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Elias Academic Publishers, Nagercoil, India Published as a supplement to Vol: 2 (1) of Bulletin of Basic and Applied Plant Biology and published by Elias Academic publishers, Nagercoil, India ISSN: 2249-8370 Bulletin of Basic and Applied Plant Biology (An International Journal of Basic and Applied Plant Sciences) www.bbapb.webs.com Editor-in-Chief: Dr.E.JOHN JOTHI PRAKASH, Elias Academic Publishers, Nagercoil-629004, INDIA. ([email protected]). Executive Editor: Dr.M.JAYAKUMAR, Department of Botany, VHNSN College, Virudunagar-626001, INDIA. ([email protected]). Editors: Dr.V. B. HOSAGOUDAR, Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode-695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, INDIA ([email protected]). Dr. JOSEPH A. J. RAJA, Department of Plant Pathology (Unit of Molecular Virology), College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan (R.O.C). ([email protected]) Dr.C.VIJAYALAKSHMI, Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003, INDIA. ([email protected]). Dr.A.K.M. NAZRUL ISLAM, Department of Botany, Dhaka University, BANGLADESH. ([email protected]). Dr.M.EYINI, Department of Botany, Thiyagarajar College, Madurai-625009, INDIA. ([email protected]). Dr.P.K.JHA, Department of Botany, Tribuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, NEPAL. ([email protected]). Dr.RUP KUMAR KAR, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan-731235, INDIA. ([email protected]). Dr. MOHAMED H. ABD-ALLA, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut-71516, EGYPT.([email protected]). Dr.A.SELVI, Division of Crop Improvement, Sugar Cane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore-641007, INDIA. ([email protected]). Dr.G.ANNIE JULIET, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712, USA. ([email protected]). Dr. M. JAYASHANKARA, Department of Microbiology, Mangalore University PG Center, Cauvery Campus, Madikeri-571201, Karnataka, INDIA. ([email protected]) Dr.H.C.LAKSHMAN, P.G.Department of Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad- 580003, Karnataka State, INDIA ([email protected]) Dr. N.GEETHA, Department of Entomology, Sugar Cane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore – 641007, INDIA. ([email protected]). Dr.P. KRISHNAN, Department of Botany, The Madura College, Madurai -625011, Tamil Nadu, INDIA ([email protected]) Bulletin of Basic and Applied Plant Biology is an international refereed journal for current research in Basic and Applied Plant Biology and is issued semiannually. It is published by Elias Academic Publishers, ELMA-ZION, 214-B3/1A-Punnai Nagar, Nagercoil-629004. INDIA. Email address: [email protected]. Annual subscription fee India (Rs) Abroad (US$) Individual 500 100 Institutional 700 150 Life subscription fee 5000 750 Life subscription fee (Institutional) 7000 750 Foliicolous Fungi of Kodaikanal in Tamil Nadu V. B. Hosagoudar Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. V. Dhivaharan R. Nithyatharani Sengamala Thayaar Educational Trust Women’s College, Sundarakkottai Mannargudi, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu. Published as a supplement to Vol: 2 (1) of Bulletin of Basic and Applied Plant Biology and published by Elias Academic publishers, Nagercoil, India Preface A programme of understanding the biodiversity of the Kodaikanal hills was launched by Sengamala Thayaar Educational Trust, Mannargudi by involving the teachers, students and the subject expert. As a first step in this regard, foliicolous fungi of the region was taken-up, a permanent building was set–up with all the equipments required for the study, four field rounds were completed with the full strength of man power to cover the distant areas and trained boys were employed to collect the samples throughout the year. Since this study is the first of its kind for the area, care was taken to cover all the seasons and all the areas. The work comprises 600 foliicolous fungal collections resulted in recording 101 fungal species belonging to 22 Genera, viz. Amazonia (1), Appendiculella (3), Armatella (4), Asteridiella (4), Asterina (24), Balladyna (2), Erysiphe (5), Irenopsis (1), Leveillula(1), Meliola (29), Meliolina (2), Prataprajella (2), Phyllachora (1), Prillieuxina (2) and Uncinula (3) belong to Ascomycetes; Gambleola and Kernella to Uredinales, Asterostomella (1), Oidium (10), Ovulariopsis( 1),Questieriella (2) and Trochophora to Fungi Imperfecti. The area harbroured as type locality for many fungal species and some are endemic to the region. This work was encouraged and accoumpanied during field collection tour to the study sites by Dr. K. Thiagesan, Principal, AVC College, Mannampandal and Dr. K. Kandavel, Asssistant Professor, STET, Mannargudi. Fr. John Britto of Raphinat Herbarium, Tiruchirappalli was of great help to us in the identification of host plants. Chief Wildlife Warden, District Forest Officer, Assistant Conservator of Forests and Range Officers of Kodaikanal Forest Division generously permitted and constantly helped us during the field collection trips. Authors i Foreword Kodaikanal is a high altitudinal tourist place known since long for its tropical temperate climate having introduction of exotic ornamental plants and on the other hand possessing high altitudinal sholas possessing endemics, endangered and threatened plants in their original habitats. Earlier, sporadic collections of edible macro fungi have been reported but the systematic survey of the foliicolous fungi is first of its kind the study area. Collection, identification and documentation of these leaf infecting fungi in the present work has been made easy. Mounting technique of the black mildews is the speciality of this work. Key provided is simple, each taxon is provided with the detailed description, line drawings and then there with the photographs. The authenticity of the work has been represented here by mentioning the name of the herbaria and their deposition numbers. Taxonomy is the mother of all sciences and the present taxonomic work provides a baseline data of this group of fungi to ease their identification both in the field and in the laboratory. It is praise worthy that the authors have made a maidan venture for this interesting area. Hence, this work will become asset for the researchers, teachers, students, foresters, etc. Dr. E. John Jothi Prakash Editor in-chief ii Contents Preface i Foreword ii Contents iii Introduction 1 Kodaikanal 4 Methodology 7 Erysiphales 8 Meliolales 21 The Genus Amazonia 35 The Genus Appendiculella 36 The Genus Armatella 38 The Genus Asteridiella 41 The Genus Irenopsis 44 The Genus Meliola 45 The Genus Prataprajella 62 Phyllachorales 63 The Genus Phyllachora 63 Asterinales 64 The Genus Asterina 66 The Genus Prillieuxina 84 Parodiellinaceae 85 Basidiomycetes 85 Fungi Imperfecti 87 The Genus Asterostomella 87 Hyphomycetes 89 The Genus Questieriella 89 Discussion 91 References 92 iii Introduction The existence of microorganisms impact on human food supplies and local was hypothesized for many centuries before economies. Fungi and other organisms their actual discovery in the 17th century traditionally recognized as fungi, such as and fungi were the discovered first. Fungi oomycetes and myxomycetes (slime molds), play an important role in the slow but often are economically and socially constant changes taking place around us important as some cause diseases of animals because of their ubiquity (Cooke, 1975) and (such as histoplasmosis) as well as plants their astonishingly large numbers. Abundant (such as Dutch elm disease and Rice blast). worldwide, most fungi are inconspicuous Ever since the pioneering 18th and because of the small size of their structures, 19th century taxonomical works of Carl and their cryptic lifestyles in soil, on dead Linnaeus, Christian Hendrik Persoon, and matter, and as symbionts of plants, animals, Elias Magnus Fries, fungi have been or other fungi. Fungi perform an essential classified according to their morphology role in the decomposition of organic matter (e.g., characteristics such as spore color or and have fundamental roles in nutrient microscopic features) or physiology. cycling and exchange. They have long been Phylogenetic studies published in the last used as a direct source of food, such as decade have helped reshape the mushrooms and truffles, as a leavening classification of Kingdom Fungi, which is agent for bread, and in fermentation of divided into one subkingdom, seven phyla, various food products, such as wine, beer, and ten subphyla. Fungi are usually divided and soy sauce. Since the 1940s, fungi have into three classes namely 1. The motile been used for the production of antibiotics, myxomycetes 2. Lower phycomycetes and and, more recently, various enzymes 3. The higher fungi which are subdivided produced by fungi are used industrially and into Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and the in detergents. Fungi are also used as Fungi imperfecti, which includes biological agents to control weeds and pests. Hyphomycetes, Sphaeropsidales, Mycelia Cytologists, geneticists, and biochemists sterilia and Melaniconiales. Fungi have a have found that fungi can be important worldwide distribution, and grow in a wide research tools in the study of fundamental range of habitats, including extreme biological processes, and are no longer the environments such as deserts or areas with private concern of the mycologists high salt concentrations or ionizing (Alexopoulos and Mims, 1979). Contrary to radiation,
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