DOCSLIB.ORG

The Persecution of Jews in the "Greater German Reich"

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Persecution of Jews in the Wolf Gruner, Joerg Osterloh, eds.. Das "Grossdeutsche Reich" und die Juden: Nationalsozialistische Verfolgung in den "angegliederten" Gebieten. Wissenschaftliche Reihe des Fritz Bauer Instituts. Frankfurt/New York: Campus, 2010. 330 pp. EUR 39.90, cloth, ISBN 978-3-593-39168-7. Reviewed by Catherine Epstein Published on H-German (March, 2011) Commissioned by Benita Blessing (Oregon State University) What happened to Jews in areas annexed to The volume examines each area in the order Nazi Germany between 1935 and 1941? In what in which it was annexed. Each essay then follows ways was their persecution similar or different the same three-part outline: a discussion of the from that of Jews in the old Reich? What do we situation of Jews before annexation, of Nazi poli‐ learn about the Nazi regime more generally by ex‐ cies during the initial period of annexation, and amining anti-Jewish policies in the annexed ar‐ then of antisemitic practices during the years of eas? This elegant volume explains how the unique occupation. As the contributions illustrate, each demographic, economic, and social situation in case had a unique aspect that shaped Nazi perse‐ each area annexed to the Third Reich played out cution practices and thus the Jewish experience in in antisemitic policies. For some areas, such as the given area and beyond. The peculiar situation Memel, Eupen-Malmedy, and Alsace, it offers the of each newly annexed area also gave the Nazi au‐ first overview of the persecution of Jews in a par‐ thorities in charge of the region considerable lati‐ ticular area. In other locations, such as Austria tude in initiating the persecution of Jews. and East Upper Silesia, the volume presents a stel‐ For the Saar region, Gerhard J. Teschner lar overview of areas of the Final Solution that shows how the League of Nations insisted that scholars have already well documented. But as Jews be given a one-year reprieve from anti‐ the editors' introduction underscores, the real semitic measures after annexation; that year (be‐ strength of the volume is that it examines the cas‐ ginning in March 1935) allowed many Jews to es together. This, in turn, reinforces insights into leave Nazi Germany with their property in tow. some of the fundamental dynamics of the Final Three years later, Austria provided the model for Solution, including the role of local initiative and the speedy dispossession and forced emigration of the transfer of Nazi persecution practices from Jews. As Albert Lichtblau expertly describes, the one area to another. "Vienna model" (p. 92) was possible not least be‐ H-Net Reviews cause of the widespread antisemitism among the and approximately 2,000 Jews in West Prussia. Austrian population. Jörg Osterloh shows how the Inge Loose explores the Wartheland, the area annexation of the Sudetenland was distinguished with the largest Jewish population--about 435,000 by the fact that Jews could (and did) fee to the re‐ individuals--of the annexed areas. He rightly situ‐ maining parts of the Czechoslovak Republic in the ates the story of the Final Solution there in the months following the German takeover. Popular brutal rule of Arthur Greiser, the Nazi Gauleiter antisemitic harassment, as well as the rapid who aimed to Germanize the area through a mas‐ Aryanization of Jewish property, convinced half sive demographic reordering. of the twenty-nine thousand Jews who lived in the In the Zichenau District, also annexed to Sudetenland to leave their homes within two Koch's East Prussia, roughly half of the eighty months of annexation. In the nearby Protectorate thousand Jews fed to Soviet-occupied Poland or of Bohemia and Moravia there was no similar an‐ the General Government in fall 1939; the remain‐ tisemitic consensus--until the onslaught of Jewish ing Jews were placed in ghettos. Andreas Schulz refugees from the Sudetenland prompted the embeds the Final Solution in Zichenau in the con‐ Prague government to order the expulsion of the text of attempted Germanization: once the Jews refugees (a despicable act that nonetheless saved were murdered at Auschwitz or Treblinka, Poles many Jews' lives). Here, as Wolf Gruner explains, were forced into ghetto buildings, and the better nationality politics, involving Czechs, Germans, Polish apartments were used by ethnic Germans. and Jews, complicated antisemitic measures after Likewise, Sybille Steinbacher shows how the Final annexation. The Germans, for example, used Solution in East Upper Silesia, the location of Aryanization to strengthen their economic pres‐ Auschwitz, was part of a broader Germanization ence in the protectorate; Emil Hácha, the collabo‐ story. In this region, the most important center for rationist Czech leader, protested against the "tool German military production after the Ruhr area, of Germanization under the guise of Aryaniza‐ the Nazis introduced the so-called Schmelt sys‐ tion" (p. 154). tem. It deployed Jews as slave laborers in the Ruth Leiserowitz describes the situation in weapons industry and in infrastructural projects Memel, where Jews enjoyed social mobility and a to Germanize the region. Unlike most other an‐ vibrant community life during the interwar years. nexed regions (but like the Warthegau), Jews "ca‐ In anticipation of German occupation, many Jews pable of work" were used for labor purposes until fled to neighboring Lithuania. Once Memel was well into 1943 and, in some cases, even 1944. In annexed in March 1939, Erich Koch, the Nazi the end, though, Schmelt's forced labor system Gauleiter of East Prussia, gave Jews fourteen days only prolonged Jews' agony; the vast majority of to leave the city--or face arrest. While Memel be‐ East Upper Silesian Jews also lost their lives in the came virtually Judenrein (free of Jews), its former Holocaust. Jewish residents who found refuge in Lithuania The fnal section of the volume addresses the were soon trapped. Unable to emigrate from Sovi‐ annexed areas in the western parts of the Reich. et-occupied Lithuania, many were among the ear‐ In a fne piece, Christoph Bruell shows how the liest victims of the Final Solution in summer 1941. absence of a native Jewish population in Eupen- In his piece on Danzig-West Prussia, Wolfgang Malmedy, in Belgium, shaped the local popula‐ Gippert focuses on the forced expulsion of Jews tion's reaction to Jewish refugees and to the intro‐ from Danzig in the late 1930s, when the Free City duction of Nazi antisemitic policies. Bruell specu‐ had a Nazi government, but was not yet part of lates that the absence of Jewish property available the German Reich. At the time of annexation, in for confiscation might explain the lack of anti‐ fall 1939, there were just 1,660 Jews in Danzig, 2 H-Net Reviews semitic zeal in the area. In Luxembourg, over Viennese staffs were eventually transferred to three thousand of the original four thousand Jews other newly annexed areas to deploy their perse‐ present in early 1940 left the country either as cution know-how. The volume also describes the part of a pre-invasion evacuation or through imitation of persecution practices: once Wagner forced expulsion shortly after annexation. As quickly expelled the Alsatian Jews, Bürckel fol‐ Marc Shoentgen suggests, once the area was a de lowed suit in Lorraine, and shortly thereafter in facto part of the Gau Koblenz-Trier, some Luxem‐ Saarpfalz. At the same time, there was a transfer burgers expressed their dissatisfaction with the of victim experience. Many Jews in annexed areas German regime by aiding the remaining Jews. Fi‐ had seen what had happened to their counter‐ nally, Jean-Marc Dreyfus describes the situation in parts in other regions annexed to the Reich. They Alsace-Lorraine. While Alsace went to Gauleiter thus knew to leave their native country as quickly Robert Wagner's Baden, Lorraine became part of as possible. Unfortunately, their fight often exac‐ Josef Buerkel's Saarpfalz. Wagner's treatment of erbated the precarious situation of their fellow Jews was also part of a larger Germanization Jews in the areas to which they fed--many of scheme: on July 14, 1940, Wager announced that which soon also came under Nazi occupation. all oppositional, "francophile" (p. 373), and Jewish Focusing on the annexed areas highlights individuals were to leave the region within twen‐ many other important aspects of the Final Solu‐ ty-four hours. Just a month later, he declared Al‐ tion. In the annexed areas, the dispossession and sace Judenrein. In August 1940, Bürckel similarly removal of Jews occurred much more rapidly expelled the few hundred Jews in Lorraine. In Oc‐ than in the old Reich. Tried and tested policies tober, these measures were imitated in the Ger‐ that took years to introduce in the old Reich were man parts of Baden and the Saarpfalz; for a time, put into place within weeks or months in the new‐ it seemed that Nazi authorities would solve their ly annexed areas. In most cases, this meant that "Jewish problem" through a westward deporta‐ the Jews in question fared worse: murder, rather tion of Jews. After the October deportations, how‐ than emigration, was more often their fate. The ever, the Vichy regime energetically refused to ac‐ fact that many of these areas were initially or cept any more Jews from the Reich; this fore‐ throughout ruled by a Chef der Zivilverwaltung closed the option of westward deportation. (head of civil administration, or CdZ)--directly The Alsace-Lorraine story is a good entry subordinate to Hitler or the military--meant that point into the many important connections that Reich ministries had little say; this allowed for ex‐ existed among the various annexed areas vis-à-vis traordinarily arbitrary rule in the annexed areas. the persecution of Jews.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: the Case of Industry
    The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: The Case of Industry Christoph Buchheim and Jonas Scherner, University of Mannheim, Germany Prof. Dr. Christoph Buchheim Dr. Jonas Scherner Chair of Economic History Seminar of Economic and Social History University of Mannheim University of Mannheim L 7,3-5 L7, 3-5 D-68131 Mannheim D-68131 Mannheim Germany Germany e-Mail: [email protected] e-Mail: [email protected] The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: The Case of Industry Abstract. Private property in the industry of the Third Reich is often considered a mere formal provision without much substance. However, that is not correct, because firms, despite the rationing and licensing activities of the state, still had ample scope to devise their own production and investment patterns. Even regarding war-related projects freedom of contract was generally respected and, instead of using power, the state offered firms a bundle of contract options to choose from. There were several motives behind this attitude of the regime, among them the conviction that private property provided important incentives for increasing efficiency. I. The Nazi regime did not have any scruples to apply force and terror, if that was judged useful to attain its aims. And in economic policy it did not abstain from numerous regulations and interventions in markets, in order to further rearmament and autarky as far as possible. Thus the regime, by promulgating Schacht’s so-called “New Plan” in 1934, very much strengthened its influence on foreign exchange as well as on raw materials’ allocation, in order to enforce state priorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Austria's Failed Denazification
    Student Publications Student Scholarship Spring 2020 The Silent Reich: Austria’s Failed Denazification Henry F. Goodson Gettysburg College Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship Part of the European History Commons, and the Holocaust and Genocide Studies Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Recommended Citation Goodson, Henry F., "The Silent Reich: Austria’s Failed Denazification" (2020). Student Publications. 839. https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/839 This open access student research paper is brought to you by The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The Cupola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Silent Reich: Austria’s Failed Denazification Abstract Between 1945 and 1956, the Second Austrian Republic failed to address the large number of former Austrian Nazis. Due to Cold War tensions, the United States, Britain, and France helped to downplay Austria’s cooperation with the Nazi Reich in order to secure the state against the Soviets. In an effort to stall the spread of socialism, former fascists were even recruited by Western intelligence services to help inform on the activities of socialists and communists within Austria. Furthermore, the Austrian people were a deeply conservative society, which often supported many of the far-right’s positions, as can be seen throughout contemporary Austrian newspaper articles and editorials. Antisemitism, belief in the superiority of Austro-Germanic culture, disdain for immigrants, and desire for national sovereignty were all widely present in Austrian society before, during, and after the Nazi period. These cultural beliefs, combined with neglect from the Western powers, integrated the far-right into the political decision-making process.
    [Show full text]
  • Mennonite Life
    MENNONITE LIFEJUNE 1991 In this Issue The Mennonite encounter with National Socialism in the 1930s and 1940s remains a troubling event in Mennonite history, even as the memory of World War II and the Holocaust continue to sear the conscience of Western civilization. How could such evil happen? How could people of good will be so compromised? Mennonites have been a people of two kingdoms. Their loyalty to Christ’s kingdom has priority, but they also believe and confess, in the words of the Dortrecht Confession (1632) that “ God has ordained power and authority, and set them to punish the evil, and protect the good, to govern the world, and maintain countries and cities with their subjects in good order and regulation.” The sorting out of heavenly and worldly allegiances has never been simple. Rulers in all times and places, from Phillip II in the Spanish Netherlands to George Bush in the Persian Gulf region, have claimed to fulfill a divine mandate. In his time Adolf Hitler offered protection from anarchy and from communism. There should be no surprise that some Mennonites, especially recent victims of Russian Communism, found the National Socialist program attractive. In this issue three young Mennonite scholars, all of whom researched their topics in work toward master’s degrees, examine the Mennonite response to National Socialism in three countries: Paraguay, Germany, and Canada. John D. Thiesen, archivist at Mennonite Library and Archives at Bethel College, recounts the story as it unfolded in Paraguay. This article is drawn from his thesis completed at Wichita State University in 1990.
    [Show full text]
  • From Charlemagne to Hitler: the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire and Its Symbolism
    From Charlemagne to Hitler: The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire and its Symbolism Dagmar Paulus (University College London) [email protected] 2 The fabled Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire is a striking visual image of political power whose symbolism influenced political discourse in the German-speaking lands over centuries. Together with other artefacts such as the Holy Lance or the Imperial Orb and Sword, the crown was part of the so-called Imperial Regalia, a collection of sacred objects that connotated royal authority and which were used at the coronations of kings and emperors during the Middle Ages and beyond. But even after the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the crown remained a powerful political symbol. In Germany, it was seen as the very embodiment of the Reichsidee, the concept or notion of the German Empire, which shaped the political landscape of Germany right up to National Socialism. In this paper, I will first present the crown itself as well as the political and religious connotations it carries. I will then move on to demonstrate how its symbolism was appropriated during the Second German Empire from 1871 onwards, and later by the Nazis in the so-called Third Reich, in order to legitimise political authority. I The crown, as part of the Regalia, had a symbolic and representational function that can be difficult for us to imagine today. On the one hand, it stood of course for royal authority. During coronations, the Regalia marked and established the transfer of authority from one ruler to his successor, ensuring continuity amidst the change that took place.
    [Show full text]
  • Poles Under German Occupation the Situation and Attitudes of Poles During the German Occupation
    Truth About Camps | W imię prawdy historycznej (en) https://en.truthaboutcamps.eu/thn/poles-under-german-occu/15596,Poles-under-German-Occupation.html 2021-09-25, 22:48 Poles under German Occupation The Situation and Attitudes of Poles during the German Occupation The Polish population found itself in a very difficult situation during the very first days of the war, both in the territories incorporated into the Third Reich and in The General Government. The policy of the German occupier was primarily aimed at the liquidation of the Polish intellectual elite and leadership, and at the subsequent enslavement, maximal exploitation, and Germanization of Polish society. Terror was conducted on a mass and general scale. Executions, resettlements, arrests, deportations to camps, and street round-ups were a constant element of the everyday life of Poles during the war. Initially the policy of the German occupier was primarily aimed at the liquidation of the Polish intellectual elite and leadership, and at the subsequent enslavement, maximal exploitation, and Germanization of Polish society. Terror was conducted on a mass and general scale. Food rationing was imposed in cities and towns, with food coupons covering about one-third of a person’s daily needs. Levies — obligatory, regular deliveries of selected produce — were introduced in the countryside. Farmers who failed to deliver their levy were subject to severe repressions, including the death penalty. Devaluation and difficulty with finding employment were the reason for most Poles’ poverty and for the everyday problems in obtaining basic products. The occupier also limited access to healthcare. The birthrate fell dramatically while the incidence of infectious diseases increased significantly.
    [Show full text]
  • The Buildup of the German War Economy: the Importance of the Nazi-Soviet Economic Agreements of 1939 and 1940 by Samantha Carl I
    The Buildup of the German War Economy: The Importance of the Nazi-Soviet Economic Agreements of 1939 and 1940 By Samantha Carl INTRODUCTION German-Soviet relations in the early half of the twentieth century have been marked by periods of rapprochement followed by increasing tensions. After World War I, where the nations fought on opposite sides, Germany and the Soviet Union focused on their respective domestic problems and tensions began to ease. During the 1920s, Germany and the Soviet Union moved toward normal relations with the signing of the Treaty of Rapallo in 1922.(1) Tensions were once again apparent after 1933, when Adolf Hitler gained power in Germany. Using propaganda and anti-Bolshevik rhetoric, Hitler depicted the Soviet Union as Germany's true enemy.(2) Despite the animosity between the two nations, the benefits of trade enabled them to maintain economic relations throughout the inter-war period. It was this very relationship that paved the way for the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939 and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. Nazi-Soviet relations on the eve of the war were vital to the war movement of each respective nation. In essence, the conclusion of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact on August 23, 1939 allowed Germany to augment its war effort while diminishing the Soviet fear of a German invasion.(3) The betterment of relations was a carefully planned program in which Hitler sought to achieve two important goals. First, he sought to prevent a two-front war from developing upon the invasion of Poland. Second, he sought to gain valuable raw materials that were necessary for the war movement.(4) The only way to meet these goals was to pursue the completion of two pacts with the Soviet Union: an economic agreement as well as a political one.
    [Show full text]
  • Susanne Heim
    Forschungsprogramm „Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus“ Research Program “History of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in the National Socialist Era” RESEARCH FOR AUTARKY THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENTISTS TO NAZI RULE IN GERMANY Susanne Heim Ergebnisse 4 IMPRESSUM Ergebnisse. Vorabdrucke aus dem Forschungsprogramm „Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus“ Herausgegeben von Carola Sachse im Auftrag der Präsidentenkommission der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Copyright © 2001 by Susanne Heim Redaktion: Christine Rüter Bezugsadresse: Forschungsprogramm „Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm- Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus“ Wilhelmstraße 44 D-10117 Berlin Tel.: 0049–(0)30–2 26 67–154 Fax: 0049–(0)30–2 26 67–333 Email: [email protected] Umschlaggestaltung: punkt 8, Berlin ([email protected]) CONTENT Abstract/Kurzfassung 4 Introduction 5 The paradigm of breeding 9 War as an opportunity 15 Conclusions 23 Sources 25 Literature 26 Index 29 Author 30 ABSTRACT/KURZFASSUNG The paper deals with the development of ideologically “innocuous” scientific disciplines like plant and animal breeding during the Nazi era, the shift in sci- entific objects, methods and questions, and the contribution of scientists to the Nazi rule. The German Ministry for Food and Agriculture generously sponsored the research of several Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes in order to reduce the import of food or raw material – and on the other hand developed a strategy of hunger as a German weapon against the Soviet Union. War created the material possibilities which allowed German scientists to secure an advantage in important fields. This included the preferential treatment of research which was considered relevant for warfare, as well as the control of strategically important scientific resources (genetic resources, wild plants) which became available only because of the German occupation of large parts of Eastern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor (Also Called the Nuremberg Laws) — September 15, 1935 5
    Lesson 10: Handout 1, Document 1 Laws Passed by Hitler and the Nazis Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor (also called the Nuremberg laws) — September 15, 1935 5 Firm in the knoWledge that the puritY of German blood is the basis for the surViVal of the German people and inspired bY the unshakeable determination to safeguard the future of the German nation, the Reichstag has unanimouslY resolVed upon the folloWing laW. Section 1 Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or some related blood are forbidden. Such marriages . are invalid, even if they take place abroad in order to avoid the law. Section 2 Sexual relations outside marriage between Jews and citizens of German or related blood are forbidden. Section 3 Jews will not be permitted to employ female citizens of German or related blood who are under 45 years as housekeepers. Section 4 1. Jews are forbidden to raise the national flag or display the national colors. 2. However, they are allowed to display the Jewish colors. The exercise of this right is protected by the State. Section 5 Anyone who disregards Section 1 . Section 2 . Sections 3 or 4 will be pun - ished with imprisonment up to one year or with a fine, or with one of these penalties. Purpose: To deepen understanding of the power of conformity and discrimination in Nazi Germany and in society today. • 150 Lesson 10: Handout 1, Document 2 Laws Passed by Hitler and the Nazis The Reich Citizenship Law (also called the Nuremberg laws) — September 15, 1935 Article 1 6 Section 2 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Domesticating the German East: Nazi Propaganda and Women's Roles in the “Germanization” of the Warthegau During World Wa
    DOMESTICATING THE GERMAN EAST: NAZI PROPAGANDA AND WOMEN’S ROLES IN THE “GERMANIZATION” OF THE WARTHEGAU DURING WORLD WAR II Madeline James A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the History Department in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2020 Approved by: Konrad Jarausch Karen Auerbach Karen Hagemann © 2020 Madeline James ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Madeline James: Domesticating the German East: Nazi Propaganda And Women’s Roles in the “Germanization” of the Warthegau during World War II (Under the direction of Konrad Jarausch and Karen Auerbach) This thesis utilizes Nazi women’s propaganda to explore the relationship between Nazi gender and racial ideology, particularly in relation to the Nazi Germanization program in the Warthegau during World War II. At the heart of this study is an examination of a paradox inherent in Nazi gender ideology, which simultaneously limited and expanded “Aryan” German women’s roles in the greater German community. Far from being “returned to the home” by the Nazis in 1933, German women experienced an expanded sphere of influence both within and beyond the borders of the Reich due to their social and cultural roles as “mothers of the nation.” As “bearers of German culture,” German women came to occupy a significant role in Nazi plans to create a new “German homeland” in Eastern Europe. This female role of “domesticating” the East, opposite the perceived “male” tasks of occupation, expulsion, and resettlement, entailed cultivating and reinforcing Germanness in the Volksdeutsche (ethnic German) communities, molding them into “future masters of the German East.” This thesis therefore also examines the ways in which Reich German women utilized the notion of a distinctly female cultural sphere to stake a claim in the Germanizing mission.
    [Show full text]
  • Zeszyty Naukowe Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego
    OSTROŁĘCKIE TOWARZYSTWO NAUKOWE im. Adama Chętnika ZESZYTY NAUKOWE OSTROŁĘCKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA NAUKOWEGO XXXIII Redaktor naczelny Janusz Gołota OSTROŁĘKA 2019 Naukowa Rada Redakcyjna Walentyna Benera – Ukraina, Maria Bodnar – Ukraina, Janka Bursová – Słowacja, Juan Antonio Ruiz Dominguez – Hiszpania, Gerhard Doliesen – Niemcy, Radosław Gross, Wojciech Guzewicz, Norbert Kasparek, Rumiana Komsalova – Bułgaria, Małgorzata Lubecka, Afanasij Łomakowycz – Ukraina, Vladimirs Meņšikovs – Łotwa, Jarosław Mioduszewski, Jan Mironczuk – z-ca redaktora naczelnego ZN OTN, Alvydas Nikžentaitis – Litwa, Alina Ohotina – Łotwa, Siergiej Piwowarczyk – Białoruś, Jarosław Rubacha, Andrzej Staniszewski, Henryk Stroński – Ukraina, Ihar Szauczuk – Białoruś Sekretarz naukowy Redakcji: Mirosław Rosak Recenzenci: Orest Krasiwski (Narodowa Akademia Państwowego Zarządzania przy Prezydencie Ukrainy w Kijowie) Ludmila Aleksejeva (Uniwersytet w Daugavpils – Łotwa) Andrzej Szmyt (Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie) Tadeusz Zych (Uniwersytet Rzeszowski) Piotr Daszkiewicz (Muzeum Historii Naturalnej w Paryżu – Francja) Adam Dobroński, prof. UWB (Uniwersytet w Białymstoku) Zbigniew Chojnowski (Uniwersytet Warmińsko Mazurski w Olsztynie) Redaktorzy językowi: Elayne Fracaro-Gallion, Małgorzata Lubecka, Swietlana Morozowa Redaktor statystyczny: Katarzyna Rymuza Redaktorzy tematyczni: Jerzy Kijowski, Dorota Czyż, Kazimierz Parszewski Opracowanie redakcyjne: Anastazja Dzwonnik-Załęska Wydawca: Ostrołęckie Towarzystwo Naukowe im. Adama Chętnika 07-410 Ostrołęka, ul. Traugutta
    [Show full text]
  • The Long-Standing Demographic East-West-Divide in Germany
    Max-Planck-Institut für demografi sche Forschung Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Konrad-Zuse-Strasse 1 · D-18057 Rostock · GERMANY Tel +49 (0) 3 81 20 81 - 0; Fax +49 (0) 3 81 20 81 - 202; http://www.demogr.mpg.de MPIDR WORKING PAPER WP 2012-007 FEBRUARY 2012 (REVISED DECEMBER 2012) The Long-Standing Demographic East-West-Divide in Germany Sebastian Klüsener ([email protected]) Joshua R. Goldstein ([email protected]) © Copyright is held by the authors. Working papers of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed in working papers are attributable to the authors and do not necessarily refl ect those of the Institute. The Long-Standing Demographic East-West-Divide in Germany Sebastian Klüsener and Joshua R. Goldstein Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 1 Abstract Over the last 20 years, a large number of studies have looked at the demographic differences between the previously divided eastern and western parts of Germany. The two regions have converged with respect to mortality and overall fertility levels. But in family formation behaviour differences remain. Non-marital births are the norm in eastern Germany, while they are still the exception in western Germany. Various explanations for these differences have been offered, with the most persuasive linking policy and socio-economic conditions in eastern and western Germany after 1945 with the persistence of local patterns. Here we show that the non-marital fertility divide pre- dates the 1945-division of Germany. Indeed, already in the late 19th century, the areas of eastern Germany that made up the German Democratic Republic had, on average, roughly twice the non-marital fertility level of western Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • German Agricultural Occupation of France and Ukraine, 1940-1944 Margot Lyautey, Marc Elie
    German Agricultural Occupation of France and Ukraine, 1940-1944 Margot Lyautey, Marc Elie To cite this version: Margot Lyautey, Marc Elie. German Agricultural Occupation of France and Ukraine, 1940-1944. Comparativ. Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, Leipziger Uni- versitätsverlag, 2019, 29, pp.86 - 117. 10.26014/j.comp.2019.03.05. hal-02562731 HAL Id: hal-02562731 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02562731 Submitted on 18 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. German Agricultural Occupation of France and Ukraine, 1940–1944 Margot Lyautey / Marc Elie ABSTRACTS Dieser Aufsatz vergleicht und vernetzt die nationalsozialistische landwirtschaftliche Ausbeu- tung von Frankreich und der Ukraine. Sie trägt zu unserem Verständnis der Prinzipien, Funkti- onsweise und Auswirkungen der Ernährungs- und Agrarpolitik im NS-Reich sowohl im Westen als auch im Osten bei. Wir befassen uns zunächst mit der allgemeinen Ernährungs- und Be- schafungspolitik des Dritten Reiches und wie sie sich auf die Völker
    [Show full text]