RIWAYAT BUNYI: Eksplorasi Alat Musik Dari Data Arkeologi

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RIWAYAT BUNYI: Eksplorasi Alat Musik Dari Data Arkeologi RIWAYAT BUNYI: Eksplorasi Alat Musik dari Data Arkeologi Oleh: TETABUHAN NUSARAYA "Menyuarakan Keragaman Kolektivitas" D.S. Nugrahani 46 Pendahuluan Katalog Pameran Nasional Salah satu pertanyaan yang mungkin muncul di kalangan masyarakat awam ketika melihat pameran Tetabuhan Nusaraya: Sounding the Diverse Alat Musik Tradisional Nusantara 2017 Collectivities ialah alat musik apakah yang paling tua atau yang pertama kali digunakan? Tidaklah mudah untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, karena perlu merunut keberadaan alat musik secara diakronis. Kajian tentang alat musik baik secara diakronis maupun tentunya secara sinkronis, telah menarik perhatian para arkeolog sejak awal abad ;;'LGDODPDUNHRORJLPHPDQJWHUGDSDWVSHVLÀNDVL bidang yang secara khusus memfokuskan pada kajian tentang musik, dikenal dengan sebutan arkeo– musikologi atau arkeologi musik. THE HISTORY OF SOUNDS: Exploring Musical Instruments from Archaeological Data of Nusantara’s Musical Intruments 2017 National Exhibition Catalog By: D.S. Nugrahani 47 "Sounding the Diverse Collectivities" TETABUHAN NUSARAYA Introduction For general society, seeing the collections of Tetabuhan Nusaraya: Sounding the Diverse Collectivities National Exhibition may bring out a common question: What is the oldest musical LQVWUXPHQWVRUWKHÀUVWHYHUXVHG"7KDWLVQRWDQ easy question to answer, as an investigation to reveal the instruments existence diachronically is needed. The diachronic and synchronic study of the musical instruments have attracted a lot of archaeologists’ attention since the beginning of 20thFHQWXU\,QDUFKDHRORJ\WKHUHLVDVSHFLÀFÀHOG which focuses on the music studies that is called Archaeomusicology or Musical Archaeology. Arkeomusikologi dan Riwayat Bunyi tua, sayangnya memang tidak dapat dipastikan dengan jelas kronologinya. Sachs, lebih lanjut Arkeomusikologi didefnisikan sebagai suatu menjelaskan bahwa memang tidak mudah untuk kajian yang multi disiplin, setidaknya melibatkan menjawab permasalahan terkait kronologi alat musik pendekatan-pendekatan disiplin bidang musikologi yang paling tua. Walaupun demikian, sebenarnya dan arkeologi. Secara garis besar dapat dijelaskan Sachs menduga bahwa cangkang kerang atau bahwa arkeomusikologi menggunakan kajian arte– cangkang buah yang keras seperti cangkang kenari fak berupa alat musik yang ditemukan dari sumber- yang dirangkai dengan tali adalah alat musik tertua, sumber arkeologi, untuk merekonstruksikan aktivitas yang dapat digolongkan sebagai strung rattle . bermusik di masa lalu. Lingkup kajian bidang ar– NHRPXVLNRORJL GLPXODL GDUL LGHQWLÀNDVL MHQLV DODW musik hingga dikembangkan kajiannya baik secara diakronis maupun sinkronis. Pendekatan musikologi, misalnya melalui kajian organologi, mempunyai peran yang pen– ting dalam menjelaskan bagaimana artefak alat musik menghasilkan bunyi dan bagaimana dimainkan. Sementara kajian kontektual yang lazim digunakan dalam interpretasi arkeologi mempunyai kepentingan memberikan gambaran tentang peran TETABUHAN NUSARAYA "Menyuarakan Keragaman Kolektivitas" alat musik dalam masyarakat. Kajian tersebut terasa lebih valid dengan dukungan data arkeologi berupa 48 inskripsi dan manuskrip. Kajian lain yang tidak kalah menariknya ialah arkeo-etnomusikologi. Kajian ter– VHEXW PHQHUDSNDQ SHQGHNDWDQ DQDORJL HWQRJUDÀ untuk memahami dan merekonstruksikan tradisi musik yang sudah punah melalui tinggalan artefak berupa alat musik. Publikasi Sachs yang berjudul The History of Musical Instument (1940) dan The Rise of Music in the Ancient World East and West (1943) yang Katalog Pameran Nasional membidani lahirnya arkeomusikologi memberikan gambaran tentang riwayat bunyi. Diasumsikan Data Arkeologi tentang Alat Musik Alat Musik Tradisional Nusantara 2017 bahwa musik berasal dari bunyi-bunyi berirama yang dihasilkan dari benturan benda, misalnya Sejauh ini, temuan arkeologis berupa artefak bunyi alat yang digunakan untuk membuat objek telah memberikan gambaran alat musik yang secara atau cangkang kerang yang saling berbenturan. NURQRORJLV EHUXVLD WXD 7HPXDQ ÁXWH \DQJ WHUEXDW Intinya, bunyi berirama yang dihasilkan dari bukan dari tulang femur beruang, yang ditemukan di gua alat musik. Pada masa yang lebih kemudian, bunyi hunian prasejarah Hohle Fels (Jerman) pada 2008, alu yang menimpa atau berbenturan dengan lesung hingga saat ini dapat dianggap sebagai alat musik dan menimbulkan suara teratur dapat berkembang tertua, berusia 40.000 tahun (Owen, 2009). Kemudian menjadi musik lesung. terdapat shankha, yaitu cangkang kerang dari spesies Termasuk bunyi berirama yang paling tua ialah Turbinella pyrum yang digunakan sebagai terompet, yang dihasilkan dari bagian tubuh manusia, misalnya populer di India setidaknya pada 1.000 BC. Di India, tepuk tangan dan siulan. Meskipun disebut paling selain dikenal sebagai atribut Dewa Wisnu, shankha dibunyikan dalam upacara ritual keagamaan dan Archaeomusicology and One of the oldest rhythmic sounds are Sounds History produced with the human’s body, for example hand clapping and whistling. Even though $UFKDHRPXVLFRORJ\LVGHÀQHGDV being mentioned the oldest, it does not brings a multidisciplinary study, leastwise it clear chronological explanation. Sachs further involves approaches from musicology explains that it is not easy to reveal the oldest and archaeology disciples. Generally, musical instrument chronology. However, Sachs archaeomusicology examines artifacts, presumes that shells or fruit shells like canary tied which is musical instruments found in altogether is the oldest musical instrument. Then, archaeology sources, to reconstruct it is categorized as strung rattle. musical activities in the past. The scope of archaeomusicology once has begun by identifying the types of musical of Nusantara’s Musical Intruments 2017 instruments until then developed diachronically and synchronically. National Exhibition Catalog Musicology approach, for an example organology, brings an important role in explaining how the musical instrument artifact produces sounds and how it is played. Whereas, contextual study is generally applied in archaeological interpreting to describe the role of the instruments in the society. The study 49 will be more valid if supported with archaeological data in forms of inscription and manuscript. Another interesting study "Sounding the Diverse Collectivities" TETABUHAN NUSARAYA is archaeo-etnomusicology. The study applies ethnography-analogy approach to understand and reconstruct extinct musical tradition through musical instrument artifacts. Sachs publication entitled The History of Musical Instrument (1940) and Archaeological Data of Musical The Rise of Music in the Ancient World Instruments East and West (1943), which assisted the birth of archaeomusicology, described the The all the time archaeological artifact story of sounds. He assumed that music ÀQGLQJVKDYHGHVFULEHGWKHROGHVWPXVLFDO came from the rhythmic sounds of struck instrument which is chronologically very old. The things, for the example was the sounds of ÀQGLQJRIÁXWHPDGHRIEHDU·VIHPXUIRXQGLQD an instrument that managed objects or prehistoric cave Hohle Fels (Germany) at 2008, is shells hit one to another. The point was presumed as the oldest musical instrument until that the sounds produced did not come present day, 40.000 years old (Owen, 2009). Then, from musical instruments. During the later there is also shankha, shells from the species period, the sounds of alu stroke lesung, Turbinella pyrum that was used as trumpet. This which produced rhythmic sounds, had instrument was popular in India during 1.000 B.C. developed into lesung music. terompet perang. Di Jawa pada masa ku na, shankha Utara, berumur pertengahan pertama abad masehi pun cukup populer, banyak digambarkan dalam re– (Kunst, 1968). Pada bronze kettle drum tersebut lief candi dan karya sastra. terdapat hiasan gores yang menggambarkan orang- orang memainkan mouth organ yang menggunakan labu untuk mengiringi tarian. Dari hiasan tersebut dapat diasumsikan bahwa sezaman dengan bronze kettle drum, telah pula dikenal mouth organ yang di lingkungan etnis Dayak dikenal dengan sebutan kledi. Artefak yang tidak kalah pentingnya ialah bronze kettle drum yang berasal dari budaya perunggu di Dongson, dengan penanggalan sekitar 600 BC-1 AD (Kunst, 1968). Di Indonesia, bronze kettle drum dikenal dengan sebutan nekara, dan ada pula yang secara khusus disebut Moko. Sejauh ini, bronze kettle drum diinterpretasikan sebagai alat musik yang dipukul untuk mengiringi berbagai upacara ritual, misalnya upacara ritual kematian, Relief candi merupakan data arkeologi yang TETABUHAN NUSARAYA "Menyuarakan Keragaman Kolektivitas" panen, dan upacara ritual memanggil hujan. kaya akan informasi tentang alat musik. Melalui relief, tidak hanya diketahui ragam alat musik secara 50 visual, tetapi juga bagaimana alat musik tersebut dimainkan, baik secara individu maupun dalam ansambel. Terkait dengan kajian alat musik melalui relief candi, Kunst dalam publikasinyayang berjudul Hindu-Javanese Musical instruments (1968) telah mendokumentsikan secara komprehensif. Kemudian, ada Ferdinandus yang mengungkapkan sejarah alat musik dan kedudukannya dalam ansambel pada masa Jawa Kuno melalui publikasinya yang Katalog Pameran Nasional berjudul Alat Musik Jawa Kuno (2001), Rappoport yang menulis tentang Ancient Musical Instruments Depicted in Padang Lawas, North Sumatera (2014), Alat Musik Tradisional Nusantara 2017 dan tentu masih banyak publikasi hasil riset tentang alat musik yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu persatu. Berbeda dengan relief, prasasti berbahasa dan berhuruf Jawa
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