Qualifications at Level 5: Progressing in a Career Or to Higher Education
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training WORKING PAPER No 23 Qualifications at level 5: progressing in a career or to higher education Qualifications at level 5: progressing in a career or to higher education Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014 Cedefop working papers are unedited documents, available only electronically. They make results of Cedefop’s work promptly available and encourage further discussion. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014 ISBN 978-92-896-1630-0 ISSN 1831-2403 doi: 10.2801/77593 Copyright © European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop), 2014 All rights reserved. The European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop) is the European Union’s reference centre for vocational education and training. We provide information on and analyses of vocational education and training systems, policies, research and practice. Cedefop was established in 1975 by Council Regulation (EEC) No 337/75. Europe 123, 570 01 Thessaloniki (Pylea), GREECE PO Box 22427, 551 02 Thessaloniki, GREECE Tel. +30 2310490111, Fax +30 2310490020 E-mail: [email protected] www.cedefop.europa.eu James J. Calleja, Director Barbara Dorn, Chair of the Governing Board Qualifications at level 5: progressing in a career or to higher education Foreword This study examines qualifications at level 5 of the European qualifications framework (EQF) (1). It shows that EQF level 5 qualifications play an important role in providing access to employment and career advancement, as well as enabling further learning and progression to higher education. This double function makes them attractive to learners and employers. Although the extent to which countries use qualifications at EQF level 5 differs, their importance is growing in all countries investigated for several reasons. First, they are developed as response to increased needs for advanced technical and/or management skills in a rapidly changing labour market and ageing workforce. Second, the data show that EQF level 5 qualifications are especially attractive to students with vocational education and training (VET) backgrounds and those already in employment. They contribute to lifelong learning by being accessible and attractive for adults and non-traditional learners. Third, they are seen as valuable and relevant by employers, as most include some form of work-based learning. The development of comprehensive NQFs – including qualifications at all levels and of all types – in most European countries has shed new light on the potential of EQF level 5 qualifications. By acting as a bridge between education and training institutions and subsystems, these qualifications support permeability (vertically and horizontally), allowing learners to move more easily between different types of education (such as academic and vocational) and between different levels (such as VET and higher education), as they decide. The study also shows that EQF level 5 is increasingly being used as a platform for developing new types of qualifications, whether initial (IVET) or continuing vocational education and training (CVET) qualifications or short-cycle higher education (SCHE) qualifications. (1) The study maps and analyses qualifications according to the level of learning outcomes in the 15 countries which had referenced their national qualifications frameworks (NQFs) to the EQF by June 2012. The countries are: Belgium (Flanders), the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Ireland, France, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and the United Kingdom (England, Wales and Northern Ireland (EWNI) and Scotland). 1 Qualifications at level 5: progressing in a career or to higher education The study aims to stimulate policy discussion on the types, purposes and potential of qualifications at EQF level 5 in contributing to and addressing current and future policy challenges, such as improving the relevance of qualifications for the rapidly changing labour market, workforce upskilling and reskilling, and helping people change or progress in their career or opening doors for further learning though validation of work experience and non-formal and informal learning. Joachim James Calleja Director 2 Qualifications at level 5: progressing in a career or to higher education Acknowledgements This report is the result of a team effort and reflects the contribution of all who have worked on it. The study was coordinated, supervised and drafted by Slava Pevec Grm and Jens Bjørnåvold, Cedefop senior experts. A research consortium led by Panteia and 3s – represented by Simon Broek and Karin Luomi-Messerer – conducted the research. Additionally, the following national experts provided detailed country-specific information: Monika Auzinger, Mike Coles, Mariya Dzhengozova, M’Hamed Dif, Sonja Lengauer, Gert-Jan Lindeboom, Sean o’Reilly, Vidmantas Tutlys and Lubomir Valenta (*). We also thank representatives of ministries, national experts, teachers, learners, employees and employers interviewed in the countries studied, who contributed to the knowledge base of this work. Finally, thanks also go to Cedefop colleagues Joanne Basiakou (administrative assistance) and Evangelia Bara (technical support). (*) The research was carried out by Panteia in consortium with 3S under Cedefop service contract AO/ECVL/JBSPEV/Qualifications_EQF_level_5/001/12. 3 Qualifications at level 5: progressing in a career or to higher education Table of contents Foreword ................................................................................................. 1 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... 3 Table of contents ................................................................................................. 4 Executive summary .............................................................................................. 9 1. Aim of the study, conceptual framework and research questions ................. 18 1.1. Background to the study ..................................................................... 18 1.2. Key research questions ...................................................................... 19 1.3. Conceptual framework ........................................................................ 20 1.4. Description of methodology ................................................................ 21 1.4.1. Country overviews and analysis .............................................. 22 1.4.2. Case studies ........................................................................... 22 1.5. Outline of the report ............................................................................ 24 2. Diversity of EQF level 5 qualifications .......................................................... 25 2.1. Bridging general education, VET and higher education ...................... 25 2.2. Qualifications and learning pathways: the learning contexts ............... 27 2.3. Overview of level 5 qualification types ................................................ 28 2.4. Country differences in level 5 use ....................................................... 32 2.4.1. Qualifications outside the formal system linked to EQF level 5 ............................................................................. 32 2.4.2. Countries with single qualification type linked to level 5 .......... 33 2.4.3. Higher education and VET qualifications linked to EQF level 5 ............................................................................. 34 2.4.4. Countries with a diversified landscape .................................... 37 3. Progress in EQF level 5 qualifications importance ....................................... 42 3.1. Countries where EQF level 5 is important ........................................... 43 3.2. Countries with EQF level 5 having average importance ...................... 46 3.3. Countries with EQF level 5 having some importance .......................... 47 3.4. Countries with EQF level 5 having little importance ............................ 48 3.5. Qualifications outside NQFs but relevant to EQF level 5 .................... 51 4. Access and progression for education and employment .............................. 53 4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 53 4.1.1. Qualifications as currency ....................................................... 53 4.1.2. Purposes of qualifications ....................................................... 53 4.2. Diverse routes to/from employment/education .................................... 55 4 Qualifications at level 5: progressing in a career or to higher education 4.2.1. EQF level 5 as initial education qualification ........................... 55 4.2.2. Employment-oriented routes, same/similar occupation ........... 57 4.2.3. Mixed education-employment routes for career switch ............ 58 4.2.4. Qualifications used for different routes .................................... 58 4.2.5. Overview of different routes .................................................... 60 4.2.6. System permeability ................................................................ 62 4.3. Perceived differences in labour market relevance .............................