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Haemoparasites of Domestic Poultry and Wild Birds in Selangor, Malaysia

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Haemoparasites of Domestic Poultry and Wild Birds in Selangor, Malaysia VOLUME 5 NO. 1 JANUARY 2014 • pages 43-51 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH HAEMOPARASITES OF DOMESTIC POULTRY AND WILD BIRDS IN SELANGOR, MALAYSIA FUFA I GIMBA, AIDA ZAKARIA, LAURA B MUGOK, HONG C SIONG, NURFADNIDA JAAFAR, MAIZATUL A MOKTAR, ABDUL RASHID A RAHMAN, AMLIZAWATY AMZAH, JALILA ABU, REHANA A SANI, SHAIK M AMIN-BABJEE AND REUBEN SK SHARMA* Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Avian haemoparasites are average prevalence of 0.8%. Trypanosomes known to exert negative pressures on their and microfi laria were only present in the hosts causing considerable pathology and village chickens and Red Jungle fowls, mortalities. The present study reports with high microfi laraemia rates (19.0%) on the prevalence of haemoprotozoa in the latter. The current compilation will and microfilaria in various species of contribute to our understanding on avian wild birds and domestic poultry in haemoparasite transmission in the country. Selangor, Malaysia, and contributes to Keywords: haemoparasites, the database on the occurrence of these Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, pathogens among avifauna in the country. Leucocytozoon, Trypanosoma, Giemsa-stained thin blood smears were microfi laria, wild birds, poultry, Malaysia. screened from 728 birds representing five avian orders, namely Galliformes, INTRODUCTION Anseriformes, Phoenicopteriformes, Pelecaniformes and Gruiformes. The most Avian haemoparasites are known to common haemoparasite was Plasmodium, be pathogenic to their hosts causing with a prevalence of 8.0%. The aquatic/ high mortalities, reproductive failure, wetland species of birds (Anseriformes retardation of growth, reduced productivity, and Gruiformes) were the most common and may exert negative effects on behavior hosts for this pathogen with high infection and community structure (van Riper III et rates (31.8% – 50.0%). The prevalence al., 1986; Atkinson et al., 1988; Sørci and of Plasmodium in domestic poultry Møller, 1997; Merilae et al., 1999; Merino was moderate (2.7%). Leucocytozoon et al., 2000; Cardona et al., 2002; Sol et sabrazesi and L. caulleryi were confi ned al., 2003; Marzal et al., 2005; Dunn et al., to the Galliformes with relatively low 2011). These pathogens are widespread average infection rates of 0.7% and 0.5%, and commonly include species from respectively. Haemoproteus was detected the genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, for the fi rst time in domestic poultry and Leucocytozoon, Fallisia and Trypanosoma. Red Jungle fowls in the country, with an (Valkiūnas, 2005; Braga et al., 2011). 43 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH VOLUME 5 NO. 1 JANUARY 2014 Infections with the avian malaria parasite few species are known to be pathogenic (Plasmodium) have been reported in birds to their hosts. The most susceptible from all avian orders with the exception groups of avian hosts include poultry, of the Struthioniformes (ostriches), waterfowl, pigeons, raptors and ostriches the Coliiformes (mousebirds), and the (Bennett et al., 1993; Valkiūnas, 2005). Trogoniformes (trogons and quetzals), but These haemoprotozoa are transmitted it is estimated that only half of all avian by blackfl ies (Simuliidae) (Atkinson and species have been examined for these Van-Riper, 1991; Valkiūnas, 2005), while parasites (Valkiūnas, 2005). The greatest L. caulleryi (a chicken-specifi c parasite) diversity of Plasmodium has been recorded is known to be been transmitted by biting form the Galliformes, Columbiformes, and midges belonging to the genus Culicoides Passeriformes (Valkiūnas, 2005; Martinsen (Morii, 1992; Valkiūnas, 2005). To date et al., 2008). In Malaysia, Plasmodium only two species of Leucocytozoon (L. has been detected previously in wild Red sabrazesi and L. caulleryi) have been Jungle fowls (Gallus gallus spadiceus) and detected in domestic poultry (Kuppusamy, domestic poultry based on morphological 1936; Griffi ths, 1964; Omar, 1968; Colley identifi cation of the organisms in stained et al., 1971) and Red Jungle fowls (Gallus blood fi lms (Omar et al., 1962; Moorhouse gallus spadiceus) (Chin et al., 1974; Amin- and Wharton, 1962; Bennett and Cheong, Babjee et al., 1985) in Malaysia. 1965; Bennett and Warren 1966a; 1966b; The present study provides data Bennett et al., 1966; Omar, 1968; Fernando on the prevalence of haemoprotozoa and and Dissanaike, 1975; Amin-Babjee et al., microfilaria in various species of wild 1985; Sani et al., 1986; Lee et al., 1991; birds and domestic poultry in Selangor, Amin-Babjee and Lee, 1994). Malaysia, with an emphasis on commercial The genus Haemoproteus is equally broilers and layers, village chickens, and widely distributed and has been reported Red Jungle fowls. It is envisaged that the in birds in all continents except Antarctica data will assist in identifying the host range where there is no vector for the transmission and contribute to a long term database on of the parasite (Garnham, 1966; Bishop the occurrence of these pathogens among and Bennett, 1992; Valkiūnas, 2005). wild and domestic avifauna in the country. These parasites have been detected in various species of forest birds (Paperna et MATERIALS AND METHODS al., 2005; 2008), pigeons (Lee et al., 1991), Spotted doves (Amin-Babjee and Lee, Blood samples were obtained from 1992) and crows (Amin-Babjee et al., 1993; commercial poultry (broilers and layers), Ludin et al., 1994) in Malaysia, but not in village chickens, Red Jungle fowls (Gallus domestic poultry. Leucocytozoon has been gallus spadiceus) and various species of reported in many avian orders, but only a captive and free ranging wild birds (Table 1) 44 V Table 1. Haemoparasites in domestic poultry and wild birds from Selangor, Malaysia. Data represent number of individuals OLUME infected with prevalence (in parenthesis) calculated for sample sizes (N) of 10 or more individuals. 5N Leucocytozoon Leucocytozoon Haemoproteus Trypanosoma O Species N Plasmodium sp. sabrazesi caulleryi sp. sp. Microfi laria . 1J Galliformes ANUARY Gallus gallus domesticus Commercial Broilers 183 3 (2.2) 0 1 (0.5) 0 0 0 Gallus gallus domesticus Commercial Layers 58 3 (5.2) 0 1 (1.7) 0 0 0 2014 Gallus gallus domesticus Village Chickens 342 10 (2.9) 3 (0.9) 0 2 (0.6) 7 (2.0) 13 (3.8) Gallus gallus spadiceus Red Jungle Fowl 58 5 (8.6) 2 (3.4) 2 (3.4) 1 (1.7) 3 (3.4) 11 (19.0) Anseriformes Aix galericulata Mandarin Duck104 (40.0)00000 Tadorna radjah Radjah Shelduck4000000 Anas platyrhynchos Pekin Duck 14 7 (50.0) 0 0 0 0 0 domestica Branta canadensis Canada Goose 4 4 0 2 M ALAYSIAN Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian Goose 20 7 (35.0) 0 0 1 (5.0) 0 0 Cygnus olor Mute Swan1100000 Cygnus atratus Black Swan7100000 J OURNAL Phoenicopteriformes Phoenicopterus roseus Greater Flamingo5300000 Pelecaniformes OF Pelecanus onocrotalus Great White Pelican 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 V ETERINARY Pelecanus rufescens Pink-backed Pelican 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 Gruiformes White-breasted Amaurornis phoenicurus 227 (31.8)00000 R Waterhen ESEARCH Total 728 58 (8.0) 5 (0.7) 4 (0.5) 6 (0.8) 10 (1.4) 24 (3.3) 45 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH VOLUME 5 NO. 1 JANUARY 2014 in Selangor, through active sampling over Plasmodium, where the parasite was a period of two years (2011–2013) and detected in 8.6% and 5.2% of the birds, from cases received by the Parasitology respectively. The average infection rate of Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Plasmodium in domestic poultry (layers, over a period of 10 years (2003–2013). A broilers and village chickens) was moderate total of 728 blood samples were screened (2.7%). Two species of Leucocytozoon (L. from birds representing fi ve avian orders, sabrazesi and L. caulleryi) were readily namely, Galliformes, Anseriformes, detected in the stained blood fi lms due Phoenicopteriformes, Pelecaniformes to their distinct morphologies. The and Gruiformes. Blood samples were prevalence of these parasites was relatively collected from the wing vein and placed low (0.8% and 0.6%, respectively) and they in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were confi ned to the Galliformes. With the or heparin coated blood collection tubes. exception of the Red Jungle fowl, none of Giemsa-stained thin blood smears were the other wild birds examined had apparent prepared from each sample and screened Leucocytozoon infection. Haemoproteus for haemoparasites microscopically was present in the village chickens, Red using the x100 oil immersion objective. Jungle fowls and domestic goose, with A minimum of 10,000 red blood cells a relatively low collective prevalence of (and corresponding microscopic fields) 0.8%. Moderate Trypanosoma (1.4%) were screened for each slide to determine and microfilaria (3.3%) infection rates the presence of haemoprotozoa and were detected in the birds examined. The microfi laria. Red Jungle fowls exhibited the highest prevalence of Trypanosoma (3.4%) and RESULTS microfi laria (19.9%), whereas the other wild avian species examined were free of The most commonly encountered these parasites in the stained blood fi lms. haemoparasite in both the wild birds and domestic poultry was Plasmodium, which DISCUSSION was detected in 8.0% of the blood samples examined (Table 1). The common hosts Various species of haematozoa have been for this malaria parasite were the aquatic/ reported to infect both wild and domestic wetland species of birds from the order birds in Malaysia. The avian malaria Anseriformes (prevalence of 35.0%– parasite (Plasmodium) has been the focus 50.0%) and the White-breasted
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