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Antimicrobial Studies on Leaf and Stem Extracts of Solanum Erianthum

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Antimicrobial Studies on Leaf and Stem Extracts of Solanum Erianthum Microbiology Research Journal International 23(3): 1-6, 2018; Article no.MRJI.39911 ISSN: 2456-7043 (Past name: British Microbiology Research Journal, Past ISSN: 2231-0886, NLM ID: 101608140) Antimicrobial Studies on Leaf and Stem Extracts of Solanum erianthum T. T. Alawode1,2*, L. Lajide1, B. J. Owolabi1, M. T. Olaleye3 and B. T. Ogunyemi2 1Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. 2Department of Chemistry, Federal University, Otuoke, Nigeria. 3Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript Article Information DOI: 10.9734/MRJI/2018/39911 Editor(s): (1) Marcin Lukaszewicz, University of Wroclaw, Poland. Reviewers: (1) Muhammad Imran, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. (2) Milena Kalegari, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil. (3) Akpi, Uchenna Kalu, University of Nigeria, Nigeria. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/24017 Received 17th January 2018 Accepted 24th March 2018 Original Research Article th Published 6 April 2018 ABSTRACT Aims: The current study examines the leaves and stem extracts of Solanum erianthum for antimicrobial activities. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure between September 2014 and July 2015. Methodology: The extracts were screened for activity against bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Klebisidlae pneumonae) and fungal (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum and Rhizopus stolonifer) organisms at concentrations between 6.25 and 200 mg/ml. Antimicrobial assays were carried out using agar diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts were determined. Results: Of all the extracts tested, the hexane extracts of the leaves and stem of S. erianthum had the highest activities against all the test organisms. The MIC values of both hexane extracts ranged between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00 mg/ml. Conclusion: This result corroborates the traditional usage of the plant for the treatment of microbial infections. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. Alawode et al.; MRJI, 23(3): 1-6, 2018; Article no.MRJI.39911 Keywords: Antimicrobial; bacterial; fungal; Solanum erianthum. 1. INTRODUCTION ground sample was subjected to successive extraction using hexane, ethylacetate and The emergence of resistant pathogens as a methanol. The extracts were thereafter result of misuse of the existing antibiotics has concentrated. necessitated the search for cheaper and more effective compounds to combat various diseases. 2.3 Inoculum Preparation Plants have been employed for ages in the treatment of various diseases. Medicinal plants A loop full of each organism was taken from the are known to produce a variety of compounds to stock and inoculated into a sterile nutrient protect them against many pathogens. broth of 5mls. This was followed by incubation for Researchers are increasingly turning their 18-24hrs at 37°C. From overnight culture, attention to herbal products as sources of lead 0.1 ml of each organism was taken and compounds in search for better drugs against put into 9.9 mls of sterile distilled water resistant microbe strains. to get 1:100 (10-2) of the dilution of the organism. Solanum erianthum belongs to the family ‘Solanaceae’. It is called ‘ewuro-igbo’ in South- 2.4 Antimicrobial Tests western Nigeria. Herbalists in this part of the country use the plant for the treatment of veneral diseases, leprosy, dermatological problems, This was carried out as described by [4]. wound healing, headache, leucorrhoea, and Bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia piles. Solanum erianthum leaf volatile oil coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against Hs Salmonella typhi and Klebisidlae pneumonae) 578T and PC-3 human breast and prostate tumor and fungal (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, cells respectively. In addition, the Solanum Penicillium notatum and Rhizopus essential oils exhibited significant antimicrobial stolonifer) pathogens were employed in the activity [1]. The compounds (−)-Solavetivone, assay. The pour plate and surface plate Solanerianones A and B, (+)-anhydro-β-rotunol, methods were employed for the antibacterial and solafuranone, lycifuranone A, N-trans- antifungal assays respectively. The extracts feruloyltyramine, palmitic acid, acetovanillone, β- were assayed against the test organisms at sitosterol and stigmasterol have been isolated concentrations of 200 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 50 from the hexane fraction of the root of the plant. mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml and 6.25 (−)-Solavetivone possesses fungitoxic, mg/ml. Serial dilutions of the extracts were antimicrobial and weak cytotoxic activities [2]. carried out in order to arrive at these concentrations. In a previous study [3] the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of S. erianthum leaf 2.4.1 Antibacterial assay (agar diffusion-pour extracts were determined. In the current study, plate method) the antibacterial and antifungal activities of -2 the leaf and stem extracts of the plant are From the diluted organism (10 ), 0.2 ml was reported. taken into the prepared sterile nutrient agar which was at 45°C. This was then poured 2. METHODOLOGY asceptically into sterile petri dishes and allowed to solidify for about 45-60 minutes. Using a 2.1 Plant Sample Collection sterile cork borer of 8 mm diameter, wells were made according to the number of graded Solanum erianthum leaves were collected from concentration (6.25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, 25 an uncompleted building in Osogbo, Osun State mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml) of Nigeria. Identification and deposition of voucher the sample. In each well, the different specimens were carried out at the Herbarium of concentrations of the sample were introduced. the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. This was done in duplicates. The plates were allowed to stay on the bench for 2hrs to allow 2.2 Sample Preparation and Extraction pre-diffusion. The plates were incubated uprightly in the incubator for 18-24 hrs at 37°C. The The samples were ground after drying under standard drug, Gentamicin was used as the mild sunlight for several days. A 1kg portion of control. 2 Alawode et al.; MRJI, 23(3): 1-6, 2018; Article no.MRJI.39911 2.4.2 Antifungal assay (agar diffusion-surface modern drugs in use (approximately 40%) have plate method) been developed from natural products. In addition, traditional medicine programs are being A sterile Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (62 g/l) was incorporated into the primary health care prepared and asceptically poured into sterile systems of Mexico, the People’s Republic of plates in duplicates and allowed to set properly. China, Nigeria, and other developing countries The diluted organism (0.2 ml of the 10-2) was [9-10]. The World Health Organization has used to cover all the surface of the agar using advocated that countries should interact with sterile spreader. Wells were made on the plates traditional medicines with a view to identifying using a sterile cork borer of the 8mm diameter. In and exploiting aspects that provide safe and each well, the graded concentrations of the effective remedies for ailments of both microbial extract and control were introduced. The plates and non-microbial origin [11]. Tables 1 and 2 were left on the bench for 20 minutes so as to show the results of the antimicrobial screening of allow extracts to diffuse properly into the agar. the S. erianthum leaf and stem extracts. The The plates were incubated uprightly in the hexane extracts (of the leaves and stem), incubator for 48 hrs at 26-28°C. The standard showed the highest activity against all the drug, Tioconazole was used as the control. organisms at all the test concentrations. All the extracts showed a dose-dependent activity (with 2.4.3 Determination of minimum inhibitory antimicrobial activity increasing with the concentration (MIC) concentration of the extracts). The ethylacetate extract of the leaves of S. erianthum, showed no Graded concentrations (0.625 mg/ml, 1.25 activity against Rhizopus stolonifer at all the test mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml and 20 concentrations. The ethylacetate and methanol mg/ml) of the samples were prepared. Two ml of extracts of the stem and leaf extracts generally each concentration was added to 18 mls of showed poor activity against all the test nutrient agar at 45-50°C. These were mixed organisms at low concentrations. None of the together and poured asceptically into the sterile extracts showed activity as high as the standard plates. The plates were allowed to set. After this, drugs at all the concentrations tested. the organisms were streaked on the plates at different concentrations in order to determine the The MIC values for the organisms are shown on minimum concentration that would inhibit/hinder Table 3. In determining the MIC of the extracts, the growth of the organisms. All the plates were their concentrations were scaled down ten times incubated appropriately (bacterial plates at 37°C and the least concentration at which the extract for 24 hours and fungal plates at 26°C-28°C for inhibits
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