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Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Poultry Parasites
FAO Animal Health Manual No. 4 EPIDEMIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL OF POULTRY PARASITES Anders Permin Section for Parasitology Institute of Veterinary Microbiology The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Copenhagen, Denmark Jorgen W. Hansen FAO Animal Production and Health Division FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1998 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-27 ISBN 92-5-104215-2 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. C) FAO 1998 PREFACE Poultry products are one of the most important protein sources for man throughout the world and the poultry industry, particularly the commercial production systems have experienced a continuing growth during the last 20-30 years. The traditional extensive rural scavenging systems have not, however seen the same growth and are faced with serious management, nutritional and disease constraints. These include a number of parasites which are widely distributed in developing countries and contributing significantly to the low productivity of backyard flocks. -
List of the Pathogens Intended to Be Controlled Under Section 18 B.E
(Unofficial Translation) NOTIFICATION OF THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH RE: LIST OF THE PATHOGENS INTENDED TO BE CONTROLLED UNDER SECTION 18 B.E. 2561 (2018) By virtue of the provision pursuant to Section 5 paragraph one, Section 6 (1) and Section 18 of Pathogens and Animal Toxins Act, B.E. 2558 (2015), the Minister of Public Health, with the advice of the Pathogens and Animal Toxins Committee, has therefore issued this notification as follows: Clause 1 This notification is called “Notification of the Ministry of Public Health Re: list of the pathogens intended to be controlled under Section 18, B.E. 2561 (2018).” Clause 2 This Notification shall come into force as from the following date of its publication in the Government Gazette. Clause 3 The Notification of Ministry of Public Health Re: list of the pathogens intended to be controlled under Section 18, B.E. 2560 (2017) shall be cancelled. Clause 4 Define the pathogens codes and such codes shall have the following sequences: (1) English alphabets that used for indicating the type of pathogens are as follows: B stands for Bacteria F stands for fungus V stands for Virus P stands for Parasites T stands for Biological substances that are not Prion R stands for Prion (2) Pathogen risk group (3) Number indicating the sequence of each type of pathogens Clause 5 Pathogens intended to be controlled under Section 18, shall proceed as follows: (1) In the case of being the pathogens that are utilized and subjected to other law, such law shall be complied. (2) Apart from (1), the law on pathogens and animal toxin shall be complied. -
University of Exeter an Epidemiological Study Of
University of Exeter An epidemiological study of haemosporidian infections in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) and great tits (Parus major) along an elevation gradient Impact of avian haemosporidian disease in a changing world Volume 1 Submitted by Jessica Lewis to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Masters by Research in Biological Sciences in November 2016. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Contents Glossary of Terms……………………………………………………………………….6-7 Preface Instruction…………………………………………………………………………8 Chapter 1 “Impact of avian haemosporidian disease in a changing world”……………….……………..9 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….…... 9 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………....10 Diversity of avian haemosporidian parasites………………………………………….... 12 Current knowledge of distribution patterns……………………………………………... 14 Life cycle of avian haemosporidian parasites…………………………………..………. 19 Parasite-vector associations…………………………………………………………….. 21 Stages of Infection……………………………………………………………………..…. 23 Fitness costs associated with avian haemosporidian infection……………………… 25 Environmental and climate change effects…………………………………………….. 34 Assessing climate change impacts on avian haemosporidian -
An Investigation of Leucocytozoon in the Endangered Yellow-Eyed Penguin (Megadyptes Antipodes)
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. An investigation of Leucocytozoon in the endangered yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science at Massey University, Turitea, Palmerston North, New Zealand Andrew Gordon Hill 2008 Abstract Yellow-eyed penguins have suffered major population declines and periodic mass mortality without an established cause. On Stewart Island a high incidence of regional chick mortality was associated with infection by a novel Leucocytozoon sp. The prevalence, structure and molecular characteristics of this leucocytozoon sp. were examined in the 2006-07 breeding season. In 2006-07, 100% of chicks (n=32) on the Anglem coast of Stewart Island died prior to fledging. Neonates showed poor growth and died acutely at approximately 10 days old. Clinical signs in older chicks up to 108 days included anaemia, loss of body condition, subcutaneous ecchymotic haemorrhages and sudden death. Infected adults on Stewart Island showed no clinical signs and were in good body condition, suggesting adequate food availability and a potential reservoir source of ongoing infections. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) survey of blood samples from the South Island, Stewart and Codfish Island found Leucocytozoon infection exclusively on Stewart Island. The prevalence of Leucocytozoon infection in yellow-eyed penguin populations from each island ranged from 0-2.8% (South Island), to 0-21.25% (Codfish Island) and 51.6-97.9% (Stewart Island). -
Molecular Characterization of Plasmodium Juxtanucleare in Thai Native Fowls Based on Partial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I Gene
pISSN 2466-1384 eISSN 2466-1392 Korean J Vet Res (2019) 59(2):69~74 https://doi.org/10.14405/kjvr.2019.59.2.69 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Molecular characterization of Plasmodium juxtanucleare in Thai native fowls based on partial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene Tawatchai Pohuang1,2, Sucheeva Junnu1,2,* 1Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand 2Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand Abstract: Avian malaria is one of the most important general blood parasites of poultry in Southeast Asia. Plasmodium (P.) juxtanucleare causes avian malaria in wild and domestic fowl. This study aimed to identify and characterize the Plasmodium species infecting in Thai native fowl. Blood samples were collected for microscopic examination, followed by detection of the Plasmodium cox I gene by using PCR. Five of the 10 sampled fowl had the desired 588 base pair amplicons. Sequence analysis of the five amplicons indicated that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences were homologous to each other and were closely related (100% identity) to a P. juxtanucleare strain isolated in Japan (AB250415). Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree of the cox I gene showed that the P. juxtanucleare in this study were grouped together and clustered with the Japan strain. The presence of P. juxtanucleare described in this study is the first report of P. juxtanucleare in the Thai native fowl of Thailand. Keywords: fowl, cytochrome C oxidase subunit I, Plasmodium juxtanucleare Introduction *Corresponding author Avian malaria, caused by Plasmodium spp., is an important blood parasite Sucheeva Junnu disease of poultry because it results in poor meat quality and egg production Department of Veterinary Medicine, [1]. -
The Phylogenetics of Leucocytozoon Caulleryi Infecting Broiler Chickens in Endemic Areas in Indonesia
Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 RESEARCH ARTICLE Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.10/November-2017/7.pdf Open Access The phylogenetics of Leucocytozoon caulleryi infecting broiler chickens in endemic areas in Indonesia Endang Suprihati1 and Wiwik Misaco Yuniarti2 1. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia; 2. Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia. Corresponding author: Wiwik Misaco Yuniarti, e-mail: [email protected] Co‑author: ES: [email protected] Received: 13-06-2017, Accepted: 13-10-2017, Published online: 11-11-2017 doi: 10.14202/vetworld. 2017.1324-1328 How to cite this article: Suprihati E, Yuniarti WM (2017) The phylogenetics of Leucocytozoon caulleryi infecting broiler chickens in endemic areas in Indonesia, Veterinary World, 10(11): 1324-1328. Abstract Aim: The objective of this research was to determine the species and strains of Leucocytozoon caulleryi and study the phylogenetics of L. caulleryi of broiler chickens in endemic areas in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from broiler chickens originated from endemic area in Indonesia, i.e., Pasuruan, Lamongan, Blitar, Lumajang, Boyolali, Purwokerto, and Banjarmasin in 2017. Collected blood was used for microscopic examination, sequencing using BLAST method to identify the nucleotide structure of cytochrome b (cyt b) gene that determines the species, and the phylogenetics analysis of L. caulleryi that infected broiler chickens in endemic areas in Indonesia, using Mega 5 software. Results: The results showed that Plasmodium sp. and L. caulleryi were infected broiler chickens in endemic areas in Indonesia. -
Histopathology of Protozoal Infection in Animals
Veterinaria Italiana, 2012, 48 (1), 99‐107 Histopathology of protozoal infection in animals: a retrospective study at the University of Philippines College of Veterinary Medicine (1972‐2010) Abigail M. Baticados & Waren N. Baticados Summary Istopatologia da infezione The authors describe the first parasitological survey of protozoal infections on tissue slide protozoaria negli animali: uno sections of field cases processed at the studio retrospettivo (1972‐2010) histopathology laboratory of the College of presso l’Università delle Veterinary Medicine (CVM) at the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB). Over 80% Filippine nel College di of the field cases were from Region 4 Medicina Veterinaria (CALABARZON) and the rest were equally distributed from other areas of the Philippines, Riassunto namely: Region 2 (Cagayan Valley), Gli autori descrivono la prima indagine Metropolitan Manila (National Capital Region), parassitologica delle infezioni protozoarie su vetrino Region III (Central Luzon) and Region VI attraverso sezioni di tessuto, di casi trattati in (Western Visayas). Histopathological analyses campo, presso il laboratorio di istopatologia del of tissue sections from 51 archived cases (1972‐ Collegio di Medicina Veterinaria (CVM) attivo 2010) of parasitic aetiology were performed. nell’ Università delle Filippine a Los Baños (UPLB). Microscopic examination of a total of Oltre lʹ80% dei casi provenivano dalla Regione 4 286 histopathological slides revealed the (CALABARZON) e il resto dei casi proveniva presence of several protozoa, including equamente da altre zone delle Filippine, e precisa‐ sarcosporidiosis, hepatic coccidiosis, intestinal mente: dalla Regione 2 (Cagayan Valle), coccidiosis, balantidiosis and leucocyto‐ Metropolitan Manila (National Capital Region), zoonosis. In addition, the finding of Balantidium dalla Regione III (Central Luzon) e dalla Regione and Sarcocystis may have zoonotic implications VI (Western Visayas). -
Prevalence and Pathology of Haemoprotozoan Infection in Chickens A.R
J. Bangladesh Agri!. Univ. 6(1): 79-85, 2008 ISSN 1810-3030 Prevalence and pathology of haemoprotozoan infection in chickens A.R. Dey, N. Begum, Anisuzzaman and D. Chakraborty Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh Abstract samples Preva!ence and pathology of haemoprotozoan parasites in chickens were studied by collecting from randomly selected seventy five chickens from different areas of Mymensingh district, during July to December, 2007. In this study, 38 (50.66%) chickens were infected with haemoprotozoa of which 33.33% with Plasmodium sp., 12% with Leucocytozoon caulleryi and 5.33% with Leucocytozoan sabrazesi. The prevalence of haemoprotozoa was relatively higher in female birds (52%) than in male (48%), which was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The calculated odds ratio showed that females were only 1.17 times more susceptible to haemoprotozoan infection than male. However, age of the chickens influenced significantly (P<0.05) the prevalence of haemoprotozoa. Prevalence of haemoprotozoa was relatively higher in adult (>1 year) chickens (59.52%) than the young (<1year) chickens 39.39%. Adults birds were 2.26 times more susceptible to haemoprotozoan infection than young birds. Grossly the affected organs were apparently normal. However, in case of Leucocytozoon sp. Infection, infiltration of reactive cells and edematous fluid were found in interstitial space along with haemorrhages were detected in the alveoli of lung. Few muscle fibers showed large body similar to the schizont of Leucocytozoan sp. Comma shaped gamate of haemoprotozoa were seen in between the cord of hepatocytes in liver. Keywords: Plasmodium sp, Leucocytozoon caulleryi, Leucocytozoon sabrazesi, Pathology, Chickens Introduction Haemoprotozoa, protozoan parasites dwelling in the blood, are one of the important emerging threat in chickens. -
Next Generation Sequencing from Hepatozoon Canis (Apicomplexa
International Journal for Parasitology 49 (2019) 375–387 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal for Parasitology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpara Next generation sequencing from Hepatozoon canis (Apicomplexa: Coccidia: Adeleorina): Complete apicoplast genome and multiple mitochondrion-associated sequences q ⇑ Alexandre N. Léveillé a, Gad Baneth b, John R. Barta a, a Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada b Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel article info abstract Article history: Extrachromosomal genomes of the adeleorinid parasite Hepatozoon canis infecting an Israeli dog were Received 13 July 2018 investigated using next-generation and standard sequencing technologies. A complete apicoplast genome Received in revised form 29 November 2018 and several mitochondrion-associated sequences were generated. The apicoplast genome (31,869 bp) Accepted 1 December 2018 possessed two copies of both large subunit (23S) and small subunit (16S) ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) Available online 19 February 2019 within an inverted repeat region, as well as 22 protein-coding sequences, 25 transfer RNA genes (tDNA) and seven open reading frames of unknown function. Although circular-mapping, the apicoplast Keywords: genome was physically linear according to next-generation data. Unlike other apicoplast genomes, genes Hepatozoon canis encoding ribosomal protein S19 and tDNAs -
Evolution and Systematics of Plastids of Rhodophytic Branch V.A
Evolution and Systematics of Plastids of Rhodophytic Branch V.A. Lyubetsky, R.A. Gershgorin, L.I. Rubanov, A.V. Seliverstov, and O.A. Zverkov Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute), Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, build.1, Moscow 127051 Russia, [email protected] The genomes of plastids, semiautonomous organelles originating from cyanobacteria, have been studied in algae of the phylum Rhodophyta as well as in the species with plastids of secondary or tertiary origin from those of Rhodophyta. These include species of the superphyla Alveolata and Heterokonta (classes Bacillariophyceae, Bolidophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Dictyochophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Xanthophyceae, and Raphidophyceae) as well as phyla Cryptophyta and Haptophyta. Their growth temperature ranges from -1.8°C in Phaeocystis antarctica (Smith et al. 1999) to 56°C in algae of the class Cyanidiophyceae living in hot springs. The unicellular alga Triparma laevis related to diatoms lives at 0°–10°C and cannot be found at temperatures above 15°C (Ichinomiya, Kuwata 2015). According to Claquin et al. (2008), the optimal growth temperatures for Lepidodinium chlorophorum is about 22°C; Emiliania huxleyi, 23°C; Thalassiosira pseudonana, 25°C; and Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta, 21°C. Global warming can substantially change the range of all algae. Similar changes have been observed in the past (Li et al. 2016). Intergenic lengths of three types were calculated in algal plastids: between convergent genes, between divergent genes, and between tandem genes. If neighboring genes overlap, the distance between them is set equal to zero. It is not unusual for convergent and tandem genes to overlap. -
Plastid Genome Evolution ADVANCES in BOTANICAL RESEARCH
VOLUME EIGHTY FIVE ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH Plastid Genome Evolution ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH Series Editors Jean-Pierre Jacquot Professor, Membre de L’Institut Universitaire de France, Unite´ Mixte de Recherche INRA, UHP 1136 “Interaction Arbres Microorganismes”, Universite de Lorraine, Faculte des Sciences, Vandoeuvre, France Pierre Gadal Honorary Professor, Universite Paris-Sud XI, Institut Biologie des Plantes, Orsay, France VOLUME EIGHTY FIVE ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH Plastid Genome Evolution Volume Editors SHU-MIAW CHAW Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica; Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan ROBERT K. JANSEN Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Genomics and Biotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London, EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States First edition 2018 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). -
Apicomplexan-Like Parasites Are Polyphyletic and Widely but Selectively Dependent on Cryptic Plastid Organelles
RESEARCH ARTICLE Apicomplexan-like parasites are polyphyletic and widely but selectively dependent on cryptic plastid organelles Jan Janousˇkovec1*, Gita G Paskerova2, Tatiana S Miroliubova2,3, Kirill V Mikhailov4,5, Thomas Birley1, Vladimir V Aleoshin4,5, Timur G Simdyanov6 1Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom; 2Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; 3Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; 4Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation; 5Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; 6Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation Abstract The phylum Apicomplexa comprises human pathogens such as Plasmodium but is also an under-explored hotspot of evolutionary diversity central to understanding the origins of parasitism and non-photosynthetic plastids. We generated single-cell transcriptomes for all major apicomplexan groups lacking large-scale sequence data. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that apicomplexan-like parasites are polyphyletic and their similar morphologies emerged convergently at least three times. Gregarines and eugregarines are monophyletic, against most expectations, and rhytidocystids and Eleutheroschizon are sister lineages to medically