GLOSSARY of SOME PLANT SPECIES S. No. Botanical Name
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Ethno Botanical Polypharmacy of Traditional Healers in Wayanad (Kerala) to Treat Type 2 Diabetes
Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 11(4), October 2012, pp. 667-673 Ethno Botanical Polypharmacy of Traditional Healers in Wayanad (Kerala) to treat type 2 diabetes Dilip Kumar EK & Janardhana GR* Phytopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570006, Karnataka, India E-mail: [email protected] Received 30.06.10, revised 15.05.12 The aboriginal medical system prevalent among traditional healers of Wayanad has demonstrated a good practice, so bright future in the therapy of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, present study focused on identification validation and documentation such Ethno botanical polypharmacy prevalent in the district. A total of 47 species belonging to 44 genera comes under 29 families were identified being utilized in 23 different compound medicinal recipes for diabetic healthcare in Wayanad. These preparations and the herbal ingredients need scientific evaluation about their mechanism of action in living organism in heath as well as disease condition to confirm their activity against type 2 diabetes. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, Traditional medicine, Polypharmacy, Wayanad district IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K, A61K 36/00, A01D 16/02, A01D 16/03 Local herbal healers of Wayanad (Kerala), India have communities that directly depend on it. The present numerous prescriptions aims directly to treat and study documented some of the ethno botanical manage type 2 diabetes (old age diabetes). This remedies for the management of diabetes so as includes over 150 herbal preparations including to protect it within the aboriginal repository of simple and compound folk recipes and diets. This knowledge (ARK) programme and also shed light traditional medical knowledge has demonstrated a on a traditional culture that believes that a healthy potent therapeutic system for the management of lifestyle is found only at a healthy environment 1. -
Carmona Retusa Carmona Boraginaceae
Carmona retusa Carmona Boraginaceae Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i January, 2003 OVERVIEW Carmona retusa is a popular ornamental plant cultivated in Hawai'i as a hedge or specimen plant. On Maui, C. retusa is observed in residential plantings, mostly in low elevation neighborhoods, such as Kahului, Wailuku, Lahaina, Paia, Haiku, and Kihei. Seedlings and naturalized plants are also commonly observed in landscaping areas and wild semi-wild areas nearby plantings. In one area in Waiehu, C. retusa forms a dense shrubby understory in a kiawe (Prosopis pallida) forest. This plant is fairly widespread on Maui and is probably beyond the eradication stage. Future efforts should be aimed at monitoring, preventing infestations in natural areas, and educating the public about harmful plants that spread beyond the confines of the garden. TAXONOMY Family: Boraginaceae (Heliotrope family) (Lorence et al. 1995, Wagner et al. 1999). Latin name: Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masamune (Lorence et al. 1995, Wagner et al. 1999). Synonyms: C. microphylla (Lam.) Don; Ehretia microphylla Lam.; Ehretia buxifolia Roxb.; Cordia retusa Vahl (Lorence et al. 1995; Bailey and Bailey 1976; GRIN 2001). Common names: Carmona, Philippine tea (Bailey and Bailey 1976), Fukien tea (Caine and Zane 2001). Taxonomic notes: The genus Carmona, also commonly known as Ehretia, is comprised of about 50 species of evergreen or deciduous shrubs and trees of tropical and subtropical regions of both the New and Old World (Bailey and Bailey 1976). Related species in Hawai'i: Neal (1965) lists Ehretia acuminata R. -
Stace Edition 4: Changes
STACE EDITION 4: CHANGES NOTES Changes to the textual content of keys and species accounts are not covered. "Mention" implies that the taxon is or was given summary treatment at the head of a family, family division or genus (just after the key if there is one). "Reference" implies that the taxon is or was given summary treatment inline in the accounts for a genus. "Account" implies that the taxon is or was given a numbered account inline in the numbered treatments within a genus. "Key" means key at species / infraspecific level unless otherwise qualified. "Added" against an account, mention or reference implies that no treatment was given in Edition 3. "Given" against an account, mention or reference implies that this replaces a less full or prominent treatment in Stace 3. “Reduced to” against an account or reference implies that this replaces a fuller or more prominent treatment in Stace 3. GENERAL Family order changed in the Malpighiales Family order changed in the Cornales Order Boraginales introduced, with families Hydrophyllaceae and Boraginaceae Family order changed in the Lamiales BY FAMILY 1 LYCOPODIACEAE 4 DIPHASIASTRUM Key added. D. complanatum => D. x issleri D. tristachyum keyed and account added. 5 EQUISETACEAE 1 EQUISETUM Key expanded. E. x meridionale added to key and given account. 7 HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 1 HYMENOPHYLLUM H. x scopulorum given reference. 11 DENNSTAEDTIACEAE 2 HYPOLEPIS added. Genus account added. Issue 7: 26 December 2019 Page 1 of 35 Stace edition 4 changes H. ambigua: account added. 13 CYSTOPTERIDACEAE Takes on Gymnocarpium, Cystopteris from Woodsiaceae. 2 CYSTOPTERIS C. fragilis ssp. fragilis: account added. -
Bruxner Park Flora Reserve Working Plan
Bruxner Park Flora Reserve Working Plan Working Plan for Bruxner Park Flora Reserve No 3 Upper North East Forest Agreement Region North East Region Contents Page 1. DETAILS OF THE RESERVE 2 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Location 2 1.3 Key Attributes of the Reserve 2 1.4 General Description 2 1.5 History 6 1.6 Current Usage 8 2. SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT 9 2.1 Objectives of Management 9 2.2 Management Strategies 9 2.3 Management Responsibility 11 2.4 Monitoring, Reporting and Review 11 3. LIST OF APPENDICES 11 Appendix 1 Map 1 Locality Appendix 1 Map 2 Cadastral Boundaries, Forest Types and Streams Appendix 1 Map 3 Vegetation Growth Stages Appendix 1 Map 4 Existing Occupation Permits and Recreation Facilities Appendix 2 Flora Species known to occur in the Reserve Appendix 3 Fauna records within the Reserve Y:\Tourism and Partnerships\Recreation Areas\Orara East SF\Bruxner Flora Reserve\FlRWP_Bruxner.docx 1 Bruxner Park Flora Reserve Working Plan 1. Details of the Reserve 1.1 Introduction This plan has been prepared as a supplementary plan under the Nature Conservation Strategy of the Upper North East Ecologically Sustainable Forest Management (ESFM) Plan. It is prepared in accordance with the terms of section 25A (5) of the Forestry Act 1916 with the objective to provide for the future management of that part of Orara East State Forest No 536 set aside as Bruxner Park Flora Reserve No 3. The plan was approved by the Minister for Forests on 16.5.2011 and will be reviewed in 2021. -
Anticonvulsant Effect of Leaf and Bark of Erythrina Variegata Linn and Butea Monosperma (LAM) Taub in Different Experimental Convulsion Model in Rats
19 PRINT ISSN: 2394-6679 | E-ISSN: 2347-7881 Anticonvulsant Effect of Leaf and Bark of Erythrina Variegata Linn and Butea Monosperma (LAM) Taub in different Experimental Convulsion Model in Rats Prakash T. Sangale*1, Dhananjay B. Deshmukh2, Rajesh Bhambere3 1Department of Quality Assurance Techniques, 2Department of Pharmacology, VJSM’S Vishal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Junnar, Pune, Maharashtra *[email protected] ABSTRACT Epilepsy is a chronic disorder characterized by the occurrence of epileptic seizures, with or without characteristic body movements (convulsion)affecting about 50 million people worldwide. Synthetic drugs for the treatment of epilepsy are associated with severe side effects and addiction liabilities upon long term uses. Thus, researchers around the globe are searching for natural resources. Erythrina variegata and Butea monosperma is a traditional medicinal plant used to treat a seizure. The present studies reveal that the anticonvulsant activity by Erythrina variegate & Butea monosperma of bark & leaf PTZ and MES induced convulsions in wistar rats using Erythrina variegata & Butea monosperma of bark & leaf ethanolic extracts extracted successively. However, the anticonvulsant activity of this plant has not been studied in depth. In Pentylene tetrazole (PTZ) an maximal electro shock seizure(MES) models test parameters like latncy, onset of tonic convulsions, clonic convulsions and percent protection were observed in the different test groups. Inconclusion, we showed that the ethanolic extract of Erythrina variegata and Butea monosperma has anticonvulsant effect in the both models, suggesting their possible depressant action in the central nervous system. EEBM and EEEV gave significant protection (P<0.001) against PTZ & MES induce convulsion. Keywords: Ebola haemorrhagic fever, EBOV, WHO, NHP, EVD INTRODUCTION (1-4) their various applications in traditional medicine. -
Diversity and Abundance of Medicinal Plants Among Different Forest-Use Types of the Pakistani Himalaya
DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AMONG DIFFERENT FOREST-USE TYPES OF THE PAKISTANI HIMALAYA Muhammad Adnan (Born in Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Academic Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) of the Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology of the Georg-August-University of Göttingen Supervisor Prof. Dr. Dirk Hölscher Göttingen, November 2011 Reviewers Prof. Dr. Dirk Hölscher Prof. Dr. Christian Ammer Examiners Prof. Dr. Dirk Hölscher Prof. Dr. Christian Ammer Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier ii SUMMARY Medicinal plants collected in the Himalayan forests are receiving increasing attention at the international level for a number of reasons and they play an important role in securing rural livelihoods. However, these forests have been heavily transformed over the years by logging, grazing and agriculture. This thesis examines the extent to which the diversity and abundance of medicinal plants are affected between forest-use types as a result of such transformations. In northwestern Pakistan we studied old-growth forest, degraded forests (forests degraded by logging, derived woodland, agroforest and degraded sites) and restored forests (re-growth forests and reforestation sites). An approximate map was initially established covering an area of 90 km2 of the studied forest-use types and fifteen and five plots were allocated to five and two forest-use types respectively at altitudes ranging from 2,200 m to 2,400 m asl. The abundance and diversity of medicinal plants were then assessed therein. Of the fifty-nine medicinal plant species (herbs and ferns) studied, old-growth forest contained the highest number thereof with fifty-five species, followed by re-growth forest with forty-nine species and finally, forest degraded by logging with only forty species. -
Botanical Nomenclature: Concept, History of Botanical Nomenclature
Module – 15; Content writer: AvishekBhattacharjee Module 15: Botanical Nomenclature: Concept, history of botanical nomenclature (local and scientific) and its advantages, formation of code. Content writer: Dr.AvishekBhattacharjee, Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P.O. – B. Garden, Howrah – 711 103. Module – 15; Content writer: AvishekBhattacharjee Botanical Nomenclature:Concept – A name is a handle by which a mental image is passed. Names are just labels we use to ensure we are understood when we communicate. Nomenclature is a mechanism for unambiguous communication about the elements of taxonomy. Botanical Nomenclature, i.e. naming of plants is that part of plant systematics dealing with application of scientific names to plants according to some set rules. It is related to, but distinct from taxonomy. A botanical name is a unique identifier to which information of a taxon can be attached, thus enabling the movement of data across languages, scientific disciplines, and electronic retrieval systems. A plant’s name permits ready summarization of information content of the taxon in a nested framework. A systemofnamingplantsforscientificcommunicationmustbe international inscope,andmustprovideconsistencyintheapplicationof names.Itmustalsobeacceptedbymost,ifnotall,membersofthe scientific community. These criteria led, almost inevitably, to International Botanical Congresses (IBCs) being the venue at which agreement on a system of scientific nomenclature for plants was sought. The IBCs led to publication of different ‘Codes’ which embodied the rules and regulations of botanical nomenclature and the decisions taken during these Congresses. Advantages ofBotanical Nomenclature: Though a common name may be much easier to remember, there are several good reasons to use botanical names for plant identification. Common names are not unique to a specific plant. -
Butea Monosperma: Phytochemistry and Pharmacology
Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences (ISSN: 2581-5423) Volume 3 Issue 4 April 2019 Review Article Butea Monosperma: Phytochemistry and Pharmacology Prashant Tiwari*, Susmita Jena and Pratap Kumar Sahu School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India *Corresponding Author: Prashant Tiwari, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India. Received: January 19, 2019; Published: March 07, 2019 Abstract Butea monosperma (BM) is a well-known medicinal plant which is a moderate sized deciduous tree and widely distributed in - India, Ceylon and Burma. It has been used in traditional medicine practice from ancient time. It is also known as flame of forest com Astanga Hridaya. BM belonging to the family Leguminosae has a wide range of active principles like coreopsin, isocoreopsin, sulphu- monly known as Palash or Dhak. Palash is described in Charaka Samhita, Susruta Samhita, Upanisads, Vedas, Astanga Sangraha and rein, butein, butin, isobutrin, monospermoside and isomonospermoside, aurones, chalcones, flavonoids (palasitrin, prunetin) and - steroids. BM contains phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, amino acids, glycosides, steroids etc. The pharmacological activity is mainly shown by flowers, seeds, barks, fruits, leaves etc. The current review focused on following phar macological actions like hepatoprotective, antifertility, antifilarial, anti-diabetic, antiviral, anthelmintic, anticonvulsant, antifungal, -
Cynoglossum L.: a Review on Phytochemistry and Received: 02-05-2016 Accepted: 03-06-2016 Chemotherapeutic Potential
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2016; 5(4): 32-39 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 JPP 2016; 5(4): 32-39 Cynoglossum L.: A review on phytochemistry and Received: 02-05-2016 Accepted: 03-06-2016 chemotherapeutic potential Kalpana Joshi Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Kalpana Joshi pharmacy, Rudrapur-263148, Uttarakhand, India. Abstract The genus Cynoglossum L. contains about 75 species found in hot and temperate regions of Asia, Africa Deepti Mehra Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of and Europe especially in Taiwan, Turkey, India, Kenya and China etc. The plants are mainly perennial pharmacy, Rudrapur-263148, with wide uniformity in external morphology which makes it most difficult taxonomical genus to study. Uttarakhand, India. The plants contains mainly pyrrolizidine alkaloids of many types and used as traditional medicines by tribals and vaids for cough, burns, wounds, ear infection, antibacterial and sometimes as veterinary Neeraj Kumar medicines. Some plants of this genus are scientifically validated for antioxidant, antihyperlipidaemic, Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of antidiabetic, antifertility, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, analgesic and hepatoprotective activity. pharmacy, Rudrapur-263148, Uttarakhand, India. Keywords: Cynoglossum, pyrrozolidine, heliosupine, viridiflorine, heliotridine, echinatine Manoj Bisht Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of 1. Introduction pharmacy, Rudrapur-263148, The genus Cynoglossum L. represents about 75 known species distributed in Asia, Africa and Uttarakhand, India. Europe, 12 species in China [1] about 50 to 60 species in distributed widely in warmer and [2] [3] D. K. Sharma temperate regions of both hemispheres, 3 species in Taiwan , 8 species in Turkey but Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of recently revision in the plant list have increased the number of accepted species in this genus pharmacy, Rudrapur-263148, to over 86 species. -
Improvement of Seed Germination in Three Important Conifer Species by Gibberellic Acid (GA3)
Volume 11(2) Improvement of seed germination in three important conifer species by Gibberellic acid (GA3). Improvement of seed germination in three important conifer species by Gibberellic acid (GA3). B. S. Rawat1, C. M. Sharma2 and S. K. Ghildiyal3 Department of Forestry, Post Box # 76, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal-246 174 (Uttaranchal) 1. [email protected] 2. [email protected] [email protected] December 2006 Download at: http://www.lyonia.org/downloadPDF.php?pdfID=283.486.1 Improvement of seed germination in three important conifer species by Gibberellic acid (GA3). Abstract Results pertaining to the germination percentage of pre-soaked seeds in a series of temperature regimes viz., 100C, 150C, 200C and 250C have revealed significant increase among seed sources in each of the three conifer species of Garhwal Himalaya. Soaking of the seeds for 24 hours in GA3 solution had shown maximum germination in A. pindrow (45.0±4.19%), C. torulosa (57.0±3.40%) and P. smithiana (56±6.01%) as compared to untreated (control) seeds. It has also been observed that GA3 treatment caused an appreciable shortening of the germination period by 10 days. Therefore, seeds of these commercially important tree species should be pre-treated particularly with GA3 for 24 hours for getting enhanced germination. It is important to point out here that the seeds of each of the three species reflect poor germination in nature due to snow cover, seed decay, prevalence of excess water and lack of maintenance, however, because of increasing demand for large quantities of tree seeds for reforestation programmes, pre-sowing treatments are useful to improve the rate and percentage of germination. -
Variation in Soil CO2 Efflux in Pinus Wallichiana and Abies Pindrow
rch: O ea pe es n A R t c s c e e Sundarapandian and Dar, Forest Res 2013, 3:1 r s o s Forest Research F DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000116 Open Access ISSN: 2168-9776 Research Article Open Access Variation in Soil CO2 Efflux in Pinus Wallichiana and Abies Pindrow Temperate Forests of Western Himalayas, India SM Sundarapandian* and Javid Ahmad Dar Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India Abstract Soil CO2 efflux was measured by alkali absorption method from April to December 2012 in two different forest types, i.e., Pinus wallichiana and Abies pindrow, with three replicate plots in each forest type. Soil CO2 efflux was found maximum in July and minimum in December in both the forest types. Significantly (P<0.001) greater soil CO2 efflux was measured inPinus wallichiana forest compared to Abies pindrow forest throughout the study period. The -2 -1 range of soil CO2 efflux (mg CO2 m hr ) from the soil was 126-427 in Abies pindrow forest and 182-646 in Pinus wallichiana forest. Soil CO2 efflux showed greater values in Pinus wallichiana forest than Abies pindrow forest, which could be attributed to greater tree density, tree biomass, shrub density, shrub biomass, forest floor litter and moisture. Soil CO2 efflux also showed significant positive relationship with air temperature. In addition to that the altitudinal difference may be one of the reasons for variation in soil CO2 efflux between the two forest types. This result also indicates that at higher altitude even a small difference in elevation (100 m) alter the functional attributes of the ecosystem. -
The Nature of Naming What’S in a Name?
The Nature of Naming What’s in a Name? • "A rose is a rose," it has been said • And most of us know a rose when we see one • As we know the African marigolds • Maples, elms, cedars, and pines that shade our backyards and line our streets What’s in a Name? • We usually call these plants by their common names • But if we wanted to know more about the cedar tree in our front yard, we would find that "cedar" may refer to: – Eastern red cedar What’s in a Name? • Incense cedar What’s in a Name? • Western red cedar What’s in a Name? • Atlantic white cedar What’s in a Name? • Spanish cedar What’s in a Name? • Biblical Lebanon cedar What’s in a Name? • In fact, we would find that cedars are found in three separate plant families What’s in a Name? • Later, after discovering that our "African" marigolds are in fact from Mexico and our "Spanish" cedar originated in the West Indies, we would realize how misleading the common names of plants can be. What’s in a Name? • The same plant can have many different common names – European white lily has at least 245 – Marsh marigold has at least 280 What’s in a Name? • Clearly, if we use only the common name of a plant, we cannot be sure of understanding very much about that plant Classification • It is for this reason that the scientific community prefers to use a more precise way of naming, or classification • Scientific classification, however, is more than just naming: it is a key to understanding • Botanists name a plant to give it a unique place in the biological world, as well as to clarify its relationships within that world How Are Plants Classified? • Science classifies living things in an orderly system through which they can be easily identified – Categories of increasing size, based upon relationships within those categories How Are Plants Classified? • For example, all plants can be put in order from the more primitive to the more advanced.