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Acacia Mearnsii Invasion on Soil Microbial Population of Shola Forests in the Western Ghats

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Acacia Mearnsii Invasion on Soil Microbial Population of Shola Forests in the Western Ghats Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 3421-3425. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 8 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.908.395 Acacia mearnsii Invasion on Soil Microbial Population of Shola Forests in the Western Ghats A. C. Surya Prabha1*, K. Arulmani1, M. Senthivelu2, R. Velumani1 and S. Padmini1 1Silviculture and Forest Management Division, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore-641 002, Tamil Nadu, India 2Maize Research Station, Vagarai, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT The Australian Black Wattle (A. mearnsii), an invasive alien species introduced in the K e yw or ds upper altitudes of the Palani hills threatens the high altitude ecosystem The present investigation was undertaken to study the soil microbial population in shola forests Soil microbes, invaded by A. mearnsii plantations in the Western Ghats covering the Kodaikanal. Soil Acacia mearnsii, samples were collected from shola forests invaded by A. mearnsii in three forest ranges Shola forest viz, Kodaikanal, Berijam and Poombarai of the Kodaikanal Forest Division. For comparison purpose, soil samples were collected from shola forest, pure A. mearnsii Article Info plantation, grass land and pine plantations. The study showed a significant variation in the 8 - microbial popu lation in the different study plots with the highest bacterial (29.3 x10 cfu g Accepted: 1 4 -1 3 -1 ), fungal (15.0 x10 cfu g ) and actinomycetes (3.0 x10 cfu g ) population in shola forest 26 July 2020 in all the three ranges of Kodaikanal Forest Division. The population of soil microbes in Available Online: 10 August 2020 Berijam and Poombarai forest range was also high under shola forests. This study has contributed to the understanding of soil microbial population in A. mearnsii invaded shola forests. Introduction mearnsii have become invasive alien species in this ecosystem and became a serious threat Tropical Montane, evergreen forests locally to this high altitude ecosystem (Myers et al., known as sholas, situated in the higher 2000). mountain tracts of the Western Ghats, at an altitude above 1500m is interspersed with The Australian Black Wattle (A. mearnsii) rolling grasslands. Sholas stay in restricted was introduced during the 1960s in State boundaries, in small pockets and the Forest lands located in the upper altitudes of grasslands dominate. These bio diverse the Palani hills - an eastern offshoot of the forests and grasslands were converted into Western Ghats, a mountain range that runs commercially valuable plantation to serve fuel parallel to the southwest coast of Peninsular wood need of tea industry during British India near the hill station of Kodaikanal period. Some of the introduced species like A. (Mitchell, 1972; Mathew et al., 1975). The 3421 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 3421-3425. tree species is well established in the upper Materials and Methods Palani hills between 1800 and 2400m both within State Forest plantations and in areas The present study was carried out in the near towns and rural settlements (Rangan et Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu covering three al., 2010). Mass of leaf litter in areas invaded forest ranges of the Kodaikanal Forest by A. mearnsii was reported to be greater than Division viz, Kodaikanal, Berijam and that of un-invaded area, thereby the dense Poombarai. Kodaikanal Forest Division lies layer inhibits the establishment of native within 10°6’ and 10°21’ North latitudes and seedlings. Between 1849 and 1992, the sholas 77°16’ and 77°42’ East longitudes and is decreased from 8600ha to 4225 ha and surrounded by Kerala state in West, Indira grasslands from 29875 ha to 4700 ha. This Gandhi Wild life sanctuary, Pollachi in North- non-regenerating and fast-receding shola west, Dindigul forest division on the North- forest is a dying community, more east and Theni revenue district in South. The appropriately called a ‘living fossil’ altitude varies from 300 to 2654 m and this community. Soil microbial communities have area experiences an average yearly rainfall of important role in organic matter 165 cm. The minimum temperature of decomposition, nutrient cycling, soil Kodaikanal varies between 8 to 13 °C and the structural formation, and even plant maximum temperature varies between 11.3 to interactions (Wardle et al., 2004). The 19.8 °C. abundance, size and activity of the microbial populations depend on the quantity and Enumeration of microorganisms from soil quality of organic matter, texture and other by the serial dilution-agar plating method environmental factors (Insam et al., 1989; (or viable plate count method) Kaiser et al., 1992) as well as limited carbon content (Lynch and Whipps, 1990; Wardle, Soil samples were collected from the 1992). Soil biological health is also an rhizosphere at a depth of 0-20 cm layer of the important indicator of soil quality. Soil top soil. Three replicate soil samples were microbial communities are extremely diverse collected from the selected plots of the shola in their composition and play an important forests invaded by A. mearnsii in the three role in nutrient cycling functions such as forest ranges of Kodaikanal Forest Division organic matter decomposition and viz, Kodaikanal Forest Range, Berijam Forest mineralization, nutrient mobilization and Range and Poombarai Forest Range. For carbon sequestration (Strickland and Rousk, comparison purpose, soil samples were also 2010). collected from shola forest, pure A. mearnsii plantation, grass land and pine plantations. Studies on the soil microbial properties in Enumeration of Microorganisms (bacteria, invaded shola forests are required for proper fungus and actinomycetes) was carried out by management of the forests and utilization of standard serial dilution plate technique resources. Comparative studies on the (Waksman, 1922). About 10 grams of soil assessment of soil microbes under shola was transferred to 90 ml sterile distilled water forests invaded by A. mearnsii in the Western and agitated vigorously. Different aqueous Ghats of Kodaikanal are sparse. Hence, the dilutions, up to 10-9 of the suspensions were present study was proposed with an aim to prepared and spread plated on soybean casein study the soil microbial population of shola digest medium for bacteria and fungus and forests invaded by A. mearnsii plantations in actinomycetes isolation agar for enumeration the Western Ghats. of actinomycetes. Inoculated plates were 3422 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 3421-3425. incubated at 37oC for 24 – 44 hrs. After fungal population was highest in shola forests incubation microbial colonies were counted (15.0 x104 cfu g-1) and the lowest in grassland and the load was expressed as number of (7.8 x105 cfu g-1) (Fig.18). With respect to colony forming units (CFU) per gram of soil. actinomycetes population, shola forest had the highest population (3.0 x103 cfu g-1) and it No. of cells/ g = Number of colonies × dilution factor was lowest in pine forest. Dry wt. of soil The present study showed a significant All statistical tests were performed with SPSS variation with regard to the microbial ® 19.0 version statistical software. Wherever population in the different study plots with the the treatment differences were found highest bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes significant, the critical differences were population in shola forest of the Kodaikanal worked out at 5 per cent probability and range. This variation in microbial population values were furnished. The treatment in soil can be ascribed to the difference in differences that are non-significant were micro- and macro-climatic and edaphic indicated as Non-Significant (NS). factors prevalent at each site, which are known to influence the microbe population Results and Discussion (Sankaran and Balasundaran, 2001). Microbial population in Kodaikanal range Microbial population in Berijam range Soil samples for microbial enumeration were In the Berijam range, the bacterial population collected from the different study plots and ranged from 10.7 x106 to 28.8 x108 cfu g-1 the population of microbes was expressed as (Table 2). Among the different study plots, colony forming units (cfu) per gram of soil. shola forest recorded the highest bacterial The microbial population varied significantly population (28.8 x108 cfu g-1) followed by A. among the study plots (Table 1). The bacterial 8 -1 8 8 mearnsii invaded shola (21.6 x10 cfu g ) and population ranged from 12.8 x10 to 29.3 x10 8 -1 A. mearnsii plantation (16.3 x10 ). Pine forest cfu g . Among the different study plots, shola registered the lowest population of bacteria forest recorded the highest bacterial (10.7 x106 cfu g-1). With respect to the fungal population (29.3 x108 cfu g-1) followed by A. 8 -1 population, shola forests had the highest mearnsii invaded shola (21.6 x10 cfu g ). fungal load (16.3 x104 cfu g-1) and the lowest The lowest population of bacteria was in grassland (9.1 x105 cfu g-1). recorded in pine forest (12.8 x108 cfu g-1). The Table.1 Microbial population under different study plots in Kodaikanal range Study plots Bacteria Fungi Actinomycetes (cfu g-1) (cfu g-1) (cfu g-1) A. mearnsii invaded shola 21.6x108 13.6x104 2.6x103 A. mearnsii plantation 15.5 x106 12.5 x105 2.1x103 Grassland 14.1 x108 7.8 x105 1.6 x103 Pine forest 12.8 x108 8.6 x104 1.4x103 Shola forest 29.3 x108 15.0 x104 3.0x103 SE(d) 0.77 0.53 0.10 CD (0.05) 1.68 1.16 0.21 3423 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 3421-3425. Table.2 Microbial population under different study plots in Berijam range Study plots Bacteria Fungi Actinomycetes (cfu g-1) (cfu g-1) (cfu g-1) A.
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