of 1821 against the life and struggle of the Romanian tyrannical rule of the Ottoman armed forces. In Nanking the guest troupe saw performances by the city's Little Empire for national liberation. The A characteristic of the Romanian song and dance drama "Ecaterina troupe is its national style and Red Soldiers. Then the Romanians Teodoroiu" portrays the Roman color. The folk dances and instru showed the Chinese children the ian heroine who gave her life re mental music convey to the audi characteristic movements of Ro pelling the German aggressors ence the pride, optimism and vigor manian dances again and again to during World War I. These pro of the Romanian people of the so help them capture the essential ductions inspire the people to cialist era. spirit. Ballet of the Japanese People support from the masses, she has kept up the struggle. 'T'HE Japanese Matsuyama Ballet struggle and the struggle in Japan. At Yenan, a historic site of the Group is an old friend of Chi The one-act ballet Vietnamese Chinese revolution, the Japanese nese theatergoers. It was making Maid tells how a girl and her ballet group received an unusually its third visit to China since 1958. grandfather give their lives to pro warm welcome. Members learned tect fighters of the National Front Since its establishment in 1948, that the Yenan Auditorium where for Liberation, one of many such the Matsuyama Ballet Group has they were to perform had just been tales of heroism in the Vietnamese persisted in a revolutionary orien expanded especially for them. ^To people's fight against U.S. aggres accommodate the ballet perform tation for their work. Its mem sion. Five Girls from Okinawa is bers study Marxism-Leninism, take ance, the stage was made deeper the story of how the villagers of part in actual struggle and try hard and an orchestra pit was added. As le Jima Island fight the U.S. troops to integrate themselves with work the auditorium sits against a hill who try to seize their land for ers and peasants. The results are and its stage is built on a huge building an airfield, a stirring re gratifying successes in the crea stone, it meant removing a great flection of the Japanese people's tion of a revolutionary national deal of stone. Blasting was out struggle today. ballet of the Japanese people. of the question in the auditorium, so construction workers removed In 1955 the group adapted the These baUets did not find their the stone by breaking it with ham Chinese opera The White-haired way to the stage without struggle. mer and drill. With help from the Girl into a ballet. In May 1970, in The reactionaries used political people of the town, some 80 cubic commemoration of the 28th anni persecution in their attempt to meters of stone was removed in a versary of Chairman Mao's Talks sabotage the performance of The week's time and the expansion was at the Yenan Forum on Literature White-haired Girl. Mikiko Matsu quickly completed. and Art, the group revised their yama, deputy leader of the ballet 1955 rendition on the basis of sug group and a well-known Japanese Masao Shimizu, leader of the gestions from the Japanese people. ballerina, has been dancing the ballet group, picked up a stone to A true picture of the life and title role since the first perform take home with him from the pile struggle of the working people, it ance. The Japanese reactionaries of rocks removed from the audito was warmly acclaimed wherever it attacked her in many ways and rium. "This is not an ordinary was performed. for a whole year barred her from stone," he said. "It is a symbol of performing for television. But be the Yenan spirit." Other Japa The other numbers the group hoving that hers is a just cause, nese friends also took stones as brought this time are also closely Mikiko Matsuyama remains loyal symbols of the friendship between tied to the current international to progressive art work. With the people of Japan and China. 22 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS ••>. i{ ^if Jt? 4i -r•• 1"t I-ft t f{ '1 'I i t I ^ i $ 1 -t t< 4 M A i t i t i i t a i ' U .1 ^ t 4 * .t BP! BB & The mother opens the city gates for the guerrillas and the armed Victory celebration — from Scene VII of . workers and peasants — from Scene VII of A Sea of Blood. Chorus. "Ode to the Party Romanian folk dance. "Doena" Art T nal Opera Troupe (orea Sea of Blood. Returning to his home village with the People's Liberation Army, Ta- chun finds Hsi-crh in a cave where she has fled from the landlord's persecution — from Act III, Scene IV of The White-haired Girl. A scene from the one-act ballet Vietnamese Maid. oupe of Romania Matsuyama Ballet Group of Japan Waiting in ambush for the A people's supply corps transports ammunition and provisions for the army Portuguese colonialist troops. Domingos, Immortal African Fighter by Correspondents of Hsinhua News Agency Domingos. wherever we go a hospital, but was soon dismissed authorities sent troops and police among the people and the for openly opposing the outrages on frequent surprise raids on the patriotic armed forces of Guinea committed "by the colonialists village in search of Domingos, but (Bissau) we hear the name of against his fellow-countrymen. He the villagers risked their lives to Domingos Ramos, a national hero. was forced to enter the colonialists' protect him. Whenever he went to In one of the liberated areas in the army. Such persecutions were a neighboring villages for work, southern part of the country, his bitter lesson which helped him to there were always people who comrade-in-arms told us of his gradually understand the necessity voluntarily stood guard for him. fighting life. He ended the story of organizing for struggle. In accordance with the PAIGC's with a moving folk song heard far Yearning for freedom and libera resolution that "armed struggle is and wide among the people. tion, in 1957 the 24-year-old Do A commander in the people's revolu Domingos, Domingos! mingos secretly joined the African tionary armed force of Guinea (Bissau) The white monkeys are here!* Independence Party of Guinea and with the fighters before battle. the Cape Verde Islands (PAIGC) Take up arms, which had been founded in Bissau Charge at them, charge at them! the previous year. He enthusiasti Why are the white monkeys cally plunged into the struggle for weeping? the liberation of his motherland. Why are the white monkeys • On August 3, 1959, dockers at shrieking? Pidjiguiti harbor at the city of Ah, because our Domingos is Bissau launched a big strike against here! the ruthless exploitation and op This proud, soaring air expresses pression of the Portuguese colonial completely the people's love and ists. When the authorities called respect for their hero and their in troops and police to perpetrate hatred and contempt for the Portu bloody suppression and massacre, A member of a political work team guese colonialists. "Domingos was a Domingos refused to open fire on tells the people of successes in the revolutionary armed struggle. great patriot. He is an example for the strikers and left the army. our entire people," said the singer. In 1961 he was sent by the Party One with the People to the Xitole countryside in the south to mobilize the masses and Domingos was born in an em sow the seeds of the struggle for ployee's family in the city of Bis liberation. He was stationed in the sau. Already as a boy he had village of Doubagouda. Inspired strong feelings against the racial by Domingos, this and neighboring discrimination and colonial oppres villages rose one after another in sion of the Portuguese colonialists. organized mass struggle, refusing After graduating from a public to pay taxes and sabotaging enemy health school, he went to work in telecommunication and transport * The Portuguese colonialists. facilities. The alarmed and uneasy CHINA RECONSTRUCTS the only road to national libera tion", Domingos mobilized the peasant masses to take up arms and . organize a people's armed force. Guinea (Bissau) Very quickly a guerrilla unit with Guinea (Bissau).on the west coast of Africa is a neighbor more than 100 members was set of the Republic of Guinea. Its capital Is the city of Bissau. up. As they had no weapons, Do With an area of 36,000 square kilometers, It has a population mingos led them to make bows and of 800,000. It was first occupied by the Portuguese colonialists arrows, hatchets and daggers, and in 1471. In the last eight years, through armed struggle Its to seize arms from the enemy. patriotic armed forces and Its people, led by the African Inde Since the upsurge of armed strug pendence Party of Guinea and the Cape Verde Islands (PAIGC), gle throughout the country in 1963, have liberated two-thirds of the area and about half of the this unit has become the main force population. Amilcor Cobral, General Secretary of the PAIGC for the liberation of the Xitole states: "We dominate, we can say, almost the entire rural area rural area. of our country except for certain pockets around a few main cities." In the three years that Domingos lived and fought in Doubagouda In the vast liberated countryside, committees which ore village, in addition to directing the organs of state power have been established at the level of the district, sub-dlstrlct, township and village. The five-member fighting, with the other militia (two are women) village committees are elected by popular members he often helped the peo vote. Every village has Its militia, an Important part of the ple in production and in overcom people's armed forces. Since 1964, people throughout the ing their hardships and solving liberated areas have made great efforts to Increase grain pro their problems. Sharing weal and duction. Today most of the liberated areas are basically self- woe with the local people, he was sufficient In grain and they give effective support to the armed as close to them as the blood is to struggle. Almost all children of school age can go to school. the flesh. Every district has Its hospital and every sub-dlstrlct a clinic. Touring medical teams give treatment free of charge. He Fought to the End Political work teams, a new and Important force In building the liberated areas, organize meetings and picture exhibitions. Domingos arrived in the coun They explain the current situation and the policies of the PAIGC try's eastern region at the end of to the soldiers and the masses and teach new production tech 1964 and was made commander-in- niques. The team members also labor side by side with the chief of the Gabu military theater. people. By then the unit under his com mand had grown to more than 600. Brave and persevering in battle, Domingos was always in the lead. He often joined the assault parties and wounded in the liver and the Domingos Lives On in storming enemy encampments, arm. It was a critical moment. Domingos, who died a hero's fighting the colonialist soldiers at Though seriously wounded, Do death, was posthumously named a close quarters. Inspired by him, mingos continued to direct the bat national hero by the PAIGC. In a the more his troops fought, the tle. He left reluctantly only after letter, AmiLcar Cabral, General Sec stronger and more courageous they one of his comrades had taken over retary of the PAIGC, called on the became. the command. entire Party and all cadres and He loved and cared for them as He was bleeding profusely and fighters to learn from Domingos. brothers. When the going was hard soon his breathing became labored. "After our country attains inde he gave them his own clothing and In excruciating pain, with incred pendence," said Cabral, "we shall rations. Whenever they had to re ible will and endurance, during erect a monument to Comrade Do sort to wild fruit for food, he was the last moments of his life he put mingos. His birthday will be com always the first to test it to be sure into a letter to his comrades his memorated by the whole nation that it was not poisonous. No mat feeling for the revolution, his and his picture will be hung in ter how tired he was after fighting loyalty and love for the people and aU places where the Party works. or on a long march, he would find his unshakable belief in the final The people will forever cherish his time for heart-to-heart talks with victory of the liberation struggle. memory; his glorious name and the fighters and to help them learn He was only 33 when he laid down heroic exploits will live forever." to read and write. "Our good com his life for his people. The patriotic armed forces and mander" is what they called him. Inspired by his indomitable people of fighting Guinea (Bissau) On November 10, 1966, Do spirit, the fighters of the unit he hold him in their hearts, honor him mingos led his forces to storm the led turned their grief into strength and learn from him. Plays, stories enemy camp at Madina, the Portu and fought the enemy heroically. and folksongs about his heroic feats guese colonialists' last stronghold in After a bitter defeat, the colonial are seen and heard everywhere. In the southeastern region. While ists at Madina were finally forced the liberated areas today his name directing the combat in a forward to flee. The entire southeastern has become a battle-cry, a synonym position, he was hit by shrapnel region was Uberatecl, fpr courage. JANUARY 1972 27 iCr* fg?3SSi ^X^jlAv ^5«i Lumber camp Changes in the Big Forest MA YUNG-SHUN 'yHE luxuriant forests that socialist forest area. Today the •*- spread over the northeastern hundred lumbercamps and new part of Heilungkiang province small towns and cities are linked seem almost endless. It takes a together by three rail trunk lines train twelve or thirteen hours to and a network of light railways traverse this great forest sea from and roads. Buried deep in the south to north. There is stretch heart of the region, the town of tj after stretch of the valuable Ko Ichun, a center for lumbering and rean pine, and also dense growths forest products industries with a of birch, oak and linden. This is population of nearly 600,000, has the Ichun forest region on the developed out of virgin forests and Lesser Khingan Mountains, where marshes since the liberation. I have worked and lived for 34 years. Yesterday's 'Green Prison' Here I have lived the bitter life I first came to this place to do of a lumberjack in the old society lumbering in 1937, when I was 24, and enjoyed the happiness of the with seventeen other young people new, after the liberation when the from my native village in Hopei working class became masters of province. We felt we couldn't go the country. Led by Chairman on facing the landlords' brutal ex Mao and the Communist Party, ploitation and oppression, but who through their hard work the peo would have thought that in escap ple of this region have turned these ing from one hell under the land Ma Yung-shun huge forests into a new-type lords, we were throwing ourselves CHINA RECONSTRUCTS right into another — the ''green managed to scrape up some food port were all mechanized. Ma prison" of lumbering life. At that for him and we smuggled him out. chinery has constantly flowed into time, northeast China was occu Some did not go very far in the the forest region, especially since pied by the Japanese fascist troops. forest, but just got a lumbering job the Great Proletarian Cultural Japanese and puppet policemen in another place. Others joined the Revolution which brought about a and special agents had watch- troops under Chairman Mao, substantial increase in China- towers on every mountaintop in which were fighting the Japanese made equipment. By 1970 the total order to keep an eye on the activi invaders. number of tractors used for timber ties of the workers. We workers hauling was one-fourth more than In the summer of 1945, led by lived in waist-high dugouts cover that for 1965, and the number of Chairman Mao, the Chinese people ed with boards — freezing cold in trucks, one-third more than in defeated Japanese imperialism. winter and airless in summer. The 1965. Japanese forced us to toil from Later the Party sent cadres to take Mechanization and the building morning to night under their guns over the administration of the forest region, and issued us cotton- of a rail and highway network has and whips and fed us on flour padded clothing, quilts, fur hats made timber production possible made from acorns. Even when and gloves. Rice and meat were throughout the year. In the past occasionally we did have real grain also transported to the region for felling was done in winter and to eat, it was never anything more transporting in summer. The than moldy corn or kaoliang. our consumption. The first time I lay down under a new quilt, I felt greatest volume of logs could not In winter the forest is shrouded too excited to sleep. "At last we be moved by men or animals to the in ice and snow. Temperatures lumberjacks have become the mas distant log depots. We sent them used to drop to 40° C. below zero. ters," I thought to myself. I pledg to the riverbanks by slides in the Wearing clothing made of gunny ed all my effort to following winter and floated them down the sacking filled with cotton padding Chairman Mao in making revolu river to the depots on the lower that hung in shreds, we were tion and producing more lumber reaches the next summer when the for the building of a new China. water was high. Now the use of always numb with cold. When we tractors has changed the old tradi became ill we had no medicine; all Big Strides Ahead tional seasonal pattern of work. we could do was to make ourselves sweat by getting close to the fire. To meet the growing needs of Mechanization has not only We couldn't endure such a life. socialist construction, the Ichun emancipated us lumbering work We watched for our chance to forest region has developed very ers from the heaviest manual punish some of our enemies who quickly into one of China's main labor, but also raised production persecuted us most ruthlessly. bases for timber production. By efficiency. For example, early Whenever one of us eliminated 1964 the chief processes such as after the liberation it was regarded one of the enemy, everybody felling, hauling, loading and trans as a "wonder" when I cut 20 cubic JANUARY 1972 meters of timber a day with a are making their contribution to for the workers. Every lumber- handsaw. But now a worker can lumber for our motherland. camp has its own broadcast relay cut over 100 cubic meters a day With the development of system. with a chain saw. mechanization in the past few In the old society we lumber Working conditions have im years, all forest administrations jacks couldn't even fiU our own proved greatly, but we lumberjacks and lumbercamps around Ichun stomachs, to say nothing of marry have never stopped striding down have set up their own machinery ing and having a family. Now the the road of revolution. Our region repair plants or repair stations. To schools in the lumbercamps ring has a high mountain called Sky- meet the need for spare parts, the with the cheerful singing of the kissing Peak. The Korean pine workers at the Ichun Forest Ma workers' children. We lumber grows so thickly there that the chinery Repair Plant turned their jacks enjoy socialist labor in peak looks like it is wearing a repair shop into a plant for manu surance. Under it we are issued closely-fitting hat. We estimated facturing parts. They introduced overcoats of fur or padded cotton that 4,000 cubic meters of timber 68 items of technical innovation in and gloves and boots in winter and, could be cut from it. But to get the past two years, and made 33 in summer, raincoats, rubber boots there we had to climb up through pieces of new equipment out of old and other work clothes. When we a long ravine full of jagged rocks, or unused pieces. They now turn are ill we get medical treatment called Stone-tooth Ravine, and out over 200 kinds of parts for free of charge. Our family mem then ascend the mountain's own tractors and other logging equip bers can be treated at half the cost. steep slope. In the cold of ment and cutters for lathes. Old workers can retire on a pen sion and those who do not have February 1970, a felling team of During the cultural revolution families to take care of them can 20 men led by Kao Ping-hsiang workers in the sawmills devised spend the rest of their lives in a arrived at Stone-tooth Ravine. The many ways to utilize formerly home of respect for the aged. stream that flowed through it was waste parts of the tree. Wood ends frozen into a "glacier" three or and bark are now turned into Of all the changes, the greatest four meters deep but the icy water paper and many kinds of beautiful is the change in the forest workers' still ran in a shallow layer on the fiberboard. Carbon black, alcohol political status. Today we person surface. This "glacier" was so and other chemical materials are ally take part in managing the steep and smooth that the tractors made from sawdust. affairs of the forest region and the could make no progress. Kao Ping- state. Our representatives are The revolutionary committees at hsiang and the team jumped into members of the revolutionary different levels in the region gave the water with axes and picks and committees at different levels, their full support to the mass chipped the ice off the top of the from the lumbercamp to the forest movement for technical innova slope so as to make it less steep. administration, the administrative tion. Members of the leading region and even the province. I The next problem was how to groups also threw themselves into myself have been twice elected a get up Sky-kissing Peak. They cut the campaign and worked together deputy to the National People's narrow steps up the slope and in with the masses. Great achieve Congress. Last year I was chosen each of these fixed a log to give ments have been made in recent a member of the Heilungkiang the tractor's caterpillar treads times. Every year hundreds of province Party committee. I am something to grasp, but even this technical innovations have been also a vice-chairman of a forest failed. Finally, by putting their carried out to improve machinery administration in our region. heads together they found a way. and felling technique and for Worker representatives often go They fixed the steel cable on the greater multi-utilization of forest to Peking to attend meetings and tractor's winch to a stout - tree- resources, all of which have helped have seen our great leader Chair trunk up ahead. As the tractor to increase production. man Mao. backed up the slope the pull of the winch cable gave the addi A New Life When I saw Chairman Mao in Peking for the first time in 1955, I tional help needed to make it up The progress in socialist con was so excited I could hardly ex the mountain. struction in the region has meant press my feelings. All I said was, a better and happier life for us That is the way the felling team "How are you. Chairman Mao." conquered the peak and took off workers. Take the lumbercamps its "hat". They finished hauling buried deep in the forest. They're Since then I have seen him thir all the logs down the peak in only just like small towns now, teen times. And every time I go a little over a month. There are with rows of brick houses built back to our forests afterwards, I many forest areas like this in our around a community center with feel they are greener and more province. One after another, they shops, schools, hospitals and clubs beautiful than before. CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 30 IB TAMING WILD DEER A reward for answering the gong. Out in the open. *A. frightened the deer and they began running in all directions. Only with great effort did the herders manage to get them to Troining Deer gether again. When they counted, they found six missing. "The deer are the property of the state," Shao said, "we shouldn't lose a for Herdino single one." For two days they searched the ^mountain wilds in the bitter cold Vith the north wind whipping snowflakes in their China Reconstructs Correspondent faces. No matter how tired they were they did not stop until they *LJIDDEN among mountains trained before they could be taken found the six missing deer and covered with luxuriant grass to the mountains. After careful led them back. observation and study, the farm and dense oak forests in Heilung- After the deer began grazing in kiang province's Paoching county workers concluded that the three the open, the number of births in is the Shuangliu Deer Farm. It is things the deer were most afraid creased. Chu Kuei-chieh, a young run by a unit of the People's Lib of were other animals, strange woman who had only recently eration Army for the purpose of sounds and people. How to help graduated from college, was breeding Sika deer, whose antlers, them overcome these fears? The assigned the task of assisting at "harvested" annually from the workers decided to make use of the births. Once when a doe was farm's deer, are an ingredient in the deer's special liking for tasty having a difficult time bearing Chinese traditional medicine. Most tidbits to entice them to come near of the farm's 20 workers are young people. Gradually, when the deer twins, to save the mother and people from Peking, Shanghai, saw a person, they would gather babies Chu Kuei-chieh spent two Hangchow and other cities. They around him and follow him in the hours kneeling beside the mother came to the farm on leaving school, hope of getting some food. To get applying external manipulation motivated by the desire to build the deer over their fear of other until the fawns were born. up and safeguard the border area animals, they were gradually In order to further develop deer- of their motherland. brought in contact with pigs, sheep raising, the workers at the The farm began three years ago and dogs, these were even let loose Shuangliu farm have put the spirit with only 30 deer. At first the in the enclosure to compete with of daring to think and do into the deer for food. The farm young people raised them by the action. By selecting strong stags workers drove tractors, blew car usual method of keeping them in for breeding, they raised both the horns and set off firecrackers near enclosures and feeding them on rate of pregnancy and the number oak leaves, grass and a small the deer enclosure to help them of live births.' quantity of grain. As the deer get over their sensitivity to noises. multiplied, a great deal of man Thus the once timid and retiring At the beginning they did not power was taken up in cutting and deer got used to living in different know how to cut off the antlers or transporting fodder. Growing up surroundings. After a period of process them for use in medicine. in the enclosures, the deer were "training" they were taken out to The antlers always had to be sent weak and easily vulnerable to graze for the day, first in nearby elsewhere for this. Now they disease, and their condition even and later in distant pastures. have not only mastered these affected the quality of the antlers techniques but have set up a "DREEDING deer was a com- to some extent. simple processing shop whose pletely new thing for these Some suggested that the method products meet state standards. young graduates from the big of raising the deer should be cities. But, they thought, it was Today the number of deer has changed, that they be allowed to a part of the revolution, and they increased to more than 500, most graze in the open on the mountains should do the job well. With this of them strong and healthy with like cows and sheep. The farm's in mind, they decided they would fine long antlers. Doing their bit leaders agreed. The problem lay not be stopped by any difficulties for socialist revolution and con with the nature of the deer. It is a in their daily work. struction, the farm workers are not very sensitive animal, wild and only meeting the target for antlers timid. The deer would need to be One winter day as Young Shao and his comrades drove the deer set by the state but, by open graz to their grazing place on a moun ing, are saving 300 tons of grain a Yearlings feeding. tain slope, something suddenly year. JANUARY 1972 35 Living in China Rewi Alley Just one life yet too, ever the sad side as well as the merry one; the grace of yet lived in the main a lone pine on the cliff amongst the hills and streams standing against all storms; of China, along with a people the garden rich with chrysanthemums; ever struggling for a way forward the hillside covered with azaleas; free of old burdens; yet the youth that went out to fight a China too that ever weaves and fighting died the best of its past into its present in their millions, until there came as it fights for its future. the way, and now streamlined I pick up a fragment machines hum in a thousand of the pottery of Sung, factories, producing the mechanization then one of Ming, fruits which now will change the countryside of the fingers of generations once more. of potters, contrast them Though living in Peking with the perfection of mind brings solid comfort and hand shown in pieces and a quiet compound of from today's Tangshan, Liling trees and grass to work in; or Chingtehchen. parks, gardens, museums, For near the half century exhibitions for the afternoon I have lived in this land stroll, yet always there is has there been the passion the lure of the road back of revolution, a tempering amongst villages where people by fire; suffering too there has been, face so much together, rip and injustice, but each spring mountains asunder, tunnel peach blossom has showered through cliffs, bringing waters its loveliness, magnolias opened their to places waters never flowed great white blooms. before; then too is the beauty In Peking's Temple of Heaven of the children and Tienshan alps; the newly reconstructed tower Karakorum over Kashgar, gleams with quiet brilliance colorful nationalities joining as it rises above ancient cypresses; together in unity around principle and in the rose garden children so surely expressed by Mao Tsetung. of the newest generation Living in China, alive romp amongst a thousand blooms. with the words, all for the people, let us criticize Living in China with the deep and struggle to transform; satisfaction that comes in seeing cut bureaucracy and waste; people's organization stretching make for self sufficiency; through a nation of communes, drive at selfishness; all their brigades and work teams these and so many more down not only on the plains, but too to earth maxims part and in back valleys, on grasslands, or parcel of the code these people reclaiming fen country, alkali increasingly live by as they waste; planting trees by the billion defy imperialism, and exploitation for any who loves China, all this that plagued just too long! rich recompense indeed. Ideas that are contagious OS more and more they go Then there is the joy of into practice, with peoples seeing children grow up sturdily everywhere, watching, listening, learning to live, working and learning taking note of aii that happens together; old diseases that in the China of today. struck at young lives mastered Yes, it is good to be living a new day opening up gloriously in China, catching some of its in front of them. fire, then trying to do what one can Living in China through the years to pass a little on to warm has brought the bitter with the the hearts of those who struggle sweet; there has been the privilege everywhere. of sharing hard times as well as the good ones; always some Peking sweetness coming with the bitter. September 17, 1971 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 36 f-frl' "7^-' 1^' LANGUAGE CORNER ^ A R. ^ 6t # # Wei Remmn Fuwii de Bangyang An Example of Serving the People — ^ T-t, i^Fei ^ Translation Yi tian xi^wu, Xi^gy^g XiSoxu6 yi qun One afternoon, a group of pupils of Xiangyang Primary School One day afternoon, Xiangyang Primary School a group (of) went to a people's conumme in the suburbs to do physical labor. As they were carrying water and sweeping courtyards for the commune ^ M<1 ^S. —4" members, suddenly shouts of "Help! Fire!" came from behind the xu^sheng Ui dao jiaoqu yige r^nmin gongshd canjia village. They saw dense smoke rising up from a tile-roofed house. pupils came to suburb a people's commime took part (in) They quickly took buckets and basins, flew towards the fire. Together with the commime members, they rushed into the room and S -ffc-ff] JE-A in spite of the smoke and flames moved out the farm implements and I^oddng. Dang tamen zhingzM bangzhh shiyuSn tiao fodder kept in this storehouse. After half an hour's battle, the fire labor. When they (were) helping commune members carry was put out. F£-f- flt, ^ 7 The commune members praised the pupils in one accord, saying shul, dasao yuSnzi shi, turfin c6ng cun hbu chuSnmie that they were a good example of "fearing neither hardship nor death". water, sweep courtyards time, suddenly from village rear spread Explanatory Notes A!" -fed #JL a. 1. Dang ...shi ^ B=j- functions as the conjunction "when" "ja huo!" de hansheng. Tamen k&njian yl jian wa used to introduce a clause showing the time or the occasion an action "Help! Fire!" shout sound. They saw a tiled takes place. E.g. Dang tamen zhdngz&i dasao yudnzi shi, chndnMile >?5c "jitthuo!" de bansheng 'SftA! " 6^^ ^ Jl$. oE. Ameans "Shouts of 'Help! Fire!' came when they were sweeping the fangunzhe nong yan. C&Dg de sh&ngkong, zb&ng courtyard." house's overhead, (was) rollmg dense smoke. 2. yn^ngrai jE.^ is often used before verbs to indicate the pro gressive tense. E.g.Tamen zhangzai bangzhu shiyudn tiao shuife^iE.^ Tamen IMnmiing niqi shuitong he lianpen, feiloaide ^ J5 means "Theywere carrying water for the commune mem They hastily lookup buckets and basins. rapidly bers." Sometimes zhgngzki can be simplified as zh^ng at. This ; happens usually in an impersonal sentence, e.g. Ndr zhing ^ngunzhe 1^ ^ X #.'/n ndngyan meaning "Dense smoke is rolling out xi^ig shI hud de dlfang paoqii. Tamen he there." towards (caught) fire place ran. They and 3. Sometimes when a verb is followed by another verb or by an adjective, the second verb or the adjective serves as a complement to — VM fk -M ^ AtL, the verb. For instance, in cbudnldi paoqii st-i: and banchulai shdyudn yiqi, naozhe ndng yan h^ huSguang, th® second characters Idi (come) qii ^ (go) and chulai conoumune members together. defying dense smoke and flame. sl};^ (come out) are complements to the verbs preceding them. M. S., ie. ^ 3$. M M-Mr These complements show thedirection of the action taking place, and chudnldi paoqu banchulai mean "spread (came) chongjin wu li, ha dulf^g zhg zud khf&ng over", "ran towards" and "moved out" respectively. rushed into room in. piled at this storehouse 4. Fei means "to fly" and kuhi -Ik "fast". Feiku&i Ts fc means "very fast". li de ndngjh, sicao banchulai. JInggud b^n xiaosbl in farm implements, fodder moved out. After half hour's •if+. it ^ ^-f #3^T. A Simple Key to Pronunciation de bdddu, zhb chSng hudzai zhongyu pumlHe. battle, this fire (was) finally put out. Consonants: b, c (ts), d, f, g, h, j, k (as in Aill), I, m, n, ng, p (as inpeak), q (as in cheer), r (as inrun), s, t, w, x (as inj//ip), y, z (dz), S d —& ## it# zh (as in rich), ch (as in chew), sh (as in shrub). The last three are SbiyuSnmen yizbl chengz&n zh^e xi&oxudsheng, pronounced with the tip of the tongue curved back. Commune members unanimously praised these pupils. Vowels: a (as In father), o (6),e (u), i (T), u (6o),u (as in German), after j, qand x, u pronounced as U. The sounds ofcombination vowels ^ 7^ tS. -fed ^ such as ai and iao are as in English. sbu5 tamen sbl "yl bu ku, ir bfi saying they were "firstly not fear hardship. secondly not fear Tosave space, letters inwhich the sound is the same as, orsimilar to, that used in English are not further described. kf ##. si" de h&o bangy^g. Afuller key to pronunciation of the phonetic alphabet used in this death" good example. column may be obtained on application to China Reconstructs, JANUARY 1972 37 i*-r*UHMiU U *• U.li •II tBt- Right: A view through several sections of the electron density map. Left: A model of the spatial struc ture of a dimer (double molecule) of pig insulin made after analysis of the electron density map. Proteiuis and Insulin pROTEINS function in all biological activity. Living organisms contain many kinds of proteins, sometimes thousands even in a single cell. In an organism, different kinds of proteins have dif ferent functions. For instance, a very large class called enzymes act as catalysts for the chemical processes going on in the living body. Some proteins perform functions which enable muscles to stretch and contract; some, like hair, fingernails and skin, give protection. Some hormones are proteins that regulate and control metabolism. Insulin Is a hormone protein secreted from islet- shaped cells In the pancreas of man and animals. The food the body secures from outside is digested and broken down into the nutrients needed and combined to form parts of the living organism. Insulin Is a hormone that controls the me tabolism of sugar. Lack of Insulin In the body hinders the utilization of sugar. Then the sugar In the blood increases and is discharged in the urine. This leads to the condition known as diabetes. All proteins are formed from 20 kinds of amino acids. As the letters of the alphabet form words, these amIno acids, combined and arranged In different ways In what are known as peptide chains, form the various proteins. Every insulin molecule contains an A chain of 21 amino acids and a B chain of 30. These two chains, joined by the chemical force of two disulphlde linkages, are arranged In space In a coiling and folding complex pattern within the molecule. Insulins from dif ferent animal species differ In structure. For example, bovine insulin differs from pig insulin, in two of the amino acids. Scientists examine the electron density map. Preparing insulin derivatives. HE great proletarian revolu- Determining Insulin Structure structure of crystalline insulin in tionary teacher Frederick the summer of 1967 in the high Protein is the basic substance of Engels long ago pointed out, "Life tide of the cultural revolution. is the mode of existence of albumi life. The successful total synthesis The protein molecule is a macro- nous bodies." His penetrating dia of bovine insulin in 1965 was the world's first creation of a biologi molecule, that is, a very large mole lectical materialist observation on cule containing thousands of the phenomenon of life is a force cally active protein by the chemical atoms. Even insulin, the smallest ful criticism of metaphysical and method. It realized Engels' predic of the proteins, has over 700 atoms, idealist religious theories. Hence tion that "as soon as the composi tion of the protein bodies becomes and the average distance between research on protein has immense one of these atoms and its nearest significance not only for the devel known, chemistry will be able to neighbor is about 1.5 angstroms. opment of natural science but also set about the preparation of a living protein". The 1965 synthesis was There is as yet no way to make a for philosophy. a new argument for the dialectical direct observation of such fine and In 1965 synthetic crystalline bo materialist theory of the origin of complex spatial structure. It can vine insulin was produced by life. only be derived indirectly by the chemical means for the first time X-ray diffraction method. When in history by Chinese scientists. In It is now known that the fine and the incident X-ray beams impinge 1971, they succeeded in determin varied physiological functions of upon a crystal, they are scattered ing the spatial structure of a mole protein in the processes of life are by the atoms of the crystal. Since cule of crystalline pig insulin. They related to the extremely complicat the arrangement of the atoms in did this using the method of X-ray ed arrangement within the protein the crystal is highly ordered, the diffraction at a resolution of 2.5 molecule of the chains of amino scattered beams interfere with each angstroms.* This is another impor acids which make it up. Therefore, other. The net effect is the pro tant achievement in protein re determining the spatial structure duction of X-ray diffraction. Meas search advanced by the proletarian of a protein molecule can create uring the intensity of the diffract cultural revolution and guided by conditions for studying the rela ed beams is the method used for Chairman Mao's philosophical tionship between its structure and determining crystal structure. its functions. The spatial structure thinking. It marks another step The use of X-ray diffraction to of the insulin molecule can be de forward in our probe of the secret find the structure of crystalline termined from a study of the spatial of life. insulin began abroad over 30 years structure of crystals of insulin. ago. Only in the past dozen years Science researchers from Peking have big advances been made after • Resolution is the minimum separation University, the Chinese Academy a breakthrough on the method of at which two objects can be distinguished. One angstrom is a hundred-millionth of a of Sciences and other organizations determining the crystal structure of centimeter. began work on determining the biological macromolecules. Basic JANUARY 1972 theoretical research on this topic So they prepared a number of or rational and reliable knowledge of involves many different branches ganic compounds containing such the spatial structure of the insulin of science. Only a few of the metals in order to test the effect of molecule. scientists who participated in the the heavy metal ions on the crystal. recent insulin project in China had True to their expectations, this The Process of Cognition previously analyzed the structure created a high-quality heavy-atom of even small molecules with a few insulin derivative. In the same way China's scientists lacked expe dozens of atoms. They had to start they obtained another heavy-atom rience in using electron-density right from the beginning for much insulin derivative. Again our maps to analyze the structure of of the work. scientists followed Chairman Mao's macromolecules. They found guide teaching: "In the fields of the lines for their work in On Contra A Key Problem struggle for production and scien diction, in which Chairman Mao tific experiment, mankind makes points out the two processes of One of the key problems in de constant progress and nature man's cognition: "One, from the termining the structure of the in undergoes constant change; they particular to the general, and the sulin crystal is the preparation of never remain at the same level." other, from the general to the par derivatives of insulin suitable for They analyzed the two derivatives ticular. Thus cognition always examination by means of X-ray and found that the main heavy moves in cycles and (so long as diffraction. These derivativdfe are atoms in the two derivatives oc scientific method is strictly adhered achieved by introducing certain cupied similar and very close posi to) each cycle advances human heavy-atom compounds into the tions in the crystal. The heavy- knowledge a step higher and so insulin crystal, complexing it with atom reagent and the insulin makes it more and more profound." the insulin molecules without crystal form the two opposing as changing the spatial structiire of pects of a contradiction. They co The insulin molecule is charac the insulin crystal. The spatial exist in a single entity and at the terized by two peptide chains (the structure of insulin can then be same time struggle against each amino acids which make it up ar learned from the way the intensi other. The character of each deriv ranged in chains) and three disul- ties of the X-ray diffractions differ ative is determined by the balance phide linkages. These chains and in the prepared derivative and in achieved in the relationship be linkages occupy the key positions in the molecule's spatial structure. the insulin itself. tween these two aspects of the con tradiction. Balance, however, is The researchers first located these For a long time the Chinese re temporary, relative and changeable. key positions and from them deter searchers did not know how to As the heavy atoms in the two mined the spatial structure of the achieve this complexing of heavy derivatives occupy positions very whole. After that they reversed atoms with the insulin crystal. the process, using the spatial struc They tried different reagents one close to each other, if the two heavy-atom compounds are intro ture of the whole to check the cor by one. There was no rule to go by. duced simultaneously into the same rectness of their location of the key Then, following Chairman Mao's insulin crystal, they will compete positions. Repeated practice ena teaching that true knowledge in complexing with the insulin mol bled them to complete the analysis comes from practice, the Chinese ecule, break the old balance and of the maps. scientists broke away from the establish a new balance, and thus usual customs and tried many new On the ,eve of China's National give rise to a new pattern of dif ways of preparing the derivatives. Day in 1970, the scientists com fraction. This was successfully A preliminary summing-up reveal pleted a preliminary analysis at a proven in a series of experiments ed that certain heavy metal ions resolution of four angstroms, thus which yielded yet another new de had a destructive effect on the in establishing the outline of the in rivative. After over a thousand sulin crystal. This led to a deeper sulin molecule and the basic course trials, the researchers overcame discussion of a passage from Chair of its two peptide chains. In Jan the difficulties of preparing deriva man Mao's On Contradiction, "We uary 1971 they finished a more tives. Chinese often say, 'Things that precise analysis at a resolution of oppose each other also complement The great quantity of data was 2.5 angstroms. Further technical each other.* That is, things opposed collected, arranged and analyzed, refinements enabled them to estab to each other have identity .... calculations were made on a giant lish more details, and thus com 'Oppose each other' refers to the universal electronic computer, and plete the work of determining the mutual exclusion or the struggle of a set of electron density maps of structure of the pig insulin crystal two contradictory aspects. 'Com the insulin crystal was drawn up. at a resolution of 2.5 angstroms. plement each other' means that.in Each set is in 60 sections. This set The results were announced on given conditions the two contradic of maps is like the spatial structure June 30, 1971, the eve of the 50th tory aspects unite and achieve of an insulin crystal enlarged 100 anniversary of the founding of the identity. Yet struggle is inherent in million times and cut into 60 paral Chinese Communist Party. The identity and without struggle there lel sections. The density of the entire project took four years. Be can be no identity." They con electrons on the maps reveals the fore the end of July, the results cluded that the very strong de clusters of electrons around a were verified and pronounced up structive effect of such ions might number of nuclei — the atoms, to advanced world levels by a mean that these could be com- which make up the insulin mole meeting called by the Chinese plexed with the insulin molecule. cule. From these can be derived Academy of Sciences. CmNA RECONSTRUCTS 40 The Rivers of China CHINA'S GEOGRAPHY CHINA has a particularly large However, they offer an unlimited Chinese history and the cradle of number of rivers. More than potential for water power. Chinese culture. 5,000 of them have drainage basins Inland rivers, which are located The middle section of the Hei of 100 square kilometers or more. mainly in the arid northwest, drain lung River forms part of the border The majority of these have outlets one-third of the country's total between China and the Soviet to the sea, either the Pacific, Indian area. Among them are the Tarim, Union. This river has two sources, or Arctic Oceans. All the major the Tsaidam and the Shuleh. They the Shilka River which originates rivers-—the Yangtze, the Yellow, are fed by glaciers and snow, and at the eastern foothills of the Ken- the Heilung, the Pearl and the these determine the volume and tai Mountain in the northern part Haiho — flow from west to east length of their flow. They flow of the Mongolian People's Republic, and empty into the Pacific. The intermittently and frequently dry and the Erhkuna River which has Yalutsangpo and Nukiang rivers in up. three tributaries, one of which southwest China stream south into originates on the western slopes of In addition to natural rivers, the Indian Ocean. The Irtysh River the Greater Khingan Mountains in China has many canals. The Grand which flows through Sinkiang Heilungkiang province. After the Canal dug in ancient times eventually finds its way to the two tributaries merge in Loku vil Arctic Ocean. stretches for 1,700 kilometers from Peking southward to Hangchow. lage west of Moho on the northern most part of the Heilungkiang The rivers in the northern part Other outstanding examples are the of China — that is, north of the spiderweb of canals in the Yangtze border, the stream is called the Heilung River. Eventually flowing Huai River and the Chinling Moun delta, the canals which have been tains— have a large flow in the built to provide an outlet for the into the Sea of Okhotsk off the Soviet Union, it measures 2,850 summer which dwindles to some Haiho River and the new Red Flag kilometers in length from Loku vil thing quite small in winter. They Canal for irrigation built through lage to the outlet. freeze in the winter, some for the mountains of Honan province. longer than others, and are there What is generally known as the fore not navigable the year Major Rivers Pearl River, south China's biggest, round. Most of these rivers is really three rivers, the Sikiang, carry large amounts of silt, so that China's biggest river is the Yang Peikiang and Tungkiang which often the lower course fills up to tze. Rising in the Kokoshili Moun converge near the sea in the Pearl such an extent that the channels tains in western Chinghai prov River delta. The Sikiang, largest rise above the level of the sur ince, it traverses 5,800 kilometers of the three, rises in the Wumeng rounding land. Unless contained by through Chinghai, Tibet, Yunnan, Mountains in east Yunnan and strong dykes, these rivers often Szechuan, Hupeh, Hunan, Kiangsi, flows 2,100 kilometers through flood over and shift their course. Anhwei, Kiangsu and the Shanghai Kweichow, Kwangsi and Kwang- area to empty into the East China tung into the South China Sea. The Rivers south of the Huai-Chin- Sea. It drains a basin of 1,800,000 Pearl River drains an area of ling divide carry a heavy volume square kilometers — about 19 per 420,000 square kilometers in China of water which does not vary much cent of the country's total area — and a small basin in the Demo with the seasons. These never inhabited by 250 million people. As cratic Republic of Viet Nam. Locat freeze, a factor which makes theni the greater part of its length is ed in humid semi-tropical regions a valuable transport asset. Because navigable, it is a major transport with heavy rainfall, it carries an the areas they drain are rich in artery. enormous flow, which, through the vegetation, these rivers carry little area's dense network of waterways, The Yellow River is the second sediment. facilitates transport. biggest. Originating in the north The biggest rivers in the Heng- ern foothills of the Bayan Kara The Haiho is the outlet for five tuan Mountains in southwest China Mountains in Chinghai province, it big waterways — the North Grand such as the Nukiang and the Lan- flows 4,800 kilometers through Canal, the Yungting River, the Ta- tsang rise in the Chinghai-Tibet Chinghai, Szechuan, Kansu, Ning- ching River, the Tzuya River and highlands and rush down between sia, Inner Mongolia, Shensi, Shan- the South Grand Canal. They con towering mountains and narrow si, Honan and Shantung to empty verge like the ribs of a fan near gorges. Because of this, though into the Pohai Sea. The Yellow Tientsin, and the 70-kilometer-iong they have an enormous flow and River valley, 740,000 square kilo stretch from there to the Pohai Sea are ice-free, they are not navigable. meters in area, is the birthplace of at Takukou is called the Haiho. JANUARY 1972 41 SKETCH MAP OF CHINA'S MAJOR RIVERS PEKING * ^mCHUAN RWtr .SEA Chtnghai Lake YELLOW SEA CHENGCKOW CHAMOO r-EAS7 CHINA SEA ^ CHUNGKtMG CHANGSHA fOOCHOW Drainage basins of Drainage batin of rivers flawing into rivers flowing into the Pacific Ocean the Arclic Ocean Drainage basins of Drainage basins of in KWANGCHOW ' V/ rivers flowing into . /Ay.r land rivers (he Indian Ocean ' y Krcadlli indicates the average annual runoff increasing or diminishing along the channels of the major rivers 50000 cu. Ill ./sec SOUTH CHINA SEA '' ''''' I • I The Haiho system drains an area from flood and waterlogging in bed above the surrounding land so of 265,000 square kilometers which their middle and lower reaches. that the water often flooded the includes the greater part of Hopei Since liberation in 1949 the people banks. ^ and Shansi provinces, a part of have built more than 1,000 large After liberation, with leadership Honan province and the Peking and and medium-size reservoirs and from the People's Government, a Tientsin areas. tens of thousands of small ones vast army of peasants numbering in upstream on the bigger rivers, ac The Huai River, 1,000 kilometers the hundreds of thousands raised complished extensive soil conserva long, originates in the Tungpai and strengthened 180 kilometers of tion work and built several hun Mountains in Honan province and dykes along this section. These dred thousand kilometers of dykes flows eastward through Honan, dykes have never once breached in in the middle and lower reaches, Anhwei and Kiangsu into the more than 20 years. Hungtse Lake and eventually into and constructed 100 drainage chan The flood diversion project was the Yangtze. The drainage basin nels in the low-lying plains and coastal areas. completed in a little more than a of the Huai, Yi, Shu and Szu rivers, year following Chairman Mao's call 260,000 square kilometers in all One of the major flood control and situated in the heart of China, projects on the Yangtze is the in 1952, "Strive for the successful completion of the Ching River flood is the home of 100 million people. Ching River Flood Diversion Area. diversion project in the interests of Within it lie 13 million hectares of After rolling through the gorges on the people!" When the Yangtze cultivated land and rich natural the border of Szechuan and Hupeh rises in flood, it diverts the water resources. provinces, the Yangtze enters the safely into the detention basin wide open plain. This middle sec through 54 sluice gates. Controlling the Rivers tion of the Yangtze is known as The reactionary ruling class in the Ching River and follows a nar The Yellow River used to be old China paid no attention to row winding course. Slowed down, called "China's sorrow". The loess water control, so that almost all the the current deposits its silt along highlands through which its middle main rivers perennially suffered this stretch, thus raising the river section flows have sparse vegeta- CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 42 tion, so that the soil is easily to waterlogging, develop irrigation washed away. The silt carried into and create fields which give high the Yellow River makes it the color and stable yields. While the flood -of mud. This silt is deposited in problem is basically under control, the riverbed as the current slows the battle to control silt is still go down while crossing the north ing on. China plain. Before the liberation The Haiho River system is like the river repeatedly burst its banks a palm-leaf fan. The five big and changed its course. The un rivers in the upper reaches and told misery which this brought for their numerous tributaries are all the people living in the river's'flood short and swift-flowing. During plain was augmented by harm heavy rains, their torrents pour caused by the ruling classes into the Haiho at high velocity. through the ages. The most shock Unable to take the increased flow, ing example of this took place in the river used to burst through to 1938 at Huayuankou near Kaifeng in Honan province. As the Japa the plain in great floods. nese army invaded the plain, In 1963 Chairman Mao issued the Chiang Kai-shek, head of the Kuo- call, "The Haiho River must be mintang reactionaries, instead of brought under permanent control." fighting the Japanese, chose to slow Since then the people have dug or their advance by bombing the widened over 20 large outlets for The Yangtze River is dykes and bringing disaster to 10 the river, totalling 2,000 kilometers navigable far upstream. million people in the area. in length. This increases the river's Very soon after the People's carrying-capacity eight fold. They also erected 14 dykes totalling Government was established in 1949, Chairman Mao issued the 1,400 kilometers, built or enlarged 1,400 reservoirs in the mountain directive that "work on the Yellow River must be done well". In the areas with a total capacity of 17,500 past 22 years the people have built million cubic meters. Constructing several big reservoirs on the upper these projects entailed moving 1,500 million cubic meters of earth. and middle reaches which serve power generation, irrigation, flood With the river basically under con trol, there have been constant good control and to retard silt. In the loess highlands extensive soil con harvests on the three million hec servation projects have been tares of farm land in its valley. undertaken to halt erosion. The The Huai River was also known 1,800-kilometer dyke on the lower for its floods. Chairman Mao's call reaches has been strengthened, and in 1951 that "the Huai River must many water control projects have be harnessed" opened a campaign The Yalutsangpo River in Tibet. been built such as the People's in which the people dug more than Victory Canal on the north bank 30 big reservoirs and 2,000 smaller near Chengchow in Honan prov ones and built many storage proj areas under irrigation. During the ince, which diverts some of the ects. The course of the river has cultural revolution the New Pien water for irrigation. To turn the been reconstructed and several new River and the Red Guard River silt to good use, efforts have been outlets to the sea were dug, includ were opened. Today excellent made to let it collect to build new ing the New Yi River, the New Shu harvests of grain and cotton are fields. Much has been done to im River and the North Kiangsu Irri the rule rather than the exception prove alkaline soil in areas subject gation Canal. These brought large in the Huai River valley. Gates of the Tungpinghu Yellow River flood diversion project in Shantung province. WM JANUARY 1972 ELEMENTARY CHINESE (Parts I and II) A New Textbook for Learning tbe Chinese Language with Explanations in English 66 lessons in two volumes Among the features of this new and Improved textbook in Chinese ore: * Reading and writing of the new-style, simplified characters * Phonetics and oral practice (lessons 1-12) * Fundamentals of grammar (from lesson 13 on, simple notes teach points introduced in each lesson) * Vocabulary list at end of Part II The two-volume set is intended to prepare the student to carry on everyday conversation and to read and write simple Chinese. 20.3 X 14 cm. Plastic-coated cover Published by: Commercial Press, Peking, China Distributed by: Guozi Shudian (China Publications Center), Peking, China Order from your local dealer or write direct to the Guozi Shudian, P.O. Box 399, Peking, China (Continued from p. 20) planting and growing season, our whole thing took 7,000 man-days. villagers carried 130,000 buckets of After going over a 120-meter-high for about six months. By 1964 we water over a total distance of mountain ridge, the clear water had dug 24 such cisterns of various 205,000 kilometers, which guaran finally flowed right to our Sand sizes. But a dry spell still left us teed the crops on 1,200 mu of land. stone Hollow. At last our water without water. That autumn our average yield was less history came to an end. 560 jin per mu, a good record de In 1965 Sandstone Hollow suf spite the drought. fered a severe drought. For 253 days there was no soaking rain. In the course of our battle, we We members of the Sandstone The earth cracked, nothing could found one water source on the Hollow brigade sum up our experi be planted. Our people declared, other side of North Peak. Again ence of the past twenty years like "We're the Foolish Old Men of to we dug, blunting and breaking this: "As the grindstone sharpens day. We'll make the heavens bow numerous drills and hammers on the knife, hardships and difficul before us. We'll beat the drought the stones. After 50 days we had ties have tempered us. The harder with our carrying poles!" And on a well 10 meters deep and 11 the stone, the harder we fight." these shoulder-poles we carried meters in diameter. At the same enough water to plant the crops. time we built a pumping station 15 mu = 1 hectare (6 mu — 1 acre) In an 83-day battle through the and laid 1,300 meters of pipes. The 1 jin = 0.5 kg. (or 1.1 lb.) CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 44 STAMPS OT Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy NEW CHINA Scenes from the modern revolutionary Peking Opera Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy are featured on a set of six colorful stamps issued by the Chineise Ministry of Communications on August 1, 1970. All are of 8 fen denomination. Stamp 1, green, blue, yellow and red. m. ev am 3-j Hero of the opera, Yang Tzu-jung, leader ij 32 •. f ni iv Q. of a scout platoon in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). Stamp 2, chestnut, green, blue and yellow, from Scene III: "Asking about Bitterness". Hunter Chang and his daugh ter Pao are ready to set off as guides for PLA scouts pursuing the bandit Howling Wolf. Stamp 3, light blue, brown, Indigo, ochre ^ a) /V n a is s. and red, from Scene V: "Up the Moun tain". Yang Tzu-jung spurs his horse through the snowy forest, where with cp B A R ffi R Bs dauntless courage he works his way into the enemy's mountain stronghold. Stamp 4, sepia, salmon, green, blue and red, from Scene VII: "Arousing the Masses". Railway worker Li Yung-chi re solves to go with the Communist Party-led PLA to the bandits' loir, Tiger Mountain, to destroy the enemy. Stamp 5, light blue, salmon, brown, in rp SI A R ffl H Bi digo, orange-brown and dull purple, from Scene Vlll: "Sending out Information". Yang Tzu-jung sings the aria in which he reveals he will send a secret report to his detachment on the bandits* activities. Stamp 6, ochre, yellow, red, green and black. At the end of the opera, PLA reg-- imental chief of staff Shao Chien-po In CHINESE STAMPS troduces Li Yung-chi to Yang Tzu-jung. The picture of the three with the hunter's daughter Chang Pao represents the uniting The China Stamps Export Company is now accepting of the forces that defeated the bandits. orders from abroad for Chinese stamps. The legend In small red choracters im mediately below the picture on the six Address: No. 28 Tunganmen Street, Peking, China stamps reads: "The modern revolutionary Peking Opera Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy." Stamps 1, 2, 3 and 6 measure Cable: CHiNASTAMPS PEKING 40X30 mm. Perf. 11. The rest measure 52X31 mm. Perf. 11%. Photogravured. Serial Nos. 1-6. JANUARY 1972 Notable Progress in China's Industry 1971 PRODUCTION MADE SIZABLE INCREASES OVER 1970* ''Based on Jan.-Aug. figures for both years. A big precision thread-grinder. Tj^IGURES for the first eight months of 1971 show China's total industrial output 18.7 percent high er than in the same period of 1970. Some of the production increases were: steel 19.6 percent, iron 22 percent, steel products 19.1 percent, coal 11.8 per cent and crude oil 27.2 percent. Production in ma chine-building and power and in light industry also surpassed that for the same period in 1970. Improve ii ment in quality was made in many products, while the amount of raw material, fuel and electricity used for them were cut down. Progress in capital con struction has been rapid. A series of new projects and additions to earlier ones have been completed and have gone into production. The volume of rail, road and water transport has also increased markedly in comparison to the same period in 1970. China's science and technology scored many new successes and filled in some gaps. New products, ma terials and equipment trial-produced and new tech niques and technological processes introduced in the first half of 1971 in Peking, Shanghai, Tientsin and Liaoning province ran into the tens of thousands. Machines such as a big precision thread-grinder and a big tunnelling machine suited to China's particular needs were trial-produced in Shanghai. In both factories and mines, workers and staff members are experimenting in a big way with multi- utilization of materials. One example comes from a CHINA RECONSTRUCTS plant under the Northeast General Medicine Com pany. In the past two years the workers there have found 300 materials that could be salvaged from for merly waste gases, water and other liquids. They have already utilized 100 of these, adding eleven new products to their list. The 4,000 tons of chemical materials reclaimed have been used to create 5,800,000 yuan of value for the state. Industry's aid to agriculture was strengthened throughout the country last year in accordance with Chairman Mao's principle for developing the national economy: "Take agriculture as the foundation and industry as the leading factor." Local industries serving agriculture have been developed in a planned way to speed up the mechanization of farming. Today HEi£jL£5jii^_ r'';p:fe[Sfectris&i;ag»?ttaw»^ most of the provinces, municipalities and autonomous r f^rcff-c.^^gB^eggriBegOTa regions have built plants to produce walking tractors, power machinery and farm implements and parts. A - pOLLOWING nine successive years of fine harvests, steel products 1971 saw another good harvest of summer crops and early rice. The early rice harvest was the biggest in history in all of the ten provinces, the Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region and the Shanghai area which comprise the country's chief rice-growing re gions. In many provinces the output of early rice rose by twenty percent over 1970. The harvest of autumn crops was also good. Last year people throughout the country con scientiously carried out the policy of "taking grain as the key link and ensuring an all-round development". While concentrating on grain production, they have also done much to develop a diversified economy. This resulted in good harvests of aU the industrial crops and all-round development in forestry, animal husbandry, fishing and sideline production. Output of rapeseed, tea, cocoons, sugar crops, tobacco and fruit surpassed that for 1970. The area planted to new forests in the first six months of 1971 was 35 percent more than that for the same period in 1970. According to incomplete statistics from major fishing areas, the catch for the first half of 1971 was more than 10 percent above that for the corresponding figure for 1970, A considerable growth in animal hus bandry is also reported. In the first half of 1971 the number of pigs in 13 provinces and the Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region and the Peking and Tien tsin municipalities was 15 percent greater than in the same period in the previous year. China's flourishing industry and agriculture re sults in a thriving market. Currency and prices are stable. The volume of purchases and sales for Jan uary-August 1971 was greater than for this period Crude oil in 1970. Not only did the budget remain balanced, but state income continued to exceed expenditure. JANUARY 1972 CHINESE PERIODICALS PEKING REVIEW a political-theoretical weekly propagating Marxism-Leninism- Mao Tsetung Thought, published in English, French, German, Japanese and Spanish, and airmailed all over the world. CHINA PICTORIAL a large monthly with attractive pictures and concise arti cles, published in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Urdu and Vietnamese. CHINA RECONSTRUCTS an illustrated monthly of general coverage publish ed in Arabic, English, French, Russian and Spanish. CHINESE LITERATURE a magazine on literature and art published monthly in English and quarterly in French. PEOPLE'S CHINA a comprehensive monthiy in Japanese. EL POPOLA CINIO a comprehensive monthly in Esperanto. Distributed by GUOZI SHUDIAN (China Publications Center), Peking Order from your local dealer or write direct to the GUOZI SHUDIAN, P.O. Box 399, Peking, China CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 48 .3) 'zt-y [ft r y I ^ >1 / y-i^Tj • -% ' ^•r€; VJ "•>. F}*^- * ' ^ W] V. -:y. '• >" '4'4r. V4 .V'. m^^:: '• f^-^.'T J" .-ii- •- SWf^-r ij tv 11^1