TANE 20 1974

OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATIVE LAND OF TARANAKI

By P.G. Parkinson*

SUMMARY

The author's recent collections of land snails from parts of Egmont National Park reveal a total of 40 species of which 22 are new records for Taranaki and three are putative new species (not herein described). When earlier publications of the mollusca of Taranaki are taken into consideration the local fauna is found to consist of 65 recorded species. The commonest species found in the author's montane collections appear to be Charopa pseudoleioda, Ch. reeftonensis, Laoma regularis and Paralaoma sericata "brown", which appear in almost two-thirds of all the samples. Other common species are Ch. wairarapa (a new record), Laoma mariae, Obanella rimutaka and O. spectabilis (both new records) and a putative new species Paralaoma "roseate". The only common native is Athoracophorus bitentaculatus rufovenosus. The discovery of the interesting "Egmont Paryphanta" is described and the known collections traced.

PREVIOUS COLLECTIONS FROM TARANAKI

Land Mollusca seem to have been first collected in Taranaki by Mr R. Murdoch of Wanganui who published some of his findings9 and by Preston (published by Sykes14). Most of Murdoch's collection was destroyed by fire sometime before 1913 but duplicates of most of his species were in the collection of Suter (formerly at Wanganui but now in the National Museum, Wellington), and these specimens are the basis of the records made by Suter in his Manual13. These collections furthermore provide the distribution records for Climo5'6 in his review of the New Zealand Charopids.

SPECIES PREVIOUSLY RECORDED FROM TARANAKI

Allodiscus adriana Hutton 1883 (Suter13 p.637; "Mount Egmont 3,000 ft. to 4,500 ft., and Toko, near Stratford (Murdoch)"). According to Climo7 (p. 103) this record refers at least in part to Pseudallodiscus ponderi Climo (q.v.). Allodiscus chion Sykes 1896 (Suter13 p.368; "near Inglewood, Taranaki (H.B. Preston)"). Type locality near Inglewood. Allodiscus dimorphus (Pfeiffer 1853) (Suter13 p.640; "Toko, near Stratford (Murdoch)").

*16 Liston Cres, Hillcrest, Hamilton.

169 Allodiscus granum (Pfeiffer 1853) (Suter13 p.642; "Toko, near Stratford (Murdoch)"). Climo (pers. comm.) considers that two species are included in the A. granum sensu Suter; one from the North Island and one from the South Island; the nomenclature of these two species has not been clarified. Allodiscus mossii Murdoch 1897 (Suter13 p.643;"... Cape Egmont; Toko, near Stratford; Manawatu (Murdoch) ... ") The type, in Murdoch's collection, was destroyed but co-types are in the Suter collection. Climo (pers. comm.) considers this species conspecific with Allodiscus rusticus. Athoracophorus bitentaculatus rufovenosus Suter 1909 (Suter13; p.795; "Strat• ford"). Charopa anguicula (Reeve 1852) (Suter13 p.702 sub Endodonta anguicula; "Toko, near Stratford9": Climo6 p.302, map.) Charopa bianca (Hutton 1883) (Suter p.704 sub Endodonta bianca; "Toko, near Stratford9": Climo6 p.302, map.) Charopa brounii (Suter 1891) (Climo5 p.208; "Norsewood, Taranaki (Roscoe 21/VII/68)" Norsewood is not in Taranaki, and Climo shows no Taranaki spot on his distribution map for this species.) Charopa buccinella (Reeve 1852) (Suter 1913 p.714 sub Endodonta buccinella; "Toko, near Stratford": Climo5 (p.210; "Norsewood Taranaki," See note under Charopa brounii). Charopa colensoi (Suter 1890) (Suter13 p.724 sub Endodonta tapirina; "Toko, near Stratford ... ") Climo5 (p.212) points out that Suter confused two species under E. tapirina, but it has also been confused with an undescribed North Island species and with C. infecta (Climo pers. comm.). Charopa hectori (Suter 1890) (Suter13 p.692 sub Endodonta hectori; "Tara• naki") This species is not recorded from Taranaki by Climo5. Charopa infecta (Reeve 1852) (Suter13 p.718 sub Endodonta infecta; "Mount Egmont 3,000 ft. to 4,500 ft.; Shannon9"). Climo5 does not record this species from Taranaki. Charopa irregularis (Suter 1890) (Climo5 p.218; "Dawson Falls, Mt Egmont (Buchler)"). Charopa pilsburyi (Suter 1894) (Suter13 p.682 sub pilsburyi; "Toko, near Stratford": Climo6 p.313 map.) Charopa pseudoleioda (Suter 1909) (Suter p.695 sub Endodonta pseudoleioda; "Mount Egmont 3,000 ft. to 4 500 ft.9 ... Toko near Stratford.") Charopa reeftonensis (Suter 1892) (Suter p.721; sub Endodonta roseveari; "Toko, near Stratford9": Climo5 p.222, map.) Climo considers roseveari and reeftonensis conspecific. Charopa varicosa (Pfeiffer 1853) (Suter13 p.689, sub Endodonta varicosa; "Toko, near Stratford9"). Climo5 (p.201) has considered Helix tau Pfeiffer 1862 conspecific with Charopa varicosa since "penis morphology is unique and diagnostic for specimens collected at either end of the species range" (I.e. p.204). However he has been forced to revise this opinion since the finding of sympatric series of tau and varicosa at Kawhia10. Suter13 (p.688 sub Endodonta tau) records that species from "Mount Egmont 3,000 ft. and 4,500 ft.9; Kaponga, Eltham, Horokiwi." As no combination for tau under Charopa has so far been published it is

170 necessary to refer to the species here under its old name "Ptychodon tau. " (q-v.) Charopa vortex (Murdoch 1897) (Suter p.732 sub Endodonta vortex; "Toko, near Stratford9".) The type in Murdoch's collection was lost in the fire but there are co-types in Suter's collection. One of these was recently lost (Climo6 p.329). Endodonta roseveari Suter 1896 is Charopa reeftonensis (q.v.) Endodonta tapirina sensu Suter13 (p.677) is Charopa colensoi (q.v.) Flammocharopa costulata (Hutton 1883) (Suter p.676 as Flammulina costulata; "Toko near Stratford9": Climo6 p.293, map.)

Flammulina crebriflammis (Pfeiffer 1853) (Suter13 p.677; "Toko, near Strat• ford.9",/. Flammulina zebra (Le Guillou 1842) (Suter13 p.681 sub Flammulina phlogo- phora; "Toko, near Stratford9"). Laoma ariel (Hutton 1883) (Suter13 p.743; "Toko, near Stratford"). Laoma ciliata Suter 1894 (Suter13 p.734; "Toko, Stratford ... (Murdoch)"). Laoma conella (Pfeiffer 1862) (Suter13 p.744; "Toko, near Stratford (Murdoch)"). Laoma glabriuscula (Pfeiffer 1853) (Suter13 p.752; "Taranaki (Cheeseman)"). Laoma mariae (Gray 1843) (Suter"3 p.740; "Mount Egmont 3,000 ft. to 4,500 ft.") Laoma pirongaensis Suter 1894 (Suter13 p.737; "Toko, Stratford (Murdoch)"). Laoma regularis (Pfeiffer 1853) (Suter13 p.757; "Toko, near Stratford; Mount Egmont 3,000 ft. to 4,500 ft. (Murdoch)"). Paralaoma lateumbilicata (Suter 1890) (Suter p.760 sub Laoma lateumbilicata; "Toko, near Stratford (Murdoch)"). Phenacohelix perplexa (Murdoch 1897) (Suter13 p.666; "Cape Egmont (Murdoch)... Type unfortunately destroyed by fire, but co-types are in my collection.") Pseudallodiscus ponderi Climo 1971 (Climo7 p.103; "Stratford, Wellington Dom. Mus. No. M 2049" ... "Allodiscus adriana (Hutt.) (in part): Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p.637; not of Hutton 1883.") Rhytida greenwoodii (Gray 1850) (Suter13 p.775; Midhurst, Taranaki.") Schizoglossa novoseelandica (Pfeiffer 1862) (Suter13 p.787; "Toko, near Stratford (Murdoch)... Cape Egmont.. . (Alfred Suter)": Powell11 p.367; "Whangamomoma, Taranaki (Miss L.B. Moore); Toko, near Stratford (Suter coll.)").Three specimens of this species, collected around Stratford by Murdoch, were sent by him to the K.K. Hofmuseum (now Natur- historisches Museum), Vienna, in exchanges. These specimens are still at the Museum. According to Suter (I.e.) Pfeiffer's type (collected by Hochstetter at Kakepuku Mt. in the Waikato) was also in the Museum, but this information now appears incorrect. Dr O. Paget of the Museum has kindly informed me (pers. comm.) that the type was retained by Pfeiffer in his personal collection and was thus probably destroyed with this during the Russian advance in the Second World War. The specimens now in the Naturhistorisches Museum are certainly not type material. Suteria ide (Gray 1850) (Suter13 p.670; "Toko").

171 Therasia traversi (Smith 1884) (Suter13 p.662; "Toko, near Stratford (R. Murdoch)"). Therasiella celinde (Gray 1850) (Suter13 p.662; sub Therasia celinde "Toko, near Stratford (R. Murdoch)"). Therasiella tamora (Hutton 1883) (Suter13 p.660 sub Therasia tamora; "Toko, near Stratford (R. Murdoch)"). According to Cumber8 the range of T. tamora does not extend over Taranaki. Another species T. neozelanica Cumber 1967, however, is shown as extending over Taranaki, although without precise localities being given. Thermia subincarnata (Suter 1894) (Suter13 p.651; Toko, near Stratford, type, (R. Murdoch)").

PREVIOUSLY UNPUBLISHED COLLECTIONS FROM TARANAKI

In 1969 Mr P.J. Winter made two collections of snails in Taranaki; these collections, now deposited in the National Museum, Wellington, were found to contain six species not previously recorded from Taranaki. The smaller of the collections was from beneath dry maritime scrub (mostly Muehlenbeckia) at the end of the Cape Egmont road, and contained three species. Two were the introduced species Cochliocopa lubrica (Muller) (two specimens) and Oxychilus cellarius (Muller) (four specimens), and one a native species, Lamellidea (Tomatellinops) novoseelandica (Pfeiffer 1853) (many specimens, a new record). The only other introduced mollusc I have seen in Taranaki is Helix aspersa L. Winter's second collection (PJW Waiau Bush, Taranaki 16/5/69) was somewhat larger and contained the following; Laoma mariae (12 specimens), Laoma marina (2), Charopa eta (3), Charopa caputspinulae (1), Charopa reeftonensis (1), Charopa pseudoleioda (3), Charopa coma (3), Suteria ide (2), Allodiscus granum (2), and Allodiscus aff. tesselatus (2). While working as a Park Naturalist at Dawson Falls in the Egmont National Park from late November to mid February 1974, I collected many samples of leaf litter and painstakingly searched these for small land snails. The results of the examination of fifteen of these samples are presented in Table 1. Of the thirty six species I found, twenty-two had not previously been recorded from Taranaki and three represent putative new species. These last have been given informal names for the purpose of citation but are not here formally proposed as new taxa. All these collections have been kindly examined by Dr F.M. Climo of the National Museum and have been incorporated with the rest of my collection (part of which has been previously published10) in the National Museum. The following are the species not previously published from Taranaki records; Allodiscus aff'. tesselatus (Powell 1941) Allodiscus aff. tullius (Gray 1850) Charopa eta (Pfeiffer 1853) Charopa microrhina (Suter 1909) Charopa wairarapa (Suter 1890) Cytora hedleyi (Suter 1894)

172 Flammulina feredayi (Suter 1891) Lamellidea (Tomatellinops) novoseelandica (Pfeiffer 1853) Laoma (Laoma) marina (Hutton 1883) Laoma (Phrixignathus) erigone (Gray 1850) Laoma (Phrixignathus) microreticulata (Suter 1890) Laoma (Phrixignathus) serratocostata (Webster 1906) Laoma (Phrixignathus) viridula (Suter 1909) Laoma (Phrixignathus) "bronze" n. sp. Obanella rimutaka (Dell 1952) Obanella spectabilis (Powell 1928) Paralaoma sericata (Suter 1890) "white" Paralaoma sericata (Suter 1890) "brown" Paralaoma "roseate" n. sp. Paralaoma "unnamed"'n. sp. Paryphanta traversi "Egmont form" Pseudaneitea papillata (Hutton 1879)

COLLECTION INFORMATION FOR SNAIL SAMPLES

1 Kapuni track, Dawson Falls; dry leaf litter mostly kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa) 25/11/73 c. 3000'. 2 Kapuni track; same locality as 1 c. 5/12/73. 3 Kapuni track; wet leaf litter, mostly kamahi and Blechnum capense 25/11/73. 4 Kapuni track, same locality as 3 c. 5/12/73. 5 Near Stratford Mountain House Rd, East Side of Egmont Dryish Rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) forest. 13/12/73 c. 2,599'. 6 As for 5 leaf litter rather wetter. 13/12/73. 7 Manganui Bluff, East Egmont. Wet leaf litter of Senecio eleagnifolius (leaves and bark) and Blechnum capense. Alpine scrub 13/12/73 c. 4,500'. 8 Wilkies pools track, Dawson Falls. Dry litter, mostly Rubus cissoides and Melicytus lanceolatus; just down from Kapuni Ford. 12/2/74 c. 3,300'. 9 Same place as 8 2/1/74. 10 Kapuni Track; near top of steep stair to base of Dawson Falls. Wet kamahi litter c. 8/1/74. 11 Manaia track, Dawson Falls, Utter almost entirely composed of leaves of Mida salicifolia. 10/1/74 c. 2,800'. 12 Beside road 2km down from Lodge, Dawson Falls. Much Coprosma australis in leaf litter 10/1/74 c. 2,500'. 13 Cosseys track, Dawson Falls, steep bank near the top end of the track. Litter mostly kamahi 3/2/74 c. 3,000'. 14 Hooker ski run, Dawson Falls. Litter of Senecio eleagnifolius leaves and bark, very damp. 5/2/74 c. 4,000'. 15 Cosseys track, just in from lower end; kamahi and putaputaweta. (Carpo- detus serratus) litter 9/2/74 c. 2,900'.

173 TABLE 1: LAND SNAIL COLLECTIONS FROM MT EGMONT

Previous records by New Suter (S) records Climo (C) Winter (W) Species Cumber (Cu) (Parkinson (P) Samples

*1 Allodiscus chion S Allodiscus dimorphus S - Allodiscus granum s w —- Allodiscus mossii s — Allodiscus aff. tesselatus w — Allodiscus aff. tullius P — Athoracophorus b. rufovenosus s P 1 Charopa anguicula S c p Charopa bianca SC - Charopa brounii c p - Charopa buccinella SC p - Charopa caputspinulae WP - Charopa colensoi sc p _- Charopa coma WP Charopa eta w - Charopa hectori s - Charopa infecta s - Charopa irregularis c - Charopa microrhina p —- Charopa pilsburyi S c Charopa pseudoleioda s WP -2 Charopa reeftonensis sc WP "Ptychodon " tau s - Charopa varicosa S Charopa vortex sc - Charopa wairarapa P - Cytora hedleyi p - Flammocharopa costulata s c Flammulina crebriflammis s _- Flammulina feredeyi p 1 Flammulina zebra s — Lamellidea novoseelandica w — Laoma (Laoma) ciliata s — Laoma (L.) mariae s W P Laoma (L.) marina W P - Laoma (L.) pirongaensis s - 174 *5 *6 *7 *8 *9 *10 *11 *12 *13 *14 *15

5 1 3

1?

13 1 1 - - 1 5 1 1 -1-22-1 1 1 1

9 3 15

1 3

5 1 2

175 Laoma (Phrixignathus) ariel S Laoma (P.) conella S - - - Laoma (P.) erigone P - - Laoma (P.) glabriuscula s P - - Laoma (P.) microreticulata P - - - Laoma (P.) regularis s P - -3 -3 Laoma (P.) serratocostata P 1 1 Laoma (P.) viridula P - 1 Laoma (P.) "bronze" n. sp. P - - Laoma (P.) indeterminate P - - -1 Obanella rimutaka P 1 Obanella spectabilis V - - Paralaoma lateumbilicata s V - - - Paralaoma sericata (white) p - - 3 Paralaoma sericata (brown) p - - Paralaoma "roseate" n. sp. p - -3 -2 Paralaoma "unnamed" n. sp. p - Paryphanta traversi "Egmont" p - - - Phenacohelix perplexa s - - Pseudallodicus ponderi c - - - Pseudaneitea papillata p - - - Rhytida greenwoodi s - Schizoglossa novoseelandica s p - Suteria ide s WP - - Therasia traversi s p - 1 -1 - Therasiella celinde s - Therasiella neozelanica Cu - - - Therasiella tamora s - - —- Thermia subincarnata s — Total species = 65 - - Total previous records: 40 New and confirmed records: 40 Total species present 5 4 Total specimens present 6 9 13

176 1?

1 2

2

13

2

6 5 11 10 9 10 17 10 12 8 10 18 5 23 21 32 14 56 40 23 10 22

177 THE EGMONT PARYPHANTA

Reports of a Paryphanta on Mt Egmont extend back at least as far as June 1962 at which time an article1 in the "Taranaki Herald" illustrating a shell reports; "The shell of a native snail previously thought to have been extinct in Taranaki, has been found in New Plymouth ... It was one of the species of Paryphanta, a land snail which grew to about three inches in diameter said Mr Allan [Mr Rigby Allan, former director, Taranaki Museum] and it had been thought almost certain that volcanic eruptions had killed it out. No living or recently dead specimens had been found in the province. "The shell was discovered by Mr G.D. Simpson among debris and rata roots cast up on East End Beach in front of the pavilion." Mr Rigby Allan speculated that the shell had been washed down the Henui Stream and said he would send the specimen to Dr R.K. Dell to get it positively identified. No more has been heard of this specimen and its present location is unknown, however, from the news photograph it appears to have been an adult shell in good condition, just under 2Vi inches in diameter. This may be one of the shells referred to in a later news article2 (date and source of publication unknown to me) in which it is reported that; "New Plymouth conchologist Mrs R. Duffy said today that she sent a number of snail shells to Dr Dell. Several of them came from the Taranaki Museum, including two recently found near the upper waters of the Mangorei Stream and in the German Hill area between Kaimiro and Kent Road", these two specimens, actually from the Waiwhakaio River, were found about 1962 by the Radford family and are still in their possession. Three specimens are illustrated in this new article and two of these are the Radfords' shells. The identity and present location of the third shell is not known. It is not in the Taranaki Museum. Another specimen was found on East End Beach by the above mentioned Mr Simpson on 27/11/67 and this worn and battered specimen is in the Taranaki Museum. An accession entry records that it is the third specimen found in the same place. The first of the three is presumably the June 1962 specimen. Of the other nothing more is known. The other specimen in the Taranaki Museum is apparently the first to be collected in the natural habitat of the snails. The meagre collection information (there is no accession entry) says the shell came from 5,000 ft. level on Mt Ejmont, and was collected on the 28th February 1968. This is a juvenile shell with the spire smashed in and has been damaged by heat ("exploded") like most non-fresh specimens. This may be the specimen mentioned in a third newspaper article3; "In 1968 a group of students from New Plymouth were tramping from North Egmont to Bells Falls when one girl, more observant than the others, picked up an empty shell beside the track which runs through alpine scrub." The given altitude of 5,000 ft. looks like a generous guess; there is little

178 scrub at this altitude. Perhaps 4,000 ft. would be more reasonable. There is nothing to indicate the side of the mountain from which the exploded shell was obtained but this may be assumed to be in the north side, as the shells have not so far been found elsewhere. A further shell was found in December 1969 by Mr N. Ramsay in or beside the Waiwhakaio River. This shell is worn and broken, with the spire smashed and missing. It shows the usual exploded condition of specimens which have been in heat and water. This specimen is now in the National Museum, Wellington. During my time at Dawson Falls three more specimens were found. The first of these has had a rather dramatic history to date; it was first found by Mr P. Bourke at 3,800 ft. on the 28th December 1973. Mr Bourke photographed the shell but left it where it was found. He returned to collect it at my request about five days later, but meanwhile it had been collected by Mr J. Mace who took it to the National Museum. As it had been illegally removed from the Park, the Park Board asked that it be returned but by special agreement with the Park Board the specimen (a gerontic example) is to be retained by the Museum. It should be noted by any readers who are potential collectors of this snail species that it may not be taken from the Park without the permission of the Board or one of its Officers. All finds of the snail should be reported to the Chief Ranger; dead shells may be collected as their preservation in the scrub after the has died is probably poor. The second specimen was found on the 9th January 1974 in the headwaters of the Waiwhakaio River about half a mile from the Holly Hut side of the Kokowhai Junction on the "Round the Mountain Track", at 3,800 ft., by Mr P. Avison.This shell is in excellent condition except for a damaged parietal callus. The third specimen is a juvenile found in the same place on January 16th by the Chief Ranger Mr K.A. Mawhinney. This had been cut in two by a spade and one half is missing. This is especially unfortunate as this is the only specimen so far encountered which was living. About half the animal was recovered from the remnant of the shell, but the important organs are missing. These two specimens are illustrated in an account of the three last specimens published in the "Taranaki Herald"? The last two specimens are presently in my personal collection but all this will be deposited in a Museum collection shortly. The North Island Paryphantas of the subgenus Powelliphanta are presently grouped in the nominal species, traversi. The species is recognised as containing seven nominal subspecies, but the whole complex is in the process of revision by the author and it is expected that there will be numerous changes of nomenclature, none of which should be foreshadowed here. The "Egmont Paryphanta" as it may be known for the present is closest to what is now called Paryphanta traversi tararuanensis Powell and P. traversi marchanti (Powell), respectively from the Tararua and Ruahine Ranges. The Egmont shell is closer to the former in its size and colour pattern. This is of faint dorsal and fainter basal spiral lines on a khaki ground suffused with olive below and with fawn radial striae above, There is a conspicuous compound peripheral colour band of darker brown. The umbilical colour patch more typical of marchantii is absent. The Egmont snail occurs at a higher altitude (c. 3,500 to 4,000') than the Tararua subspecies (from 1,500 to 2,000 ft.). The shell from Egmont also appears

179 fractionally larger than the Tararua shell and rather less depressed but the known material is too scanty for reliable distinctions to be drawn at this stage.

DISCUSSION

The land snail fauna of Taranaki is rich and diverse. Charopid and Punctid snails are especially well represented although Flammulinids are poorly represented and Otoconchids seem to be absent altogether. A surprising feature of the recent investigations was the large number of recorded species (over half) which had not previously recorded from Taranaki. On the other hand half the species previously recorded from Taranaki were not found during this study. This is most probably due to the faunal characteristics of the areas collected; the earlier collections came mostly from the volcanic ringplain in the region of Stratford at c. 1800' whereas my own were from montane forest and subalpine scrub at 3000' to 4,500'. Of five species based on types collected in Taranaki, Allodiscus chion, Allodiscus mossii, Charopa vortex, Phenacohelix perplexa, Thermia subincarnata, none was found during my period of investigation. The new collections provide southernmost records for Cytora hedleyi and for Laoma erigone, both usually thought of as Waikato and Auckland species. Northernmost records are provided for Charopa brounii and for Charopa wairarapa. The large slug Pseudaneitea papillata is recorded although I have not personally seen a specimen because this seems to be the only possible identity for the "large green native slug" described to me by several Taranaki naturalists. Three putative new species in Laoma and Paralaoma were recorded but these are not described or formally named. In these studies my collecting method was as follows; after selecting an apparently suitable area I collected all the loose and dry leaf litter around the centre of the patch and stuffed it compactly into a plastic bag 5" x 8" until no more would fit. This was later sorted (still wet) on a contrasting dark background which shows up the snail contents easily. This collection method is very accurate for the collection of minute shells such as the Paralaoma species which occur prominently in the samples. The larger snails are usually the first to be noticed by those using the traditional search method of turning over logs, stones and leaves, but as juveniles of the large snails are collected by the sampling method used here, I do not think that different collecting methods would have resulted in the finding of larger species here overlooked. Many of these species have probably been recorded in the earlier sampling by Murdoch.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author is grateful to Dr F.M. Climo for his assistance with identifying the fauna and for his constructive discussion of the manuscript.

180 REFERENCES

Anonymous (June 9, 1962) "Snail may not be extinct in Taranaki". Taranaki Herald. 9 Anonymous (1962?) "Live Giant Snails?" Newspaper article, source unknown. 3 Anonymous (January 2, 1969) "Museum Piece". Daily News. 4Anonymous [K.S. Bourke] (January 21, 1974) "Rare snails found". Taranaki Herald, sClimo, F.M. (1969) Revision of New Zealand Arionacea (Mollusca: ) II A Revision of Charopa subgenus Ptychodon Ancey 1888. (: Endodontinae) Record of the Dominion Museum, Wellington 6 (14); 175-258. 6Climo, F.M. (1969) Revision of New Zealand Arionacea (Mollusca: Pulmonata) III A revision of the Charopa Albers 1860 (excluding subgenus Ptychodon Ancey 1888), Phenacharopa Pilsbury 1893 and Flammocharopa n. gen. (Endodon• tidae: Endodontinae) Records of the Dominion Museum, Wellington 6 (18): 285-366.

7Climo, F.M. (1971) Revision of New Zealand Arionacea (Mollusca: Pulmonata) V. Descriptions of some Phenacohelicid taxa (Punctidae: Phenacohelicinae). Records of the Dominion Museum, Wellington 7 (11): 95-105. 8Cumber, R.A. (1967) The genus Therasiella (Mollusca: Flammulinidae) in the North Island Mainland with descriptions of new species. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 10(7): 61-70. 'Murdoch, R.A. (1897) Descriptions of new species of Endodonta and Flammulina from New Zealand. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London. 2: 160-163. 10Parkinson, P.G. (1970) A subfossil landsnail faunule from Kawhia. Tane 16: 135-142. 11 Powell, A.W.B. (1949) The Paryphantidae of New Zealand No. VI. Distribution hybrids and new species of Paryphanta, Rhytida and Schizoglossa. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 3 (6): 347-372. ,2Powett, A.W.B. (1967) Shells of New Zealand. Whitcombe & Tombs. 13 Suter, H. (1913) Manual of New Zealand mollusca. Wellington Govt. Printer 1120p. (Atlas of Plates 1915). 14Sykes, E.R. (1896) On Flammulina (Allodiscus) chion, an new helicoid land snail from New Zealand. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 2: p.107.

181