Malaysia's Foreign Policy from a Constructivist Viewpoint

ௐ 4 ഇ! ࢱ 93-122! 2018 ѐ/΋؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 14 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 93-122 Winter 2018

馬來西亞的外交政策 ─ 建構主義觀點

ࡰ஽ܲ ૩̋ࡊԫ̂ጯ̳ВᙯܼၱᇃӘրઘି଱

ၡ ࢋ

гٺၹ͹ཌྷ۞៍ᕇྋᛖ੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉĄϤޙώኢ͛ဘྏϡ நҜཉᄃˠ˾ඕၹ۞ᙯܼĂ1970 ѐ΃ͽ݈੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉೀͼ׶ ੺઼ᔵ൒֕Ш̚ϲ̙ඕޢщБͽ઼̈́छщБ࠹ᙯĄ1970 ѐ΃ͽొ̰ ߏޢĄ1980 ѐ΃ͽޘࠧͽವՐՀ̂۞઼ᅫਕ֍͵ڒ᎗೻ٺ༖Ăҭ߿᜙ Ш߆ඉͽ̈́ 2020 ѐण୕Ăૄώ˯ߏͽགྷᑻ൴णࠎڌ੺ݣ࢚ٙᑞထ۞ ͹ጱ۞γϹ߆ඉĄ఺ቔኢ͛Ϻ఍ந˞੺ֽҘֲ۞кᙝᙯܼͽ̈́੺઼д ݑ઼̚ঔ۞ϲٺݑ઼̚ঔ۞ϲಞĂ֭ͷͽ α჌ଐဩֽྋᛖ੺઼̝ ၹ͹ཌྷ۞ఢቑăᄮТă̼͛ă࠹̢͹៍ăۤົޙಞĄ͛ϐĂඊ۰ᄮࠎ ன၁͹ཌྷᄃҋϤ͹ཌྷĂՀਕྋᛖ੺઼۞γϹ߆ඉٺĂ࠹ྵه၁ኹඈ៍ ྮशĄ

ၹ͹ཌྷޙăݑ઼̚ঔăםڌᙯᔣෟĈ Ͽ೻ᜋ઼छă ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 94

壹、前言

γϹ߆ٺ၆͞ءΪߏԯ੺ֽҘֲڍдኢࢗ੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉॡĂт γϹ͹ૺ̝Ķ੺ֽҘֲķ઼Щரعઇ˘ୃࢗĂּт૟ͽ˭੺઼߆ڱඉ۞࠻ ኜαঔ࠰໤Ă֭൑Їңࣃ଀ኢ̝ࢗ఍ĞMinistryٸΝĂ׎၁Ă఺˘इγϹ߆ඉ of Foreign Affairs, 2018ğĄ

【馬來西亞】奉行以和平、人道、正義及平等價值觀為基礎的獨立原則和務實的外交政策，其外交政策首要目標是保護【馬來西亞】的主權和國家利益，並透過有效的外交行為為公平與平等的國際社會做出有意義的貢獻。……【馬來西亞】推動前瞻性和務實性的外交政策，促進貿易，吸引外國投資，以及作為穩定與和平的國家。……【馬來西亞】充分致力於推動全球和平安全與繁榮的多邊主義，在與發展國家的技術合作方面，【馬來西亞】通過各種外交政策機制，分享經驗與知識並與其他國家進行合作。…… 【馬來西亞】繼續遵循獨立、主權、領土完整和不干涉他國事務的原則，和平解決爭端，和平共處，互惠互利。

ݑֲ۞ڌ׎дצ˯ޘ඀̂ޝᇹᙜ΄γĂ੺઼۞γϹ߆ඉдءੵ˞఺ֱ পঅгநҜཉͽ̈́׎፾প۞ˠ˾ඕၹඈᙯᔣЯ৵۞ᇆᜩĂд̙Тॡഇѣ̙ Т͹ૺĄࠖѩĂώኢ͛дኢࢗ੺ֽҘֲγϹ߆ඉॡĂ͹ࢋ̶ࠎ׌̂ొ̶Ă ௐ˘ొ̶Аಶ׎পঅ۞гநҜཉ̈́׎၆щБ۞நྋүࡦഀ̬௜Ăͽѩాඕ γϹ߆ඉүࠎĂ֭ኢࢗЯপঅ۞ˠ˾ඕၹĂ۞عЧ࣎߆ޢ੺ֽҘֲ፾ϲז छ̚Էႊ઼̦ڒϔ͹઼छĂ੺ֽҘֲд᎗೻۞ٸࠧ̚࠹༊ฟ͵ڒүࠎ᎗೻ ֎ҒĂপҾߏݑঔજ۞̚ڼᆃ֎Ғĉௐ˟ొ̶݋ߏଣ੅੺ֽҘֲдડા߆ ၹ͹ཌྷޙᒜԊ๕̚੺઼۞γϹ͹ૺĄ͛ϐĂඊ۰ဘྏͽ઼ᅫᙯܼநኢ̚۞ ྋᛖ੺઼γϹ߆ඉĂ֭ரࢗέ៉д੺઼۞γϹߛၹ˭ѣң߉˧ᕇүࠎඕᄬĄ

貳、獨立後各政府的外交政策主張

ĆٛતĞTunku Abdul RahmanĂౌܠĆؑڌ੺ֽҘֲгநҜཉ۞ࢦࢋّĂϡ ੺ֽҘֲௐ˘Їࢵ࠹Ă1957-70ğ۞ྖֽᄲĂι۞઼˿˘ొ̶г఍ֲ߷̂ౙĂ ၹ͹ཌྷ៍ᕇ 95ޙ ੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉǕ

ඍᘷᇃ̂Ηफ̚۞˘ొ̶Ą˵Яܝᛂזᄼăາೀֲ̰ޠଂහٺΩ˘ొ̶ᛳ זѩĂ੺ֽҘֲ่่̙ߏֲ߷̂ౙᄃֲ߷फᑎ̝ม۞፜ሇĂՀߏݑ઼̚ঔ ĞTunku Abdul Rahman, 1965: 659ğĄଂ፾ϲҌ̫੺͗ܝ߶̝ม۞υགྷޘО ҘֲВ።གྷ 7 Ҝࢵ࠹1ĂЯࠎгநҜཉ۞ࢦࢋّĂтңӀϡγϹ߆ඉдЕֽ ˠޘૻᚮు۞ᒖဩ̚ჯ޺Ϡхĉ˫Яࠎˠ˾۞পঅّĂ੺ֽˠăරˠăО ˭ߊхᆊࣃЧளĂ੺઼тңдк჌୉۞Ϡၗ˭ჯ޺઼छхд۞ᆊࣃĉͽ۞ ੺઼γϹ߆ඉĄژ໰ॡԔ̶ֶ

˘ă1970 ѐ΃ͽ݈

˟ѐ΃ͽ݈੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹೀͼಶ׶̰ొщБᄃ઼छщБ࠹ᙯĄ 1970 ࢕ߏ੺͟็ކѐ 8 ͟͡࢕ҫᅳ੺ֲֽĞҘ੺ğĂ 1945 ז͡ ጼഇม 1941 ѐ 2 ͹ཌྷ۞ᑅ࢝۰Ą͟࢕۞Κᅳᔵ൒ౄј઼ޓ۰Ă֭૟ࡻ઼ೡࢗࠎٸྋ۞ֲֽ ˠϔࡴᙱĂҭߏ͟ώ۞ҫᅳдૻ̼੺ֽˠ۞ޘҘ੺གྷᑻ۞ຫचͽ̈́࠹༊඀ ϔ୉͹ཌྷ˯Էႊ˘ؠ۞֎ҒĄ͟ώ۞߆ඉߏઐШ੺ֽˠĂѣຍ൑ຍ۞ခᐽ ੺ֽϔ୉͹ཌྷĂ֭૟ࡻ̶઼೸۞തϔг௚˘გநĞFuruoka, 2007: 505-506ğĄ ௡ᖐĂ̙࿅༊Вய۞ڱѐͽ݈۞੺ֲֽВயᛨᔘߏ˘࣎Ъ 1948 ޢጼඕՁ˟ ᄦౄજใ۞ඉரĂΐஎ˞੺ֽˠᄃරˠ۞኏ࡎĂГΐ˯Вயᛨयଡ̚פᛨଳ ௡ᖐĂڱܧ੺ֲֽಶࢬᓜරˠ۞ВயᛨજใĂВயᛨ˵јࠎޢĂ1948 ѐͽ઼ ѐВயᛨજใ̖ు႙πिĞChopra, 1974-75: 439ğĄ 1960 זۡ˘ தᅳ˭Ă۞ؑڌ፾ϲĂ੺ֲֽᓑЪ֣дפۋͽڼࠎ˞ᕚ௲ࡻ઼തϔ௚

ăͽĶซķ̂؟ᔳᖟ඾ͅ၆ᛨᛨЩ۞࿰ീਠĞӍĶᛨķٙ̚ົܢтТ઼ϔᛨᛨႇдࡍ៩ 1 ТăࠎĶϔķ݈ዡğĂ੺ֽҘֲ˵ѣĶٛત࿰֏ķĂдௐ˘Їࢵ࠹۞Щф྆ĞTunku Abdul ࣎фϓĞAăHặޢ Rahmanğ࿰ϯϏֽ 5 Їࢵ࠹۞ˠᏴĄಶĶٛત࿰֏ķ۞ RAHMAN ĆٛᖠĞAbdul Razak, 1970-76ğăౌܠᓁந̶Ҿߏ۞ޢ̝ؑڌMăAăNğึԔֽ࠻Ăᚶ ࡧАਃĞHussein bin Dato’ Onn, 1976-81ğă੺ݣ࢚ĞMahathir bin Mohamad, 1981-2003ğă ٛĞAbdullah bin Haji Ahmad Badawi, 2003-2009ğͽࣣ̈́˭έ۞ᓁநৼРĞNajibౌܠ Abdul Razak, 2009-18ğĂ఺̣Ҝᓁந۞Щф˵۞ቁ௑Ъ఺็ᄲ̚۞ึԔĄᐌ඾ 2018 ѐ ੺ֽҘֲ̂ᏴඕՁĂϤৼРᅳጱ۞઼ϔੱቢ̙ᇲϤ੺ݣ࢚ᅳጱ۞ԓ୕ᓑ༖Ă઼ੱд੺ֽ ࿰۞ົܢಶ՟ѣາфϓ˞Ăࡍ៩ޢ̝ Ҙֲ 60 ѐ۞˘ᛨᐹ๕гҜϒё௣ඕĂRAHMAN ΃઼ੱјࠎે߆ᛨĂٛત࿰֏˵ϒёඕՁפௐ˘Ѩ߆ᛨ዇ആĂࣧͅ၆ᛨֽܓീ੺ֽҘֲ ĞჯૄѺࡊĂ2018ağĄ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 96

થ۞࿅םᛉĂᒔ଀ 1957 ѐ፾ϲ۞ٚᏚĄд፾ϲםᄃࡻ઼णฟኘҿĂ֭྿ј ˘ăΔ૔ᘲ߷ĞՒ͐ğăࡀ౻෸ăզ඿ߏӎࢋ˘੓Ъ௡ј؂າΐٺ඀̚Ăᙯ পҾ޽΍Ăؑڌ͡ ࣎̂ᓑ֣Ăଳϡң჌઼Щඈᛉᗟ˵ు႙ঙ΍Ą1957 ѐ 9 ѣ࣎পҾ୧ഠࠎ˞૟ֽՀ̂ᓑ֣ઇ໤౯ĂѩՀ̂ᓑ֣ߏࢋڱ੺ֲֽᓑ֣ጳ :ͽ̈́Δ૔ᘲ߷ĞSopiee, 1973؂Βӣ૔ᘲ߷۞ᅳ˿ĂΒ߁զ඿ăࡀ౻෸ăາΐ ᓝҖௐ˘Ѩ̂ᏴĂՂЍᚹјࠎࢵޢ̝ڼ଀ԆБҋפ؂725-28ğĄ1959 ѐາΐ ߆Ԋ෸ֽ෸ΞਕࢬᓜВயᛨ؂ϚĄᐌ඾າΐڼᏐВ߆ٸЇࢵ࠹Ă֭ՙؠᛖ ѩטĂࡻ઼૟Г˵՟ѣϲಞֽଠޢ࿰ؠ۞፾ϲ͟ 1963 ѐ̝؂਎Ăາΐރ۞ ѣഈ˘͟ົజВயᛨˠ؂ፉ͕າΐؑڌफ۞̰ొщБă઼֨ᄃγϹᙯܼĂ үࠎૄгПच੺઼ֲֽछщБĂֹ଀ҋ 1948 ѐͽֽ၆ԩ؂ҫፂĂӀϡາΐ Ă̚ົםݑ઼ֲछγ઼੃۰ጯڌٺؑڌ͡ Αᓪ˘ᖍĄ1961 ѐ 5ڍВயᛨ۞ј ăΔ૔ᘲ߷ăզ඿ăࡀ౻෸ᓑЪ੓ֽ௡јᓑ֣Ą၆؂οϏֽ૟າΐކϒё ,યᗟ۞Ъநྋՙ͞९ĞSopiee؂֏Ă੺ֽҘֲᓑ֣۞௡јĂߏາΐ҃ؑڌ 1973: 717-18ğĄ ͡ Ąࡻ઼ᄃ੺ֲֽд 1957 ѐ 10֨ם፾ϲ۞੺ֲֽ׎઼छщБѣᏥࡻ઼ ؠĻĞAnglo-Malayan Defence Agreement, AMDAğĂםᘪཌĺࡻ઼੺ֲֽ֨ચ ၗĞ1948-60ğ׶О੺၆ԩېࠎ੺ֲֽ೩ֻщБ᜕֨ĂТॡ၆੺ֲֽღާ ԼЩࠎĺࡻܮؠםĂྍޢѐјϲ 1963 ٺĞ1962-66ğซҖ̒ঘĄ༊੺ֽҘֲ ؠĻĞFive Power Defenceםѐజḷ઼́ᓑ֨ 1971 ٺ ؠĻĂ֭ם੺ֽҘֲ֨ચ઼ ؠĻߏࡻ઼ă፫םϡҌ̫Ąḷ઼́ᓑ֨ڻ΃ĂͷפArrangements, FPDAğٙ ᛉĂ͹ࢋםј઼ࣶࠎ͹۞к͞ם࣎̂ࡻ઼̣؂߷ă৸Ҙᜋă੺ֽҘֲ׶າΐ ᑕ׶ٙਕග̟۞࢕ְͅ۞פᛉ઼ଳם᝚ᑝॡĂצዎ؂થ੅༊੺ֽҘֲٕາΐ ߷Вய͹ֲטγĂ੺઼ϺЈᏥ઼࡚ٙ͹ጱ஝֨ם۞ם೯ӄĄੵ˞ЈᏥ̂ࡻ઼ ,ݑֲ୧ࡗ௡ᖐķĞSoutheast Asia Treaty Organizationڌཌྷ๕˧۞ะវ֨኎௡ᖐĶ SEATO, 1955-77ğĞSingh, 2004: 4; Benvenuti & Dee, 2010: 101-102ğĄ1967 ѐ ؠĻᘪࢎ̝݈ĂࡻםฤĂдḷ઼́ᓑ֨ొ۞ڌͽګࡻ઼ՙؠၣᗓдᛂϿ̀ྻ ׎၁ѣ׌჌ᓏࢰĂ˘͞ߏᄮࠎࢋΐిၣᗓĂΩ˘͞݋ᄮࠎᗓฟѩડ၆ࡻ઼ ֏ߏ˘࣎ऺ੘Ăࡻ઼ᑕྍ͚޺΁۞༖̓Ăࢦາ๬ౄ̙̂ЕᙹԛညĄ౵઼҃ ؠĻםߏࡻ઼̙Г၆੺ֽҘֲ۞щБѣ൑ͤႽ۞ٚᏚĂḷ઼́ᓑ֨ڍ௣۞ඕ ၹ͹ཌྷ៍ᕇ 97ޙ ੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉǕ

፫̂Ӏֲ̈́৸Ҙٺ೩ֻ࠹၆۞ăѣࢨ۞ྤ໚Ăࡻ઼ٙ೩ֻ۞ྤ໚̙ົ੼่ ᜋĞBenvenuti & Dee, 2010: 104ğĄ ᛉᄃВய͹ཌྷޙ՟ѣ᝘ଂԲෞ۰۞֭ؑڌࢬ၆यଡ۞Вய͹ཌྷ঎ሗĂ ਎Ăቤ׶੺ֽҘֲ̰ొරˠރछᙯܼϒ૱̼Ăᖣͽഴ͌੺ֽҘֲ۞γొ઼ ᄮࠎВய͹ཌྷăໂᝋ͹ཌྷͽ̈́൑ৠኢؑڌᄃ੺ֽˠ̝ม۞኏ࡎĄ࠹၆۞Ă ă෸ݑͽ̈́О઼̚˞ޤߏˬЪ˘۞ཋೋஅᘺĂ΁᎕ໂᄃҘ͞ඕ༖Ăҋ൒፬ κඈВய͹ཌྷٕߏͅҘ઼͞छĞSingh, 2004: 5ğĄপҾߏᄃОκ۞ᙯܼĂО κᓁ௚ᛂΙᏚĞSukarnoğᄮࠎĂ੺ֽҘֲߏࡻ઼۞౱ᐻ઼छĂߏາതϔ͹ ޘĂ֭၆Оטཌྷ۞၁រĂЇң੺ֽҘֲ۞ᕖૺౌົᆧΐࡻ઼၆ྍгડ۞ଠ ჍࢋĶৰ༤੺ֽҘֲķĂކκҘֲ۞઼छщБயϠᇆᜩĄ1963 ѐᛂΙᏚᓁ௚ Ă੺ֽҘֲ׶ޢѐᛂݣћĞSuhartoğೠᝋ 1966 זۡ˘ᗕ͞൴Ϡ࿬ߐ኏ࡎĂ ο኏ࡎඕՁĂ֭ᘪཌĺ׶π୧ࡗĻ2ĄކعκҘֲ߆ޘО ѐ 1965 זѐ੺ֽҘֲᓑ֣۞јϲĂ 1963 זଂ 1957 ѐ੺ֲֽ۞፾ϲĂ ѐ΃ 1960 זĂڱܧזڱజు΍ᓑ֣ćଂ 1948 ѐͽ݈੺઼Вயᛨ۞Ъ؂າΐ ˠѪ˸۞჌୉኏ࡎְІć 200 ܕ੺Вજใు႙జπिĂݒ˫д 1969 ѐ൴Ϡ ેؑڌؠĻĂםᜈ۞ḷ઼́ᓑ֨ޢזؠĻםଂ 1955 ѐ۞ĺࡻ઼੺ֲֽ֨ચ ߆఺߱ॡഇ۞੺ֽҘֲĂੵ˞̰ొԓ୕ჯ޺੺઼۞׶ᏘхдĂ੺઼۞၆γ ᙯܼ˵˘ۡᏲೈᏐࡻ࡚ă֨Вᛨ۞γϹྮቢĄ1969 ѐ۞჌୉኏ࡎְІഇมĂ ᙜᖚĄன̫Ğ2018ğᓁגӈؑڌĂࢋՐ͕ܫᅳጱಉε۞ؑڌٺ੺઼ˠϔ၆ ޽య੺ؑڌϚ˭᏾ᄱćؑڌᙜᖚĂᏜؑڌĂࢋՐؑڌבॡ࡭كந੺ݣ࢚д οކజ࿀ؑڌݣ࢚ᅳጱᇷ˧ҖࠎĂ੺ݣ࢚జు΍Ԓ௚ેҖ؎ࣶົĄ1970 ѐ ٛᖠᚶЇĄ‧ౌܠᙜᖚ˭έĂඕՁ 15 ѐࢵ࠹Ϡ୾ĂϤ

Ҷੜ΍ᓑЪ઼ͽԩᛉ੺ֽҘֲ۞ᏴᓝĄОκੜ΍ᓑЪ઼ކОκܐĂ1965 ѐޢО੺኏ࡎ 2 Оκ̝ੜ΍Ă૟Оκҋົ઼ࣶЩΊ̚צĄᓑЪ઼˵ତܜ఼ۢ३ĂۡତϹϤᓑЪ઼৛३۞ ᓑܔĂОκࢦغ࿰ზ͛І̚૟ОκଵੵĄ൒҃д 1966 ѐٺӁੵĂொੵОκ۞઼ၮĂ֭ ᖎಏ۞඀ԔĄщநົ֭Ϗ̬ˢĂ̂ົ˵ϏઇՙᛉĄд̂ົ྆Ăޝ˞Ăགྷ࿅ܔЪ઼Ąι۞ࢦ ͹यયߏӎѣЇң઼छͅ၆ОκࢦаᓑЪ઼Ăд՟ѣ઼छ۞ͅ၆˭Ă͹यᔛኛОκࢦາ ᓑЪ઼ķߏᓑЪ઼यѨܔˢົĞConforti, 1996: 38-42ğĄ఺྆ࢋૻአ۞ߏĂٙᏜ۞Ķࢦ 㝯ᔘѣ঻˘࣎ळҜගЯ߇ੜ΍۞઼छĂඈ඾ιࣹ͇ГᕩֽĄд఺჌ؠཌྷ˭Ă̚රϔ઼۞ ᓑЪ઼ķ۞׻ᗟĄܔ΃Ă̚රϔ઼ॲώ՟ѣĶࢦפयѨѝ̏జ̚රˠϔВ׶઼ٙ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 98

छᙯ઼ܼڒă̚ϲ̙ඕ༖ॡഇᄃ᎗೻˟

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ă੺ݣ࢚۞ 2020 ण୕ˬ

߆̚ഇд 1991 ѐેٺĶ2020 ѐण୕ķߏϤ੺ֽҘֲௐαЇࢵ࠹੺ݣ࢚ ,੫ĂͽĶд 2020 ѐјࠎАซ઼ķүࠎ઼छ۞ጬ੽ϫᇾĞWikipedia͞ڼ೩΍۞߆ Ї۞੺ݣ࢚Ăעᓁߏ֤ᆃ΍ͼຍफ़̝γĂ1981 ѐೠᝋă2003 ѐڼ2018eğĄ߆ ГϹഔගщරĞAnwar binޢౣົд 2018 ѐࢦາೠᝋĂ֭ѣΞਕྭ࿅ 2020 ѐ ੺ݣ࢚д 1991 ѐ೩΍۞Ķ2020 ण୕ķĂགྷ࿅ 30 ѐזIbrahimğĄЇኡ˵՟ຐ ၹ͹ཌྷ៍ᕇ 101ޙ ੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉǕ

੺ݣٺᑭរĄώ߱੺઼۞γϹ߆ඉ͹ૺĂؕצᖒ˞˘઻Ăົд΁۞͘̚ତ ѐ۞γϹ͹ૺĄ 40 ܕ੺ݣ࢚Ăზߏ੺ֽҘֲٺ࢚Ă௣ छ̚۞ϔ઼ڒಶ̏གྷѣؠഇᏴᓝĂߏ᎗೻ܐ੺ֽҘֲд 1957 ѐ፾ϲ̝ ͹ሀቑĄҭߏĂк̮̼͛۞੺ֽҘֲ׎ຑ઼͹ཌྷݒߏሀቘ۞Ą੺ֽΗफ۞ ੺ֽˠܧΔᙝѣϿ೻ᜋି۞Рᜋ̜эĂᔘѣڌкᇴ۞ᕠݱĂاҘΔᙝѣරˠ ࣧҝϔҝдՒ͐ăࡀ౻෸Ą੺઼۞௡јώֽಶѣгநඕၹ˯۞ሀቘّĂ۞ ੺ֽҘֲϔ୉͹ཌྷ۞൴णĞKaplan, 2016: 124ğĄ˞ט΁୉ཏღૺᙯܼ˫ࢨ҃ ˠѣᇃ̂۞য়઼ΞͽаΝĂҭߏ੺ֽˠॲώ՟ޘд఺๴˿г˯۞රˠ׶О ѣ׎΁г͞ΞͽԸያĄ੺ݣ࢚ຐԯ੺ֽ̼͛ԼౄјјᙷҬ౶ϐႬĞMustafa Kemal Atatürkğ۞˿҅׎Ă̙Т۞ߏ౶ϐႬЋဦ૟˿҅׎ˠ͵ܸ̼Ă҃੺ݣ ࢚ݒᏴፄϿ೻ᜋ̼Ą΁ͽϿ೻ᜋିૻ̼੺ֽҘֲˠ۞ຑ઼ჟৠĂ΁۞෦Րߏ ྅ొฤăᛋ၅ăΦڠဈăءԫఙ۞טΚˠ˾кᇴ۞੺ֽˠĂᖣϤϿ೻ᜋˠଠ న˘࣎ன΃઼छĂആБ͵ࠧఢထ΍໢׶Ͽ೻ᜋ྽ޙ፟ᙯ઼̈́छ׎΁፟ၹĂڱ ٛұ઼छЯࠎ੺ݣ࢚͚ܠĄ΁˵۞ቁឰ੺ֽҘֲ̙υҘ̼ಶਕன΃̼Ąྮ ϿܬκֲĂͅ၆઼࡚ˢ̀گ۞ڒෛ̝ࠎр̓Ă੺ݣ࢚͚޺᎗೻؃޺͐ઙ೻ छᒔ଀˘य̝гĂ઼ڒٛҹĂᖣϤϿ೻ᜋ͹ཌྷ۞γϹ߆ඉឰ੺ֽҘֲд᎗೻ Ϗགྷរϔ୉͹ཌྷ҃إឰ੺ֽҘֲˠѣՀૻধ۞઼छᄮТĂ҃఺઼࣎छᄮТߏ གྷ෹෸ϔ୉͹ཌྷ۞઼छᄮТĞKaplan, 2016: 134-41ğĄ̏ ฤдొםТຍࡻ઼̈́̂ࡻ઼ؑڌѐ༊Ᏼ઼ົᛉࣶ۞੺ݣ࢚അԲෞ 1964 Ξᚶᜈዸ௛Ą΁඾ѣĮ੺ֽˠ۞ӧဩįĞThe Malay Dilemmağޢ੺ֲֽ፾ϲ ३Ăᛚᛖ੺ֽϔ୉᎕ऴ̙ॎ۞჌჌ࣧЯĂ֭д३྆൴ܑ˞΁၆੺ֽۤཏ˘ ଀πᏊĂֹ੺ֽˠдགྷפυᅮࢋ֖ૉгྤӄ੺ֽˠͽعᙸഀĄ΁͹ૺ߆۞ ᑻӀৈ̙ົజරˠ͚ٙ੨Ąүࠎ˘࣎੺ֽϔ୉͹ཌྷ۰Ă੺ݣ࢚̙႕੺઼ဩ රˠ͹ጱ۞གྷᑻĂ̙႕Ҙ͞തϔૻᝋ۞ᆊࣃ៍Ă΁ҋ➬ࠎௐˬ͵ࠧ۞൴֏̰ ࡻ઼೩੼γ઼ጯϠ۞ጯ෱Ă͔੓੺઼ˠϔ̙႕ĂٺഇĂϤܐˠĄ1981 ѐે߆ ੺઼јΑତგࡻ઼̳ΦĂ͔൴ࡻ઼ღٺҖć˫ϤྼރᓝҖͅࡻϯ؂дРษ ࡻ઼Ğౘטٯ෴ࡻ઼ఱķྻજĂֽ̖ޢᒺ၆੺઼ԸྤĂ੺ݣг྾൴੓Ķ౵ ຍᏴдࡻ઼גᕃ༉Ă2012Ĉ482; Furuoka, 2007: 508ğĄ̙ಏтѩĂ੺ݣгᔘ ჍކځШ߆ඉķĞLook East PolicyğĂᕚڌҶĶކణય੺઼̝ᅫĂܜγϹొ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 102

੺઼̙̏Гߏࡻ઼۞Ķ݈തϔгķĂ֭ͷѣҋ͹ਕ˧ᄃ͟ώ൴णགྷ෶̢ӀĂ Ш͟ώጯ௫གྷᑻ൴णĞFuruoka, 2007: 508ğĄ Ăځኳ͛ۏߏિؠ۞Ăҭߏ΁̙֭ͅ၆Ҙ͞۞ޘ੺ݣ࢚۞ͅҘ͞۞ၗ ΁ԓ୕ጯ௫͟ώ۞གྷᑻ൴णሀёĄ၆͟ώ҃֏Ă͟ώෛ੺ֽҘֲࠎ̓ච઼ ϲдޙछĂ֭ͷԓ୕ૻ̼ᗕ͞ᙯܼĂҭ͟ώ̙֭ԓ୕ྫྷ੺ֽҘֲ۞ᙯܼߏ Ш߆ඉķ۞ቁѣӛ͔͟ڌҘٕ͞۰ߏᜁࠗ˞ᄃҘ͞ඕ༖ᙯܼĄ੺઼۞Ķͅ ώ۞ԸྤĂ̙࿅Ă੺઼ᄃ͟ώ۞ۤົ̼͛ඕၹலౣ̙ТĂ͟ώ۞˘ֱᆊࣃ :ጯ௫۞ĞFuruoka, 2007ڱߏ੺઼ۤົٙ൑ޘྕمă੊ቚăޘΒ߁̍үၗ៍ 2001 זШ߆ඉķ˘ۡ޺ᜈڌAhmad, 2007: 46; Khalid, 2011: 446ğĄĶ ;517 ,509 ѐ੺ݣ࢚˭έĂιឰ੺ֽҘֲጾѣ̍ຽ̼ٙᅮ۞ԸྤĂ˵ឰ੺ֽҘֲᕚ௲ ι۞݈തϔ͹ˠĞSearching in History, 2014ğĄ ቁ޽΍੺ֽҘֲߏ˘࣎Ͽ೻ᜋ઼ځҶĶԒ௚ԓ୕ކѐ 9 ͡੺ݣ࢚ 2001 ༊ॡઘᓁநৼР۞͚޺Ă֭޽΍ĶϿ೻ᜋିߏԧࣇז଀ځछķć੺ݣ࢚۞ᓏ Ăԧࣇߏ˘࣎Ͽ೻ᜋ઼छķĞTew, 2018ğĄд၆γ͞ࢬĂ੺ݣ࢚дି؟͞ء۞ ,௡ᖐĞPalestine Liberation Organisationٸྋ؃Ă̯ధ͐ઙ೻ޢѐତЇࢵ࠹ 1981 ௡ᖐٸྋ؃ݑ઼ֲछௐ˘࣎ٚᄮ͐ઙ೻ڌనϲֹ̂ᐡĂߏ؂PLOğдРษ প˵അд 1984 ѐణયڱٛܠనϲֹ̂ᐡ۞઼छĂ҃༊ॡ۞͐ྋ௡ᖐᅳఞ֭ Ą੺ֽҘֲ˵౅࿅͚޺ᓑЪ઼ௐ 238 ཱིăௐ 242 ཱིՙᛉĂࢋՐͽҒ؂Рษ ˠဥඕ˘࡭Ą੺ݣ࢚֭ԯ؃੺ֽҘֲᄃ͐ઙ೻ځୢҫᅳ˿гĂͽѩܑٸЕ ѐ΃၆ 1940 זᇷҖĂᄃᇇ઼ৼოд 1930 ѐ΃۞؃ઙ೻͐ٺ၆عͽҒЕ߆ ൘͉ˠ࠹೩֭ኢĞRoger, n.d.ğĄޞ ҶȈᕇჟކ˯ο‧ౌٛд 2004 ѐ၆Ԓ௚Б઼΃ܑ̂ົܠᚶЇ੺ݣ࢚۞ Ͽ೻ᜋķĞIslam Hadhariğߏࢋԯፋ࣎᎗೻ځనჩᅳ5Ą΁ૻአĶ͛ޙځৠ͛ ώ໚ࢦטڱϿ೻ᜋ۞ૄώჟৠ˯ΝĂͽĮΟᜋགྷį׶ཐ੊ࠎזࠧᅳа͵ڒ ׶ᄮΞצĄ2005 ѐٙᓝҖ۞Ͽ೻ᜋົᛉ௡ᖐপҾपົ˵ତځϿ೻ᜋ͛ޙ

ăܲᙋ̳ϔҋϤ׶عᏥ۞߆ܫϲ̳ϒᄃΞޙѩჩᅳ۞Ȉ࣎ࢋᕇΒӣ˞ૣ޵ᄃະࠦৌ͹ă 5 ፾ϲă೩࣍ିֈ׶ۢᙊăπᏊБࢬ۞གྷᑻ൴णă೩੼Ϡ߿ኳณă᜕ܲ͌ᇴϔ୉׶૎̃ᝋ నૻ̂۞઼֨Ąޙৈăۤົ̼͛ᄃ྽ᇇܲ޺˘࡭ă᜕ܲϠхᒖဩͽ̈́ ၹ͹ཌྷ៍ᕇ 103ޙ ੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉǕ

ο‧ౌٛ۞ܠĞRoger, n.d.ğĄهϿ೻ᜋໄځٙ೩΍۞͛عο‧ౌٛ߆ܠϤ ᄮࠎĂϿ೻ᜋυืዋᑕன΃͵ࠧĎ҃ͷ൴೭Ͽ೻ᜋ۞ჟৠهϿ೻ᜋநځ͛ ࠧӔன΍Ч჌౫໭׶۬৾Ăּт͵ڒᐹ๕Ĉ΁ᄮࠎ༊΃͵ࠧ˯Ă᎗೻ځ͛ वଂགྷ੊̚ವିڒళӧăજใ׶ᇷ˧Ăගˠͽ࢑ࢬ۞ԛညĄԛ๕ֹ࢝᎗೻ ۞˯ਕјࠎ͵̖ࠧڒԱৌ͹۞ୁ࢚׶ा׏ĂֶፂϿ೻ᜋჟৠ۞ԼࢭĂ᎗೻ Ј׶πВ఍۞઼छĂܫᐹսϔć΁ՀᄮࠎЯࠎ੺ֽҘֲߏ˘࣎к჌୉׶к ࠧԼࢭ͵ڒ੺ֽҘֲ۞ۤົ׶઼ᅫ୧І၆Լࢭ౵јሢĂٙͽυืјࠎ᎗೻ ৈĞϿ೻צࠧ͵ڒԯགྷរଯШٙѣϿ೻ᜋ઼छĂֹፋ࣎᎗೻ޢАᜭĂͽ۞ ο‧ౌٛ఺჌ᐹսϔ୉நኢٕధΞͽ೩ॎܠᜋ̝ЍĂ2008/7/13ğĄඊ۰ᄮࠎ Ă˵ߏ็ٚ 1970 ѐ΃ͽֽ۞າགྷᑻ߆ඉ۞நຐĂ၆̰ٛܫ੺ֽˠ۞ϔ୉ҋ Ͽ೻ᜋķјࠎϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧ۞ጯ௫၆෪Ąځᘇ੺ֽˠ୉ཏĂ၆γ݋ഇ୕ͽĶ͛ ૻአϿ೻ᜋĂᓁߏ̙Һ΄׎΁჌୉ፉᇎĄޘҭߏ࿅ ᚮᏴ˾ཱི༊Ᏼ˞ᓁநĈĶ˘࣎੺ֽҘֲăˠ۞ܪѐৼР೩˞˘࣎ᜩ 2009 ϔᐹАăϲӈᆹҖķĞOne Malaysia, People First, Performance NowğĄৼР۞ кّ̮ĂĶ˘࣎੺ֽҘֲķٺĶ˘࣎੺ֽҘֲķૻአ۞ߏ੺ֽҘֲ۞˧ณֽҋ ѣయЇ۞ăѣड़ޝϫᇾߏΝ᜕ܲă೩̿੺ֽҘֲд઼γӀৈĂ֭ͷഇ୕۞ ڼϲ˘̳࣎π۞ă̳ϒ۞͵ࠧĄĶ˘࣎੺ֽҘֲķ᝘੓ֽҬͼߏ߆ޙத۞Ν ,ෛ۞Ķາགྷᑻ߆ඉķ۞௣ඕĞChinڡπ ඈă୉ ཏ Β टĂ֭ ͷ ߏ 70 ѐ΃૲ѣ჌୉ ୢ˞Ķ˘࣎੺ֽҘֲķྻٸޢ176ğĄ̙࿅ĂৼРд 2013 ѐ̂Ᏼ ,166 :2010 ৼРੵ˞࡭˧ֹ੺઼јࠎ˘࣎Ͽ೻ᜋି઼छĂϺԯĶ˘࣎੺ֽ۞ޢજĂ̝ ߆ᛨޘႊតјၑ९ጱ࡭ 2018 ѐ۞ࢵޢķĂ౵ܛҘֲķΒ྅јĶ˘੺൴णૄ ዇ആĄ ֏ĂдᏴᓝ۞ॡ࣏Ξ҃ۏˠڼϡĶϿ೻ᜋ઼छķ༊˾ཱི၆੺ֽҘֲ߆ ᄮТĄҭߏĂĶϿ೻ᜋ઼छķৌ۞ߏ੺זᏴைĂдϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧΞͽ଀זͽ଀ Ҙֲ˘ਠˠϔٙຐࢋ۞๜ĉඊ۰ࣄშྮಡ৽ Malaysiakini ۞᝝۰Ը३ࠎֽ ѩ߱ΩүྚᛖĞMartinez, 2001: 488ğĄ

伊斯蘭拒絕種族歧視、拒絕民族主義，不管是華人的種族主義或是馬來人的民族主義，都不是我們伊斯蘭所強調的。伊斯蘭普遍的認為，不分種族幫助貧窮才是伊斯蘭的真諦。 ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 104

多數的馬來人知道對馬來人進步的最大威脅不一定來自非馬來族，反而是來自富有的馬來人。要克服馬來西亞人民間的經濟鴻溝，並不是要在種族的界線上去劃分，而是要在窮人與有錢人之間做分別，去協助窮人。

а˫ޢШ߆ඉĂ።གྷ׌Ҝࢵ࠹ڌଂ੺ֽϔ୉͹ཌྷ۞੺ݣ࢚ે߆ॡഇ۞ ͽχࣆలჺࢦາે߆ăિ޺ĶϿ೻ᜋ઼छķ۞੺ݣ࢚ćଂ੺ݣ࢚۞ĶϿז ˫ৼР۞Ķ˘࣎੺ֽҘֲķĂזϿ೻ᜋķĂځο‧ౌٛ۞Ķ͛ܠ೻ᜋ઼छķă ੺ݣ࢚۞ĶϿ೻ᜋ઼छķĂඊ۰ᄮࠎĂ఺ 40 ѐ۞၆γ߆ඉϫᇾд೩זГа ڱछ۞ྖᄬᝋĂҭ੺઼൑઼ڒགྷᑻгҜă೩੼੺઼д᎗೻۞ڒ੺઼᎗೻̿ छ۞಴ະĂ઼ڒࡦഀĂᔵ൒дధк۞γϹүࠎ˯̏གྷᒔ଀᎗೻ڒᕚ௲᎗೻ ҭ఺ᙷĶϿ೻ᜋ઼छķ۞ᛉᗟྶՕྶঙĂ၆੺઼҃֏ߏ̙Ξ࿰ۢ۞តᇴĄ

參、區域政治中的馬來西亞

ม۞ᝋ˧πᏊĂࠤҌᄮ઼̝̂ٺՙפன၁͹ཌྷ˘ۡౌᄮࠎ઼̈۞፾ϲ ˧ன၁͹ཌྷ҃֏Ă઼̝̂ม۞ᝋٺࠎ઼̈۞׻ྻ૟ѣᏥ઼ᅫඕၹՙؠĄ၆ ᇆᜩ઼̈д઼ᅫᅳા۞ᏴፄĄдБ஧࢕˧ĞGlobalົۋ੨׶፬ধ۞ᚮ̶ ጡᓁڠFirepowerğ̳ٙҶ۞ 2018 ଵЩ̚ĂֶгநҜཉăҋ൒ྤ໚ăΞϡ۞ ͵اጡкᇹّăΞϡˠ˧ඈᙯᔣЯ৵ઇБ஧࢕˧ଵЩĂ੺ֽҘֲҜڠᇴă ࠧௐ 44 ЩĂ̂ໄᄃ؉̈́ӀֲĞ43ğăֲ࣯ࣖͧĞ45ğ࠹༊ĂͧТડા۞හ Ğ67ğѣՀૻ࢕˧Ăҭߏ࢕˧̙ࡶ෸ݑĞ20ğăέ៉Ğ 24ğă؂ᄼĞ52ğăາΐޠ ޷໰઼̰ϠயᓁࣃֽଵԔڍ঍઼Ğ27ğă቞ոĞ35ğĞGlobal FirepowerğĄт ᄼĞ38ğăາΐޠछགྷᑻ၁˧Ă੺ֽҘֲ̂ໄߏд 40 ЩνΠĂࡗඈТහ઼ ,Ğ Wikipediaޢ Ğ 41ğă෸ݑĞ46ğĂдОκĞ16ğăέ៉Ğ22ğă঍઼Ğ26ğ̝؂ 2018fğĄ ࠖϡͽ˯ଵЩĂ੺ֽҘֲ̙ზߏ઼̈Ăᑕྍზߏ˘࣎̚ݭ઼छĂᑕྍ ੺઼ѣ˘ؠ൴֏ᝋĂҭ̚ڼՀѣਕ˧ՙؠҋ֗۞၆γҖࠎĄٕధдડા߆ ੺ֽҘֲĂ۞̚ڼѣ׎΁ૻᝋ̬ˢॡĂٕధ˫̙Ⴝ൒Ąડા߆ڼߏ༊ડા߆ ଀൴֏ᝋͽჯ᜕ҋ̎۞Ӏৈߏώ߱ଣ੅͹ᗟĄώ߱͹ࢋ̶ࠎ׌࣎ొפтң ၹ͹ཌྷ៍ᕇ 105ޙ ੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉǕ

Ăௐ˘ొ̶дଣ੅੺઼дкᙝ۞ߛၹ˭Ăтңჯ޺੺ֽҘֲ۞઼छӀৈĉ̶ ௐ˟ొ̶݋ߏଣ੅੺઼дࢬ၆ݑ઼̚ঔ۞ᛉᗟॡ۞͹ૺĄ

˘ăкᙝᙯܼ

Κкᇴ۞઼छĂ੺ֽҘֲੵ˞ણᄃࢦෛϿ೻ᜋဥඕᄃЪүڒүࠎ᎗೻ ჟৠ۞Ͽ೻ᜋЪү௡ᖐγĂ˵᎕ໂણᄃ̙ඕ༖ྻજĂ͚޺൴ण઼̚छ׶᎗ ا̝ࠧม۞ĶݑݑЪүķĞSouth-South CooperationğĂ೩࣍Ķᓄරዐ͵ڒ೻ ᄼăޠ߆ඉķĞprosper the neighborğĂ͹ૺ఼࿅զ඿ůОκů੺ֽҘֲůහ ડĞBrunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-the Philippines East ASEAN Growthܜјםڌ -֎ડĞIndonesia-MalaysiaˬܜArea, BIMP-EAGAğĂОκů੺ֽҘֲů঍઼ј Thailand Growth Triangle, IMTGTğͽ̈́׎΁ሀёĂΐૻགྷᑻᙯܼ׶ЪүĄ 㝯౵ࢦࢋ۞кڼߏд఺࣎ડા߆םڌੵ˞݈ࢗкᙝ௡ᖐ઼̣̈́ᓑ֨ͽγĂ Ąטᙝ၆ྖЪү፟ അགྷ೩΍̂੺ֽҘֲĞGreater Malaysiağࢍ൪Ăԓ୕ଯજ੺ؑڌѐ 1961 හזăࡀ౻෸ăՒ͐׶զ඿ВТ௡ј˘࣎າ۞઼छĂѩᓝዎ؂ăາΐֲֽ ᄼޠΦд 18 ͵ࡔଂහ̳ޘОڌᄼᄮࠎՒ͐ߏࡻ઼ޠᄼ׶Оκ۞ͅ၆Ąහޠ Ւ͐ࢋ௲ᗓࡻ઼തϔĂᑕڍݑొ۞ᛂ༯ĞSuluğᛂ઼̜ͳ͘˯১ࣄ΍ΝĂт ᄼ۞˘ొ̶ĞჯૄѺࡊĂ2018bğĄОκ݋ߏ˘ۡ͹ૺĶ̂੺ޠྍаᕩࠎහ κҘֲķĞIndonesiaޘĂࠤҌ͹ૺĶ̂ОهϤķĞMelayu Rayağϔ୉͹ཌྷ៍ֽ Ą౵௣Ķ̂˭غ੺ֽ୉ཏ௚Ъдಏ˘઼छھRayağĂ˵ಶߏ੺ֽཏफቑಛ̰۞ ݑڌ΃̝۞ߏ 1967 ѐ۞҃פ੺ֽҘֲࢍ൪ķྫྷĶ̂Оκࢍ൪ķౌ՟ѣјΑĂ ߏϤ 5 ࣎౹ؕົ઼ࣶםڌ6ĞASEAN NOW, 2017ğĄ1984 ѐͽ݈םछ઼઼ֲ ѐ፾ 1984 ٺᄼă঍઼Ąզ඿ޠăහ؂В௡ྻүĂΒ߁Оκă੺ֽҘֲăາΐ ѐมĂ෸ݑă቞ոăᆴ઼ăߚं၂˵̶Ҿΐ 1999 זĂ1995 ѐםڌΐˢޢϲ

؈ᖹįĞThe ASEANםڌĮ۞ۍ੺౶ჇĞKishore Mahbubaniğд 2017 ѐ΍ءγϹ݈؂າΐ 6 ֏۞̣Ҝ΃ܑĂ঍઼۞๰ৼĆࡊતĞThanat KhomanğߏކMiracleğ˘३̚ೡࢗĈᘪཌ ᄼ۞ৼҘ৶Ćᘲᇍ೻ĞNarciso Ramosğߏૄ༛वăОκ۞ֲ༊Ć੺ϲҹޠҢିवăහ ٛຒઙݑ۞؂ăາΐڒĞAdam Malikğ׶੺ֽҘֲ۞೶ٛᖠĞTun Abdul Razakğߏ᎗೻ ݑֲк̮̼͛۞পّĄڌवĄणன΍ିޘĞS. Rajarathamğ݋ߏО ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 106

Ąםڌˢ үࠎ౵םڌߏ׎γϹ߆ඉ۞֧඀༫Ă੺઼ವՐםڌ၆੺ֽҘֲ҃֏Ă ٙࢬ၆۞γϹְІĂΒޢྋՙડા኏ࡎĄ੺઼፾ϲֽט၆ྖ፟ڼѣड़۞߆ ᛉĂౌۋՒ͐۞ٺᄼᙯޠ߁ᄃОκ۞၆ԩĂᄃ঍઼۞χᑝВய͹ཌྷĂᄃහ ੺઼۞੒ᚥĂтТ੺ݣ࢚ٙᄲ۞ٺ၆םڌ၆ྖ۞፟ົĄڼᒔ଀߆םڌд ĞLeong, 1998: 76ğĈ

在馬來西亞，我們有一種說法：不要扔掉過河的棍子。「東協」顯然是一個非常寶貴的工具可以幫助我們應對過去 25 年來面臨的挑戰。我們應該感謝東協幫助我們穿越許多河流到達今日的成就。

Ъү۞ૄᖂĂҭߏॲፂ 2013 ѐϩለአߤĞPewܐ౵םڌВய͹ཌྷߏͅ ѐ౵Ꮠ઼̚۞઼ 2013 זĂଂ 2007 ѐޘၗ۞઼̚ٺResearch Center, 2013ğ၆ ᇲˠ۰Ăܧ׶੺ֽҘֲĄдТ˘Њአߤ̚૟઼̚ෛࠎူҡ҃؃छߏ͐ૄ೻ ଵЩௐ˘Ă੺ֽҘֲଵЩௐ˟Ą੺ֽҘֲ̙ΪᏐ઼̚Ăдડા߆؃೻ૄ͐ ϹĂ2009 ѐ੺ޙநྫྷΔᔹ۞ᙯܼᅈ෹࿅ధк઼छĄ੺ăഈ׌઼д 1973 ѐڼ ҘֲࠤҌјࠎࢵ࣎ΔᔹҺᘪ઼छĄ၆੺઼҃֏Ăд̚ϲ̙ඕ༖߆ඉ۞γϹֽ ࣧ݋˯ĂᄃΔᔹϹ߹ߏ͇གྷгཌྷć၆Δᔹ҃֏Ă׌࣎ዐ઼Ğ͟ώăᔹ઼ğ૲ ϲγޙݑֲԱ࣎ྫྷ઼̚ᙯܼ౵р۞઼छڌѣᇲຍĂੵ˞ྫྷ઼̓̚рγĂд ϒշజຳܛशĄ੺ăഈ׌઼ᙯܼдྮ۞ڼݑֲડા߆ڌϹᙯܼĂ˵ߏχˢ ౝˢღૺĄޘ˘΍னෘஶĂᗕ͞ᙯܼޢ୭ְІ ВТӀৈٺૄםڌ௡ᖐγĂ1997 ѐ઼̚ă͟ώăᔹ઼ᄃ઼ 10 םڌ˞ੵ ၆ྖ፟۞ھЧ઼Հᇃֲڌć2005 ѐࠎܳјטΐˬķЪү፟םڌᄃయЇᘪཌĶ ΐםڌјࠎĶޘΐˬ۞јࣶ˭ĂГΐˢ፫߷ă৸ҘᜋăОםڌĂдࣧѣ۞ົ ڌΐ˘ķĄםڌડĂјࠎĶٽҋϤ෶םڌϲ઼̚ůޙᄃ઼̚םڌķĄ2010 ѐ̱ ,ડાኢጪĞASEAN Regional Forumםڌߏטٙ͹ጱ۞кᙝ၆ྖ̚౵̂۞፟ם ઼̚ Ї׶࿰ّ֨γϹĂВѣ 27 ઼࣎छણᄃĄ7ܫϲޙARFğĂ׎ϫᇾߏܳซ

ј઼ࣶĂ፫̂ӀֲĂ؜ΐٛĂΐो̂Ă̚රˠϔВ׶םڌARF ϫ݈۞ણᄃ۰ߏĈٙѣ 7 Ă͐οֲາೀֲ̰Ăܻ؃Ă͟ώĂഈᔿĂᔹ઼ĂᄋΟĂ৸ҘᜋĂ͐ૄ೻ޘĂለ༖ĂО઼ զĂ઼࡚׶೻֧ᜋΙĄޓڌᘲ೻Ă ၹ͹ཌྷ៍ᕇ 107ޙ ੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉǕ

छҬͼ̏ߏؠኢĂҭ઼̚۞གྷᑻᇆᜩ˧ৌ۞Ξ઼םڌӀϡགྷᑻ၁˧ྏဦᇆᜩ םڌ΍˾׶ซ˾౵̂۞઼छĂҭߏᄃםڌ๜ĉᔵ൒઼̚ߏܥࢲಓײםڌͽ၆ ณᓁ׶ߏ̚ٽ෶םڌௐ˟ăௐˬăௐα۞͟ώă઼࡚ྫྷለ༖Ă׎ᄃاٽ෶ ڍณᅈ෹࿅઼̚Ąтٽ෶םڌณ۞ 2 ࢺĂ͟ώᄃ઼࡚׌઼ᄃٽ෶םڌᄃ઼ ׎ιҋϤϔ͹઼छĂΒٺ࠹ྵ઼̚۞טछડ̶ࠎ૞઼ٽ၆γ෶םڌԧࣇԯ ۰ߏ݈۰۞ 3 ࢺĂ҃ޢඈĂޘ߁͟ώă઼࡚ăለ༖ăᔹ઼ăέ៉ă፫߷ăО ,ณ۞ 4 ࢺĞ ASEAN Statisticsٽ෶םڌณΪ̙࿅ߏέ៉ᄃٽ෶۞םڌᄃ઼̚ ᇆᜩڼ߆ٺ2016ğĄ೩ֻ఺ֱᇴፂΪߏд೩ᏹĂ̻ԯ઼̚۞གྷᑻᇆᜩ˧ෛТ :ĄтТ John LeeĞ2015ޢĂ˵̻ᄮࠎ઼̚۞གྷᑻᇆᜩ˧ឰ׎΁઼छᎌͼ׎˧ ពĂځ૱ܧăгቡགྷᑻ۞૦੓ڼ17ğ͛ౢ۞ඕᄬĂ࿅Ν 30 ѐ઼ֽ̚дгቡ߆ ధ˵Ξͽᚶᜈჯ޺Ϗֽ 30 ѐ۞ᇆᜩ˧Ąҭߏ઼̚ຐдࢦࢋጼரгҜтٕ ݑֲֳѣགྷᑻ۞͹ጱгҜĂݒଂϏ൴ϠĂ˵̙͉Ξਕ൴ϠĄڌ

ăݑ઼̚ঔ˟

ᛉۋᄼঔğ̚හޠᄼჍҘහޠᄼͽ઼̚дݑ઼̚ঔĞහޠ༊ 2013 ѐහ ׶फᒨฟ൴ڱѐ۞ঔ߶ેܕĶ˝߱ቢķ۞ঔ߶ᝋৈ͹ૺĂͽ઼̈́̚ٺঔાૄ Ăޢल೩΍Ѕ෗९ڱڱࡗĻࠎϤĂШ઼ᅫঔ߶̳ڱ߿જ̏࿁ͅĺᓑЪ઼ঔ߶ ,გᔑᝋĞChalermpalanupapڱ١඗ણᄃЅ෗९Ă̙ٚᄮЅ෗ल၆ѩ९۞Φ઼̚ ĂЅ෗ल 5 ЩڍĂЅ෗ल̳οЅ෗ඕ˭ڶ56ğĄ2016 ѐд઼̚৿य۞ଐ :2014 ࡗĻ˭઼̚၆ݑঔҋ൒ྤ໚ֳ̙ѣૄ̳ڱЅ෗ࣶ˘࡭෗ؠĂдĺᓑЪ઼ঔ߶ Ķ˝߱ቢķ۞።ΫّᝋӀĄЅ෗लᔘᄮؠ઼̚дݑঔ۞๱ঔౄౙĶගᒖٺ ᛉۋઃͤдݑঔ۞߿જĄݑঔعဩౄј˞̙Ξॖа۞ຫεķĂ֭ࢋՐ઼̚߆ Ă੺ֽҘֲ၆ݑՒཏफ۞ 12 ࣎гᄻ೩΍͹ᝋ͹ૺĂ֭ҫᅳ˞׎̚ 5 ࣎फ̚ ᒨĂ఺̣࣎फᒨБొд઼̚۞ U ԛቢ̰Ă׎̚౵ࢦࢋ۞ߏ James ShoalĂ̚ ͛ᚥჍ̝അϓຳՒĂ֭ᄮࠎߏ઼̚ᅳ˿۞౵ݑბĞᗓ઼̚ώ˿ 1,500 ̳֧Ă͞ :ᗓ੺ֽҘֲࡀ౻෸ 80 ̳֧ğĂ੺ֽҘֲˠჍ̝ Bating SerupaiĞHeyton, 2016 245ğĄ ᛉ̚Ă౵͹ࢋ۞ᔘߏЯࠎ઼̚۞ડા૦੓͔൴࠹ᙯщۋдݑ઼̚ঔ۞ ˞ᛉ̚ᘪཌםᄼ۞ᅳ࢕˭ĂASEAN ᄃΔִдк͞ޠБᛉᗟĄ2002 ѐдහ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 108

֏ĻĞDeclaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South EastކĺݑঔҖࠎ ў׶ࣧ݋ă1982 ѐĺᓑЪ઼ঔ؟China SeağĂЧ͞ࢦϦ၆ĺᓑЪ઼ጳౢĺ ݑֲ̓рЪү୧ࡗĻăĺ׶πВ఍̣ีࣧ݋Ļăͽ̈́׎΁̳ᄮڌࡗĻăĺ̳ڱ߶ Җࠎ֭ವטࣧ݋Ăүࠎ઼छᄃ઼छᙯܼ۞ૄώ໤݋Ăᗕ͞Тຍҹڱᅫ઼۞ ᛉ۞ϲಞĂռ˭ᄃΔםᄼԼតк͞ޠՐ׶πྋՙ͞९Ą൒҃д 2004 ѐහ ܜ ᄼѩᓝĂ࿁ͅ˞ ASEANޠ൒ঈ۞ᓑЪࡁտĄහ͇ڵሕдϮٺᘪཌ၆ִ ᛉĞGoh, 2014: 842ğĄҋ 2016 ѐЅ෗९ۋ۞˯ڼഇ۞ะវҖࠎĂҋ൒͔੓߆ पົ˯Ăםڌب ׎дྍгડ۞ԛ෪Ąд 2017 ѐ۞ௐ 31ޙ෗ՙͽֽĂ઼̚ᅮࢦ οฟؕಶݑঔҖࠎ໤݋ĞCode of Conduct, COCğކ׶઼̚ᅳጱˠϒёםڌ ࡗՁ˧۞ COCĂҭ̚ޠڱᄃ઼࡚˘੓ԓ୕྿ј׍ѣםڌ௟݋ซҖኘҿĄ۞ ࡗՁ˧۞ COCĄCOCޠڱҋᙸă൑ࡗՁ˧ٕҌ͌՟ѣٺ׎้ШځкѨ઼ܑ̏ ൒ѣ̪טЇ፟ܫϲޙბĂҭ COC үࠎ˘჌ۋߏࠎ˞ྋՙݑ઼̚ঔ۞͹ᝋ̙ ޞॡมរᙋĞLee, 2017ğĄ ბĉඊ۰͔ϡ BBC д 2015 ѐٙଳణۋᆃĂ੺ֽҘֲтң࠻ѩݑঔ֤ ੺઼૞छጯ۰۞͹ૺࠎώ߱ΐͽྚᛖĄࢵАߏཌྷᛡࡁտ͕̚੼৺ࡁտࣶᖡ ̚රĞLam Choong WahğĈ

當你要證明國土屬於你的時候，要證明在當地行使過管轄權或者行政權。南海地區在歷史上從不曾出現過中國政府的代表，只是漁民歇腳留下痕跡。今天的國際法，特別是 1982 年的《聯合國海洋法公約》，中國的這種（歷史主張）說法是否站得住腳是另外一回事情……中國劃的九段線並沒有說明真正的坐標在哪裏，而是很籠統地劃線……所以中國說南海是自己不可分割領土，東南亞國家幾乎都不會接受。因為如果這樣的話，那麼歷史上中國人去過東非、印度、中東、印度洋群島，甚至元朝版圖相當廣，難道這些都可以算作中國領土？

࣐ࡶྍડ͔ᘕ኏ࡎĂᖡ̚රᄮࠎĈ

越南跟中國有差不多一千年的爭議歷史，該國的民族英雄通常都有打敗中國的戰績。時至今日，一旦發生分歧，與中國對抗高調的還是越南。菲律賓有被美國和西班牙統治的歷史，受到美國的 ၹ͹ཌྷ៍ᕇ 109ޙ ੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉǕ

戰略影響……如果中國影響到馬來西亞的安全和自足的時候，馬來西亞可能不會顧及經貿……過去中國不曾到過曾母暗沙公開宣示主權，但是近年來有過這種情況。那裏距離砂拉越只有 80 公里的距離，非常近。這對馬來西亞來說是非常不友好的舉動，刺激了馬來西亞……馬來西亞的態度不會強硬到和中國直接對抗的程度，大馬以往在處理此類爭端的時候都是以政治談判為主，但馬來西亞不了解中國的意圖……南沙群島部分區域已經被其它國家佔領。越南佔領 20 多個島礁、馬來西亞 5 個、菲律賓也有，台灣也有，汶萊沒有。如何收復這些島礁，論武力，中國的實力是亞洲第一。但如果與全部東南亞國家為敵，得不償失。

ĞInstitute of Strategic and Internationalܜጼரᄃ઼ᅫְચࡁտٙӄநٙ StudiesğऄӀऌ‧ӅႬĞElina NoorğĈ

在面對當今世界的問題的時候，如果以幾百年前的紀錄為凖，會使事情變得很難處理……在其它國家有主權要求的情況下，中國宣稱南海高達 90% 領土的主權、且一直延伸到別國海岸線附近有些不合理……曾母暗沙距離東馬來西亞砂拉越州海岸線僅 80 公里，這顯示，中國對其領土宣稱有多麼有挑戰性……大馬政府覺得就南海爭端高調，在全國性媒體上提及此事沒有好處，因為這只會使事情變得更糟。我們可以在幕後安靜地解決問題……外交和國防課題在馬來西亞常常被視為精英課題，普通人並不關心這些高層戰略級問題。大馬政府對南海問題非常低調的原因是，媒體報導此事、民族主義情緒被煽動對外交關係沒有好處……我認為馬來西亞的立場是，在東盟框架之下通過外交渠道解決問題，而不是通過雙邊解決。必須記得的是，曾母暗沙是南中國海爭端的一部分，因為各國的領土聲稱有所重疊，所以需要其它相關各國的參與。

ጯᓾरՒؒᔁႬ‧֙ॾ‧ϘᇇĞShamsher Singhڱᕠݱგநࡊԫ̂ጯጯੰ ThindğĈ

我了解到中馬之間關於曾母暗沙的爭端……我的看法是應該遵循國際法，根據《聯合國海洋法公約》……如果你想要在這種區域開採資源是不可以的，那地區僅屬於馬來西亞。曾母暗沙其實位 ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 110

於專屬經濟區內。我覺得儘管該地區是國際海域，任何人都可以去，但如果談到經濟開發，那麼只有馬來西亞有權這麼做……馬來西亞在此問題上不那麼高調的原因之一是與中國的經貿伙伴關係。這一關係當然不該因此類問題被破壞……馬中政府應該將此事提請聯合國國際法院，讓法庭做決定……在國際背景下，不能把任何國家告上法庭，國際法院就像一個仲裁法庭，雙方必須自願提交申請……不能因為中國是大國，軍事力量比馬來西亞強，就毫不在意地進入有爭議水域，然後對馬來西亞發起攻擊。

ғݣᔙᇇ‧κ͙Ⴌ‧ฮऱοĞAhmadܜϲࡀ౻෸̂ጯۤົࡊጯጯੰઘੰ઼ Nizar b. YaakubğĈ

曾母暗沙位於馬來西亞 200 海里專署經濟區內，馬國有正當理由提出領土要求……與其它國家的爭端中馬來西亞了解到「有效性」的概念，在國際法院，（有效性）意味著你是否真的對相關地區的使用或佔據是連續的。中國漁民具體來自哪裏、在該海域捕多少噸魚、在哪裏停泊，如果中國可以提供這些證據，那麼就非常有利……馬來西亞對此很低調，不是因為不關注這一問題，而是因為還有其它辦法在此事上合作，通過合作我們可以以外交方式解決任何問題……馬來西亞的態度不像越南和菲律賓那樣有對抗性，更願意通過外交渠道解決問題。

ݑঔ۞߆ඉĂͧྵ้ШߏĶщٺ၆عტЪͽ˯ጯ۰ຍ֍Ă੺ֽҘֲ߆ ᐖ۞γϹķăĶщБ۞γϹķĂ੺઼ԓ୕౅࿅γϹ߱͘఍நݑ઼̚ঔ۞યᗟĂ ߏ̳ฟܑ྿၆઼̚۞̙႕Ăᖣͽܲᅪ੺ֽҘֲᅳ˿ԆፋĂ઼҃̚дݑ̙҃ ˢ݋జԛटߏĶೋЩߌၓ۞˝߱ቢķĞ infamous nine-dash lineğܬঔ۞ ᄼ׶෸ݑ۞఺׌ޠߏĂහڱĞParameswaran, 2015a, 2015bğĄ˘࣎ѣ኷۞ү ᄼঔķĞWest Philippine Seağޠ࣎͹ࢋ۞ݑঔᓏ৶̶઼̏ҾჍݑঔࠎĶҘහ κҘֲдгநҜཉ˯̙ߏݑ઼̚ঔ۞ᓏ৶઼ĂޘঔķĞEast SeağĄОڌ׶Ķ ੺ֽڍҭ̪ߏӀचᙯ઼ܼĂჍݑঔࠎĶΔৼဦৼঔķĞNorth Natuna SeağĄт Ҙֲഈ඾఺჌ࢦ׻Щ۞͞Ш൴णĂ֤ᆃι૟జ࠻үߏ၆઼̚ϲಞు႙ૻർĂ ,ᛉߏĶ੺ֽҘֲֲٛঔķĞMalaysia Raya SeağĞParameswaranޙഅགྷ೩΍۞ 2018ğĄ̙࿅Ă఺ֱౌᔘᅮࢋॡม۞រᙋĄ ၹ͹ཌྷ៍ᕇ 111ޙ ੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉǕ

ăۢ྽ᄃ̙ۢ྽۞α჌׻ᗟˬ

:ბ۞ᛉᗟ˯Ăඊ۰ࣄϡ ChalermpalanupapĞ2014ۋߏݑঔٕםڌژд̶ ࣫ৼĆࣖහ೻ĞDonald Rumsfeldğд 2002 ѐܜ91-96ğ઼઼͔࡚݈ࢗ֨ొ аጸᐂ《̏ۢᄃϏۢ》ĞKnown۞ۍٙؠཌྷ۞α࣎ሀёĂಶт׎д 2011 ѐ΍ and Unknownğ३Щٙྚᛖ۞Ă̶Ҿߏ known knownĞۢ྽ҋ̎ۢ྽ğĂknown unknownĞۢ྽ҋ̙̎ۢ྽ğĂunknown unknownĞ̙ۢ྽ҋ̙̎ۢ྽ğͽ Ą̝ژunknown knownĞ̙ۢ྽ҋ̎ۢ྽ğα჌ଐဩ̶ ̈́ ٙᏜĶۢ྽ҋ̎ۢ྽ķߏ޽ԧࣇ˘ਠٙۢ྽۞૱ᙊĂΒ߁ ASEAN ΐ 1ă ASEAN ͽ̈́ݑ઼̚ঔ۞૱ᙊĄٙᏜĶۢ྽ ٺΐ 3ăΐ 6ĂDOC ඈĂౌߏ၆ ҋ̙̎ۢ྽ķĞߏ޽Ķԧࣇৌ۞̙ۢ྽ķĂٕߏĶԧࣇ̙ۢ྽۞ሕдП፟ķĄ дĶৌ۞̙ۢ྽ķ۞׻ᗟ˭Ăݑঔኜ઼Ķৌ۞̙ۢ྽ķ̚රϔ઼۞Ȉ˘߱ ڱߏॲፂ̦ᆃĉٙᏜ۞።Ϋ͹ᝋԆБ̙௑Ъ઼ᅫغזቢٕߏ઼̚۞˝߱ቢ ၚּĂՀ̙௑Ъ 1982 ѐ۞ĺᓑЪ઼ঔ߶̳ࡗĻĄASEAN ઼छ̙ۢ྽઼̚۞ ĉՀ̙υᄲ̚රϔ઼Ȉڱ߱ቢߏॲፂੵ˞።Ϋ͹ᝋ̝γ۞ࣹ˘჌઼ᅫ˝۞ ߱ቢ۞͹ૺĄдĶԧࣇ̙ۢ྽۞ሕдП፟ķ׻ᗟ˭Ăּт઼̚޺ᜈ۞ౄफă˘ ౄᒨົ͔൴̦ᆃᇹ۞П፟ĞChalermpalanupap, 2014ğĄ2018 ѐ۞ࢶॾ֧ٛ၆ྖ ᄼ͹ૺ੺κٛШΔִనཉ۞ௐ˘྽ࡓቢĂߏ઼̚ޠП፟Ăහޢࠎ˞ᔖҺ̚͟ Їңన߉Ąௐޙफğ˯࣒جৼ๰ॾᒨĞPanatag ShoalĂ઼̚Ⴭࠎเسਕд̙ ׎΁ҋٕڵᄼঔಏ፾ฟ൴Ϯޠ྽ࡓቢߏ઼ٕ̚׎΁Їң઼छ̙ਕдҘහ˟ ᄼ͹ૺ۞ݑঔ 200 ঔ֧૞ᛳགྷᑻͪાĞ̚ޠᄼঔߏහޠ൒ྤ໚ĂЯࠎҘහ δۤĂ2018/5/29ğĄ Ķ̙ۢ྽ҋ̙̎ۢ྽ķߏ౵ᒷᎣ۞П፟ĂЯࠎԧࣇࠤҌ̙ۢ྽ѩП፟ ˘ߏӎхдĂ҃ѩП፟ݒΞਕᚑࢦ۞ă΍ͼຍγ۞χᑝԧࣇĄдߙֱּ̄ ԯѩП፟࠻үߏĶۢ྽ҋ̙̎ۢ྽ķĂҭΩ˘͞ݒߏĶԆБ̙ۢ྽ķĄ͞ Chalermpalanupap ᓝ۞ּ̄ߏ͟ώએ᝚ࠡ঴പĂ၆઼࡚҃֏ߏĶ̙ۢ྽ҋ ྽ķĂҭߏ၆͟ώ҃֏ĂιߏĶۢ྽ҋ̙̎ۢ྽ķĂ҃͟ώ۞Ķҋ̙̎ۢ̎ Ϗإ྽ķӈߏ઼࡚۞ણጼͽ̈́˟ጼ۞௣ඕĄдώኢ͛̚۞ݑঔԊ๕݋̙ۢ ࣎ߏĶ̙ۢ྽ҋ̎ۢ྽ķĂChalermpalanupap ᓝ۞˘ޢѣĶએ᝚ķ९ּĄ౵ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 112

ԓםڌă઼࡚ߏጼரူҡᙯܼĂޘă͟ώăݑᔹăО઼̚ྫྷםڌߏĂּ̄ ఺჌ԓ୕Ξͽჯ޺к˳ĉ઼࡚ྫྷ઼̚۞၆ԩົ̙םڌ୕၆ྖᄃЪүĂҭߏ ҂఺࣎યᗟĂᔘߏ੟ᔖ఺࣎યޥछᙸ̙ᙸຍΝ઼םڌෘĉ̶۞םڌ੓͔ົ ᗟĂ఺ߏĶ̙ۢ྽ҋ̎ۢ྽ķĄ

肆、建構主義的解釋

ٙᎸ੓۞நຐ͹ཌྷĂ׎ٙૻአ۞ˠᙷޢѐ݈۞ௐ˘Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼඕՁ 100 ߄ጼ˞זצඈኢࢗĂдௐ˟Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼᘕ൴ॡعநّă࣎ˠҋϤă઼ᅫ߆ ᄃӎؠĄ˟ጼඕՁĂҽጼฟؕĂ၁˧෹ཏ۞઼࡚ᄃᛂᓑ̢ࠎᇲ၆Ăன၁͹ ซҖॡĂ઼ᅫۋăതϔጼۋጼٸЧг۞ϔ୉ྋޢ΃˞நຐ͹ཌྷĄ༊ጼפཌྷ ᙯܼ۞நኢࡁտᖼШௐˬ͵ࠧ۞পঅયᗟĄ༊઼ᅫᙯܼྻϡ˞གྷᑻጯ۞ந ՙඉሀёĂ֭ͷૻአᄃ઼छТॡхд۞׎΁Җࠎវăྭ઼Җࠎ۰۞ࢦࢋّّ ۞هኳ۞߹જăՙඉ۞ۢᙊ׶៍ۏ߿જĞΒ߁ٽॡĂጯ۰ࣇᄮࠎ̂ఢሀ۞Ϲ ᕖ೸ğ૟ૻ઼̼छม۞࠹ֶ̢ᏥĂ็௚۞ҋϤ͹ཌྷநኢజኬ̟˞າϠ׻Ă ᆊॾࢺᇴڵјಶ˞࠹ֶ̢Ꮵ۞າҋϤ͹ཌྷĄ༊઼࡚д෸ݑ۞εୀă͵ࠧϮ ઼࡚εୀ˞ĂڍĂ˫யϠາ۞યᗟĄ઼࡚ਕјࠎ͵ࠧ۞͹ጱ઼छ๜ĉтܜᆧ ࠧវր૟ົ൴Ϡ̦ᆃត̼ĉᜦᝋᘦؠநኢᄮࠎдপؠ۞୧І˭Ă͵ࠧ૟͵ ΍ன͹ጱ઼छ׶ᜦᝋ઼ֽፉ༊઼ᅫវր۞ᅳጱ۰Ăࠎ઼ᅫ৩Ԕ೩ֻܲᙋĄ ᆧΐ૟͔൴۞ٽ࿅ĂΩγ۞ጯ۰݋ᄮࠎĂдҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞நّՙඉ˭ĂϹ̙ Јăఢ݋׶࿰ܫăఢቑăه჌ጯ௫࿅඀ĂΞͽயϠВТ۞ՙඉ඀Ԕă៍˘ ,ഇĂӈֹᜦᝋ઼छు႙਽ऴĂ఺ֱఢ݋˵ਕ޺ᜈ˭ΝĞKnutsen, 1997: 219, 235 ၹ͹ཌྷ۰ٙଣ੅۞८͕ᛉᗟĄޙ249-51ğĄ݈҃ࢗĶఢቑăᄮТᄃ̼͛ķϒߏ ኳՁᎨ˭۞நّҖࠎ׶̢જۏၹ͹ཌྷ۰ᄮࠎ઼ᅫᙯܼߊ̙ਕజᖎ̼ࠎޙ ۞˭ࡗՁޘטĞొ̶ன၁͹ཌྷ͹ૺğĂТॡ˵̙ਕజᖎಏநྋࠎ઼ᅫ׶઼छ ၹ͹ཌྷֽᄲĂ઼छม۞̢જ֭ޙநّҖࠎ׶̢જĞొ̶ҋϤ͹ཌྷ͹ૺğĄ၆ ׎ᇆᜩ۞Җࠎצॡมͽֽ๬ౄᄮТ֭ТॡܜछӀৈĂᑕྍజෛࠎ઼ٺд̙ ሀёĞGriffiths, et al., 2015: 49ğĄ ࠤ̙̚ڼγϹ߆ඉĂ׎Б஧࢕˧ଵЩдડા߆۞ޢტ៍੺ֽҘֲ፾ϲ ၹ͹ཌྷ៍ᕇ 113ޙ ੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉǕ

ᄃன၁͹ཌྷٙૻአ۞ڱጡ׶྅౯̙֖۞ጼ˧Ă၁д൑ڠࡎ΍Ăͷᇴณ͌۞ ၁னϫᇾઇాඕĄᔵ൒੺઼ᄃ ASEAN ٕ׎΁кᙝ௡ᖐѣ૜̷۞˧ڠϡྻ ϔ୉઼छĂٕߏາҋϤ͹ཌྷૻአٺᙯܼĂҭࢋϡҋϤ͹ཌྷ఺჌࣎ˠгҜᐹ ğඈҖטဈវրğă෹઼छĞт઼ᅫវءछĞтЋຽğăѨ઼छĞт઼ܧ۞ ĄЯࠎኢޘΝநྋ੺઼γϹ߆ඉĂ၁ѣ˘ؠᙱهજ۰۞֎Ғͽ̢̈́Ꮵඈໄ छਕͽҘ͞۞ҋϤ͹ཌྷԛट̝ĉГ۰Ăኢ۰Հᙱந઼ڒᙱΝநྋ᎗೻ޝ۰ ܛᏉП፟ॡĂ੺઼١඗઼ᅫఱ။ૄܛྋາҋϤ͹ཌྷтңྋᛖд 1997 ѐֲ߷ Ăט௡ᖐ۞̬ˢĂ١඗࠹ֶ̢Ꮵ۞ኢᕇĂ֭ͷ၆ఱ။׶੺ֽҘֲ΄РซҖგ Ꮙࢲᇷ۞ౚᇆĄ҃நຐ͹ཌྷ۞ˠᙷЪܛݒਕԣి۞གྷᑻೇ൩ֹ੺઼֕΍ Ăඊ۰ᄮࠎҬͼΪߏऴ۰၆ᇲˠࡆՐຎهጼă׶πඈໄܧүă྽ᇇҌ˯ă ၹ͹ཌྷֽྚᛖ੺ֽޙ঎ႝҖࠎĄࠖѩĂඊ۰ဘྏϡ઼ᅫᙯܼநኢ̚۞۞ೌ Ҙֲ۞γϹүࠎ8Ą Ă઼ᅫඕၹڼྋᛖ͵ࠧ߆ֽهၹ͹ཌྷૻአྻϡ࠹̢ᙯᓑ۞ۤົጯໄޙ ၹߏϤఢޙĞDougherty & Pfaltzgraff, 2004: 166ğĂۤົۏၹ۞யޙߏۤົ Ğinstitutionğăޘ טቑĞnormğăᄮ ТĞidentityğă͛ ̼Ğcultureğăఢ ݋Ğruleğă ၁ኹĞsocial practiceğᄃӀৈĞinterestğඈၹјĞHopf, 1998ğĄఢቑົۤ ă௫ၚă௫ܸඈĂ҃ఢ݋ߏΪӘ෦ˠϔᑕྍޠڱߏ˘჌ۤົࡗؠĂΞͽߏ ؠఢ݋ٕߏԼតఢ݋ĂٕߏԆБ၆׎ཉ̝̙நĂטઇࠤᆃ۞ౘࢗĄ൑ኢߏ Ă׎هၹ͹ཌྷૻአВТநޙΞͽజჍࠎĶۤົ၁ኹķĞOnuf, 2011: 152ğĄౌ ăఢ݋ăᄮТĞRuggie, 2011: 173ğĄ઼ᅫᙯܼྻهΒ߁֗Њă៍ه८͕ໄ үߏགྷϤ઼छมĶ࠹̢͹៍ķ۞ຍஉኬ̟ҖજຍཌྷĂϺӈĂĶ࠹̢͹៍ķߏ າ۞ВТщБ̝៍צߏ͖͐ݵ͈ЯତځĄҽጼඕՁᙋهၹ͹ཌྷ۞͕̚ໄޙ ۋ˧ࠎҽጼ൪˭ήᕇĞWalt, 1998ğĄೱ֏̝Ă઼ᅫᙯܼٙ၁ኹ۞̙ߏᝋه Ąለ઼࡚छĶᄮهဳĂ̙ߏᝋ˧πᏊĂ̙ߏඕ༖၆ԩĂ҃ߏĶᄮТķ۞៍ Тķ઼࡚ٙᅳጱ۞ҋϤϔ͹Ă઼ᅫۤົĶᄮТķ઼࡚ઇࠎ͵ࠧᛋ၅۞֎ҒĂ ឰҖࠎهՏ࣎ҖࠎវĶᄮТķ͵ࠧ͹߹۞ϔ͹ᆊࣃĂߏ఺࣎ĶᄮТķ۞ໄ ࠎ˞ВТᆊࣃ҃ඕЪд˘੓ĄĶᄮТķഴ͌˞̙ቁؠ֭ޘטវԛјఢቑᄃ

ၹ͹ཌྷԼᆷҋү۰Ğࡰ஽ܲĂ2016ğĄޙٺͽ˭ᙯ 8 ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 114

Ăт HopfĞ1998ğٙᄲĂ՟ѣᄮТ۞͵ࠧߏ˘࣎஄ใ۞͵ࠧĂߏ˘ّ֢࣎ ˵ၗᔘПᐍ۞͵ࠧĄېعೋ۞ă൑Ξାᘽ۞̙ቁؠّ͵ࠧĂߏ˘࣎ͧ൑߆ ĶᄮٺপঅҖࠎ۰Ą၆۞ڼЯࠎĶᄮТķ۞मளّĂՏ઼࣎छౌߏ઼ᅫ߆ ĂĶᄮТߏӀৈ۞ૄᖂķĄᔵזТķ఺ІְĂ໢পĞWendt, 2005: 62ğপҾ೩ Ҙ೻͹ཌྷăڱăטጼ౼˞Ӗ͹ޘט൒჊̋ĞFrancis Fukuyamağ͹ૺҋϤϔ͹ ၹ͹ཌྷ۰ᄮࠎĂϔ͹઼छมޙநྮĂҭ˘ޢВய͹ཌྷඈĂҬͼϔ͹̏ߏ౵ ĂҋڍߏЯࠎϔ͹઼छมĶ͹៍̢જķăĶۤົ၁ኹķඈౄј఺ֱјۋ൑ጼ Ϗυ൒ߏ቙ౄ׶πĂߏҖࠎវѣВТ۞ᄮۢăఢቑăٕߏۤົޘטϤϔ͹ ĞHopf, 1998ğĄۋጼ͌ޝ׶πٕߏ˳ܜ၁ኹጱ࡭ ᙱϡಏ˘઼࣎ᅫᙯܼநኢΝྋᛖߙ઼࣎छд̙Тॡഇ۞γϹүޝԧࣇ ၹ͹ཌྷ۞̮৵ֽྚᛖ੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉĂޙࠎĂҭϡఢቑăᄮТ׶̼͛ඈ ߆ॡഇ۞੺ֽેؑڌҬͼྵ׎ι઼ᅫᙯܼநኢՀዋЪநྋ੺઼γϹྮशĄ Ҙ͞ିֈ۞ᇆᜩצؑڌٺҘֲ˘ۡᏲೈᏐࡻ࡚ͅВᛨ۞γϹྮቢĂੵ˞໚ γĂჯ޺˘࣎׶Ꮨᘦؠ۞઼छĂဥඕ˘̙࣎Т჌୉۞੺ֽҘֲĂͽ֨૆В ய͹ཌྷăໂᝋ͹ཌྷᄃ൑ৠኢˬЪ˘۞ཋೋஅᘺϒߏఢቑăᄮТᄃ̼͛۞ၓ ഇ۞੺઼౵ᅮࢋ۞ᖣϤᄮТĂྭ෸ϔ୉͹ཌྷĂ૟̶೸۞઼˿ᄃܐពĄ፾ϲ Ą1970 ѐ΃ٙૻአ۞̚ϲ̙ඕ༖Ăੵ˞ࢋ˭غТ۞჌୉ဥඕд˘઼࣎छ̙ छವՐՀ̂۞઼ᅫਕ֍઼ڒᕚ௲Ҙ͞۞ᇆᜩγĂՀࢦࢋ۞ߏγϹᖼШ᎗೻ Ą̙გߏĶາགྷᑻ߆ඉķăĶϿ೻ᜋ઼छķ۞͹ૺĂٕߏણᄃĶϿ೻ᜋЪޘ ઼ڒ࣎᎗೻ 60 ܕү௡ᖐķĂౌߏдವՐ੺઼੺ֽˠ۞ВᙊĂ֭ซ҃дБ஧ ൴֏ᝋĄ۞ڼछ۞ 16 ᆆˠ˾̚Ă৭ᘦ઼ᅫ߆ ο‧ౌٛͽ̈́ৼРॡ΃Ăॡ҃ͽĶϿ೻ᜋ઼छķࠎཱིΡĂܠд੺ݣ࢚ă ၹՀૻধ۞Ͽ೻ᜋాඕĄ੺ݣ࢚۞ޙϿ೻ᜋķࠎ͹ૺĂЋဦځॡ҃ͽĶ͛ ࢋ೩̿੺ֽˠ۞གྷᑻгҜĂ΁ᄮࠎ੺ֽҘֲ̙عĮ੺ֽˠ۞ӧဩį͹ૺ߆ ன΃̼Ą੺ݣ࢚఺჌ઐр઼̰ߙ˘჌୉۞གྷזᅮࢋགྷ࿅Ҙ̼۞࿅඀ӈΞ྿ Ķ࠹̢͹៍ķ۞ຍܕᑻ߆ඉĂ඗၆ᄃĞາğҋϤ͹ཌྷ࠹ेᗓĂࣆߏͧྵତ உĄдᄃҘ͞۞̢જ̚Ă఺ˬҜ̮ࢵᏴፄ˞ன΃̼Ăݒ̪િ޺Ͽ೻ᜋ઼छ ఢቑ۞Ķۤົ၁ኹķĂჯ޺੺ֽˠ۞ᐹ๕ᄮТĂ֭ᄃ᎗೻ޘט৵ĂᖣϤ̮۞ ڌ۞هछ̚౵௑ЪҘ͞ϔ͹ໄ઼ڒĄඊ۰ᄮࠎ੺઼ߏ᎗೻ـछ᎕ໂϹ઼ڒ ၹ͹ཌྷ៍ᕇ 115ޙ ੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉǕ

ၹޙ኏ࡎኢ۞౵ָ׏ቑĄ҃఺˘̷ϒߏځӎؠ͛̚ڼछĂՀߏ઼ᅫ߆઼͞ ͹ཌྷĶ࠹̢͹៍ķᄃĶۤົ၁ኹķٙૻአ۞ᆊࣃĄ ڌΐ 3ăםڌΐ 1ăםڌăARFăםڌણᄃ̚ڼᔵ൒੺ֽҘֲдડા߆ ݑٺΐ 6ặ઼ᓑ֨ඈડાЪүĂᅲѣາҋϤ͹ཌྷ̢࠹ֶᏥ۞ჟৠć׎၆ם ྽ĄקĂ̙ኢߏщᐖ۞γϹăщБ۞γϹĂ˫ѣᕇநຐ͹ཌྷ۞ޘᛉ۞ၗۋঔ ၹ͹ཌྷٙ͹ૺ۞Ķۤົ၁ኹķͽ̈́Ķ࠹̢͹ޙ࠻Ă఺Հ௑Ъֽޘҭೱ࣎֎ ؠݑঔҖࠎ໤݋ĂΞజෛࠎĶۤົ၁ኹķט֏ٕߏކķĄᖣϤᘪཌݑঔҖࠎ៍ ؠఢ݋ٕߏԼតఢ݋ĂٕߏԆБ၆׎ཉ̝̙நĂӮჍ̝ğćᄃݑטĞ൑ኢߏ አᄃ໛఼Ă݋ߏĶ࠹̢͹៍ķٙଳםঔኜ઼छมགྷϤγϹٕߏкᙝ௡ᖐ۞ ၹ͹ཌྷ۞̮৵Ąޙ၁ᅫҖજĄೱ֏̝ĂડાЪү۞౵௣ទᏭ̪ߏ۞פ

伍、結語

ώኢ͛дଣ੅੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉॡĂͽ੺ֽҘֲপঅ۞гநҜཉͽ γϹ߆ඉ͹ૺĄ̙ኢߏ፾۞عЧ࣎߆ޢˠ˾ඕၹࠎࡦഀĂኢࢗ˞ଂ፾ϲ̈́ ѐ 40 ܕछ۞ᙯܼĂٕߏ઼ڒഇ۞ᏐҘ͞Ăٕߏ̚ϲ̙ඕ༖֭൴णᄃ᎗೻ܐϲ གྷᑻгҜͽ೩̿੺઼дϿ೻ᜋ઼छ̚۞ᇆᜩ˧Ăඊ۰ᄮࠎ੺ڒ೩੼᎗೻ֽ γϹ߆ඉ౵̂পҒߏγϹགྷ׏Щ֏ĶγϹߏ̰߆۞ؼҩķ̝׍វ၁ኹĄ۞઼ ݑ઼ֲछڌд͵ࠧߏЩЕ݈ࡱĄέ៉дྫྷޘ၆઼̚۞рຏع੺઼ˠϔᄃ߆ ࿅඀̚Ăүࠎ˘࣎͹ᝋ઼छࢋຐ۞̙ߏྫྷ઼̚ᚮـ۰ߏྫྷ੺ֽҘֲ۞Ϲٕ ుĂ҃ߏިᆃᇹઇΞͽᄃ΁઼̓рĂၓពăቁܲέ៉۞઼छ͹ᝋ۞хдĄ ۞ έ៉۞Я৵ĂChalermpalanupapז҂ᇋڍݑ઼̚ঔᛉᗟт̈́םڌඊ۰ᄮࠎ α࣎ሀёΞͽ൴ण΍ՀкଐဩĄ дĶۢ྽ҋ̎ۢ྽ķ̚Ăԧࣇۢ྽͉πफߏݑঔ౵̂۞फᑎĂ෼ᗓ੼ ෼ᗓЧࡗܕᄼă੺ֽҘֲă෸ݑ౵ޠฯപ 860 ঔࣴĞࡗ 1,600 ̳֧ğĂ෼හ ૱200ă280ă330 ঔࣴĂ҃έ៉ҋଂ 1956 ѐಶҫᅳ˞͉πफĄՀк۞˘ਠ ડાኢጪ̝γĂᓂ΄ᅈдг஧֤˘ბ۞ለ༖ăܻᘲםڌᙊߏέ៉జଵੵд ѐ೩΍Ѕ෗९ॡĂέ៉ాజᏙྙ 2013 ٺᄼޠ೻ౌߏ ARF ۞ણᄃ۰Ą༊හ ॾౌ՟ĄдĶۢ྽ҋ̙̎ۢ྽ķ۞׻ᗟ̚Ă̚රϔ઼д 1947 ѐ၆ݑঔྤ۞ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 116

ᔘ΃઼ܑ̚ৠعঔᝋ۞Ȉ˘߱ቢ͹ૺĂ˵ಶߏ U ݭቢኢᕇĂߏ̚රϔ઼߆ Ăέ៉۞ቁ̙ۢ྽னдᚶᜈિ޺Ȉ˘߱ቢ۞͹ૺѣ̦ᆃຍཌྷĉහۏய۞˭ྖ ᄼϺ൑ෛ̚රϔ઼۞Ȉ˘߱ቢ U ݭቢኢᕇĂᓂ΄Ұ̚රϔ઼ҫѣ͉πफĂޠ ݒॲώ̙ߏ෦̝˘͞ĄдĶ̙ۢ྽ҋ̙̎ۢ྽ķ۞П፟̚Ăԧࣇۢ྽઼̚ ၆έ៉ᅳ˿ѣ౎͕Ăҭԧࣇ̙ۢ྽઼̚၆͉πफߏӎ˵ົѣ౎͕ĉߏӎѣ ࣎Ķ̙ۢ྽ҋ˘ޢΞਕᚑࢦ۞ă΍ͼຍγ۞χᑝ͉πफĉએ᝚͉πफĉ౵ छͽ̈́Б͵ࠧ۞યᗟĂιࣇ̙ᙸຍΝϒෛέ៉۞хдĂ઼םڌ྽ķ݋ߏۢ̎ ԯέ៉۞хд༊јߏĶ˘઼࣎̚ķ۞ᛉᗟĂ఺ߏĶ̙ۢ྽ҋ̎ۢ྽ķ9Ą ֲܔΩγ˘࣎έ៉дݑঔΞͽ߉˧۞ᛉᗟߏ͉πफĄдለ͐੺۞ࢦ ᛉ۞༊઼ְĂۋ࡚ă͟ă፫ăОౌ̙ߏݑঔٺ߷ă̌೼۞О͉ጼர˭ĂϤ дྍડા՟ѣЇңफᒨүࠎॲፂгĄೱ֏̝ĂО͉ጼர۞઼छΪѣጼர༖ ՟ѣᅳ˿͹ᝋĂ˵ΪਕͽਝҖҋϤ۞ኢᕇ൴֏Ąέ៉ߏ઼࡚۞็௚ူ҃̓ ݑঔȈ˘߱ቢ۞͹ૺߏਣᖱ۞ĂٺҡĂٕధ˵Ξͽᄲߏഗ̄Ă̚රϔ઼၆ ҭݒѣ͉πफ۞၁ኳҫᅳĄனд۞ે߆ᛨχზ૟͉πफχౄјˠ྽ା೯̚ πफ΍১ٕߏ΍ࣄග࡚࢕Ă˘ֽΞ֖ྃО͉ጼர̚৿͉ڍĄԧࣇྏຐт͕

кˠಈᝌ͔ϡ̚රϔ઼ޝ൒҃Ă౵ᚑࢦĶ̙ۢ྽ҋ̎ۢ྽ķ۞׻ᗟߏ൴Ϡдέ៉̰ొĄ 9 ந˯ᔘڱįఢؠᅳ˿តՀ඀ԔĂֽኢᙋᄲЯࠎ̚රϔ઼̙അ఼࿅ᅳ˿តՀĂٙͽڱĮጳ ҂Νͅᅺ఺჌ኢᕇĄࢵАߏ׽ѣᘟޥΒӣ̂ౙĂΒӣݑঔ U ݭቢĄԧࣇϡទᏭ۞ͅШ ાഴ͌९ּĂྏયĂٙᏜ׽ѣᘟાĶநኢ˯ķѣ՟ѣຐࢋΒ߁γᄋΟĉѣĊѣ఼࿅តՀ ˘ᘟા˞՟ĉ՟ĊγᄋΟߏ̙ߏ፾ϲ઼छĉߏć׽ѣᘟાĶநኢ˯ķѣ՟ѣΒ߁ݑঔȈ ߱ቢĉѣĊߏ̙ߏ઼ͧ̚۞ݑঔ˝߱ቢᔘ̂ĉ၆Ċѣ఼࿅តՀᘟા˞՟ĉ՟Ċ˘઼࣎ ल۞ҿՙ̙ҭӎؠ˝߱ăȈ˘߱ቢĂ̚රϔ઼ాፉЇ෦̝˘͞ౌ՟ྤॾĄѣ՟ڱᅫЅ෗ ᘪؠ˞ĺ̚රˠϔВعĉ՟Ċ1999 ѐ 12 ͡ 9Ƃ10 ͟Ăѯ፨ϔᄃܻᘲ೻߆ੰڱѣགྷ࿅ϲ ୧ޠڱҘ׌߱۞ୃࢗᛉؠ३ĻĄѯ፨ϔͽڌࠧቢ઼ܻ̚ٺᙯع׶ܻᘲ೻ᓑ֣߆ع׶઼߆ к࣎έ៉۞ 300 к༱π̳֧͞ᅳ˿޾͘ឰගܻᘲ೻Ă 100 ٺࢬ᎕࠹༊ۋ͛૟ܻ̚͵΃࠹ ˯நڱតՀ׽ѣᘟાĉ՟Ċ׎Ѩߏ׽ѣᘟાᆧΐ९ּĂྏયĂֽੰڱѣ՟ѣགྷ࿅έ៉ϲ රϔ઼׽ѣᘟાѣ՟ѣΒ߁έ៉ĉ׎၁ 1936 ѐ 55 ጳਨٙఢቑ۞ᘟા̙Β߁έ៉Ă̚۞ į۞༊ॡĂέ៉ڱϡҌ̫Ăҭ఼࿅Įጳڻį׎͹ૺ׽ѣᘟાڱѐ఼࿅၁߉۞Įጳ 1946 ߏ͟ώ۞ᅳ˿Ă̙ߏ׽ѣᘟાĊѣ఼࿅តՀĶᆧΐķᘟા˞՟ĉ՟ĊިᆃனдѣĶ̚ර ĉ༊γ઼Ķ̙ۢ྽ҋ̎ۢ྽ķĂ̙ᙸຍϒෛέ៉۞хдॡĂԧࣇΞڱϔ઼дέ៉ķ۞ᄲ ćҭߏ༊ԧࣇέ៉ҋ̎Ķ̙ۢ྽ҋ̎ۢ྽ķĂ҃੅ኢĶ̙ۢ྽ҋ̎ۢ྽ķ۞ڇͽဘྏᄲ ޠڱᛉᗟॡĂּт઼˿ᘟા̝ݑঔȈ˘߱ቢĂݒ˫តјຍᙊԛၗ۞֎˧ĂٕధΞͽ౅࿅ યᗟĂͽ᎕ໂШݑঔኜ઼ϯрĄڼ߱͘ྋՙ߆ڱྋᛖğ۞ྋՙĂϡጳءڱ౉शĞּт̂ ၹ͹ཌྷ៍ᕇ 117ޙ ੺ֽҘֲ۞γϹ߆ඉǕ

ݑঔ͕̚ᕇĂ˟ֽΞ೩ֻО͉ጼர઼छপҾߏ࡚࢕நٙ༊൒۞൴֏۞͌ ߏĶۢ྽ҋ̙̎ۢ྽ķĂԧࣇ̙ۢ྽ѣңሕڱᝋĂߏӎΞҖĉ༊൒Ăѩᙷઇ ݑঔᓏ৶઼ົЯѩழᗓέז઼࡚̈́׎ጼரူҡຍᙸĉ̙ۢזдП፟ĉ̙ۢ ԛјՀღ૜ᙯܼĉԧࣇՀ̙ۢ྽઼̚۞ͅᑕᄃຍဦĉٕధĂ̪ᅮЈᏥٕ៉ Հк۞ࡁտͽԱ΍౵௑Ъέ៉Ӏৈ۞ݑঔ߆ඉĄ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 118

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Malaysia’s Foreign Policy: A Constructivist Viewpoint

Lloyd Sheng-Pao Fan Associate Professor, Department of Public Relations and Advertising Kun Shan University, Tainan, TAIWAN

Abstract

This article attempts to explain Malaysia's foreign policy from a constructivist viewpoint. Due to the geographical location and demographic structure, Malaysia’s foreign policy was almost related to internal security and national security before the 1970s. After the 1970s, although Malaysia was heading neutral and non-aligned proposition, it was active in the Muslim world to seek greater international visibility. After the 1980s, Mahathir’s foreign policy of “Eastward policy” and “The 2020 Outlook” were basically designed for economic development. This article also deals with Malaysia's multilateral relations and Malaysia's position in the South China Sea, and explains the position of Malaysia in the South China Sea in four scenarios. At the end of the article, the author argues that the norms of Constructivism in relations to conformity, identity, culture, mutual subjectivity, and social practice are better explanations to Malaysia’s foreign policy than Realism and Liberalism.

Keywords: Islamic State, ASEAN, South China Sea, Constructionism