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Attracted to Avocado, Lychee, and Essential Oil Lures Kendra et al.: Ambrosia Beetle Diversity 123 DIVERSITY OF SCOLYTINAE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ATTRACTED TO AVOCADO, LYCHEE, AND ESSENTIAL OIL LURES PAUL E. KENDRA1*, JORGE S. SANCHEZ1, WAYNE S. MONTGOMERY1, KATHERINE E. OKINS2, JEROME NIOGRET1, JORGE E. PEÑA3, NANCY D. EPSKY1 AND ROBERT R. HEATH1 1USDA-ARS, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, FL 33158 2Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, DPI, CAPS, Gainesville, FL 32608 3University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL 33031 *Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Sco- lytinae), is an exotic wood-boring insect that vectors laurel wilt, a lethal vascular disease of trees in the Lauraceae, including avocado (Persea americana) and native Persea species (red- bay, swampbay). As part of research to identify host-based attractants for X. glabratus, we discovered that a diverse array of non-target ambrosia beetles was attracted to the same substrates as X. glabratus. During Sep-Dec 2009, several field tests were conducted in north Florida (in woodlands with advanced stages of laurel wilt) with traps baited with commer- cial lures of the essential oils, manuka and phoebe, and with freshly-cut wood bolts of avo- cado (a known host) and lychee (Litchi chinensis, a non-host high in the sesquiterpene α- copaene, a putative host attractant). In addition, manuka-baited traps were deployed in av- ocado groves in south Florida to monitor for potential spread of X. glabratus. The combined trapping results indicated that none of these substrates was specific in attraction of X. gla- bratus. Numerous non-target ambrosia beetles were captured, including 17 species repre- sentative of 4 tribes within the subfamily Scolytinae. This report provides photo- documentation and data on the species diversity and relative abundance for a group of poorly-studied beetles, the scolytine community in Florida Persea habitats. Key Words: ambrosia beetles, Persea americana, Litchi chinensis, manuka oil, phoebe oil RESUMEN El escarabajo de la ambrosía del laurel rojo (redbay), Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleop- tera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), es un insecto exótico barrenador de madera que transmite la marchitez del laurel, una enfermedad vascular mortal de árboles de la familia Lauraceae, los cuales incluyen el aguacate (Persea americana) y las especies nativas del género Persea (re- dbay, swampbay). Como parte de la investigación para identificar las substancias químicas que atraen a X. glabratus, fue descubierto que un arsenal diverso de otros escarabajos de la ambrosía que no eran de interés económico fue atraído a las mismas substancias. Entre sep- tiembre y diciembre del 2009, se realizaron varias pruebas en el norte de la Florida (en arbo- ledas con etapas avanzadas de la marchitez del laurel) usando trampas con cebos comerciales de los aceites esenciales manuka y de phoebe, y con madera de aguacate recien cortada (un huésped conocido) y del lychee (Litchi chinensis, que no es huésped, pero es alto en el sesqui- terpeno α-copaene, una substancia química atractiva). Además, trampas con manuka fueron desplegadas en arboledas de aguacate en el sur de la Florida para supervisar la extensión po- tenciál del X. glabratus. Los resultados de las capturas combinados indicaron que ninguna de estas substancias eran específicas en la atracción del X. glabratus. Numerosos escarabajos de la ambrosía fueron capturados, incluyendo 17 especies que representan cuatro tribus dentro de la subfamilia Scolytinae. Este informe proporciona la foto-documentación y datos en la di- versidad de la especie y la abundancia relativa para un grupo de escarabajos poco estudiado, la comunidad del Scolytinae en los hábitats de Persea de la Florida. Translation provided by the authors. The redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabra- males are flightless and remain within the host tus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolyti- tree, while diploid females (typically sibling- nae), is an exotic wood-boring insect that vectors mated) disperse to colonize new hosts. Unlike laurel wilt, a lethal vascular disease of trees in most ambrosia beetles, female X. glabratus are the Lauraceae (Fraedrich et al. 2008). Haploid primary colonizers, capable of attacking healthy 124 Florida Entomologist 94(2) June 2011 unstressed trees. During gallery excavation, fe- Lindgren traps and/or sticky panels baited with males introduce spores of a symbiotic fungus, commercially available essential oil lures Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich & (manuka and phoebe) or with freshly-cut wood Aghayeva (Harrington et al. 2008), carried in my- bolts of avocado (a confirmed host) and lychee cangial pouches located at the base of the mandi- (Litchi chinensis Sonn., a presumed non-host). bles (Fraedrich et al. 2008). The fungus provides Lychee is in the family Sapindacaeae; it lacks the food for both larvae and adults, but it also invades typical aromatic laurel volatiles, but it has a high the host vascular system and results in systemic content of α-copaene (Niogret et al. unpublished). wilt and ultimately tree death. Native to south- During that same period, monitoring traps eastern Asia, X. glabratus was first detected in (Lindgren traps baited with manuka lures) were the U.S. in 2002 near Port Wentworth, Georgia deployed in avocado groves in south Florida (Mi- (Rabaglia et al. 2006). Since then, the vector-dis- ami-Dade County). This report summarizes and ease complex has spread along the coastal plain illustrates the ambrosia beetles captured over a into South Carolina and Florida, and has been re- 4-month period (Sep-Dec 2009) in Florida to (1) ported from a single county in Mississippi provide a tool for action agencies and field scien- (USDA-FS 2010). In northern Florida, high mor- tists to facilitate identification of non-target spe- tality has occurred in native Persea species, in- cies captured in X. glabratus monitoring traps, (2) cluding redbay (P. borbonia (L.) Spreng.) and document the species diversity and relative abun- swampbay (P. palustris (Raf.) Sarg.), and the dance for the scolytine community in Persea hab- rapid southward spread of the pest complex cur- itats, and (3) identify potential secondary coloniz- rently threatens commercial groves of avocado (P. ers of Persea hosts subsequent to initial attack by americana Mill.), a confirmed susceptible host X. glabratus. (Mayfield et al. 2008). Florida’s avocado produc- tion, centered in Miami-Dade County, is worth MATERIALS AND METHODS $13 million annually (USDA-NASS 2010), and re- placement costs of all avocado trees (commercial Field test 1 was conducted in Citra, Marion and backyard) in Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm County, FL at the University of Florida Agricul- Beach, and Lee Counties have been estimated at tural Experiment Station (PSREU). The back $429 million (Evans & Crane 2008). edge of the station bordered an upland wooded Due to the serious economic threat posed by X. area dominated by mature live oak (Quercus vir- glabratus, there is a critical need for effective at- giniana Mill.) with an understory that included tractants to detect, monitor, and control the redbay trees symptomatic for laurel wilt. Test 1 spread of this invasive pest. Preliminary research was run from 27 Aug-22 Oct 2009 and consisted of provided no evidence of an aggregation phero- 6 treatments: a commercial manuka lure (Syn- mone and no strong attraction to its fungal sym- ergy Semiochemicals, Burnaby, BC), wood bolts biont, to its frass, or to ethanol (a standard attrac- from 3 avocado cultivars representative of the 3 tant for ambrosia beetles); suggesting that host horticultural races (‘Simmonds’, West Indian tree volatiles are the primary attractants for dis- race; ‘Brooks Late’, Guatemalan race; and ‘Seed- persing females (Hanula et al. 2008). Additional less Mexican’, Mexican race), bolts from lychee studies identified manuka and phoebe oils (essen- (cv. ‘Hanging Green’), and an unbaited control. tial oil extracts from the tea tree, Leptospermum Wood bolts were collected from the USDA-ARS scoparium Forst. & Forst., and the Brazilian wal- germplasm collection at the Subtropical Horticul- nut, Phoebe porosa Mez., respectively) as effective ture Research Station (SHRS), Miami, FL 1 d baits for field monitoring of X. glabratus in South prior to test deployment. The ends of the bolts Carolina (Hanula & Sullivan 2008). Based on were coated with wax to prevent desiccation, and comparisons of volatile chemicals emitted from then both ends re-cut when used as baits at the chipped redbay wood, manuka oil, and phoebe oil, start of the test. All baits were deployed in four- Hanula & Sullivan (2008) hypothesized that 2 funnel Lindgren traps (BioQuip, Rancho sesquiterpenes, α-copaene and calamenene, were Dominguez, CA) with 300 mL of an aqueous solu- likely the primary host attractants. tion of 10% propylene glycol (Low-Tox antifreeze; While conducting research to evaluate attrac- Prestone, Danbury, CT) added to the collection tion of female X. glabratus to wood volatiles and cup. For the manuka treatment, a single lure was essential oil lures, we discovered that a diverse hung from the trap lid by a wire twist tie. For the number of non-target ambrosia beetles (both en- wood substrates, 2 freshly-cut bolts (5 cm diam × demics and exotics established in Florida) were 15 cm length) were suspended with wire from the attracted to the same substrates as X. glabratus. lid on opposite sides of the trap. Experimental de- Several field tests were conducted in north-cen- sign was a randomized complete block, with 5 rep- tral Florida (Alachua and Marion Counties) in licate blocks arranged in a linear array along the natural stands of redbay and swampbay with fence at the back of the research station. Within a known infestations of X. glabratus and visible block, traps were spaced 10 m apart, 1.5 m above signs of laurel wilt disease. We used 4-funnel the ground, and spacing was 50 m between repli- Kendra et al.: Ambrosia Beetle Diversity 125 cate blocks.
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