Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems UNESCO

The constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was adopted by 20 countries at the London Conference in November 1945 and entered into effect on 4 November 1946. The Organization currently has 195 Member States and 11 Associate Members. The main objective of UNESCO is to contribute to peace and security in the world by promoting collaboration among nations through education, science, culture and communication in order to foster universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and the human rights and fundamental freedoms that are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations. To fulfil its mandate, UNESCO performs five principal functions: 1) prospective studies on education, science, culture and communication for tomorrow›s world; 2) the advancement, transfer and sharing of knowledge through research, training and teaching activities; 3) standard-setting actions for the preparation and adoption of internal instruments and statutory recommendations; 4) expertise through technical cooperation to Member States for their development policies and projects; and 5) the exchange of specialized information.

UNESCO Institute for Statistics

The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) is the statistical office of UNESCO and is the UN depository for global statistics in the fields of education, science, technology and innovation, culture and communication. The UIS was established in 1999. It was created to improve UNESCO›s statistical programme and to develop and deliver the timely, accurate and policy-relevant statistics needed in today’s increasingly complex and rapidly changing social, political and economic environments. Published in 2021 by: UNESCO Institute for Statistics P.O. Box 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada Tel: +1 514-343-6880 Email: [email protected] http://www.uis.unesco.org

ISBN: 978-92-9189-253-2 © UNESCO-UIS 2021

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SHORT SUMMARY Comparing national education systems This report presents diagrams of country education structures based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). UNESCO created ISCED in the 1970s, with important revisions in 1997 and 2011, to categorize national education structures by student age, programme duration and programme level from pre-primary through to tertiary education. By standardizing each category of education, ISCED plays an important role in ensuring that the data required to meet country commitments to the Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) for education can be compared across countries. This report provides diagrams for 177 countries enabling readers to visualize education systems categorized by ISCED in a way that allows for fast and easy comparisons. The report guides readers through ISCED by offering definitions for each ISCED level, an explanation on how the diagrams were created from country mappings, along with ISCED’s governance structure, and challenges and recommendations. This is followed by a global analysis of ISCED, which considers how the education systems of each region compare in the context of the Agenda 2030. Then, in-depth analyses of the Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa provide detailed snapshots of key features in each region. The report aims to give government policymakers, national statistical offices, international organizations and academia an understanding of ISCED and its importance in helping countries meet their SDG 4 commitments by providing a framework for organizing education systems in a way that allows for cross- national comparability.

Table of contents

1. Introduction...... 9

2. The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)...... 11

3. Guide to the diagrams...... 15 3.1 Scope...... 15 3.2 How to read the diagrams...... 15 3.3 Legends used to standardize the visual display of information...... 17 3.4 Consultation and revision process for diagrams...... 17

4. List of diagrams...... 19

5. Global analysis...... 21

6. Regional analysis...... 25 6.1 Arab States...... 25 6.2 Asia and the Pacific...... 29 6.3 Latin America and the Caribbean...... 34 6.4 Sub-Saharan Africa...... 39

7. ISCED diagrams...... 48 7.1 Arab States...... 48 7.2 Asia and the Pacific...... 59 7.3 Latin America and the Caribbean...... 80 7.4 Sub-Saharan Africa...... 96

Annex: ISCED diagrams for OECD/EU countries...... 121 List of figures

Figure 5.1 Percentage of countries in each region offering free and compulsory education, by years...... 22 Figure 5.2 Duration profile of ISCED levels, from most to least common, globally...... 23 Figure 6.1 Years of free and compulsory primary and secondary education, Arab States...... 26 Figure 6.2 Duration of early childhood education programmes, Arab States...... 26 Figure 6.3 Main organizational models of primary and lower secondary education, Arab States...... 27 Figure 6.4 Theoretical entrance age and duration of each educational level, Arab States...... 28 Figure 6.5 Duration profile of ISCED levels, from most to least common, Arab States...... 28 Figure 6.6 Years of free and compulsory primary and secondary education, Asia and the Pacific, 2018...... 30 Figure 6.7 Duration of early childhood education programmes, Asia and the Pacific...... 31 Figure 6.8 Organizational models of primary and lower secondary education, Asia and the Pacific...... 32 Figure 6.9 Theoretical entrance age and duration of each education level, Asia and the Pacific...... 33 Figure 6.10 Duration profile of ISCED levels, from most to least common, Asia and the Pacific...... 34 Figure 6.11 Years of free and compulsory primary and secondary education, Latin America and the Caribbean...... 35 Figure 6.12 Duration of early childhood education programmes, Latin America and the Caribbean...... 36 Figure 6.13 Main organizational models of primary and lower secondary education, Latin America and the Caribbean...... 37 Figure 6.14 Theoretical entrance age and duration of each educational level, Latin America and the Caribbean...... 38 Figure 6.15 Duration profile of ISCED levels, from most to least common, Latin America and the Caribbean..... 39 Figure 6.16 Years of free and compulsory primary and secondary education, sub-Saharan Africa...... 40 Figure 6.17 Duration of early childhood education programmes, sub-Saharan Africa...... 41 Figure 6.18 Organizational models of primary and lower secondary education, sub-Saharan Africa...... 42 Figure 6.19 Theoretical entrance age and duration of each education level, sub-Saharan Africa...... 44 Figure 6.20 Duration profile of ISCED levels, from most to least common, sub-Saharan Africa...... 45 Foreword

The Sustainable Development Goal 4 for education (SDG 4) requires careful and consistent monitoring and reporting. Producing internationally-comparable education statistics and indicators for SDG 4 requires a framework to collect and report data on education programmes and their resulting qualifications. Currently, the structure of education systems varies widely between countries, but looking at education systems through the lens of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) facilitates comparisons. ISCED itself is comprised of three main classifications – levels of education (ISCED-P), educational attainment (ISCED-A) and education and training (ISCED-F).

These classifications are considered to be internationally valid and comprehensive for all education systems. It cannot be emphasized too strongly that reporting for SDG 4 cannot be fully carried out unless ISCED mappings completed for all countries in all regions. In other words, ISCED is necessary for reaching SDG 4 objectives. By creating a visualization of education systems, this report, and accompanying online content, provide a tool for comparing (and eventually harmonizing) education systems across regions and countries.

The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) is mandated by the United Nations to be the autonomous, trusted and official source of cross-nationally comparable data on SDG 4. To improve the quality of country data and its comparability, the UIS has developed visual representations of education systems based on ISCED to help countries compare education data. This report presents diagrams for the educational systems of 177 countries, including those for the OECD and European Union (EU) countries presented in the Annex. These diagrams can also be found on the UIS website (http://isced.uis.unesco.org/) and on the PEER website hosted by the Global Education Monitoring Report (https://education-profiles.org/). The analysis in this report does not include countries reporting education data to the OECD and Eurostat as this data is collected by partner agencies and reported to the UIS. However, ISCED diagrams for these countries are available in the Annex and on the ISCED website.

We created these visualization tools to support countries with the implementation of ISCED 2011 as a framework for evaluating their education systems and to support their efforts to collect and produce cross-nationally comparable data for SDG 4. We also hope that international organizations, education policymakers, national statistical offices, and academia will use it to compare education systems and structures regionally, and across the globe. Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems has three main components: an abridged explanation of ISCED 2011 levels, global and regional analyses, and diagrams for 133 countries.

The UIS prepared this report despite the COVID-19 pandemic, with significant participation of countries. The overall development was led by Bertrand Tchatchoua. UIS regional office representatives, Georges Boade, Roshan Bajracharya and Yacine Ndeye Fall prepared the regional analyses for Asia and the Pacific and sub-Saharan Africa. Martin Scasso contributed to the analysis for Latin America and the Caribbean and the Arab States. Wilfried Amoussou-Guénou, Ghania Djafri, Daniel Ejov, Talal el Hourani, Nadejda Girlovan, Lina Ktaili, Tin Nam, Nestor Santillan Carpio, Shailendra Sigdel, Pascale Ratovondrahona and Said Voffal reviewed the diagrams. Tanya Guyatt, Shereen Joseph and Richard Warren provided editorial support and coordinated the production of the report.

Silvia Montoya Director, UNESCO Institute for Statistics

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 7 Acronyms & abbreviations

ECE...... early childhood education ECED...... early childhood education development EU...... European Union ISCED...... International Standard Classification of Education OECD...... Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SDG 4...... Sustainable Development Goal 4 for education TTP...... teacher training programme TVET...... technical and vocational education and training UIS...... UNESCO Institute for Statistics UNESCO...... United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 1. Introduction

Monitoring progress on education around the world is vital to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4). To obtain a consistent global view of educational attainment on a yearly basis, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) collects data on education for all countries around the world. However, education systems differ greatly from country to country and there are often discrepancies between levels of learning, teaching and fields of education. To be able to compare data on education globally, UNESCO created the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) as a reference for internationally comparable education statistics and indicators. ISCED applies uniform and internationally agreed definitions to facilitate comparisons of education systems, classifying education programmes and their related qualifications by education levels and fields. These classifications are considered to be internationally valid and comprehensive for all education systems. ISCED classifications have been included in the administrative data collection of the UIS, thus ensuring the comparability of the national education data of countries.

Depending on the level and type of education concerned, a hierarchical ranking system is established between main and subsidiary criteria (such as typical entrance qualifications and minimum entrance requirements).

1.1 WHY IS ISCED IMPORTANT?

ISCED is essential for the consistent monitoring, analysis and advancement of countries’ educational systems. The data collected in each country must be comparable to create a benchmark of performance across countries over time and to monitor each country’s progress. Statistics on education provide information for policymakers and other education stakeholders. Data on enrolment and school attendance, the human or financial resources required for greater educational attainment and the overall education level of the population provide information to countries themselves, to international organizations and to the wider world. ISCED will be as strong as its weakest link: the more countries that are integrated into the ISCED system, the greater the potential for achieving SDG 4. Individual countries will benefit from comparison with the education systems of others and be able to define their specific needs and problems.

ISCED is an ongoing, evolving classification of education systems around the world. It is a framework for assem- bling, compiling and analysing cross-nationally comparable statistics on education and is an international reference classification for organizing education programmes and related qualifications by levels and fields of education.

1.2 ABOUT THE ISCED VISUALIZATIONS

The UIS has designed a series of diagrams to provide a visual representation of the structure of national education systems based on ISCED. It is intended that these diagrams create a framework that will allow for easier cross-country comparison of education data as required by SDG 4. The diagrams were created from the mappings provided by countries and validated by the UIS. Based on ISCED classifications, different programmes can be mapped to the same level, for example, all programmes for primary education regardless of the theoretical entrance age or programme duration should be mapped to ISCED level 1.

The diagrams will be updated annually. All educational institutions within a participating country, both public and private, and both formal and informal, are included. However, the diagrams do not include adult or special needs education.

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 9 Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant number of countries delivered ISCED mappings to the UIS. Following consultations with countries in the Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa, the UIS produced 133 diagrams; 115 are based on data that has been checked and validated as of 1 March 2021, and an additional 18 are included with a footnote denoting “country approval pending”.

This publication has three main components: an abridged explanation of ISCED 2011, global and regional analyses of country education systems and structures, and diagrams for 133 countries. Specifically,Chapter 2 of this publication provides a description of ISCED 2011 along with a definition for each level from ISCED 01 to ISCED 8. Chapter 3 offers a guide to the diagrams, Chapter 4 lists the countries included in the global and regional analyses, Chapter 5 gives readers a global overview of education levels in the context of SDG 4, Chapter 6 highlights regional differences and similarities in the structure of education systems while Chapter 7 presents the 133 ISCED diagrams organized by region. An Annex includes ISCED diagrams for 44 OECD/EU countries.1

ISCED governance and resources

The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) is the custodian of ISCED and is thus responsible for the development, maintenance, updating and revision of this reference classification. It also provides guidance on the effective and consistent use of ISCED for data collection and analysis. Further responsibilities of the UIS include: describing how the structure and details of the classification are used when producing and presenting statistics; promoting the use of ISCED for cross-nationally comparable statistics; providing guidance materials, training and technical support to countries to ensure the effective implementation and utilization of the classification throughout the world; establishing monitoring mechanisms for proper feedback from ISCED users about problems in its use and forming an ISCED Committee with other data collection partners to review the classification and advise on its implementation. The UIS works closely with countries and partner data collection agencies (including Eurostat and OECD) to ensure that mappings are in accordance with the ISCED classification and updated as needed. There is a mechanism for the peer review of mappings of formal national education programmes and qualifications. Through its publications, website and other communications tools, the UIS describes how the structure and details of the classification are used when producing and presenting statistics. The UIS produced an oper- ational manual to facilitate the classification and mapping of national education systems to ISCED (initially on formal education programmes and qualifications) along with a document withdetailed field descrip- tions and a questionnaire. All documents are available on the UIS website: http://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/ international-standard-classification-education-isced. All country diagrams are also available on the UIS website: http://isced.uis.unesco.org/ The UIS promotes the use of ISCED for cross-nationally comparable statistics and provides guidance materials, training and technical support to countries to ensure the effective implementation and use of the classifications throughout the world.

1 Belgium has two ISCED diagrams representing it’s two education systems (Francophone and Flemish).

10 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 2. The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)

ISCED is an instrument for compiling statistics on education systems in a consistent manner. ISCED was established to benchmark performance across countries over time and to monitor the progress of all regions and countries. It covers two cross-classification variables: levels and fields of education, with the complementary dimensions of general/vocational/pre-vocational orientation and education-labour market destination. ISCED was originally created in the 1970s and continues to be refined, with a major revision in 1997, and another in 2011. Both the categories of fields of learning and levels of education, along with any ISCED revisions, are agreed internationally and adopted formally by the General Conference of UNESCO Member States.

As part of the 2011 update, ISCED now has nine levels of education instead of seven. Tertiary education was expanded to four levels and a new category was created covering early childhood education for children under age three. Further, each education level is now more clearly delineated and comprises two parallel classifications: ISCED-P (a revision of ISCED-97 levels of education) and ISCED-A (which includes improved definitions of formal and non-formal education, educational activities and programmes). ISCED 2011 now has only two complementary dimensions or categories of orientation: general and vocational.

A further revision in 2013 produced ISCED-F which revised the classification of the fields of education and training. ISCED-F 2013 contains 11 broad fields, 29 narrow fields and about 80 detailed fields.

The broad fields of education in ISCED-F 2013 are:

00 – Generic programmes and qualifications 01 – Education 02 – Arts and humanities 03 – Social sciences, journalism and information 04 – Business, administration and law 05 – Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics 06 – Information and Communication Technologies 07 – Engineering, manufacturing and construction 08 – Agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary 09 – Health and welfare 10 – Services

Each broad field of education is then broken down into sub-fields. This new classification was first implemented in 2016 and was based on the school year 2014/15 and household surveys of 2016.

Empirically, ISCED assumes that several criteria exist which can help allocate education programmes to levels of education. Depending on the level and type of education concerned, there is a need to establish a hierarchical

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 11 ranking system between main and subsidiary criteria (typical entrance qualification, minimum entrance requirement, minimum age, staff qualification, etc.).

ISCED statistics are collected in every country, both nationally and sub-nationally, reflecting the number of students in school, their fields of study and levels of schooling. Also collected are the qualifications they receive at each stage of schooling. Data can be taken from various sources: administrative registers, individual and household surveys and macroeconomic aggregated statistics.

The different ISCED levels, as established by ISCED 2011, are as follows:

ISCED 0: Early childhood education programmes: ISCED 01: Early childhood educational development (ECED), age range 0-2 years ISCED 02: Pre-primary education, age 3 to the start of ISCED 1

ISCED 1: Primary education programmes, to provide students with basic skills in reading, writing and mathematics. Age is the only entry requirement.

ISCED 2: Lower secondary education, designed to build on learning outcomes from ISCED 1. Students are typically aged 10 to 13.

ISCED 3: Upper secondary education, designed to complete secondary education in preparation for tertiary education or to provide skills for employment. Students are between ages 14 and 16.

ISCED 4: Post-secondary non-tertiary education, providing learning experience based on secondary education, preparing for labour market entry. A requirement for entry is completion of ISCED 3.

ISCED 5: Short-cycle tertiary education programmes to provide professional knowledge, skills and competencies. They are practical and occupation-specific for the labour market, although they may provide a pathway to other tertiary education programmes.

ISCED 6: Bachelor’s degree or equivalent programmes to provide intermediate academic and/or professional knowledge, skills and competencies leading to a first degree or equivalent qualification. Entry may depend on subject choice and/or grades achieved at ISCED levels 3 and 4.

ISCED 7: Master’s degree or equivalent programmes to provide advanced academic and/or professional knowledge, skills and competencies leading to a second degree or equivalent qualification. These programmes are the- oretically-based but may include practical components and are traditionally offered at universities and other tertiary educational institutions.

ISCED 8: Doctoral or equivalent programmes, to lead to an advanced research qualification. These programmes are devoted to advanced study and original research and are typically offered only by research-oriented tertiary educational institutions such as universities. Doctoral programmes exist in both academic and professional fields.

As the custodian of global education data through ISCED and the lead agency for producing the indicators needed to track global progress towards SDG 4 on education, the UIS has initiated the development of an international classification of teacher training programmes (TTPs). This aims to support the monitoring of global Indicator 4.c.1:

12 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems “Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications, by education level”. The classification is envisioned as an extension of ISCED and is preliminarily referred to as ISCED-T. ISCED-T will be a standard classification for TTPs that can be used for international comparison of such programmes.

How ISCED country mappings are created:

National education structures are recorded and mapped in a collaborative process between the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) and Member States based on the framework set by the 2011 International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED).

The information is collected in the UIS Annual Survey of Formal Education using the ISCED 2011 questionnaire called “National Education Systems” (UIS/ED/ISC11). The questionnaire gathers national information on the entry requirements, entry age, programme duration and the qualification awarded upon completion of each educational level. The associated level of ISCED 2011, from pre-primary to tertiary education, is also indicated. The questionnaire also collects data on free and compulsory education.

The UIS pre-fills the ISCED 2011 questionnaire with existing information on the national education structure. Countries can confirm that its content remains unchanged, or submit a revised questionnaire. The UIS processes the updated information and works with national statistics offices to solve any pending issues. The resulting document is validated by the country before the UIS publishes the resulting ISCED mapping on its website: http://uis.unesco.org/en/isced-mappings. Based on the validated ISCED 2011, the UIS annually sends three questionnaires on formal education (QA, QB and QC): QA covers students and teachers (ISCED 0-4); QB, covers education expenditure (ISCED 0-8) and QC covers students and teachers (ISCED 5-8).

These mappings are then used by the UIS to ensure the international comparability of its education statistics. As the number of number of countries integrated into the ISCED mapping system increases, more comparisons between regions and countries can be made, improving the possibility of addressing education issues in specific countries.

The UIS is responsible for the development, maintenance, updating and revision of this reference classification. It also provides guidance on the effective and consistent use of ISCED for data collection and analysis. The UIS aims to maintain links with custodians of other relevant classifications in order to ensure consistency across related standard frameworks.

Through its publications, website and other communications tools, the UIS describes how the structure and details of the classification are used when producing and presenting statistics. The UIS promotes the use of ISCED for cross-nationally comparable statistics and provides guidance materials, training and technical support to countries to ensure the effective implementation and use of the classifications throughout the world. It continues to establish monitoring mechanisms for proper feedback from ISCED users about problems in its use and has formed an ISCED Committee with other data collection partners to review the classification and advise on its implementation.

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 13

3. Guide to the diagrams

This chapter describes the range of programmes included in the diagrams, the graphical display and layout, and the harmonization criteria used. It then explains how the UIS undertakes revisions to the diagrams and it outlines some challenges and recommendations.

3.1 SCOPE

The diagrams include the most representative mainstream programmes of formal educational systems from early childhood education to the tertiary level.

The diagrams encompass: 1. Early childhood education and care provided in publicly-subsidized and accredited centre-based settings for children from the youngest age of enrolment. 2. Primary and secondary education programmes. 3. Post-secondary non-tertiary programmes. 4. Tertiary-level programmes.

They do not cover: 1. Education programmes intended exclusively for adults with low formal educational attainment and/or low level of basic skills. The diagrams cover only the courses allowing adults to go back to school or to gain further qualifications that are part of mainstream education programmes. Usually, these courses are integrated in the programmes providing competence-based qualifications at the secondary education level or allowing access to tertiary education (i.e. the post-secondary non-tertiary education level). 2. Separate provision outside mainstream education for children and young people with special educational needs. 3. Tertiary level, doctoral studies.

3.2 HOW TO READ THE DIAGRAMS

3.2.1 Main elements

Age of students and programme duration scales:

Student age: The student age scale indicates the age of pupils and students when they start each level of education from pre-primary through to non-tertiary vocational education (ISCED levels 0 to 4). These ages are theoretical and give an indication of the official age at which children might begin early childhood education or compulsory education. Early or late entry, grade retention or other interruptions to schooling, and adult learning are not taken into account.

Programme duration: The programme duration is indicated by the length of the bars. For primary, secondary and vocational education duration is implied by student age in years which is indicated on the scale at the top of the diagram. For tertiary programmes, the scale is based on the duration of the programme in years, from zero to eight. The duration of part-time studies or individualized study patterns are not available in these diagrams.

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 15 Levels and types of education:

The coloured bars of the diagrams show the national education system programmes with different colours representing the different levels and types of education. Separating each coloured bars, solid white vertical lines show the division of each level of education. A dotted white line within the same coloured bar depicts the continuation of a programme to the next level. A black dotted box indicates that an additional year of the programme is available. The ISCED level is indicated by the number in the black circle on each bar.

3.2.2 Graphic representation

Early childhood and post-secondary education (left hand side of the diagram):

The coloured bars on the left depict the main education programmes from pre-primary to post-secondary non-tertiary levels (ISCED levels 0 to 4) in relation to the age of students when they start a particular programme. The ages indicate the theoretical age at which students are supposed to enter an education level in that country or begin a study programme. (Early or late entry, grade retention or other interruption to schooling are not taken into account.)

Order of representation in the diagram from left to right: m Pre-primary m Primary m Secondary m Post-secondary non-tertiary vocational

Tertiary education programmes (right hand side of the diagram):

The coloured bars on the right show the main programmes at the tertiary level in relation to the standard number of years necessary to complete these programmes on a full-time basis. The duration of part-time studies or individualized study patterns are not presented.

Order of representation in the diagram from top to bottom: m Bachelor’s degree/programme m Master’s degree/programme and specialization m ISCED 6 Bachelor’s degree/programme in specialized studies m ISCED 7 Bachelor’s degree/programme in specialized studies m Short-cycle tertiary education

If a programme requires the certification of another tertiary education programme for its entry, they are place next to each other.

Tertiary education programmes are ordered as follows: m Programmes that require ISCED 4 or less for admission (usually a Bachelor’s degree or short cycle tertiary programmes) are placed in the “0” axis position. m ISCED 7 programmes for which entrance requirements include certification of ISCED 5 or 6 programmes for entry are positioned at the final year of those programmes based on their theoretical duration, separated by a vertical white line. m The same criteria are used for all tertiary education programmes that have another tertiary education programme completion certificate as an entrance requirement.

16 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Algeria

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education AlgeriaStudent’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Preparatory Primary Middle General secondary Programme durationBachelor’s (in years) Master’s education education education and technological programme programme 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18education 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Teacher training Preparatory Primary Middle SpecializedGeneral professional secondary Bachelor’s Master’s (lower secondary education) m If the country has Bachelor’s degree programmes with a different theoretical duration, the ISCED 7 bar is posi- programme programme education education education training (CFPS)and technological tioned at the end of the lowest theoretical duration of those levels. education

Teacher training Medicine 3.3 LEGENDS USED TO STANDARDIZE THE VISUAL DISPLAY OF INFORMATION Specialized professionalProfessional aptitude (lower secondary education) training (CFPS)training Levels and types of education

Medicine Veterinarians, dentistry and pharmacy Compulsory full-time education/training Professional aptitude training Professional aptitude Early childhood education Secondary general education training Veterinarians, dentistry and pharmacyEngineer / Teacher training Compulsoryand care, forfull-time which education/training the (upper secondary education) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education Professional aptitude is not responsible Early childhood education Secondary general education training Engineer / Teacher training and care, for which the Post-secondary is responsible (upper secondary education) Ministry of Education: Secondarynon-tertiary vocational education education Vocational training Preparatory Specialized Master’s is not responsible Tertiary education cycle degree Primary Post-secondary is responsible (full-time) Education non-tertiary education Vocational training Preparatory Specialized Master’s Tertiary education Primary Short-cycle tertiary cycle degree Additional Year (full-time) Education education Higher technician programme / Short-cycle tertiary Teacher training Additional Year ISCED 2011 levels education Higher technician programme(primary / education) ISCED Teacher training (primary education) ISCED

Additional year: This dotted box is used to indicate the cases where the duration of an education programme has a variable theoretical duration. For example, in cases where an education programme has a part that does not need to be completed to finalize a cycle or level of education, but may be necessary to access a higher level of education or move on to a different path.

3.4 CONSULTATION AND REVISION PROCESS FOR DIAGRAMS

Consultation: The current diagrams were produced based on existing ISCED mapping validated by countries and posted on the UIS website (http://uis.unesco.org/en/isced-mappings). The completed diagrams were shared with countries for validation and comments alongside the criteria used.

The initial country consultation was carried out between May and July 2020 in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Arab States, sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia and the Pacific, with the exact start date dependent on the status of diagram production. Additional consultations were carried out until 1 March 2021.

During this consultation the three possible responses were: (i) countries approved the diagram; (ii) countries did not provide any feedback and (iii) countries provided feedback and requested modifications to their ISCED mapping.

Revision: When a country requested modifications or updates, this was communicated to the UIS ISCED team who then used an internal validation process to make the changes to that country’s ISCED mappings.

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 17 If no feedback was provided by the countries, the diagrams were produced based on the existing, validated ISCED mapping.

Any update of the ISCED mapping received after 1 March 2021 will be used to adjust and revise the diagram for the next UIS data release.

Maintenance/updating of diagrams: The diagram visualization will be published on a UIS website and will be updated annually. The updates will be aligned with the UIS education data release of September (and if needed, the February data refresh). This alignment will ensure coherence between the diagrams and ISCED mappings which are published in more detail on the UIS website.

Challenges and recommendations: A clear challenge in producing these diagrams was the fact that the process took place in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. This situation affected the consultation process with countries and had an impact of the country response rate. Around 35% of countries provided feedback on their diagrams. Another challenge in collecting data for ISCED mappings is created by the segmentation of national education systems across several ministries.

The UIS is committed to working with countries to address their data challenges. One of the ways we can do this is to advocate for the collection and production of high-quality education data across the various sectors of national education systems. It is our goal, as the custodian agency for SDG 4 data, to ensure that countries have the support they need to provide information for ISCED mappings so that they can collect and produce education data in such a way that it is cross-nationally comparable so countries can meet their commitments to SDG 4.

18 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 4. List of publishable diagrams

The following 133 countries are included in the global and regional analyses. Readers may find the ISCED diagram for each country on the indicated pages.

COUNTRY / REGION PAGE COUNTRY / REGION PAGE

Arab States Lao People's Democratic Republic 68 Algeria 49 Malaysia 69 Bahrain 49 Philippines 72 Djibouti 50 Singapore 73 Egypt 50 Thailand 75 Iraq 51 Timor-Leste 76 Jordan 51 Viet Nam 79 Kuwait 52 Latin America and the Caribbean Lebanon 52 Anguilla 81 Libya 53 Antigua and Barbuda 81 Mauritania 53 Argentina 82 Morocco 54 Aruba 82 Oman 54 Bahamas 83 Palestine 55 Belize 83 Qatar 55 Bermuda 84 Saudi Arabia 56 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 84 Sudan 56 Brazil 85 Syria 57 Cayman 85 Tunisia 57 Chile 86 United Arab Emirates 58 Colombia 86 Yemen 58 Costa Rica 87 Central Asia Curaçao 87 Armenia 60 Dominican Rebublic 88 Azerbaijan 61 Ecuador 88 Georgia 65 El Salvador 89 Kazakhstan 67 Grenada 89 Kyrgyzstan 68 Guyana 90 Tajikistan 75 Honduras 90 Turkmenistan 77 Jamaica 91 Uzbekistan 78 Mexico 91 East and South-East Asia Monserrat 92 Brunei Darussalam 62 Panama 92 Cambodia 63 Peru 93 China 63 Saint Lucia 93 China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 64 Surinam 94 China, Macao Special Administrative Region 64 Turks and Caicos Islands 94 Indonesia 66 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 95

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 19 COUNTRY / REGION PAGE COUNTRY / REGION PAGE

Pacific Democratic Republic of the Congo 103 Cook Islands 65 Equatorial Guinea 103 Kiribati 67 Eritrea 104 Marshall Islands 70 Eswatini 104 Niue 71 Ethiopia 105 Palau 72 Gabon 105 Samoa 73 Gambia 106 Solomon Islands 74 Ghana 106 Tokelau 76 Guinea 107 Tuvalu 77 Guinea-Bissau 107 Vanuatu 78 Kenya 108 Lesotho 108 South and West Asia Liberia 109 Afghanistan 60 Madagascar 109 Bangladesh 61 Malawi 110 Bhutan 62 Mali 110 India 66 Mauritius 111 Maldives 69 Mozambique 111 Nepal 70 Namibia 112 Pakistan 71 Niger 112 Sri Lanka 74 Nigeria 113 Sub-Saharan Africa Rwanda 113 Angola 97 Sao Tome and Principe 114 Benin 97 Senegal 114 Botswana 98 Seychelles 115 Burkina Faso 98 Sierra Leone 115 Burundi 99 South Africa 116 Cabo Verde 99 South Sudan 116 Cameroon 100 Togo 117 Central African Republic 100 Uganda 117 Chad 101 United Republic of Tanzania 118 Comoros 101 Zambia 118 Congo 102 Zimbabwe 119 Côte d'Ivoire 102

20 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 5. Global analysis

The Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action for Education 2030 calls on countries to provide nine years of compulsory education and 12 years of free education for all children and adolescents. Further, the SDG 4 thematic Indicator 4.1.7 considers the “number of years of (a) free and (b) compulsory primary and secondary education guaranteed in legal frameworks.”

Currently, most countries have legislation specifying the age and level of education at which children should start school. Such legislation usually specifies the number of years of education that are guaranteed, the age at which young people may leave education or, in some cases, both. Ideally, education should be free for the same number of grades of primary and secondary education which young people are expected to have completed before being legally eligible to leave school.

In this section, Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems looks at how regions compare in terms of whether or not education is free and/or compulsory and for which levels, the structure and availability of early childhood education, the theoretical school starting age and the duration, in years, of each level of education.

Free and compulsory primary and secondary education

Figure 5.1 presents the percentage of free and compulsory education in primary and secondary schooling by region. More than 70% of countries analysed in each region have more than nine years of free education. The exception is sub-Saharan Africa, where 53% of countries analysed offer less than nine years of free schooling. In this region, free education varies from six years (primary school only) to 16 years (includes upper secondary school). In the Asia and the Pacific subregion, Central Asia, 57% of countries provide free education for at least 12 years. Compulsory education – schooling mandated in a country’s legal framework – varies from six to 12 years across all regions, with 31 countries providing five or six years of compulsory education and 15 countries requiring nine or ten years. Overall, the number of countries requiring at least 12 years of education is still very low. Latin America and the Caribbean and Central Asia have the highest proportions of countries with compulsory education with 45% of countries in these regions requiring more than 12 years of education. Many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have taken steps to ensure free and compulsory education at the secondary level. In the Arab States, of the 20 countries analysed, 17 have established at least nine years of primary and lower secondary compulsory education and in most countries in this region, compulsory education is complemented by free education. Only one country, Egypt, extends compulsory education to 12 years.

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 21 Figure 5.1 Percentage of countries in each region oﬀering free and compulsory education, by years

FREE EDUCATION COMPULSORY EDUCATION

Arab States 32% 68% 15% 80% 5%

Central Asia 43% 57% 57% 43%

East and South-East Asia 13% 60% 27% 19% 81% Latin America and 8% 32% 60% 14% 41% 45% the Caribbean Paci c 27% 9% 64% 8% 50% 42%

South and West Asia 22% 33% 44% 43% 43% 14%

Sub-Saharan Africa 53% 29% 19% 54% 44% 2%

0 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Less than 9 years 9 to 11 years 12 years and above

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

Early childhood education

The availability of early childhood education (ECE) (ISCED 0) varies from region to region. In Latin America and the Caribbean, 19 countries (66% of all countries in the region) provide ECE, and all offer at least one year of compulsory pre-primary education. Fourteen countries in this region guarantee at least two years of pre-primary education and 20 include free pre-primary education in their educational systems. In Asia and the Pacific, 61% of countries provide ECE, and all offer at least one year of pre-primary education. However, less than 30% of countries in this region have ECE programmes focusing on children aged 2 and under (ISCED 01). In the Arab States, 40% of countries provide ECE, and of these, all include at least one year of pre-primary schooling. None of the Arab State countries have made progress in incorporating compulsory pre-primary education in their legal education frameworks.

School entrance age and duration by ISCED level: common profiles

In the countries analysed, the most common profile for duration of studies is six years of ISCED 1, three years of ISCED 2 and three years of ISCED 3, or 6-3-3 (see Figure 5.2). This particular combination of duration of studies is represented in 43 countries out of the 143 analysed. Globally, around 55% of countries in the Arab States, 27% of countries in Asia and the Pacific, 28% in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 24% in sub-Saharan Africa have this ISCED 1, 2, 3 duration profile, or 6-3-3.

The second most common ISCED duration combination is six years of ISCED 1, four years of ISCED 2 and three years of ISCED 3, or 6-4-3. Of the countries analysed, 13% present this profile. This combination exists in 14% of countries in the Asia and the Pacific region and in 27% of countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

In the majority of countries, the most common entry age for primary school is 6 years. In some cases, children start school at 5 or 7 years of age. For 20% of countries in the Asia and the Pacific region, children begin school at age 5 but in 65% of those countries, the entrance age for schooling is 6 years old. Overall, the total duration of primary and secondary education ranges from 11 to 13 years.

22 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Figure 5.2 Duration proﬁle of ISCED levels, from most to least common, globally

COUNTRIES YEARS OF EDUCATION N % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 43 30% 19 13% 12 8% 11 8% 10 7% 8 6% 7 5% 7 5% 5 3% 5 3% 3 2% 2 1% 2 1% 2 1% 2 1% 2 1% 1 1% 1 1% 1 1% 133 100% ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 3

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 23

6. Regional analysis

The following analysis provides an educational portrait of each region showing the differences and similarities in the structure of their education systems. It considers each region’s educational model including issues such as education levels, programme duration, and age of students entering school, highlighting how each fit into ISCED so that the organizational structures are comparable. This section focuses on the regions in the following order: Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa.

This analysis includes more countries than the number of diagrams published as the UIS worked with validated data available in the UIS database.

Each regional analysis is presented following the structure below:

1. Key features of education structure 2. Compulsory and free education 3. Early childhood education (ECE) programmes by type and duration 4. Organizational models of primary and secondary education 5. School entrance age and duration of primary and secondary education

6.1 ARAB STATES

6.1.1 Key features of education structure m Of the 20 countries analysed, 17 require at least nine years of primary and lower secondary compulsory education. In most of these countries, this obligation for education is complemented by the existence of a free education. Only one country extends compulsory education to 12 years. m Some 40% of countries offer ECE, and of these, all include at least one year of pre-primary. m No country in this region has incorporated compulsory pre-primary education in the legal framework of education. m In most countries, the theoretical entry age for primary education is 6 years old. In one case it is 5 years old. m Primary and secondary education vary in length but together, both levels add up to between 12 and 13 years of education. The most frequent organizational model is: six years of ISCED 1, three years of ISCED 2 and three years of ISCED 3.

6.1.2 Compulsory and free education provisions

In the Arab States region, many countries have taken steps towards legalizing free and compulsory education for the primary and lower secondary levels. Of the 20 countries analysed, 14 have established at least 12 years of primary and secondary compulsory education. This obligation is complemented by the existence of free education.

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 25 Figure 6.1 Years of free and compulsory primary and secondary education, Arab States

14 12 10 8 6 4 2

0 (*) Iraq Libya Qatar Egypt Oman Sudan Kuwait Algeria Jordan Yemen Tunisia Djibouti Bahrain Lebanon Morocco Palestine Mauritania Saudi Arabia

Free education Compulsory education Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates (*)missing data Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

6.1.3 Early childhood education programmes by type and duration

Only eight countries in the Arab States have ECE educational offerings for children in their first two years of life (ISCED 01). Within these eight countries, the theoretical entrance age for ECE is before age 1, and the theoretical duration is between two and three years. On the other hand, all countries in the region offer an educational programme for at least one year of pre-primary education (ISCED 02), with two to three years of theoretical duration.

Figure 6.2 Duration of early childhood education programmes, Arab States

Algeria Bahrain Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Sudan Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 YEARS

ECED (ISCED 01) Pre-primary education (ISCED 02)

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

26 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 6.1.4 Organizational models of primary and secondary education

The ISCED mapping reveals three main organizational models of primary and lower secondary education (ISCED 1 and 2) in the region:

Single structure education: Only one structure from primary (ISCED 1) to lower secondary education (ISCED 2) with no transition between levels, and with general education provided in common for all pupils.

Common core curriculum: After successful completion of primary education (ISCED 1), all students progress to lower secondary (ISCED 2) where they follow the same general common core curriculum.

Diversified programmes: Either at the beginning or during lower secondary education, students follow different tracks for vocational, technical or general education. At the end of their studies, they receive different levels of certificates.

Figure 6.3 Main organizational models of primary and lower secondary education, Arab States

Syrian Common core curriculum Arab Republic Tunisia Lebanon Iraq Diversi ed programmes Morocco Palestine Jordan Single structure

Algeria Not applicable Libya Egypt UAE Saudi Arabia

Djibouti Mauritania Oman

Sudan Yemen Qatar

Djibouti Lebanon

Palestine

Kuwait Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply of cial endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Eight countries organize primary and lower secondary education into a single structure. Seven have a common core curriculum for primary and lower secondary education, and five offer different tracks for vocational, technical or general education in lower secondary education. All countries deliver a diploma that certifies the completion of each level of education. The number of years of education this certification represents depends on the duration of each country’s educational programmes, and may vary. In many cases, the duration of the national programme coincides with the ISCED classification. Therefore, the certificate reflects the completion of the equivalent ISCED level. In countries where ISCED 1 and ISCED 2 correspond to the same programme (single structure organizational model), they usually include an intermediate diploma. In three countries, an ISCED 1 completion certificate is not delivered, as well as in two other countries where ISCED 1 and 2 do not form a common structure. In educational systems where ISCED 2 and ISCED 3 are part of the same secondary education programme, all countries deliver an intermediate certificate.

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 27 6.1.5 School entrance age and duration of primary and secondary education

The theoretical entry age for primary education is 6 years old in all countries in the Arab States except Palestine, where it is 5 years of age. Primary and secondary education also vary in length but together, both levels add up to 12 years of education, or 13 years in one country.

Figure 6.4 eoretical entrance age and duration of each educational level, Arab States

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

The most frequent organizational model in the region is six years of primary education (ISCED 1), three years of lower secondary (ISCED 2) and three years of upper secondary education (ISCED 3).

Figure 6.5 Duration proﬁle of ISCED levels, from most to least common, Arab States

COUNTRIES YEARS OF EDUCATION N % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 11 55% 4 20% 2 10% 1 5% 1 5% 1 5% 20 100%

ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 3

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

28 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 6.2 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

The Asia and the Pacific region has fully embraced SDG 4 and tremendous resources have been invested in the education sector, yet complex challenges remain. Despite steady progress in access to and participation in education (95% of primary-age children are in school and in 2019 there was a primary survival rate of more than 90%), improving the quality of education presents a major challenge for all countries at every level of education. In addition, gender disparity persists in some countries while in others disparities by location and wealth are more severe, hindering equitable access and quality education for all.

6.2.1 Key features of education structure m Around 40% of countries in the region legally require free education for at least 12 years. More than 72% of the countries in this region provide free education for at least nine years. m Less than 30% of countries have ECE (ISCED 01) programmes focusing on children age 2 years and less. m All countries in the region have pre-primary education programmes (ISCED 02) which range in duration from one to four years. m For 20% of countries in the region, the entrance age for schooling is 5 years old. For 64% of countries, the entrance age for schooling is 6 years old. m The total duration of primary and secondary education ranges from 11 to 13 years. m For primary education, the duration ranges from four years in Central Asia to seven years in some of the countries in the Pacific subregion. m There is some variation in the organization of primary and secondary education which can be grouped into three key categories: 1. Single structure education 2. Common core curriculum provision 3. Diversified programmes

6.2.2 Compulsory and free education provisions

In the Asia and the Pacific region, 28% of countries do not meet the international standard of nine years of compulsory education and more than 60% do not have 12 years of free education. However, many countries have taken steps to incorporate free and compulsory education into their legal frameworks to meet international standards. In 2018, more than two-thirds of countries in the region legally endorsed compulsory education of nine years or more.

Looking at the subregional data, all nine Central Asian countries included in the analysis have legal provision of nine or more years of compulsory education. In East and South-East Asia, out of 17 countries and territories, only three countries – Malaysia, Myanmar and Cambodia – do not meet the standards of compulsory education. In South and West Asia, out of nine countries, only four – Afghanistan, Iran, Nepal and Sri Lanka – met this international standard, while the Maldives and Bhutan have no legal provision of compulsory education. Almost two-thirds of countries in the Pacific subregion have legal provision for compulsory education as prescribed by the Agenda 2030.

Regarding free education, less than 40% of the countries in the region have a legal provision for free education of at least 12 years. In the subregions, 44% of countries in the Pacific, 56% of the countries in Central Asia, 24% of countries in East and South-East Asia and 44% of countries in South and West Asia have a legal provision for free education for 12 or more years of schooling.

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 29

Figure 6.6 Years of free and compulsory primary and secondary education, Asia and the Paciﬁc, 2018

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Niue India Palau China Nepal Nauru Japan Tonga Tuvalu Kiribati Samoa Bhutan Tokelau Georgia Vanuatu Armenia Thailand Pakistan Australia Malaysia Maldives Viet Nam Mongolia Sri Lanka Myanmar Tajikistan Indonesia Singapore Cambodia Philippines Azerbaizan Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Bangladesh Afghanistan Timor-Leste Cook Islands New Zealand Turkmenistan Marshall Islands Solomon Islands Republic of Korea Brunei Darussalam Papua New Guinea China, Hong Kong SAR Iran (Islamic Republic of) Micronesia (Federated States of) Lao People's Democratic Republic China, Macao Special Administrative… Democratic People's Republic of Korea

SOUTH AND WEST ASIA CENTRAL ASIA EAST AND SOUTH EAST ASIA PACIFIC

Free education Compulsory education

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

6.2.3 Early childhood education programmes by type and duration

Less than 28% of countries in the Asia and the Pacific region have ECE programmes focusing on children aged 2 years and less (ISCED 01). In the subregions, no country in South and West Asia offers ECE for children under age 2, while only 19% of the countries in the Pacific, half of countries in East and South-East Asia, and one- third of countries in Central Asia do so. However, all countries in the region as a whole have pre-primary education programmes (ISCED 02) ranging in duration from one year to four years.

30 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Figure 6.7 Duration of early childhood education programmes, Asia and the Paciﬁc

Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Tajikistan Mongolia CENTRAL ASIA Armenia Azerbaizan Georgia

Viet Nam Lao PDR Indonesia Cambodia Thailand Republic of Korea Myanmar DPRK Timor-Leste Singapore China, Macao SAR China, Hong Kong SAR EAST AND SOUTH ASIA China Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Philippines

Maldives India Bangladesh Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Sri Lanka Iran (IR of) SOUTHA ND WEST ASIA Afghanistan

New Zealand Papua New Guinea Niue Australia Tuvalu Palau Nauru Micronesia (Federated States of) Kiribati

PACIFIC Fiji Vanuatu Tonga Tokelau Samoa Marshall Islands Cook Islands 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 YEARS

ECED (ISCED 01) Pre-primary (ISCED 02)

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 31 6.2.4 Organizational models of primary and secondary education

In terms of the organization of primary and secondary education there is some variation among countries within the region. The countries are grouped into three key categories:

Single structure education: There is only one structure from primary (ISCED 1) to lower secondary education (ISCED 2) with no transition between levels, and with general education provided in common for all pupils.

Common core curriculum provision: After successful completion of primary education (ISCED 1), all students progress to the lower secondary level (ISCED 2) where they follow the same general common core curriculum.

Diversified programmes: Either at the beginning or during lower secondary education, students follow different tracks in vocational, technical or general education. At the end of their studies, they receive different levels of certificates.

Figure 6.8 Organizational models of primary and lower secondary education, Asia and the Paciﬁc

Core common curriculum Georgia Kazakhstan through lower secondary Mongolia

Uzbekistan Diversi ed programmes after primary Azerbaijan Kyrgyzstan Armenia DPR Turkmenistan Korea Tajikistan Republic of Single structure Korea Afganistan China Iran Japan Pakistan Bhutan Nepal

India Hong Kong Macao

Bangladesh Lao PDR Vietnam Marshall Islands Myanmar Philippines

Thailand Palau Cambodia Brunei Darussalam Sri Lanka Malaysia Micronesia (Federated States of) Maldives Singapore

Indonesia Papua New Guinea Tuvalu Tokelau

Timor-Leste Samoa

Vanuatu Cook Islands Tonga

Niue Fiji

Australia

New Zealand

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply of cial endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

In the Pacificsubregion, two-thirds of countries are organized based on a single-structure of education while the rest have a core common curriculum structured organization. In South and West Asia eight out of nine countries have a core common curriculum structured organizational structure in their education system, except Nepal which has a single-structure organizational structure. In the East and South-East Asia subregion, 13 out of 16 countries have a core common curriculum structured organizational structure in their education system while the remaining countries have developed a diversified structure. InCentral Asia, all countries, except Turkmenistan, which has a single-structure organization, have developed a core common curriculum organizational structure in their education system.

32 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 6.2.5 School entrance age and duration of primary and secondary education

In the majority of countries in the region (65%), the entrance age for schooling is 6 years old. In 20% of countries, students enter school at age 5 and in 15%, the school start age is 7 years old.

The total duration of primary and secondary education ranges from 11 to 13 years. The duration of primary education ranges from four years in Central Asia to seven years in some of the countries in the Pacific subregion (seeFigure 6.9).

Figure 6.9 eoretical entrance age and duration of each education level, Asia and the Paciﬁc

Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Armenia

CENTRAL ASIA Azerbaizan Georgia Mongolia

Indonesia Viet Nam Timor-Leste Thailand Singapore Republic of Korea Lao People's Democratic Republic Japan China, Macao SAR China, Hong Kong SAR China Cambodia EAST AND SOUTH ASIA Brunei Darussalam Myanmar

Afghanistan Maldives Iran (Islamic Republic of) India Bhutan Bangladesh Sri Lanka Pakistan

SOUTH AND WEST ASIA Nepal

Vanuatu Tuvalu Tonga Solomon Islands Papua New Guinea Palau Nauru Micronesia (Federated States of) Marshall Islands Kiribati Fiji Cook Islands PACIFIC Tokelau Samoa Niue New Zealand Australia

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

AGE

Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

Tokelau

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 33 Figure 6.10 Duration proﬁle of ISCED levels, from most to least common, Asia and the Paciﬁc

COUNTRIES YEARS OF EDUCATION N % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 12 24 7 14 4 8 4 8 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 4 49 100%

ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 3

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

6.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

6.3.1 Key features of education structure

m Of the 29 countries analysed, 18 have at least 11 years of primary and secondary compulsory education. In most countries this is complemented by free education. m Over 60% of countries offer ECE, and of these, all include at least one year of pre-primary education. m At least one year of compulsory pre-primary education is offered by 14 countries, and at least two years of pre-primary compulsory education is included in 12 of them. Free pre-primary education is offered by 17 countries. m In most countries, the theoretical entry age into primary education is 6 years old. In some cases, it is 5 or 7 years of age. m Primary and secondary education vary in their length but together, both levels add up to between 11 and 13 years of education. The most frequent organizational model is six years of ISCED 1, three years of ISCED 2 and two or three years of ISCED 3.

34 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 6.3.2 Compulsory and free education provisions

In Latin America and the Caribbean, many countries have taken steps towards legalizing free and compulsory education in secondary education. Of the 23 countries analysed, 22 have established at least 11 years of primary and secondary compulsory education. In most countries, this obligation is complemented by free education. However, some countries have not included compulsory upper secondary (ISCED 3), and several countries of the Caribbean region have not included lower secondary (ISCED 2).

Figure 6.11 Years of free and compulsory primary and secondary education, Latin America and the Caribbean 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

0 (*) (*) il e a a a e o ia ia as os ao i c ina bia i c hile ana uda x uela ai c R ador errat Peru C lands ai c Lu c e Bra z uador s Aruba

Beli z a s Boli v ura ç C t I a m epublic M n t Gu y olo m Anguilla onduras Pana m E c C J Barbuda Grenada Sal v R o o s Ber m Baha m C Surina m Argen t H an Vene z C M Sain t El and an

m and s a y ini c C ur k T igua o m D An t Free education Compulsory education (*)missing data Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

6.3.3 Early childhood education programmes by type and duration

In recent years, many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have expanded their educational offering of ECE. Access to free education was extended, new schools were built, additional school vacancies were created and public policies were designed and educational funding was earmarked for this growth. Currently, 66% of countries in the region offer ECE (ISCED 0), and of these, all have at least one year of pre-primary (ISCED 02), with the exception of Bermuda, the duration of pre-primary education is two to three years. In 18 countries, the entry age for ECE is within a child’s first year, and in one country children can access ECE after turning one year old (ISCED 01). The theoretical duration of ISCED 01 varies between two and four years.

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 35 Figure 6.12 Duration of early childhood education programmes, Latin America and the Caribbean

Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Curaçao Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guyana Honduras Jamaica Mexico Montserrat Panama Peru Saint Lucia Suriname Turks and Caicos Islands Venezuela 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 YEARS

ECED (ISCED 01) Pre-primary (ISCED 02)

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

6.3.4 Organizational models of primary and secondary education

The ISCED mapping reveals the three most frequent organizational models of primary and lower secondary education (ISCED 1 and 2) in Latin America and the Caribbean:

Single structure education: One unified educational structure from primary (ISCED 1) to lower secondary (ISCED 2) with no transition between levels.

Common core curriculum: After successful completion of primary education (ISCED 1), all students progress to lower secondary (ISCED 2) where they follow a common core curriculum.

Diversified programmes: Either at the beginning or during lower secondary education, students split into different tracks for vocational, technical or general education. At the end of their studies, they receive different levels of certificates.

36 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Figure 6.13 Main organizational models of primary and lower secondary education, Latin America and the Caribbean

Common core curriculum Bermuda Diversi ed programmes Single structure

Mexico Data not available Not applicable Dominican Belize Jamaica Honduras Republic El Salvador

Costa Rica SMALL COUNTRIES DETAIL Venezuela Guyana Panama Suriname Colombia Anguilla Ecuador

Antigua and Barbuda

Brazil Aruba Peru

Bolivia Bahamas

Cayman Islands Chile

Curaçao

Argentina Grenada

Montserrat

Saint Lucia

Turks and Caicos Islands

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply of cial endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Eight educational systems organize primary and lower secondary education into a single structure. Fourteen have a common core curriculum for primary and lower secondary education, and seven offer different tracks in vocational, technical or general education in lower secondary education. All countries deliver a diploma that certifies the completion of each level of education. The number of years of education this certification represents depends on the duration of each country’s educational programme, and may vary.

In many cases, the duration of the national programme coincides with the ISCED classification. Therefore, the certificate reflects the completion of the equivalent ISCED level. In countries where ISCED 1 and ISCED 2 correspond to the same programme (single structure organizational model), they usually include an intermediate diploma. Only in one country is an ISCED 1 completion certificate not delivered. Something similar happens in educational systems where ISCED 2 and ISCED 3 are part of the same secondary education programme. Only two countries in the region offer a unified programme and do not include an intermediate certificate.

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 37 6.3.5 School entrance age and duration of primary and secondary education

In most countries, the theoretical entry age for primary education is 6 years old. In some cases, it is 5 years old, and in one country the entry age is 7 years old.

Figure 6.14 eoretical entrance age and duration of each educational level, Latin America and the Caribbean

Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Belize Bermuda Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Brazil Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Curaçao Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guyana Honduras Jamaica Mexico Montserrat Panama Peru Saint Lucia Suriname Turks and Caicos Islands Venezuela

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

AGE Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

Primary and secondary education also vary in length but in countries across the region, together, both levels add up to between 11 and 13 years of education. The most frequent organizational model is six years of primary education (ISCED 1), three years of lower secondary education (ISCED 2) and two or three years of upper secondary education (ISCED 3).

38 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Figure 6.15 Duration proﬁle of ISCED levels, from most to least common, Latin America and the Caribbean

COUNTRIES YEARS OF EDUCATION N % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 8 28% 7 24% 5 17% 4 14% 2 7% 1 3% 1 3% 1 3% 29 100%

ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 3

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

6.4 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

In this report, sub-Saharan Africa is analysed by looking at the region as a whole as well as according to the following subregions: Central and West Africa, and Eastern and Southern Africa. The majority of countries in Central and West Africa have French as an official language while English is used in Eastern and Southern Africa. A few countries like Cameroon, Rwanda, Seychelles and Mauritius use both official languages. Many other countries including Madagascar, Kenya, Rwanda, Seychelles, and Tanzania, for example, also use their national languages in addition to French or English as official languages and as a medium of instruction, particularly at the primary level.

6.4.1 Key features of education structure m Compulsory education varies between six and 12 years. m There are 31 countries with five or six years of primary education, while 13 have six years of compulsory education, and 14 countries have nine or ten years. m Primary education is compulsory in nearly all countries (90%) that have a provision of seven or eight years of primary education. m Only seven countries have a complete ECE programme comprising ISCED 01 (children age 2 and less) and ISCED 02 (children 3 years old and above). m Free education varies from six years of primary education to 16 years including upper secondary education. m The duration of free education and compulsory education is equal in 70% of countries. m The minimum duration of primary school is five years while for secondary education, the minimum duration is two years and the maximum is four.

6.4.2 Compulsory and free education provisions

Compulsory education in sub-Saharan Africa varies from six to 12 years in length. There are 31 countries with five or six years of primary education, and for 43% of these countries, six years of primary education is compulsory. In the same percentage (43%) of countries, education is compulsory for nine or ten years. Primary education is compulsory in nearly all countries (90%) that have a provision of seven or eight years of primary education.

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 39 Free education in sub-Saharan Africa varies from six years of primary education to 16 years, which includes upper secondary. The largest concentration, ten countries out of 40 with data (25%), provide six years of free education, followed by seven, eight and nine years of free education each in five countries (seeFigure 6.16 ).

Figure 6.16 below shows that 71% of countries have the same duration for both free and compulsory education. In 9% of countries, the duration of free education is less than compulsory education, while the opposite is observed in 21% of countries. Only the Central African Republic and Ghana integrate pre-primary (ISCED 02) into compulsory education (11 years). In the other countries, compulsory and free education start at the primary level.

Figure 6.16 Years of free and compulsory primary and secondary education, sub-Saharan Africa

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Mali Togo Niger Chad Benin Kenya Eritrea Ghana Liberia Congo Gabon Angola Nigeria Malawi Guinea Zambia Gambia Burundi Uganda Senegal Lesotho Ethiopia Rwanda Namibia Eswatini Tanzania Mauritius Comoros Botswana Cameroon Zimbabwe Seychelles Cabo Verde South Africa Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d'Ivoire Mozambique South Sudan Burkina Faso Congo (DRC) Guinea-Bissau Equatorial Guinea Sao Tome and Principe Central African Republic

CENTRAL EASTERN SOUTHERN WESTERN

Free education Compulsory education

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

6.4.3 Early childhood education programmes by type and duration

ECE is under development in sub-Saharan Africa. Only recently have governments started investing to improve access to ECE, rather than relying on the private sector. The common approach has been to build additional class- rooms in existing public primary schools. Only seven countries have a complete ECE programme comprising ISCED 01 (children 2 years old and less) and ISCED 02 (children 3 years old and above). According to available data, the most popular option in the region is to offer ECE for children from 3 to 5 years old before primary education (25 countries). In eight countries, ECE is available for children who are 4 to 5 years old. The remaining countries offer ECE programmes for the age ranges 3 to 4, 5 to 6, or 4 to 6 years old. In the majority of countries (68%), ISCED 02 is a three-year programme, while its duration is two years in 25% of countries and four years in the remaining 7% of countries. Only in Ghana, is pre-primary (ISCED 02) integrated into compulsory education.

40 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Figure 6.17 Duration of early childhood education programmes, sub-Saharan Africa

Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Côte d'Ivoire Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Namibia Mozambique Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa South Sudan Togo Uganda United Republic of Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

YEARS

ECED (ISCED 01) Pre-primary (ISCED 02)

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

6.4.4 Organizational models of primary and secondary education

In sub-Saharan Africa, a national examination at the end of primary school, or the requirement to access technical and vocational education and training (TVET), can indicate whether or not a country has a single structure in primary and lower secondary. The organizational model of primary and lower secondary is part of either a common core curriculum, single structure or a diversified structure.

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 41 Figure 6.18 shows the three types of education structures:

Single structure model: This education structure is found in five countries (11%) that provide eight years of primary education. Years 7 and 8 are equivalent to partial completion of ISCED 2. In Malawi, the two-year national lower secondary programme, together with Grades 7 and 8, form the equivalent to ISCED 2 (lower secondary). All five countries administer a primary leaving certificate exam in Year 8 of primary education. These countries are Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi and South Sudan.

Common core curriculum: Seven countries (16%) that do not administer a primary school leaving certificate use a common core curriculum. In these countries, the duration of primary school is either six or seven years, and access to TVET is allowed after completion of lower secondary. These countries are Cabo Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Rwanda and South Africa.

Diversified programme: This model of lower secondary education is practiced in the remaining 33 countries (73%) where students take a national exam before they leave primary school. TVET is generally accessible from the second year of lower secondary (Grade 8 or equivalent, including countries offering eight years of primary school). In this group, students can choose to continue either in general education or in a TVET programme at any time between Grade 8 and completion of their upper secondary education.

Figure 6.18 Organizational models of primary and lower secondary education, sub-Saharan Africa

Mali Niger Senegal Chad Gambia Burkina Guinea-Bissau Faso Guinea Nigeria Sierra Leone Côte Ethiopia d’Ivoire Central African South Ghana Sudan Liberia Republic Togo Benin Cameroon Equatorial Guinea Uganda Kenya Gabon Democratic Rwanda Republic Congo of the Congo Burundi United Republic Common core curriculum of Tanzania Differentiated lower secondary education Single structure education Angola Malawi Zambia Not applicable Zimbabwe Namibia Madagascar Botswana Mozambique

Eswatini South Africa Lesotho

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply of cial endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

42 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 6.4.5 School entrance age and duration of primary and secondary education

In 87% of countries, children enter primary school at age 6. In the remaining 13% of countries, they enter at age 7 (Figure 6.19). The minimum duration in primary school is five years (Madagascar). At the secondary education level, the minimum duration is two years and the maximum is four. Details of each educational level is given in the respective sub-sections that follow. These details are also illustrated in Figures 6.19 and 6.20.

Primary education is a core segment of compulsory education in all countries in sub-Saharan Africa. According to the national systems, the duration of primary education varies between five and eight years. Twenty-five countries in West and Central Africa, both English and French speaking, have harmonized their primary education at six years, with the exception of Gabon where it is five years. In the twelve countries of Eastern Africa, the duration is as follows: five years (two countries), six years (four countries), seven years (two countries) and eight years (four countries). The six countries with five or six years in primary education have French as an official language. In Southern Africa, the duration of primary education is seven years in eight countries, except in Malawi which has eight years. In general, countries that have eight years of primary education do not have lower secondary school as part of the national education system. In this case, secondary education is a four-year programme. However, for the international comparison of data and indicators, the first six years correspond to ISCED 1 while the seventh and eighth years are considered to be ISCED 2. The exception is Malawi, where the four years of secondary school are split between two years of lower secondary and two years of upper secondary.

The structure of the secondary education level (including lower and upper levels: ISCED 2 and ISCED 3) is deter- mined by the duration of primary education. All five countries where primary education is eight years have a block of four years of secondary education, except in Malawi where lower secondary is clearly differentiated in the national system. It comprises two years after primary education, and two years dedicated to upper secondary education.

Of the 30 countries with five to six years of primary education, the structure of secondary education is a combination of three to four years in lower secondary except in the Democratic Republic of Congo where it is two years; and two to four years in upper secondary. Fifteen of the remaining 29 countries offer four years of lower secondary school, while 14 countries have three years of lower secondary. Of the 30 countries, 84% offer a three-year upper secondary education.

All countries in sub-Saharan Africa deliver a certificate to mark the completion of a given level of education. This tradition varies from one country to another. Ghana, Gambia, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone together organize a common examination at the end of lower and upper secondary general education.

In 30 countries where the duration of primary school is five or six years, 80% organize a national examination at the end of primary school, while 93% do so at the end of lower secondary.

With the exception of South Africa, the 15 countries where the duration of primary school is seven or eight years, all organize an official examination at the end of primary education.

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 43 Figure 6.19 eoretical entrance age and duration of each education level, sub-Saharan Africa

Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Côte d'Ivoire Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Sudan Togo Uganda United Republic of Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

AGE

Primary (ISCED 1) Lower secondary (ISCED 2) Equivalent of lower secondary (ISCED 2) Upper secondary for countries with eight years in ISCED 1 (ISCED 3)

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

Access to TVET: TVET is a sub-sector left behind by the development partners whose interest focused on universal primary education as part of the Millennium Development Goals. Unfortunately, governments have not managed to compensate for the lack of investment to boost TVET in sub-Saharan Africa, and to make TVET a deliberate life choice for well- performing students. They also lack a clearly articulated development strategy for TVET despite the fact that it is considered to be a key component for industrializing the continent.

TVET is accessible from the completion of primary education in 45% of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and after completion of lower secondary general education in 30%. In the remaining countries, access to TVET is possible

44 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems in many forms. TVET may be offered after primary education in combination with professional experience, during lower secondary education and during upper secondary education.

Figure 6.20 shows that five countries in Africa have eight years of primary school according to the national education system. In four of them, Grades 7 and 8 of primary are counted under lower secondary (ISCED 2), for international data production purposes, while the four years of secondary school in the national system are counted under upper secondary (ISCED 3) without any data adjustment. In Malawi, the national system provides two years of junior secondary and two years of senior secondary. Grades 7 and 8 of primary are added to junior secondary to form the equivalent of lower secondary (ISCED 2) for international data production purposes.

Figure 6.20 Duration proﬁle of ISCED levels, from most to least common, sub-Saharan Africa

COUNTRIES YEARS OF EDUCATION N % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 12 27% 11 24% 4 9% 3 7% 3 7% 2 4% 2 4% 1 2% 1 2% 1 2% 1 2% 1 2% 1 2% 1 2% 1 2% 45 100%

ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 3 Grades 7 and 8 of primary education is under ISCED 2

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 45

7. ISCED diagrams

The ISCED visualization diagrams are produced based on the existing ISCED mapping of 2011. They provide a summary of the most representative educational programmes within formal educational systems from ECE to tertiary-level programmes. They are presented by region and by country for those countries for which ISCED mapping has been validated in consultation with countries. These diagrams will be updated annually, and published alongside the UIS September education data release.

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 47 Arab States Algeria

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Preparatory Primary Middle General secondary Bachelor’s Master’s education education education and technological programme programme education

Teacher training Specialized professional (lower secondary education) training (CFPS)

Medicine Professional aptitude training

Veterinarians, dentistry and pharmacy Compulsory full-time education/training

Professional aptitude Early childhood education Secondary general education training Engineer / Teacher training and care, for which the (upper secondary education) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Vocational training Preparatory Specialized Master’s Tertiary education Primary cycle degree (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Higher technician programme / Teacher training (primary education) ISCED

Bahrain

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nursery Kindergarten General primary General General secondary Bachelor’s Master’s education preparatory education programme programme education (unified system)

Higher diploma Religious primary Religious primary Religious primary secondary programme education preparatory education education (unified system)

Bachelor in engineering and architecture Technical vocational education and training Bachelor in Medicine Compulsory full-time education/training

Vocational Early childhood education Secondary general education training Extended diploma Higher national and care, for which the / National diploma diploma Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary Diploma programme, is responsible non-tertiary education 1 year (general) Diploma programme, 1 year (vocational) /Advanced diploma Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year Post-secondary education training programme Diploma (2 years general) / Associate diploma ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 49 Djibouti

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-school Basic education Basic education General secondary Long-cycle higher education education (primary) (general middle secondary) education (private)

Technical secondary Technician diploma education

Technical and vocational secondary education

Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Egypt

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre- Primary Preparatory General secondary Licence, Bachelor’s programme primary education education education (4 years / 5 years) education

Master’s Vocational school programme

Diploma Technical secondary programme education

Compulsory full-time education/training Bachelor in Medicine Advanced Advanced technical school technical schools’ Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the programmes programmes Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational (Year 1–3) (Year 4–5) Above-middle diploma education vocational programme is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary Industrial, commercial, (full-time) Education technical, medical and nursing institutes Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

50 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Iraq

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Primary Intermediate Preparatory Bachelor’s education education education programme

Master’s Vocational programme education

Higher diploma

Compulsory full-time education/training Bachelor in Medicine

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Technical diploma education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Jordan

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten First cycle of Second cycle of Secondary Bachelor’s Master’s basic education basic education education programme programme

Applied Higher secondary diploma education

Bachelor in Engineering

Bachelor in Medicine Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Community college Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational programmes education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 51 Kuwait

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Primary stage Intermediate Secondary Bachelor’s programme general stage general stage (4 years / 5 years)

Vocational institute Master’s programmes programme

Industry / Nursing Bachelor in Medicine institute programmes

Compulsory full-time education/training Special training Nursing diploma courses programmes

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education Communication and navigation / Diploma is not responsible Energy institute programmes programmes Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Special training Short-cycle tertiary courses programmes Additional Year education

ISCED

Lebanon

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary cycle Lower secondary General Bachelor’s programme (1st and 2nd cycles cycle (3rd cycle of secondary of basic education) basic education) education

Master’s programme

Professional aptitude

Major degree / Higher specialized studies (D.E.S.S.) Professional certificate

Advanced studies diploma (D.E.A.) Compulsory full-time education/training Professional / Technical secondary education

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Medicine studies Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education University is not responsible diploma Post-secondary is responsible (1 year) non-tertiary education Higher Technical Technical Tertiary education Diploma (TS) Bachelor Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education University diploma ISCED

52 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Libya

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary First stage of Second stage of General secondary Bachelor’s and licence Technical Bachelor’s education basic education basic education education programmes / Technical programmes, Technical Bachelor’s programmes Master’s programmes

Technical Bachelor’s programmes secondary in medicine, engineering, education pharmacology and medical technology

Higher technical diploma Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Mauritania

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre-primary Primary 1st cycle of 2nd cycle of Bachelor’s Master’s education secondary secondary degree degree education education

Teacher training 2nd cycle of secondary (Master’s degree) (vocational education)

Teacher training (Master’s degree) Technician certificate

Compulsory full-time education/training Bachelor of Medicine

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Primary education Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational teacher training education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary Higher technician (full-time) Education certificate Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 53 Morocco

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre-school Primary education Lower secondary Upper secondary Bachelor’s Master’s programme / education education education education programme Interpreter (College)

Teacher training Technical and vocational education

Professional diploma

Professional training Engineering sciences / Dental medicine Compulsory full-time education/training Professional training / Technician Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Pharmacy Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Medicine Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Professional training / Technical university diploma ISCED

Oman

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nursery Kindergarten Basic education Basic education Secondary education Bachelor’s Master’s (Grades 1-4) (Grades 5-10) (Grades 11-12) programme programme

Royal Guard of Oman Royal Guard of Oman Higher diploma programme Technical College Technical College / Diploma in Educational (Grades 7-10) (Grades 11-12) Qualification

Legal Accounting certificate

Vocational education: Apprenticeship + short courses (*) Bachelor’s programme in engineering Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Bachelor’s programme Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational in medicine education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Diploma programme Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Vocational diploma programme ISCED

Where is the footnote?

54 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Palestine

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Lower Upper General secondary Bachelor’s Master's basic stage basic stage programme programme

Vocational secondary Higher diploma programme

Applied secondary Long duration bachelor’s programme & apprenticeship (pharmacology and engineering)

Compulsory full-time education/training Professional Bachelor's programme vocational diploma (medicine) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Diploma Post-secondary programme is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Qatar

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nursery Kindergarten Primary stage Preparatory Secondary Bachelor’s Master’s stage stage programme programme

Technical secondary / Higher diploma Commercial secondary / Science and technology

Bachelor in Pharmacy / Architecture / Engineering Foundation programme

Bachelor Compulsory full-time education/training in Medicine

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Diploma education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 55 Saudi Arabia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nursery stage Kindergarten Elementary Primary Intermediate General secondary Bachelor’s grades education education education programme

Industrial secondary Master’s and building Institutes programme

Associate Higher diploma diploma programme

Compulsory full-time education/training Bachelor’s programme (6 years)

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Technical and vocational Post-secondary education institutes and colleges is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Intermediate general diploma Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year of community colleges education

ISCED

Sudan

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-school Primary education, Intermediate Academic secondary Bachelor’s education (Grades 1-6) education, education programme (Grades 7-9)

Master’s programme Vocational training and apprenticeships

Postgraduate diploma programme Technical secondary education

Bachelor in Medicine Compulsory full-time education/training Vocational education Early childhood education Secondary general education Technical diploma and care, for which the programme Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

56 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Syrian Arab Republic

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Primary Intermediate General secondary Bachelor's Master's education education education education programme programme

National institute Vocational secondary for administration education

Qualification and specialization programme Technical institute programmes

Compulsory full-time education/training Higher institute of business administration / engineering and medicine

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education Education qualification is not responsible programme Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Technical institute Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year programme education

ISCED

Tunisia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre- Primary Preparatory Secondary Bachelor's degree (Fundamental / Applied programmes) primary (first stage of (second stage of education basic education) basic education)

Preparatory Preparatory Specialty diploma cycle

Skills programme Engineering diploma / Specialization programmes

Preparatory stage for Aggregation technical education

Compulsory full-time education/training National diploma in town planning and development Professional Aptitude Certificate Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Research / Professional education (Master’s degree) is not responsible Higher Technician Post-secondary Certificate is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary Doctorate in Pharmacy / Architecture (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Doctorate in Medicine ISCED Doctorate in Veterinary Medicine

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 57 United Arab Emirates

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nursery Pre-primary First cycle of basic education Second cycle of General secondary Bachelor's Master's education basic education cycle programme programmes / Executive master in business administration programmes (EMBA)

First cycle of Second cycle of vocational secondary vocational secondary Vocational teaching programme / Higher education programmes

Injaz programme

Bachelor's programmes 5 years (pharmacy, architecture)

Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education Bachelor's programmes and care, for which the 6 years (medicine, dentistry) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Higher diploma Tertiary education programmes Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Diploma programmes ISCED

Yemen

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nursery Preparatory Basic education Basic education Secondary Bachelor’s Master’s (Grades 1-6) (Grades 7-9) education programme programme

Technical Post graduate secondary diploma

Technical and Medicine programme vocational education

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

58 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Asia and the Pacific Afghanistan

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Qabl az Maktab Ibtedaya Motawaseta Lisa higher Bachelor’s Master’s Pre-Schooling primary education secondary education secondary education degree degree (Grades 1–6) (Grades 7-9) (Grades 10-12)

Madrassa Madrassa Madrassa primary secondary higher secondary (Grades 1-6) (Grades 7-9) (Grades 10-12)

Darul Hifaz Darul Hifaz Darul Hifaz primary secondary higher secondary (Grades 1-6) (Grades 7-9) (Grades 10-12)

Darul Uloom primary Darul Uloom Darul Uloom Darul Uloom (Grades 1-6) secondary higher secondary (Grades 13-14) (Grades 7-9) (Grades 10-12) Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education Talimate Takhniki Talimate Takhniki and care, for which the wa Maslaki wa Maslaki Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational (TVET) (10-12); (TVET) (13-14) education is not responsible Darul Malimeen Post-secondary (Teacher Training); is responsible non-tertiary education Tarbia Malem (Teacher Training) Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Country approval pending ISCED Armenia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary general Basic general Secondary general Bachelor’s Master’s education education education education degree degree

Initial vocational Initial Specialist diploma (handicraft) vocational training (handicraft) (long programme) training (short programme) Advanced vocational education

Advanced Advanced vocational vocational education education Compulsory full-time education/training (Grades 1–2) (Grades 3–5)

ISCED

60 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Azerbaijan

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary General secondary Full secondary Bachelor’s Master’s education education education education degree degree Preparatory class for primary education Initial special First Long Degree (joint MoE vocational education programme)

Secondary special Initial special vocational education vocational education (Grades 3-4)

Compulsory full-time education/training Secondary special Secondary special vocational education vocational education (Grades 1-2) (2–3 years) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Bangladesh

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Prak-Prathomik Prathomik Shikkha Nimno Madhyamik Madhyamik Shikkha Uchcha Madhyamik Bachelor’s degree Shikkha (Primary education) Shikkha (Secondary school Shikkha (Higher secondary (Pass or Honours) (Pre-primary (Junior secondary Grades 9–10) college Grades 11-12) education) school Grades 6-8 ) Master’s Postgraduate diploma degree in health, M.Phil degree, M.S. degree Ebtedayee Shikkha Nimno Madhyamik Dakhil Madrasah Alim Madrasah (Madrasah primary education) Shikkha (Junior (Grades 9–10) (Grades 11-12) Dakhil Madrasah Bachelor’s equivalent, Master’s degree Grades 6-8) professional (Education) in education

Vocational secondary Bachelor’s degree (long degree) (medicine) Compulsory full-time education/training school

Higher secondary certificate / Early childhood education Secondary general education Diploma in commerce and care, for which the Fazil Degree in Madrasah Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational (Pass or Honours) education is not responsible Post-secondary Dakhil Vocational secondary is responsible Kamil degree in Madrasah non-tertiary education (Madrasah) Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary B.Sc. Nursing, Fine Arts, Additional Year education Diploma Music, Unani Medicine & Surgery (Medicine, Agriculture, Engineering, among others) ISCED Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery (BHMS) Country approval pending

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 61 Bhutan

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nursery Primary education Lower and middle Higher secondary Bachelor’s secondary education degree education (3–4 years)

Master’s degree Vocational Certificate Programmes

Bachelor’s degree (long degree) (Traditional medicine)

Bhutan Certificate of Secondary education (BCSE); Tailoring, Upholstery, Compulsory full-time education/training Welding and Fabrication, Post-graduate Traditional Arts and Crafts Diploma

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Diploma programme Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED Country approval pending

Brunei Darussalam

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-school Primary school Secondary Secondary 6th Form Bachelor’s degree common general programme curriculum (Years 9-10 / Years 9-11) Kindergarten Master’s 1, 2, 3 degree Secondary applied / Specialized / Specialized applied education programme Postgradudate diploma Industrial skills qualification competency of proficiency

Higher National Compulsory full-time education/training Certificate (HNC) Diploma Aliyah Qiraat

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational University foundation education is not responsible National Technical Higher National degree Post-secondary Education Certificate Technical Education is responsible non-tertiary education (NTEC) Certificate (HNTEC) Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Higher National diploma / Education Advanced diploma Short-cycle tertiary Technical and vocational Additional Year education education diploma

ISCED

62 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Cambodia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre-school Primary school Lower secondary Upper secondary Bachelor’s Master’s programme education education degree degree

Home / community- Upper secondary Bachelor’s degree based pre-primary education (equivalency) in technology

Teacher training Bachelor’s degree (long degree) (pre-school, primary, (Engineering) lower secondary, sports)

Compulsory full-time education/training Bachelor’s degree (long degree) Secondary level (Medicine) Early childhood education Secondary general education technical / vocational and care, for which the 1, 2 and 3 Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Teacher training for Tertiary education Primary upper secondary school (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Associate degree

ISCED

China

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education Junior secondary Senior secondary Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree education education education (2–3 years)

Vocational high Bachelor’s degree school education (long degree)

Diploma - Post-secondary, Bachelor’s degree non-tertiary general (second) education diploma

Compulsory full-time education/training Short-cycle Certificate - Postsecondary, tertiary education non-tertiary vocational Early childhood education (2–3 years) Secondary general education education certificate and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 63 Hong Kong, SAR China

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Primary school Secondary school Secondary school Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree / (local, Grades 1–6) (local, Grades 1–3) (local, Grades 4–6) (local, non-local) Master of Philosophy (2–3 years)

Primary school Secondary school Secondary school Secondary school (non-local, Grades 1–6) (non-local, (non-local, (non-local, Postgraduate Grades 7–9) Grades 10–11) Grades 12–13) certificate/diploma

Certificate of Diploma of Associate degree Bachelor’s degree vocational education vocational education / Higher Diploma (continuation of (Sub-degree sub-degree programme) Certificate programmes programme) (local, non-local) (hospitality and tourism related) (local, non-local) Compulsory full-time education/training

Diploma / advanced Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the certificate / advanced diploma, foundation Advanced diploma Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational (HKAPA) education studies, HKAPA diploma is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Certificate / Diploma Tertiary education Primary (non-local) (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Diploma programmes (hospitality and tourism-related) ISCED

Macao SAR, China

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Infant Primary Junior secondary Senior secondary Bachelor’s Master’s education education education education degree degree

Senior secondary Bachelor’s education degree (long degree)

Postgraduate diploma (1 or 2 years)

Higher education Compulsory full-time education/training diploma

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Bacharelato education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

64 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Cook Islands

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early Primary Secondary Senior secondary Bachelor’s Master’s childhood education education education degree degree education (Years 7-10) (Years 11-13) (distance (distance learning) learning)

Vocational education programmes Teacher training (culinary arts, food diploma and beverage, diploma / certificate various)

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Georgia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-school Primary Basic general Secondary general Bachelor’s Master’s education education education education degree degree

Vocational Vocational Medical/dentist education education education programme (I/II/III levels) (IV/V levels)

Short cycle / Interim qualification

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 65 India

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education / Upper primary / Secondary / Senior secondary / Bachelor’s degree Master’s M. Phil education Junior basic / Middle school / High school Intermediate / Higher secondary / (short) degree (1 to 2 years) Lower primary / Senior basic / Pre-university Primary Junior high school

Bachelor’s degree Industrial training institute (B.Tech, Integrated BA and B.Ed) (1 to 2 years)

Bachelor’s degree Senior Secondary / (long degree 5-6 years) (medicine, law) Intermediate Education

Compulsory full-time education/training 2nd Bachelor’s degree (B.Ed.) Technical education Early childhood education Secondary general education training and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Integrated Master’s degree education (B.Ed and MA) (6-7 years) is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible Junior basic teacher non-tertiary education training Tertiary education Integrated Master’s degree Primary (full-time) Education (B.Tech. and M.Tech.) (6-7 years) Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Nursing and midwifery diploma Postgraduate diploma ISCED

Indonesia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Taman Kelompok Taman Sekolah Dasar Sekolah Menengah Sekolah Menengah Atas Program Sarjana Program Magister, Penitipan Bermain Kanak-kanak (Primary school) Pertama (General senior secondary school) (Bachelor’s degree) Program Profesi Dokter, Anak (Play group) (Kindergarten) (Junior secondary Program Spesialis 1 (Day care centre) school) (Master’s degree / equivalent)

Satuan Paud Sejenis Diploma programme 1, 2, 3 (Other/Alternative)

Raudlatul/ Madrasah Madrasah Madrasah Bustanul Athfal Ibtidaiyah Tsanawiyah Aliyah (Islamic kindergarten) (Islamic primary school) (Islamic junior (Islamic senior Diploma programme 4 secondary school) secondary school)

Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education Sekolah and care, for which the Menengah Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Kejuruan education is not responsible (Vocational senior secondary school) Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

66 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Kazakhstan

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre-primary Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree education education education education education (1–2 years) and training

Bachelor of Medical education Technical Technical Medical Education - residency and vocational and vocational programme education 1 education 2 (1—3 years) (Mass professions) (Mass professions) Technical and vocational education 2 Technical and (Mid-level vocational specialist professions) Compulsory full-time education/training education 1 (Mid-level specialist professions) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Kiribati

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-school Primary education Junior secondary Senior Senior University of South Pacific secondary secondary Bachelor’s degree (Year 10-11) Senior (SPBEA) (Year 13) secondary (Year12)

Senior secondary foundation (USP) (Year 13)

Technical and Compulsory full-time education/training vocational colleges

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education Pastoral/Theological is not responsible institutes Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 67 Kyrgyzstan

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Pre-primary Primary school Basic general Basic general Bachelor’s Master’s education for education secondary education secondary education degree degree young children Preparatory (ECED) school

Specialist diploma Basic vocational education

Vocational education (Grades 3–4) Vocational education (Grades 1–2)

Compulsory full-time education/training Secondary vocational education Basic vocational Early childhood education Secondary general education education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Lao PDR

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nursery Kindergarten Primary school Lower secondary Upper secondary Bachelor’s Master’s education education degree degree

Pre-primary Vocational education Teacher training/ Technical education Bachelor’s degree school (dance and music) Technical education (dance and music) (long degree) (dance and music) (medicine)

Teacher training Pre-primary and Primary programme teacher trainings (upper secondary, sports) (remote areas)

Compulsory full-time education/training Teacher training programme Technical (dance and music, sports, Early childhood education Secondary general education education pre-primary, primary, lower secondary) and care, for which the (2–3 years) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible Vocational Vocational non-tertiary education teacher training teacher training Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Higher technical and vocational education diploma ISCED

68 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Malaysia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Prasekolah Rendah Menengah Menengah Pra Universiti/ Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree (2-3 years) (Pre-school) (Primary education) Rendah Atas Program Persediaan (Lower secondary (Upper secondary (Pre-university / Form 1-3) Form 4-5) Preparatory programmes) Bachelor’s degree in Postgraduate teacher education education course Pendidikan asas vokasional (Basic vocational Bachelor’s education) Kolej Kolej degree Vokasional Vokasional (long degree) (Vocational (Vocational (medicine, Postgraduate diploma college college Year 3) veterinary, in public administration Years 1–2) dentistry)

Professional certificate Compulsory full-time education/training Latihan Kemahiran CIDB skill programme (Year 1) Kolej Vokasional (Vocational college Year 4) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Latihan Kemahiran ILKA/ILKS education (Year 1) is not responsible Latihan Kemahiran CIDB skill programme (Year 2) Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Skill training programmes, Primary Latihan Kemahiran Latihan Kemahiran (full-time) agriculture, nursing, polytechnic Education ILKA / ILKS ILKA / ILKS certificate/diploma (Year 1) (2-3 years) Short-cycle tertiary (Advanced skills diploma) Additional Year education

Latihan Kemahiran Skill training Diploma Lanjutan ISCED (Giat MARA centres for skills training) programmes, Politeknik (1–2 years) agriculture, (Advanced nurse, polytechnic polytechnic (2-3 years) diploma) Maldives

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education Lower secondary Higher secondary Bachelor’s education education education degree

Lower secondary Master’s vocational degree education Certificate IV

Graduate / Advanced Postgraduate professional Higher secondary diploma diploma vocational education

Compulsory full-time education/training Professional Advanced Early childhood education diploma Secondary general education diploma and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible Associate non-tertiary education degree Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year Diploma Advanced education - MNQF diploma Level 5 ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 69 Marshall Islands

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early Elementary education Elementary Secondary Secondary USP USP Bachelor’s Master’s childhood (Grades 1-6) education school school preliminary form 7 degree degree education (Grades 7-8) (Grades 9-10) (Grades 11-12) (distance) (distance learning) (College of (USP Center) Marshall Islands)

Pre-kindergarten Life skills Life skills academy academy (Grades 9-10) (Grades 11-12) Associate degrees in science and arts (College of Marshall Islands) College of Marshall Islands Diploma Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Nepal

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early Pre- Lower basic level Upper basic Secondary Secondary Bachelor’s degree childhood primary (Grades 1-5) level level education (3–4 years) development classes (Grades 6-8) (Grades 9-10) (Grades 11-12)

Master’s Master's Technical and degree degree vocational (M.Phil) secondary

Vocational Bachelor’s degree secondary (long degree) (2–3 years)

Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education Annex and care, for which the programme Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

70 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Niue

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Aoga Aoga Aoga Ikiiki Aoga Tokolalo NCEA NCEA NCEA USP and USP Fakamahani Fakamahani (Primary school) (Intermediate / Lower Level Level Level Open Polytechnic Master’s course (ECE) (ECE) secondary school) 1 2 3 Bachelor’s course

USP Certificate USP and Open Polytechnic diploma courses

Youth employment programme

Compulsory full-time education/training Pre-vocational programme Early childhood education Secondary general education (PVP) and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible Open polytechnic non-tertiary education certificate Tertiary education (1–2 years) Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Pakistan

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary Middle level Secondary Higher secondary Bachelor’s Master’s Master’s education education education education education degree degree degree (Honours) (M.Phil)

Paramedical diploma Bachelor of Engineering

Diploma Bachelor’s degree (nursing, polytechnical (Pass) (in transition to phase out and education) replaced by Bachelor’s honours)

Compulsory full-time education/training Primary teacher Bachelor’s degree (long degree) (medicine) Early childhood education Secondary general education training and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Postgraduate Post-secondary diploma is responsible Certificate non-tertiary education in training Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Bachelor’s Master’s Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year degree degree education (education) (education) ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 71 Palau

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Head start Elementary Elementary High Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree programme school school school (with San Diego (with San Diego (Grades 1-6) (Grades 7-8) (Grades 9-12) State University) State University)

Kindergarten Teacher training (private) programme Palau community (primary), college police academy Kindergarten (private)

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Philippines

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Elementary school Junior high Senior high Baccalaureate Master’s school school (Bachelor’s degree) degree

Senior high Baccalaureate school (Bachelor’s of medicine, law)

Post-secondary Baccalaureate technical (Bachelor’s long degree) vocational (engineering sciences) programme (up until but less Compulsory full-time education/training than 3 years) Bachelor’s degree (long degree) Early childhood education Secondary general education (veterinary medicine) and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible Post-baccalaureate non-tertiary education (Teaching) Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Pre-baccalaureate Additional Year education (2–3 years)

ISCED

72 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Samoa

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary Primary Secondary Secondary Bachelor’s Master’s education education education education education degree degree (Years 1-6) (Years 7-8) programme (Year 13) (Years 9–12)

Postgraduate Certificate Certificate certificate / Diploma (Levels 1-3) (Level 4) (1–2 years)

Diploma Diploma (Level 5) (Level 6)

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Singapore

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nursery Nursery Kinder- Primary Secondary Secondary Bachelor’s degree 1 2 garten 1 - 6 1-2 3-5 (3–4 years) 1–2 (common (normal course) to express and normal (academic Infant Play- or technical) Master’s degree care group Secondary 3-4 course) (Express course)

Bachelor’s degree Junior College (long first degree) (medical)

Postgraduate National ITE certificate Compulsory full-time education/training diploma (Nitec) or Higher Nitec

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education Polytechnic diploma Polytechnic Polytechnic is not responsible (Year 1) diploma post-diploma Post-secondary (2-3 years) is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Polytechnic foundation Short-cycle tertiary programme Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 73 Solomon Islands

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Standard education Junior secondary Upper secondary education Bachelor’s Master’s degree education (Form 5) (Form 6) (Form 7) degree (business Preparatory (University of administration) class South Pacific)

University of South Pacific foundation programme Bachelor’s degree (SINU) SINU Certificate (Secretarial)

SINU Certificate University of (business studies, forestry, tropical agriculture, trade, among others) South Pacific diploma Compulsory full-time education/training SINU Diploma Early childhood education Secondary general education (business studies, teacher and care, for which the training, applied science Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational among others) education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education SINU Diploma Tertiary education Primary (survey / construction) (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education SINU Advanced Certificate ISCED

Sri Lanka

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education Lower secondary Senior Collegiate Bachelor’s Master’s education education secondary level degree degree education

Technical and vocational training M.Phil programmes/colleges (various)

Non-national vocational Bachelor’s degree qualification certificate (long degree) (medical, engineering, architecture)

Diplomas in Universities Compulsory full-time education/training (arts, technology, youth National Diploma development, natural (teacher certification, technology) sciences, among others) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Programmes of Colleges National Diploma - NAITA Post-secondary (engineering sciences) is responsible of Technology/ Private non-tertiary education Institutes/Department of Tertiary education Agriculture; Social Work Primary (full-time) Education Higher national diploma programmes in Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year engineering, technology, tourism, accountancy education Programmes at SLIDA (exact duarion varies by programme) and Ocean University ISCED

74 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Tajikistan

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary school Basic general General Bachelor’s Master’s education education secondary degree degree education

Specialist diploma Primary vocational education

Secondary vocational education Primary vocational education

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Thailand

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Learning Pre-primary Elementary school Lower secondary Upper secondary Bachelor’s degree Master’s Higher and education education education (academic) degree graduate childcare diploma

Bachelor’s degree (professional) Upper secondary, Vocational education and training Bachelor’s / Licence degree (teaching, architecture, engineering)

Education provided by other agencies Bachelor’s degree - for specific groups in upper secondary (entrance age between Compulsory full-time education/training 14 and 18 years) Bachelor’s degree (long degree) (medicine)

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Graduate diploma education is not responsible Post-secondary Diploma programmes (technical, other types) is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Diploma in Higher diploma (teaching, technology, mechanics) Short-cycle tertiary vocational Additional Year education education

ISCED Vocational education and training degree (Bachelor’s or equivalent)

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 75 Timor-Leste

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pré Escolar Ensino básico Filial 1 e 2 ciclo Ensino básico Secundário Geral Bachelor’s Master’s (Pre-school) (Basic Education Cycles 1 and 2) 3 ciclo (Secondary general degree degree (Basic education education) Cycle 3)

Diploma Politécnico Secundário Técnico Vocacional (Polytechnic professional diploma (Secondary technical / vocational) programmes 1, 2, 3)

Postgraduate certificate

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Tokelau

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Vahega Vahega Tulaga Muamua Vahega Vahega Vahega Vahega Bachelor’s Graduate / Postgraduate Pepe (ECE) (Primary education) Tulaga Tulaga 12 ite 13 ite degree certificate Lua Lua Preliminary Foundation (USP Centre, (USP Centre, (Secondary (Secondary (Senior (Senior distance learning) distance learning) Education) Education Secondary Secondary Year 11) USP USP Preliminary) Foundation) Aoga ote USP e kave ite DFL (USP Centre, distance learning) Vahega 12 ite Bridging (Transition Class Programme Year 12)

Compulsory full-time education/training Aoga ote USP e kave ite DFL (USP Centre, distance learning) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

76 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Turkmenistan

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Pre-primary Primary school General basic General secondary Bachelor’s Master’s education for education education education degree degree young children (ECED)

Higher education / Specialist diploma Basic vocational education

Secondary vocational education

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Tuvalu

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-school Primary Primary Junior Junior Year 13 education education education secondary secondary academic (Years 1-6) (Years 7-8) education education

Year 13 skills development

Tuvalu Maritime Programme

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 77 Uzbekistan

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary Secondary Secondary specialized Bachelor’s Magistracy education education general education vocational education degree

Secondary specialized Bachelor’s degree Magistracy vocational education (highly specialized (highly specialized professional studies professional studies e.g medical, e.g medical, dentristry etc.) dentristry etc.)

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Vanuatu

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Basic Basic Lower Upper Upper Upper Bachelor’s Master’s education education secondary secondary secondary secondary degree degree (Years 1-6) (Years 7-8) education education education education (USP) (2–3 years) (Years 11-12) (Year 13) (French (distance learning) system) Early childhood care and education Licence USP foundation (AUF Bachelor equivalent) courses

Lower Rural Technical/ secondary training Vocational Compulsory full-time education/training vocational/ centres and life technical skills School courses Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Professional diploma/ certificate programmes Tertiary education Primary at various colleges, (full-time) Education Vanuatu Instititute of Teaching Education, Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Vanuatu Institute of Technology ISCED

78 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Viet Nam

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nhà trẻ Mẫu giáo Tiểu học Tiểu học Trung học phổ thông Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree (Crêche) (Pre-primary (Primary school) (Primary school) (Upper secondary) education)

Bachelor’s degree (long degree) Sơ cấp nghề (construction, law, transport, mining) (Elementary vocational)

Bachelor’s degree Trung cấp nghề (long degree) (Intermediate (engineering, architecture, medicine, dentistry) vocational)

Compulsory full-time education/training Trình độ cao đẳng Trung cấp chuyên nghiệp (Higher education collegiate) Early childhood education Secondary general education (Professional technical secondary and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education 3–4 years) education is not responsible Post-secondary Cao đẳng nghề is responsible non-tertiary education (Collegiate vocational 2–3 years) Tertiary education Trung cấp chuyên nghiệp Primary (full-time) (Professional vocational Education secondary education Short-cycle tertiary 1–2 years) Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 79 Latin America and the Caribbean Anguilla

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre- Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary B.Sc in business management; primary education education education B. ED.

Upper secondary TVET Certificate in education - secondary

Sixth Form: Sixth Form: Post-secondary associate degree Non-tertiary

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED Country approval pending

Antigua and Barbuda

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

ECED Pre-school Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary Undergraduate studies Postgraduate degrees programmes education education (general) education (Education, Accounting, and diplomas Business, General)

Lower secondary vocational programme Medicine

Upper secondary Combined Biomedical Sciences / (vocational) education MD Programme

Compulsory full-time education/training Diploma or associate degree Pharmacy, Nursing, Teacher Training, at Department of Business Business, Information and technology Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Caribbean advanced Post-secondary is responsible proficiency examination non-tertiary education (CAPE) at Advanced Tertiary education Level Department Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education BTEC (Engineering, Construction, Refrigeration) ISCED Country approval pending

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 81 Argentina

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Kindergarden - Primary Basic cycle. Oriented Higher university education - educational Pre-primary education Secondary secondary Bachelor (4 / 5 years training) development education

Post degree – Master / Specialization

Higher university education - Bachelor (complementation cycle)

Compulsory full-time education/training Higher non-university education - Tertiary education Early childhood education Secondary general education (technical and teacher training) and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Higher non-university education - short cycle tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (technical and teacher training) (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED Country approval pending

Aruba

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Kindergarden Primary education Lower secondary Lower secondary Upper secondary Hospitality and tourism Tourism and international education (Kleuteronderwijs) (Basisonderwijs) education education education management studies; business studies; (Peuterschool, I) (Ciclo Basico 1-2) (Ciclo Avansa 3-4) (Ciclo Avansa 3-4) Business Administration; Business Administration Early childhood Arts and Science; education Teacher Training (Peuterschool, II) Lower secondary education Pre-university education (Academic) (Hoger algemeen voortgezet / Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk Ciclo 1-3) School of Law School of Law (Bachelor programme) (Master programme)

Lower vocational secondary education Education profesional basico Associate degree (lager beroepsonderwijs) (Hospitality management) Compulsory full-time education/training Short-cycle tertiary education

Early childhood education Secondary general education Lower secondary vocational education and care, for which the (labor-market track; Immediate employment track; Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational continuing education track) education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Human service upper secondary vocational Primary (full-time) education; Hospitality and tourism Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Business education; ISCED Engineering technology education Country approval pending

82 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Bahamas

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-school First stage Second stage of Upper secondary Bachelor’s degree, Master’s of basic education basic education education BA, BSc, Bed degree

Post-secondary Associate degrees non-tertiary in arts and science education

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Belize

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-school Primary Primary Secondary Secondary education Bachelor's Master's education education education education - general programme programme (Infant 1-2 and (Standards V-VI) (Forms 1-2) (Forms 3-4) Standards I-IV)

Associate degree Vocational programme technical education

Secondary education - technical vocational (Forms 3-4)

Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education Post-secondary and care, for which the certificate programme Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Sixth form Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 83 Bermuda

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre- Primary Middle Senior Diploma school school school school

Associate degree

Certificate

Diploma Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Plurinational State of Bolivia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Initial Vocational Stage 1 of Stage 2 of University Master’s education in community productive productive higher education programme community primary community community family education secondary secondary education education (Grades 1-2) (Grades 3-6) Specialization programme

Teachers higher education

Middle / Higher technical Compulsory full-time education/training and technological training

ISCED

84 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Brazil

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nursery schools/ Pre-school Fundamental education Fundamental education Upper secondary Higher education - Stricto Sensu day care centres (Years 1-5) (Years 6-9) education Bachelor's / postgraduate Licentiate's degree programmes – academic / professional Master's degree Teacher education in the modality normal at the upper secondary level

Lato Sensu postgraduate programmes Professional Professional (specialization) education education at the upper at the upper secondary level secondary level (integrated and (subsequent) concomitant) Higher education - Compulsory full-time education/training technological higher education Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Higher education - Post-secondary sequential courses is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Cayman Islands

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Early Primary education Lower secondary Upper secondary Tertiary education — Post degree - pre-school childhood education education Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree care and (Middle school) education

Advanced level and Reception associate programmes programme

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED Country approval pending

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 85 Chile

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Pre-primary Pre-primary Primary Lower General Academic degree-granting education education education secondary upper secondary professional higher education (day care and (upper middle level, education education lower middle 1st transition level level) and 2nd transition level) Master’s programme Technical / Artistic upper secondary education Medical or dental graduate specialization programme

Non-academic degree-granting professional higher education

Compulsory full-time education/training Licentiate degree programme (not leading to a professional title) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Diploma graduate certificate Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Post-title graduate certificate Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year Higher technical education education

ISCED General short-cycle programme

Colombia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre-primary level: Basic Primary Basic secondary / Upper secondary / University undergraduate programme / educational grades of pre-K, Basic Post-primary / Labour market orientation and in engineering / in law development Kindergarten, Active secondary New School methodology / and transition / Academic rural modality Early childhood educational development Specialization

Basic Primary - Basic Post-primary - Upper secondary - New School methodology / New School methodology academic rural modality Learning Circles Master's degree

University undergraduate programme Technical (veterinary, zootechnics) upper secondary Compulsory full-time education/training

University undergraduate programme Early childhood education Secondary general education (medicine, dentistry) and care, for which the Upper secondary - Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational cultivating peace (at-home) / education is not responsible creative youth groups Post-secondary is responsible Medical-surgical non-tertiary education Specializations Tertiary education Primary Undergraduate: (full-time) technological programme Education Teacher training Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Undergraduate: Technical professional specialization / ISCED technical professional programme Architecture / Doctor in Law / Notary Public

86 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Costa Rica

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Babies, Nursery I, General basic education - General basic Diversified Bachelor’s Licentiate Nursery II and cycles I and II education - education - degree (+2 years) Interactive I cycle III - academic daytime (regular education) Interactive II academic daytime and transition cycle (regular education) Master’s degree

General basic Diversified education - education - Licentiate (6 years) cycle III - technical daytime technical daytime

Licentiate with high degree of specialization: Compulsory full-time education/training medicine and surgery, veterinary medicine, dentistry, engineering, law

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible University education Post-secondary (first level - undergraduate) is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Higher technical education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year (first level - undergraduate) education

ISCED

Curaçao

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

High Scope Foundation Foundation based Academic basic Pre-university Bachelor Academic Masters Academic (Kresh) based education secondary secondary education (WO Bachelor), (WO Masters), education (Funderend Onderwijs) education (VWO 3–6) Bachelor Professional Masters Professional (Funderend (Basisvorming HAVO/VWO) (HBO Bachelor) (HBO Masters) Onderwijs)

Academic secondary education (HAVO 3-5) Secondary vocational education (Level 4) (SBO Niveau 4) Pre-university secondary education (VWO 5+6)

Compulsory full-time education/training Preparatory vocational Preparatory vocational Secondary vocational education/basic education theoretical/ education secondary education practical/labor market (Level 3) (SBO Niveau 3) Early childhood education Secondary general education (VSBO Basisvorming) orientation and care, for which the (VSBO TKL, VSBO PKL, Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational VSBO PBL, VSBO AGO) education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Secondary vocational Secondary vocational Primary (full-time) education education Education (Level 1) (SBO Niveau 1) (Level 2) (SBO Niveau 2) Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

MBO diploma ISCED (middle-level applied education) (Levels 1-4) Country approval pending

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 87 Dominican Republic

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-school Basic level, Basic level, Basic level, Medium level, Medium level, Bachelor Master programme first cycle second cycle second cycle first cycle second cycle / programme programme (First two years) (Last two years) general specialized cycle

Specialization Medium level, second cycle / programme technical-professional specialized cycle

Engineering

Medium level, second cycle / arts specialized cycle Medicine / Odontology Medicine / Odontology Compulsory full-time education/training programme specialization

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Higher technical education is not responsible programme Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Technical programme Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED Country approval pending

Ecuador

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Early Childhood Pre-primary / Primary - Primary - Lower secondary - Upper secondary - Bachelor's Master’s / Master's educational Basic general Basic general Basic general Basic general High School of Science by research development education education education education (Preparatory) (Elementary) (Middle) (Higher)

Specialization

Upper secondary - Technical High School Medical, odontological, other Medical and degrees in the field of human odontological health and veterinarian sciences specialization

Post-secondary non-tertiary - Technical production / Engineering and Architecture / TIC / Science Compulsory full-time education/training Technical artistic

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Long cycle degree Technological Master´s Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Technological education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Technological Specialization Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short cycle degree – Technological Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Short cycle degree – Technical ISCED Country approval pending

88 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems El Salvador

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Initial education Pre-primary Cycles I and II Cycle III Upper secondary Licentiate Master’s education of basic education of basic education general (engineering / degree architechture)

Upper secondary Technologist technical-vocational

Professor Upper secondary flexible: accelerated, semi-distance, distance, evening, virtual Doctor in medicine Specialist in Compulsory full-time education/training or in odontology medicine or odontology Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Technician education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Grenada

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre-primary Primary Lower Upper Undergraduate Master of Public education school education secondary secondary programme Health programme education education

Baccalaureate Competence-based programme - programme Skills training

Veterinary medical sciences; Medical sciences School of continuing education (foundation and access); Compulsory full-time education/training applied arts and technology; arts, science and professional studies; Associate degree; School of applied arts and technology; Early childhood education Secondary general education Pre–medical sciences / and care, for which the Pre–veterinary medical sciences Paralegal studies Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Early childhood education, Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Nursing, Pharmacy; Education School of applied arts and technology Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED Country approval pending

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 89 Guyana

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary General General Bachelor’s Master’s secondary secondary programme programme (Grades 7-9 / (Grades 10-11 From I-III) / From IV-V)

Doctor of Medicine

Secondary department of primary Doctor of Dentistry

Home economics/ industrial training Nursing Nursing programme at University Compulsory full-time education/training at schools of Guyana Caribbean advance proficiency of nursing examination (CAPE) / Early childhood education Secondary general education General secondary (A- Level) / and care, for which the Technical vocational programmes / Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Diploma in agriculture, veterinary, education is not responsible livestock production Teacher training certificate / Post-secondary Associate programme is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Certificate in Associate degree Short-cycle tertiary forestry/ agriculture/ Additional Year in education education agro-processing/ fisheries ISCED

Honduras

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-basic Primary: Cycle I & II Cycle III of basic Academic Bachelor Master education of basic education education- high school programme programme Kindergarten culture general cycle

Speciality III Technical Technical high school basic cycle

Bachelor programme in engineering

Compulsory full-time education/training Doctorate in medicine and surgery

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Technical university Post-secondary programme is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED Country approval pending

90 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Jamaica

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre-primary Primary education Lower secondary Upper secondary Bachelor's degree Master's degree educational education education or equivalent or equivalent development

Post secondary / Short cycle tertiary Non-tertiary

Vocational post-secondary / Non-tertiary

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Mexico

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre-primary Primary education Lower secondary Upper secondary Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree education education education education programme programme (general programmes) (postgraduate studies)

Specialization Lower secondary programme education (postgraduate studies) (job training)

Technolological universities programme Upper secondary (vocational associate (combined general and degree programme) technical programmes) Compulsory full-time education/training

Teacher’s college Early childhood education Secondary general education Upper secondary (bachelor’s degree and care, for which the (vocational or technical programme) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education programmes) is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Technical professional Tertiary education Primary education (full-time) Education (technical instititute Short-cycle tertiary programme) Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 91 Montserrat

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Day Care Nursery Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary Education Master Programme

Advanced level Associate Degree programme in Science

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED Country approval pending

Panama

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early Early Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary, Licentiate Master’s childhood childhood academic orientation degree education education 1 and 2 3 or preschool

Upper secondary, Dentistry / Veterinary medicine professional and technical orientation

Medicine

Post-secondary

Technical diploma

Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education Higher education, and care, for which the non-university Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

92 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Peru

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Early childhood Primary education Secondary Secondary University higher education Master education: education: education education cycle I cycle II (Grades 1 to 3) (Grades 4 to 5)

Postgraduate

Technical productive education - Middle cycle Non-university higher education; technology, pedagogical and artistic training

Compulsory full-time education/training Non-university higher education (technical training) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED Country approval pending

Saint Lucia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early Early Primary Secondary Secondary Bachelor’s childhood childhood (Forms 1-3) (Forms 4-5) degree education education / development Pre-primary (pre-school) Spartan's Medical MSc, Med National skills School development centre

Division of technical education Post-secondary nontertiary / and management studies / division of technical education Associate degree in business and management studies

Compulsory full-time education/training Health sciences programme / division of agriculture / Early childhood education Secondary general education Health sciences programme / teacher training certificate and care, for which the arts science and General Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education studies /division of agriculture is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 93 Suriname

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary/ Primary “GLO” Junior secondary Senior secondary general "HAVO“ Bachelor in Social Master Kindergarten education General (higher general education) sciences, Technical "MULO", level A, B sciences

Senior secondary general "VWO“ (preparatory scientific education) Journalism, Arts and culture, Social studies / Bachelor in infrastructure, construction, agriculture, ICT, engineering, etc.

Senior secondary vocational "IMEAO" (Institute for Economic and Administrative Secondary Education) Advanced teacher Advanced teacher training "MO-A" training "MO-B" for for junior secondary senior secondary Senior secondary vocational Compulsory full-time education/training (Institute for Natural Resources and Engineering Studies) / DNL Regular

Early childhood education Secondary general education Medicine and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Lower vocational education is not responsible education LBO-B, LBO-C Post-secondary DNL Evening school is responsible non-tertiary education Teacher Training for Vocational education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Junior secondary vocational LBO-A Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Preparatory studies Teacher Training before entering university ISCED Country approval pending

Turks and Caicos Islands

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Primary Forms Forms Sixth Bachelor’s 1 and 2 1-3 4–5 form degree

Associate degree

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

94 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre-school Primary education Lower-middle Upper-middle Bachelor’s Master's education education general general programme programme education education

Specialization Lower-middle Upper-middle technical technical education education University Technical higher technical specialization education

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 95 Sub-Saharan Africa Angola

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary 1st cycle of 2nd cycle of Bachelor’s Master’s education education secondary general secondary general degree degree education education

Tertiary education, 1st cycle of 2nd cycle of graduate level vocational vocational education education

Second cycle of secondary education, Teacher training Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Benin

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary Secondary Secondary Bachelor’s Master’s Specialized tertiary education education general general degree degree education degree education education (DESS) 1st cycle 2nd cycle

Diploma of Tropical Agricultural Studies (DEAT)

Vocational Vocational training education for kindergarten and 1st cycle primary school teachers Diploma of Technical Education Teacher (BAPET) (CEAP) and Diploma of Secondary Education Teacher (BAPES)

Vocational education Tertiary education (engineering) Compulsory full-time education/training 2nd cycle

Certificate for Technical Education Teacher (CAPET) Early childhood education Secondary general education and Certificate for Secondary Education Teacher and care, for which the (CAPES) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Vocational training education for kindergarten and is not responsible primary school teachers Post-secondary is responsible (CAP) non-tertiary education Advanced Technician Certificate (BTS) Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Vocational education Advanced Technical Diploma Additional Year education 2nd cycle (4 years) (DTS)

ISCED Professional training Professional training for pedagogical advisors for inspectors

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 97 Botswana

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education Junior Senior A-level Bachelor’s Honours secondary secondary certificate degree Bachelor's degree

Certificate Postgraduate diploma

Vocational Vocational Vocational programme programme programme Master's (Trade C) (Trade B) (National degree Craft Certificate)

Compulsory full-time education/training Diploma/ Higher or Botswana Technical Education Programme Associate advanced Early childhood education Secondary general education Foundation certificate advanced diploma degree diploma and care, for which the certificate Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible Botswana Technical non-tertiary education Certificate Education Programme Tertiary education (higher advanced diploma) Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Burkina Faso

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Formal Primary education Post-primary general Secondary general Bachelor’s Master’s preprimary education, 1st cycle education, 2nd cycle programme programme education

2nd cycle (Vocational diploma) Engineering Professional training (engineering)

Vocational Secondary vocational training (1 year) education, 2nd cycle Tertiary education (Doctorate)

Vocational Vocational Secondary vocational CompulsoryCompulsory full-timefull-time education/trainingeducation/training training, training, education, 2nd cycle University Technology Diploma (DUT) 1st cycle 2nd cycle (Vocational training /Advanced Technician Certificate (BTS) certificate (BEP)) EarlyEarly childhoodchildhood educationeducation SecondarySecondary generalgeneral educationeducation andand carecare,, forfor whichwhich thethe Ministry of Education: SecondarySecondary vocationalvocational educationeducation isis notnot responsibleresponsible Vocational Vocational Diploma of Post-secondaryPost-secondary training training Vocational isis responsibleresponsible non-tertiarynon-tertiary educationeducation (Certificate (Certificate Technician TertiaryTertiary educationeducation (CQP) BQP) (BTP) PrimaryPrimary (full-time)(full-time) EducationEducation Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year Short-cycle tertiary educationeducation Vocational Training Post-secondary Certificate (CAP) vocational training ISCEDISCED

98 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Burundi

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education 4th cycle of Post-basic Tertiary education education basic education general education (Bachelor’s degree)

Tertiary education Tertiary education Vocational Post-basic academic (technical engineering) (engineering) education education

Specialized tertiary education degree (DESS) Post-basic vocational education (3 years/4 years) Tertiary education Compulsory full-time education/training (medicine)

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Post-secondary Tertiary Tertiary In-depth tertiary Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational vocational education education education education degree education (entry age is 18 or is not responsible (1st cycle) (long cycle) (DEA) 19 years old) Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Tertiary education Tertiary education Short-cycle tertiary teacher training teacher training Additional Year th education for the 4 cycle for post-basic education of basic education (2nd cycle of secondary) ISCED

Cabo Verde

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Basic education Basic Bachelor’s Master’s education (Years 1–6) education Secondary Secondary Secondary degree degree (Years 7-8) education education education 1st cycle 1st cycle 2nd cycle (general) (general) (general) (Year 1) (Year 2)

Professional Secondary education, tertiary education 2nd cycle (Vocational)

Recurrent Recurrent Recurrent education education Recurrent education Compulsory full-time education/training (Years 1-6) (Years 7-8) education (secondary) (secondary) (Cycle 2- (Cycle 1- Years 11-12) Early childhood education Secondary general education Year 9) and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Recurrent education is not responsible education Post-secondary Vocational (secondary) is responsible non-tertiary education complementary (Cycle 1- Year 10) Tertiary education year Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 99 Cameroon

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education 1st cycle of secondary 2nd cycle of Law capacity 1st cycle of tertiary education - long education (Primary School Certificate education (First Cycle secondary diploma (CEP), Certificate (BEPC)) education (BAC) (CED) First School Leaving Certificate (FSLC)) Teacher training for Collège d’enseignement général (CEG), Collège d’enseignement Technique (CET)) nd 2 cycle of secondary general education and high school (probatoire) for general and vocational education (entry age is 16 or 17 years old) Training of school and university guidance advisors High school 1st cycle of secondary general General Certificate teacher training education, General Certificate of Education of Education (GCE) “O” Level (GCE) “A” Level Training in public administration

Compulsory full-time education/training Vocational training Vocational training (Professional (1 year/3 years) Qualification Diploma (DQP)) Second cycle of Specialized tertiary education Early childhood education Secondary general education tertiary education degree (DESS)/In-depth tertiary and care, for which the education degree (DEA)/ Master II Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Secondary Training for teachers or education is not responsible vocational vocational education teachers Post-secondary education (entry age is from 16 to 19 years old) Engineering programme is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) st Education 1 cycle of secondary 2nd cycle of secondary Medicine vocational education vocational education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year General Certificate of (BAC technique) education Education (GCE) “O” Level (Technical GCE “A” Level) 1st cycle of tertiary 2nd degree of professional ISCED education–short tertiary education -short 1st cycle of secondary Vocational training – vocational education Technical diploma (Certificate of Professional Training in public administration Skills (CAP)) Central African Republic

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Formal preprimary Basic education 1 Tertiary Basic education 2 Secondary Master's degree education general education education (Univers. degree Bachelor's degree in general studies/ literary studies (DEUG/DEUL))

Vocational education Engineering

Secondary vocational education Master’s degree

Compulsory full-time education/training Training Training Tertiary education (medicine) for basic for Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the education pedagogical Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational 1 teachers advisors education is not responsible Teacher training Teacher Post-secondary (Professeurs de training is responsible non-tertiary education collèges) Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Technical Training of inspectors tertiary education for basic education 1 ISCED

100 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Chad

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education Middle school education Secondary general education General tertiary education 1st cycle education (Secondary general (2nd cycle) Univers. degree in general studies (DEUG), education, 1st cycle) Univers. degree in scientific studies (DEUS)

Tertiary Tertiary Vocational Secondary education education education vocational education (1st cycle) (Bac technique)

Tertiary education

Secondary vocational education, Technical diploma Tertiary education, engineering programme Compulsory full-time education/training (public works, civil engineering)

Early childhood education Secondary general education Medical studies and care, for which the Training for primary Secondary vocational Ministry of Education: school teachers education is not responsible (teacher helpers) Post-secondary is responsible Teacher Certificate Teacher certificate non-tertiary education for Teaching Skills, for secondary Tertiary education College of General school or vocational Primary (full-time) Education (CAPCEG) secondary school Education Training for education (CAPELT) Short-cycle tertiary primary school Additional Year education teachers Advanced Technician Certificate (BTS) and University Technology Diploma (DUT) ISCED programmes

Comoros

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education Secondary general Secondary Tertiary education education education education for teacher training 1st cycle certificate 2nd cycle (BAC) (BEPC)

Tertiary education Tertiary education (Bachelor’s (Master’s Secondary vocational education degree) degree) 1st cycle (Certificate of professional skills (CAP))

Vocational tertiary education Secondary vocational education Advanced Technician Certificate (BTS) (Vocational training certificate (BEP))

Compulsory full-time education/training Tertiary education Secondary vocational education (vocational) Early childhood education Secondary general education nd and care, for which the (2 cycle) (BAC Tech) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Post-secondary Tertiary education education Primary (full-time) (BEPC), (BAC), Education (BAC Tech) Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 101 Congo

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education Secondary general Secondary general Tertiary education Tertiary education education education, education (intermediate (advanced cycle, 1st cycle certificate 2nd cycle cycle, degree) Master’s degree) (BEPC) (BAC)

Medical studies Trades center

Tertiary education (short cycle) (Advanced Technician Certificate (BTS), Secondary Secondary vocational education University Specialized Technology Diploma (DUTS)), (Vocational training certificate (BEP)) vocational education, (University Technology Diploma (DUT)) 1st cycle (Technical (entry age is 16 or 17 years old) studies certificate Compulsory full-time education/training (BET))

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Secondary vocational education Secondary vocational Ministry of Education: (Certificate of professional skills (CAP)) education is not responsible (entry age is 16 or 17 years old) Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Secondary vocational Short-cycle tertiary education Additional Year nd education 2 cycle (BAC Tech)

ISCED

Côte d’Ivoire

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Formal pre-primary Primary education Secondary education: Secondary general education: General tertiary education: General tertiary education education 1st cycle 2nd cycle 1st cycle (Bachelor’s degree) 2nd cycle (Master’s degree)

In-depth tertiary education degree (DEA) Master

Secondary vocational Secondary vocational education: rd st nd General tertiary education 3 cycle education: 1 cycle 2 cycle (Specialized tertiary education degree (Vocational Training (Vocational training certificate (BEP), (DESS)) Certificate (CQP)) Technical diploma (BT))

Teacher training Teacher training (Ecole normale supérieure) (Ecole normale supérieure) Secondary vocational education: 1st cycle (Certificate of Professional Skills (CAP)) Certificate of professional competence to the functions of guidance advisor, educational inspector, high school teacher Compulsory full-time education/training

Training for teacher helpers Training for public administration executives Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the (Ecole normale d’administration) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Secondary vocational education: Technical and professional tertiary education degree in Post-secondary nd (BAC) is responsible non-tertiary education 2 cycle communication (DESCOM) Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Technical and professional tertiary education Short-cycle tertiary (long cycle, engineering) Additional Year Pre-university education education Merchant marine senior officer, mechanical officer ISCED 1st class and 2nd class Technical and professional tertiary education (short cycle, University Technology Diploma (DUT), (CAP-CM), Advanced Technician Certificate (BTS))

102 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Democratic Republic of the Congo

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Basic education- Basic Second cycle of Preparation for Tertiary education, Primary education education- secondary education engineering 1st cycle engineering (Grades 7–8) (general and regular, long cycle)

Preparation 1st cycle engineering technician for technical (3 years/4 years) Second cycle of vocational engineering secondary (long cycle)

Tertiary education, 2nd cycle: human and veterinary medicine First cycle of Second cycle of secondary vocational education education (1 year/2 years) Compulsory full-time education/training (vocational) Tertiary education, 3rd cycle (Tertiary education degree Early childhood education Secondary general education (DES)) teachers and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational First cycle of secondary education education (Arts and trades) is not responsible (1 year/2 years/3 years) Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Technical tertiary Tertiary education education/Tertiary 2nd cycle Tertiary education st Primary education 1 cycle, (Degree or A0) (full-time) Education Executive A1 Degree Short-cycle tertiary Secretary Additional Year education

ISCED

Equatorial Guinea

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Program duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre-primary Primary education Secondary general Secondary education Bachelor’s education and education (Bac) degree care

Secondary Secondary Bachelor’s Master's Doctoral vocational vocational degree degree equivalent education education (Specialization professional 1 professional 2 or equivalent) (medium (superior technician) technician) Tertiary education (short cycle)

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 103 Eritrea

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Elementary Middle Secondary Bachelor's degree programme education education education education (2 years / 4 years / 5 years)

Master’s TVET degree programme programme

Diploma programme Post-secondary TVET programme

Compulsory full-time education/training Advanced diploma programme Basic education Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the teacher certificate Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational programme education is not responsible Basic education teacher Post-secondary diploma programme is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Eswatini

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary Junior secondary Senior Secondary Technical and Vocational Training (TVET) (Advanced Subsidiary) Swaziland College of Technology (SCOT) /Form 6 (Bachelor's degree Technical)

Bachelor's degree Post Graduate Skill training A' levels Certificate in Ed. programme

Master’s degree

Skills and vocational training centres LLB Law degree

Compulsory full-time education/training

Pre-vocational Diploma Bachelor Early childhood education Secondary general education education in Nursing in Nursing and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible University Diploma/Associate Degree/ Post-secondary Certificate is responsible Diploma programmes non-tertiary education in Nursing Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Vocational and Commercial Training (VOCTIM) Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year Technical and Vocational Training (TVET) education Swaziland College of Technology (SCOT) (Diploma programmes) ISCED

104 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Ethiopia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Primary Primary Secondary Secondary second cycle Undergraduate Master’s (Grades 1–6) (Grades first cycle preparatory programme degree degree 7–8) (Grades 9-10)(Grades 11-12) (short - 3 years)

Pre-school teaching certificate programme Secondary education teacher (long - 4 years)

Technical vocational education and training Undergraduate degree (TVET level 1: 1 year), (law, pharmacy) (TVET level 2: 2 years)

First cycle of primary teaching certificate Compulsory full-time education/training (Grades 1-4) programme Second cycle of primary teaching certificate Undergraduate degree (Grades 5-8) programme (medicine and veterinary science) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Technical / Vocational education training Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational (TVET level 3) education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Technical vocational education and training (TVET level 4 ) Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year Technical vocational education education and training (TVET level 5 ) ISCED

Gabon

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education Secondary 1st cycle Secondary Higher professional University BA Master’s Specialized tertiary education (First cycle certificate 2nd cycle studies 1st cycle degree degree education degree (BEPC)) (BAC) (Teaching diploma) progr. progr. (DESS), In-depth tertiary education degree (DEA)

Law Tertiary education (Magistrate) (2 years / 4 years) Secondary vocational nd education 2 cycle Civil administrator training

Vocational education: Vocational training: Compulsory full-time education/training 1st cycle (Certificate of 2nd cycle Engineering professional skills (CAP))

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Teacher training for the nd education Vocational training 2 cycle of secondary school is not responsible (Vocational training certificate (BEP)) Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Tertiary education (Doctorate in Medicine) Primary (full-time) Training for primary school teachers Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Advanced Technician Certificate (BTS), Secondary vocational education University Technology Diploma (DUT), 2nd cycle (BAC technique) Teacher Certificate for Teaching Skills, ISCED College of General Education (CAPCEG), Midwifery Degree

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 105 Gambia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Daycare Nursery Lower basic Upper basic Senior secondary Bachelor’s Master’s (GABEC) (WASSC) degree degree

National training authority Medical certificate programmes degree (2 years / 3 years)

Higher diploma Ordinary diploma programmes programmes

Compulsory full-time education/training Diploma in Management

ISCED

Ghana

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Kindergarten Primary school Junior high school Senior high University education University education education (BECE) school (WASCE) - first degree - second degree

Polytechnics non-tertiary Polytechnics Tertiary Polytechnics Tertiary programmes programmes (HND) programmes Teacher training diploma Professional bodies programmes Technical and vocational education

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

106 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Guinea

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early Pre-primary Primary education Secondary school Secondary school Tertiary education, Master Master childhood education (Certificate of basic primary (Collège) (Certificate, (Lycée) (BAC) degree 1 2 care and education (CEPE)) 1st cycle of secondary (3 years/4 years) development education (BEPC)) programmes

Engineering Professional education A (Certificate of Professional Skills (CAP)) Tertiary education, medical studies and related (Doctorate in Medicine) Post-primary vocational education Compulsory full-time education/training (Vocational Training Certificate (CQP)) Professional education B Advanced Technician Certificate (BTS) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Guinea-Bissau

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Basic education Basic education Basic education Secondary Tertiary education education 1st cycle 2nd cycle 3rd cycle education healthcare training

Vocational Vocational training Tertiary education training (4 years/5 years) (0.5 year to 2 years)

Training in Training in Teacher training administration administration and accounting

Compulsory full-time education/training Teacher training for the 3rd cycle Tertiary education (3 years) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Healthcare training Post-secondary (2 years/3 years) is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Professional Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 107 Kenya

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Baby Pre- 1st stage of 2nd stage of 2nd stage of Secondary education Bachelor's degree class unit primary education primary education primary education (KCSE) (science, education, education science, (Standards 1 to 3) (Standards 4 to 6) (Standards 7 and 8) arts, law, commerce) Nursery (KCPE)

Bachelor's degree (engineering, medicine) Youth polytechnics, (Craft trade certificate) Bachelor’s degree Master's (architecture) degree

Youth polytechnics, (Technical vocational certificate) National polytechnics National polytechnics Compulsory full-time education/training (certificate and diploma) (higher diploma)

Early childhood education Secondary general education Technical vocational and care, for which the education and training Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational (TVET) education Teacher training is not responsible college diploma Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Pre-primary teacher training (ECED) Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education /Primary teacher training college

ISCED

Lesotho

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Primary Junior Senior International Bachelor’s degree education (Standard 1-7) secondary secondary Baccalaureate (4 years/5 years) (IB)

Honours programme/ LLB Postgraduate diploma in education Technical vocational education

Master’s degree

Technical vocational education (TVE) Nursing colleges diploma programme Compulsory full-time education/training Technical vocational education Early childhood education Secondary general education Technical vocational education and care, for which the (2 years/3 years) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education College of education - teacher training Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Associate degree Advanced diploma programme programme ISCED

108 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Liberia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Lower basic Upper basic Senior secondary Bachelor’s Master’s education education education education degree degree (BA, BSc., BBA degree)

Multilateral High School Bachelor’s degree (engineering and medicine)

Technical and vocational education Polytechnics/ Community college programmes

Compulsory full-time education/training Teacher training Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Madagascar

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Basic education Basic education Secondary education Bachelor’s Master’s education 1st cycle 2nd cycle (or 2nd cycle of degree degree (primary education) (or 1st cycle of secondary education) secondary education)

Professionalizing General technological Master’s degree training (FTG)

Action for Inclusive Education Secondary school in Madagascar (ASAMA) teacher training

Initial vocational Teacher training training Level 2 (Collège D’enseignement général) Compulsory full-time education/training

Public and private tertiary education: Early childhood education Secondary general education Initial vocational Paramedical training and care, for which the training Level 2 Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational (Entry age is 12 education Initial vocational training Level 3 is not responsible or 13 years old) Post-secondary Public tertiary education (medicine) is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary Initial training for (full-time) Education primary school Engineering Short-cycle tertiary teachers Additional Year education

Vocational training Professional and technical training ISCED (Specialized vocational (Advanced technician certificate (BTS))/ training certificate (BTSS)) (Advanced Technician Diploma (DTS))

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 109 Malawi

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary Primary Junior Senior Bachelor's degree education (Grades 1–6) (Grades 7–8) secondary secondary (Forms 1–2) (Forms 3–4)

Bachelor of Science Master of Science in Medicine in Medicine

Nursing and school of health science certificate programmes Master’s degree

Teacher training college programmes Technical vocational Compulsory full-time education/training diploma programmes

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education Diploma in nursing and in is not responsible health science programmes Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Diplomas and degree Short-cycle tertiary programme in teaching Additional Year education

ISCED

Mali

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

DEA Pre-primary Basic education Basic education Secondary education, Bachelor’s Master’s education cycle 1 cycle 2 general (BAC) degree Bachelor’s degree (DEUG / DUEL) degree

Technical education Master’s degree ( 1/ 2 years) (BAC)

Secondary school Professional education teacher training (CAP)

Engineering degree (2 / 5 years) Professional education Compulsory full-time education/training (BT) Medicine and pharmacy studies Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Health technician cycle 1 education is not responsible Bachelor’s degree (DUT), (DUTS), (2/ 3 years) Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Pre-primary teacher training Tertiary education Primary Teacher training (after DEF) (full-time) Bachelor’s degree (DTSS) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Teacher training Bachelor’s degree (BTS) (After BAC) ISCED Country approval pending

110 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Mauritius

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Primary Lower secondary Upper Upper Bachelor's degree education education education secondary secondary (3 years / 4 years) (Grades 7–9) education education (Grades 10–11) (Grades 12–13) PGC/PGCE (Postgraduate certificate of education) Extended stream Postgraduate diploma (Grades 7—9) (Education)

National Certificate (NC) Level 2 Foundation programme Master's degree National Certificate (NC) Level 3

MPhil Compulsory full-time education/training National Certificate (NC) Level 4

Early childhood education Secondary general education Bachelor's degree and care, for which the (Medicine) (5 years / 6 years) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational National Certificate (NC) Level 5 / Foundation programme / education is not responsible Certificate of Proficiency in Early Childhood Education Programme / Post-secondary Certificate (Early childhood Education) is responsible non-tertiary education National diploma/ higher national Tertiary education diploma programme Primary Diploma (Early (full-time) Education Childhood Education) Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Diploma Brevet de Technicien (BT) (academic oriented) ISCED

Mozambique

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-school Primary education Primary Senior secondary Secondary Bachelor’s degree education education education education (3 years / 4 years) 2nd cycle 2nd cycle

Bachelor’s degree (medicine) Technical vocational basic education (3 years / 4 years)

Integrated Master’s degree

Technical vocational medium education (3 years / 4 years) Compulsory full-time education/training Master’s degree

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Primary teacher Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational training education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 111 Namibia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early child Pre-primary Primary Junior secondary Senior secondary Advanced National development programme education education education Diploma

Vocational education Bachelor’s degree programme and training (3 years / 4 years)

Adult upper primary Postgraduate / education Postgraduate Honours programmes

Compulsory full-time education/training Vocational education Master’s Early childhood education Secondary general education and training degree and care, for which the (advanced) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary National Diploma is responsible non-tertiary education (2 years / 3 years) Certificate in Tertiary education Primary polytechnics (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year National Certificate education at Higher Education Institutions ISCED

Niger

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Specialized tertiary education degree (DESS), Pre-primary Basic education, Basic education, Secondary school Bachelor's Master's In-depth tertiary education 1st cycle 2nd cycle education degree degree education degree (DEA) (1 year/ 3 years)

Master’s degree Vocational education, 2nd cycle Teacher training for secondary school

Professional degree (2 years/4 years) Initial training for teacher helpers Health science studies

Compulsory full-time education/training Vocational training, Pharmaceutical studies st Early childhood education Secondary general education 1 cycle and care, for which the Secondary vocational Ministry of Education: Health studies (medicine) education Teacher is not responsible training Post-secondary Training for basic 2 is responsible non-tertiary education pedagogical advisors Teacher training for Tertiary education nd Primary basic education, 2 cycle (full-time) Education Training Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year for inspectors education Training for basic 1 pedagogical advisors ISCED Professional tertiary education (University Technology Diploma (DUT) Advanced Technician Certificate (BTS), Advanced Technician Diploma (DTS)

112 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Nigeria

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Primary education Junior education Senior secondary Interim joint Bachelor’s Postgraduate development and matriculation board degree programme education (ECDE) (IJMB) Pre-primary A - levelcourse education Master's programme

Secondary technical schools programmes (WASSC), (NECO), (NBC), (NTC) Master's programme in philosophy

Vocational enterprise institutions programmes/ Innovative National Higher national enterprise institute diploma (ND) diploma (HND) Compulsory full-time education/training programme programme

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Nigerian certificate Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education in education (NCE) is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary School of Nursing Bachelor (full-time) Education in Nursing Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Rwanda

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-nursery Pre-primary Primary Lower General Bachelor’s or nursery secondary secondary degree education

Postgraduate Teacher Training programme Colleges: TTCs

Master’s Training and vocational degree education and training

Compulsory full-time education/training Higher education TVET Higher (undergraduate)/ Early childhood education Secondary general education Learning institution Advanced and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 113 Sao Tome and Principe

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary Primary Secondary Secondary Bachelor’s Master’s education education education education education degree degree 1st cycle 2nd cycle 1st cycle 2nd cycle

Teacher Intermediate programme – training Higher polytechnical institute

Vocational education

Compulsory full-time education/training

Secondary education Early childhood education Secondary general education 2nd cycle and professionally qualifying and care, for which the secondary school courses Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Senegal

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary Basic education, 2nd Secondary Tertiary education Master’s education education cycle senior primary general education (degree) degree school graduation (2nd cycle) certificate (BFEM)

Teacher training Secondary vocational education Senior primary-school Secondary-school (Bac technique) level Certificate of level Certificate of Aptitude (CAEM) Aptitude (CAES)

Basic education for youth and adults (EBJA)

Tertiary education (Engineering )(3 years/5 years) Middle vocational education, Certificate Compulsory full-time education/training of professional skills (CAP)

Doctorate in Early childhood education Secondary general education pharmaceutical or medical studies and care, for which the Secondary vocational education (5 years/7 years) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Vocational training certificate (BEP) education is not responsible (entry age is 16, 18 or years old) Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Teacher training for senior Tertiary education primary-school level colleges Primary Secondary vocational education (full-time) (CACEM) Education Vocational training certificate (BEP) (entry age is 16 or 18 years old) Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

Legal skills Advanced technician certificate (BTS), ISCED University Technology Diploma (DUT) Teacher training Certificate of professional skills (CAP)

114 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Seychelles

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Creche Primary Secondary Secondary Advanced certificate Bachelor’s 1–3 4–5 (Cambridge A levels) degree (3 years / 4 years)

Postgraduate certificate Apprenticeship in education programmes

Master's programme Certificate programmes

Advanced diploma Compulsory full-time education/training programme

Diploma Early childhood education Secondary general education programmes and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Secondary teacher education is not responsible training Post-secondary Primary teacher training is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Sierra Leone

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary Bachelor’s Master’s (Junior secondary (Senior secondary school - SSS) degree degree school - JSS)

Higher National Upper secondary Diploma (HND) (Senior secondary school - SSS)

Higher teacher’s Bachelor's degree Technical / Vocational institutes certificate in education Ordinary certificate/Diploma (primary) (secondary)

Compulsory full-time education/training Short cycle Diplomas Licences education Early childhood education Secondary general education programme and care, for which the (Certificate) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Teacher certificate Post-secondary (TC) is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Technical / Vocational Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year institutes Ordinary education National Diploma (OND) ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 115 South Africa

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre Grade Grade Primary education Lower secondary Upper secondary Bachelor's degree development R R (Grades 1 to 7) education education: 3 years / 4 years (Grades 8 to 9) Grades 10-12

Bachelor Honours degree

NC (V) NC (V) NC (V) Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Post graduate diploma (PGD)

Nated Nated Nated N1 N2 N3 Master's degree Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education Nated Nated Nated Diploma Advanced and care, for which the N4 N5 N6 diploma (AD) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education AET AET Levels 1 - 3 Level 4 Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Higher Advanced Education certificate certificate Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED Country approval pending

South Sudan

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Primary Primary Secondary Bachelor’s Technical Master’s education education education cycle degree degree development (P1–P6) (P7–P8) (S1–S4) (3–4 years) (ECED)

Technical and vocational University Master's secondary school undergraduate degree programme (Bachelor's degree) Accelerated Learning Accelerated Learning Programme (L1-L3)/ Programme (L4) Community girls programme University undergraduate programme (long Bachelor's degree) Compulsory full-time education/training Craft and artisan

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Bachelor's in Medicine Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education Pre-service is not responsible teacher training Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Polytechnic programme Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education In-service Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year teacher training education

ISCED

116 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Togo

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education Secondary general Secondary general Teacher training for the 1st cycle of education education 1st cycle education 2nd cycle secondary and post-secondary education

Training for medical workers and Secondary vocational education social advancement agents (Law) 2nd cycle

Training for medical assistants Secondary vocational education 1st cycle Training for public Training for public administrators administrators

Compulsory full-time education/training Secondary vocational education 2nd cycle (Technical diploma (BT), Agricultural Professional Tertiary Training for Early childhood education Secondary general education technical diploma (BTA)) tertiary education education architects and and care, for which the (Professional urban planners Secondary vocational Ministry of Education: Master) (engineering) education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible Secondary vocational education non-tertiary education nd 2 cycle Degree Master’s degree Tertiary education (School leaving certificate (BEP), Primary (full-time) Diploma of occupational studies (DEP)) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year Professional Training for education tertiary education cultural advisors Teacher training (short) ISCED

Training for senior agricultural technicians Uganda

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary Bachelor’s degree (O' level) (A' level)

Postgraduate studies Post-primary, Upper secondary (vocational) (business / technical, vocational education and training (TVET) / primary teachers colleges Master's degree programmes)

Long bachelor's degree Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Diploma programme education (After UACE) is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary Diploma programme (full-time) Education (After certificate 2) Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 117 United Republic of Tanzania

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary Ordinary level Advanced level Undergraduate Postgraduate Certificate (PGC) secondary education secondary education Postgraduate Diploma (PGD)

University Bachelor’s degree NVTA NVTA NVTA NVTA (3 years / 4 years) 1 2 3 4 (Entry age is 17–18)

Master’s University Certificate degree (Entry age is 18–19)

Compulsory full-time education/training University Bachelor degree NTA 5 NTA 6 (medicine, nursing, pharmacy)

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education University Diploma Advanced Postgraduate certificate is not responsible (Entry age is 19–20) diploma (PGC) Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education NTA National Technical National Technical Teacher Teacher Short-cycle tertiary 7 Award Level 8 Award Level 9 Additional Year training education training (NTA 8) (NTA 9) (Certificate) (Diploma) (3 years / 4 years) ISCED

Zambia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Early childhood Primary Secondary Secondary Secondary teacher education education education education education (senior secondary) development development (Grades 8-9) (Grades 10-12)

Bachelor's degre Postgraduate diploma Trade Test Level II Certificate

Bachelor's degree in Medicine, Veterinary (long)

Craft Level Master’s degree Compulsory full-time education/training Pre-primary teacher Diploma (technologist) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education Nursing colleges is not responsible Advanced Certificate Post-secondary (technician) is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary teacher Primary (full-time) Education Trade Test Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year Level I education Certificate Secondary teacher (junior secondary) ISCED

118 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Zimbabwe

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early Primary education Lower secondary Upper secondary Bachelor's programme childhood (Grades 1-7) (Forms 1-4) (Forms 5-6) (3 years /4 years) education

Master’s National Foundation degree Certificate (NFC)

Doctorate medical courses Certificate (1st degree)

Compulsory full-time education/training Apprenticeship Diploma Higher National Diploma

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Pre-primary teaching/ education pre-school teaching/ is not responsible primary teaching/ Post-secondary secondary teaching is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 119 Annex:

ISCED diagrams for OECD/EU countries Albania

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early Pre-primary Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary Bachelor’s Master childhood education/ education education education (general) degree of Science education kindergarten

Upper secondary Master education (part time) Professional

Upper secondary Integrated programs of Log term education second cycle studies specializations (social cultural oriented)

Compulsory full-time education/training High technical and Post-secondary vocational education education

ISCED

Andorra

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Primary education Secondary Upper secondary Bachelor’s - First Master’s / Second education (college) education (Lycée) university cycle university cycle

Vocational Bachelor specializing in education obstetric-gynecological nursing

Sports educator Higher vocational diploma education

Professional Compulsory full-time education/training Bachelor

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 121 Austria

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Crèche Kindergarten Primary school Lower secondary school / Academic secondary Bachelor’s Master’s Academic secondary school, senior stage programme programme school, junior stage / New secondary school Pre-vocational school University course (at post-graduate level) Primary school and Secondary School for Speciﬁc training Secondary modern modern school nursing in the ﬁeld school (Stages 5-8) (Stages 9-10) of nursing Diploma programme

Intermediate technical and vocational school / Vocational school for agriculture and forestry Higher technical and vocational college for working people

Higher technical and vocational college (Grades 1-3) Compulsory full-time education/training Post-secondary college

Early childhood education Secondary general education Home-economic school and other short courses and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational School for master crasmen, education is not responsible Apprenticeship foremen and building workers / Post-secondary Post-secondary course in TVE / is responsible non-tertiary education University course / Add-on course / Tertiary education Higher technical and vocational college (Grades 4-5) Primary Training of physical educators (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education School for medical services Course for the training of auxiliary nurses / ISCED Massage therapists, basic modules

Belarus

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early Pre-primary Primary education Basic general education General secondary Bachelor's degree Master's degree childhood education education

Technical-vocational education Basic higher education (worker qualiﬁcation) (Specialist diploma)

Technical-vocational education Grades 3-4 of the combined with general secondary vocational secondary education education

Compulsory full-time education/training Grades 1-2 of the secondary vocational education

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Technical-vocational education (worker qualiﬁcation) Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

122 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Belgium (Flemish community)

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Regular nursery Regular primary education Regular Regular Regular Academic and Master's Advanced education secondary secondary secondary professional programme Master’s education education education Bachelor’s programme (1st stage) ASO / KSO ASO / KSO programme (2nd stage) (3rd stage) Advanced Bachelor's programmes / Preparatory Regular Regular Regular course / Bridging programme secondary secondary secondary education education education TSO / BSO BSO / TSO BSO Speciﬁc teacher (2nd stage) (3rd stage) (3rd stage) training

Part-time vocational Associate’s degree Compulsory full-time education/training secondary education / Apprenticeship

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Entrepreneurial Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational training courses education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education BSO (4th stage) Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Regular secondary Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education education - ASO and KSO / Advanced secondary education ISCED

Belgium (French-speaking community)

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Regular pre-primary Regular primary education Regular Regular Regular 7th year of regular Academically Master’s degree One year education secondary secondary secondary secondary education oriented Bachelor / more in the education - education: education: with / without access Professionally 2nd cycle common general, general, to tertiary education oriented Bachelor (1st Stage) technical technical and artistic and artistic of transition of transition Specialization of bachelor / (2nd Stage) (3rd Stage) Preparatory courses for Master’s

Regular secondary ird specific Specialization aer education - differentiation one Master / Master differentiated and orientation year following Master (1st Stage )

Compulsory full-time education/training Regular Regular Professional Courses to secondary secondary education be teacher Early childhood education Secondary general education education: education: (4th Stage) and care, for which the vocational, vocational, Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education technical technical Tertiary adult education - is not responsible and artistic and artistic Post-secondary short cycle tertiary vocational is responsible qualiﬁcation qualiﬁcation non-tertiary education (2nd stage) (3rd stage) Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year Apprenticeship training education courses organized by IFAPME

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 123 Bulgaria

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education Lower secondary General proﬁled Professional Bachelor’s education or second stage secondary education degree of basic education

General secondary Bachelor’s programme Master‘s programme education-not proﬁled in universities aer Bachelor’s degree

VET programmes for ﬁrst level of professional qualiﬁcation Master university programs – aer completion of Grade 6 or 7 long 1st degree

VET programmes for first level Compulsory full-time education/training of professional qualification aer completion of Grade 8 Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education VET programmes for second level of is not responsible professional qualification/ aer Grades 7, 8 Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Vocational Education training Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year programmes education aer secondary education ISCED

Canada

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early Elementary education Junior high/ Senior high/ Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree childhood middle School secondary school development or equivalent Pre-elementary Above Bachelor’s education of equivalent degree credential kindergarten or equivalent Vocational/technical high school/ professional education Above Master’s Upgrading degree program credential or equivalent

College diploma/ Trade certiﬁcate/ Compulsory full-time education/training undergraduate diploma/ technical or professional certiﬁcate program training Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Secondary vocational Ministry of Education: Apprenticeship Post career professional education is not responsible programme training programmes Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

124 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Croatia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Educational Preschool Initial primary Formal education in Professional /university Graduate programme for education education upper grades of (undergraduate) study university children under programme elementary school study 3 years of age Vocational education within regular education 1/ 2 years enable access to labour market Integrated undergraduate and graduate study

Art education at the elementary level Vocational education 1/2 years - access to labour market Specialist Postgraduate graduate specialist study professional study Art education/ grammar secondary school educational Compulsory full-time education/training program Short-cycle professional study Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Cyprus

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Primary Public lower Upper secondary Undergraduate degree Postgraduate, secondary general (public lyceum) / Master’s degree Pre-primary general guest pupils - lyceums (gymnasium) / guest pupils - gymnasiums Bachelor, tertiary, Masters, tertiary, Day nurseries-early childhood non-university non-university development programmes

Private secondary Private secondary general (lower) general (upper) Modular programme at Master level

Guest pupils - technical, vocational schools / Long ﬁrst degree Compulsory full-time education/training Private secondary technical / Upper secondary technical and vocational (public) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Diploma, tertiary Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational non-university education is not responsible Post-secondary Post secondary is responsible non-tertiary education non-tertiary institutes Tertiary education Primary Higher diploma, tertiary (full-time) Education non-university Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 125 Czechia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Basic school – (1st stage)/ Basic school – Courses for completing Language schools/ Bachelor’s study home schooling 2nd stage basic education/ study Post secondary courses, of selected subjects vocational/ Course retaining with apprenticeship certiﬁcate/ Master’s study (short 2-3 years) Preparatory classes Gymnasium – lower stage second qualiﬁcation for socially disadvantaged 8 years (Grades 1-4) children Special Gymnasium – lower Gymnasium - upper stage of 8-years courses for stage 6 years courses (Grades 5-8)/- upper stage of 6-year Master’s courses (Grades 1-2) courses (Grades 3-6) /4-years course Follow-up/ shortened courses Conservatoire programmes of liberal arts, with stages of 1 to 8 Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education Secondary education course with/without and care, for which the maturita exam Higher technical school Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary Secondary education course with is responsible non-tertiary education Special courses for apprenticeship certiﬁcate Bachelor’s and graduates Tertiary education Primary (full-time) of higher technical schools Education Short-cycle tertiary Secondary technical and vocational Additional Year education courses with maturita exam

ISCED Lyceum

Denmark

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Nursery school Kindergarten Primary school Primary school e free secondary education Bachelor’s Master’s (Grades 1-6) (Grades 7-9) programmes programmes Primary school Pre-school (Grade 10) class in Vocational bachelor programmes primary school High- HF higher preparatory school examination, single subject Bachelor’s programmes, engineering / Oﬃcer (bachelor) / courses Other medium-cycle higher education

Upper secondary education Bachelor’s programmes, adult education

Master of Arts programmes Admittance examinations Compulsory full-time education/training for engineering programmes Master’s programmes, 5 years Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Vocational educational Oﬃcer (long-cycle higher education) education is not responsible training: main course, others, Post-secondary main course (access to higher level) is responsible non-tertiary education Cand. phil. Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Master’s programmes, adult education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year Other short-cycle higher education education

Short-cycle higher education, open adult education ISCED

Business academy programmes / Academy programmes (tertiary adult education programmes)

126 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Estonia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood education/Pre-primary Basic education (Grades 1-6) Basic education General secondary Bachelor's/Master’s study programs education (general study programme (Grades 7-9) education (Bologna process) of pre-primary education)

Basic education (Grades 5-9) Integrated Bachelor's/Master’s long-cycle in Tallinn Ballet School study programme (corresponding Bologna process)

Vocational education based on basic education Professional higher education programme

Vocational Vocational secondary education education based on Compulsory full-time education/training secondary education Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education Vocational education for is not responsible person who do not have basic Post-secondary education and exceeded is responsible non-tertiary education age of compulsory school Tertiary education Primary attendance (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Finland

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Kindergarten Kindergarten Comprehensive school (Grades 1-6) Comprehensive Upper secondary general Lower university Higher university family day care family day care school programmes (Bachelor's degree (Master's degree programmes) programmes) Pre-primary education (Grades 7-9, 10) for 6-year-old children in kindergarten and comprehensive schools Upper secondary vocational Polytechnic Bachelor's Polytechnic Master's programmes leading to initial degree programmes degree programmes vocational qualiﬁcations (youth and adult education)

Upper secondary Higher university programmes Specialists in medicine, vocational programmes dentistry, veterinary medicine

Compulsory full-time education/training Vocational Vocational college programmes programmes preparing for Early childhood education Secondary general education specialist and care, for which the vocational Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education qualiﬁcations is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 127 France

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pre-elementary Primary education Secondary education General secondary education University education, University education, education (1st cycle) (2nd cycle), preparing for Bac general, 1st graduation 2nd graduation technology and technician certiﬁcate

Education for teachers in ESPE Specialized tertiary

nd / Second tertiary programmes professional degrees Vocational secondary education (2 cycle) in professional ﬁelds following a Master’s preparing for Bac professionnal or equivalent

Business schools in 3 years / Professional tertiary Vocational secondary education education in health, diploma in applied arts, accountability (2nd cycle) preparing to CAP

Academic Professional tertiary education Vocational secondary education tertiary preparing for an engineering degree (2nd cycle) preparing for MC education Compulsory full-time education/training Professional tertiary education for civil nd servants and teachers in private schools Early childhood education Secondary general education Vocational secondary education (2 cycle) and care, for which the in health and social services institutions, Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational childcare assistants, professionalcertificate, education is not responsible and equivalent Programmes in medicine, pharmacy and odontology (6-11 years) Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Academic tertiary education / Business schools (5 years) / Tertiary education Vocational postsecondary education Primary Professional tertiary education in applied arts, veterinaries, etc. (full-time) preparing for local certificates / Education Preparatory courses for competitive Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year entrance examinations education Professional tertiary education in universities and other institutions preparing for health and care qualifications Bridge programmes and for few diploma in technics, law and arts ISCED (university) to allow access to Levels 5 or 6 Professional tertiary education in IUT, BTS

Germany

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Crèche, day Kindergarten Primary / Comprehensive Secondary general / Upper secondary / Grammar / University studies University studies nursery / Waldorf schools Intermediate / Grammar / Comprehensive / Waldorf Schools (Bachelor’s) (Master’s) (Grades 1-4) Comprehensive / Waldorf (Grades 11-13 or 10-12) schools (Grades 5 -9/10) Universities of Applied Science (Diploma) General programmes in full-time Pre-school classes / Orientation stage (Grades 5 and 6) vocational schools / Pre-vocational Bachelor’s and Master’s in vocational University studies kindergarten training diploma in vocational academies, Baden- (postgraduate and academies, Colleges Wuerttemberg supplementary Specialized vocational of public administration/ Cooperative studies) schools Bachelor in Baden- State University, Second Master Pre-vocational and vocational Wuerttemberg Colleges of public programmes and training in vocational Cooperative State administration, academies, University, Universities Universities of Dual system / Occupational qualification / Colleges of public of Applied Science Applied Science Full-time vocational training programmes administration, Compulsory full-time education/training Universities of Applied Science, University studies / Early childhood education Secondary general education Short health sector programmes / Health sector programmes, Trade and technical Postgraduate studies; and care, for which the Training for civil servants (medium level) short / Childcare worker schools // Kindergarten supplementary Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational teacher programme education programme studies is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Basic vocational training Special type of Second Diploma and Bachelor in colleges of public Tertiary education (first year in the dual system) vocational skills administration / second Bachelor in University studies Primary (full-time) programme Education Dual system (second cycle and third qualification) / Full-time Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year vocational training / Second cycle aer obtaining vocational Universities of Applied Science (second diploma) education qualification / Upper secondary evening schools

ISCED Vocational and technical high schools University studies (diploma)

Specialized vocational high schools, 1 year Master Crasmen programmes at trade and technical schools (short)

128 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Gibraltar

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nursery Key stage 1 Key stage 2 Key stage 3 GCSE A Level Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Reception

AS Level Post -graduate diplomas and certiﬁcates

NVQ NVQ (Level 1) (Level 2) NVQ NVQ (Level 3) (Level 4)

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Greece

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Kindergarten Pre-primary Elementary school (primary) Gymnasium Uniﬁed Lyceum University University sector (early childhood) (lower secondary (upper secondary (post-graduate education) education) studies, Master’s)

Technical vocational Technological education institutions / educational Lyceium schools AEN- tertiary schools of commercial (upper secondary education) marine and schools of tourism and ecclesiastical schools

Technical vocational educational schools Higher professional education - (upper secondary education) art schools / Greek Open University

Compulsory full-time education/training Institute of vocational Greek Open University training (post secondary (post-graduate studies, Early childhood education Secondary general education non-tertiary education) Master) / Technological and care, for which the sector (post-graduate Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational studies, Master) / education is not responsible International Hellenic Post-secondary University is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 129 Hungary

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Créche Kindergarten General School General school lower Upper secondary Bachelor’s/Master’s programme (full/part-time) (of which one year Primary education secondary (Grades 5-8) (full-time/ part-time) pre-school education) (Grades 1-4) Postgraduate Second chance programs specialization programme (full/part-time) (minimum Bachelor) Bridging programme I

Uniﬁed programme in universities (full/part-time) Bridging programme II

University level education (full/part-time) Vocational programmes not requiring Compulsory full-time education/training completed primary general education (full/part time education) College level education (full/part-time) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational General and vocational education preparing education for arts vocational in upper secondary school is not responsible Postgraduate (full/part time) Post-secondary specialization is responsible non-tertiary education programme (full/part-time) Tertiary education Primary (minimum Master) (full-time) Vocational school Non-tertiary NQR Education dual system vocational program Short-cycle tertiary requiring upper secondary Additional Year Tertiary vocational programme education qualiﬁcation or certiﬁcation (short cycle) (full/part-time) of maturity examination (full/part time) ISCED

Iceland

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1-year general Pre-primary Pre-primary Primary school Lower secondary General programmes leading programmes Tertiary programmes, Tertiary programmes, school I school II school to matriculation examination at post- first university degree leading to a second at upper secondary level secondary degree level General programmes at the start of upper secondary level Tertiary programmes, 0 Grade for not leading to a second 5-year-olds Upper secondary school degree / Tertiary leaving certificate programmes, continuing education aer first Matriculation examination at upper tertiary degree secondary level aer completion of Tertiary programmes, vocational programmes exchange students

Compulsory full-time education/training Tertiary programmes, first university degree Vocational programmes Vocational at upper secondary level programmes Early childhood education Secondary general education at post-secondary and care, for which the level Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Tertiary programmes, not leading education to a university degree is not responsible Post-secondary Marine engineering Marine captain and is responsible non-tertiary education programmes engineering programmes Tertiary education Short practical and basic diploma Primary (full-time) programmes at the tertiary level Education Certified indentured trades Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Trade Master's programmes at Teacher's qualification Fine and applied arts at upper secondary post-secondary programme, no degree ISCED level, Levels 6, 7 and Preparatory level in a certified programme for fine and applied arts indentured trade

1-year programmes at post-secondary level

130 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Israel

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre-primary Six-year primary education ree-year lower ree-year upper Bachelor's degree from: Second degree from education education secondary secondary education universities, Open universities, academic education University, colleges colleges, Open University, (government-dependent foreign-aﬃliated private and independent universities private), foreign-aﬃliated Eight-year primary education Four-year upper secondary universities general education

University post-graduate diploma Upper secondary vocational education M.D/D.M.D - medicine studies

Apprenticeship and industrial \schools Compulsory full-time education/training First degree from Second degree from teachers training teachers training colleges (academic track), colleges (academic track), Early childhood education Secondary general education public public and care, for which the Pre-academic Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational preparatory education programmes / is not responsible Preparatory Post-secondary Teacher Second degree from is responsible non-tertiary education programmes training teachers training colleges for practical colleges (academic track), public Tertiary education Primary engineers (non- academic (full-time) Education track) Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Ministry of Education/Economy: technician, practical engineer / Tertiary non-academic track, ISCED government-dependent/independent private

Italy

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pre-primary Primary school Lower secondary Liceo education (classical, University – University - Master’s school education scientiﬁc, artistic, human sciences Bachelor’s programme (second degree) and music/dance liceo) programme

University - Post-Bachelor’s programme Vocational Vocational Institute / Institute / Education and Education and vocational vocational training Higher education Higher education training / (one year) / in fine arts, drama, in fine arts, drama, Arts institute Arts institute dance and music - dance and music - first level second level programme (Master’s) (Bachelor’s) Post 1st level Artistic Liceo Integrated course programme - nd of four-year study Higher education Post 2 level Compulsory full-time education/training course artistic Liceo in fine arts, drama, programme - dance and music Higher education in fine arts, drama, Early childhood education Secondary general education dance and music and care, for which the Experimental five-year study course of Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Arts Institute / Technical institute / education Vocational institute University – Master’s (long first degree, 5-6 years) is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Regional vocational University - Specialization Tertiary education Primary training aer the University - post-Master’s programme (full-time) Education attainment of an ISCED 3 post-Master programme Short-cycle tertiary qualification or diploma Additional Year education

Higher level technical education Higher-level technical ISCED education and training

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 131 Latvia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary education programmes General basic education – General basic Secondary general Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree (part of the programmes from 3 years on) ﬁrst stage (Grades 1 – 6) education – education second stage Pre-primary (Grades 7 – 9) education programmes up to age Vocatinal education (acquisition of 2 years 2nd level professional qualiﬁcation) (early childhood implemented aer acquisition of education) basic education. Duration of programme 3 years.

Vocational basic education Vocational education First level of Second level of without limitations to previous (acquisition of 2nd level professional professional higher educational attainment professional qualiﬁcation) higher education education (acquisition Compulsory full-time education/training implemented aer (acquisition of of 5th level) acquisition of general 4th level) or vocational secondary Early childhood education Secondary general education education. Duration of and care, for which the programme 1 year Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Upper secondary vocational education Tertiary education Primary (acquisition of 3rd level (full-time) Education professional qualiﬁcation) Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Lithuania

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre-primary education / Primary education General lower secondary General upper secondary Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree educational (preparatory classes programmes (basic) education programmes education programmes development for schooling) programmes Integrated studies Vocational education for person without basic education aimed at the acquisition of a professional qualiﬁcation/ and basic education

Vocational education for person without basic education aimed at the acquisition of a professional qualiﬁcation/ and secondary education Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Vocational Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education education programmes is not responsible for persons Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education with secondary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

132 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Luxembourg

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre- Primary education Lower general Middle and upper general Bachelor’s Master’s primary secondary / secondary education degree degree Early education Technical education maturity education Bachelor's degree in Master’s Preparatory regime of the technical science of education degree secondary education

Certificate in English, Welcome classes Professional initiation classes medical and pharmacy for newcomers (>15 years) / Welcome classes studies (12-15 years old) for newcomers (16-17 years old) Certificate - European school for advanced veterinary medicine / International classes preparing the Lifelong learning studies Compulsory full-time education/training international baccalaureate in tutoring and teaching Professional training Early childhood education Secondary general education for general practitioner and care, for which the Technical training regime / Initial vocational Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational training leading to the technician's diploma Professional compulsory education is not responsible (DT) / Apprenticeship at two degrees: CITP training for lawyer and secondary school teachers Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Lifelong Learning studies Professional regime: CCM / Basic vocational Tertiary education in town planning and Primary (full-time) training leading to the vocational capacity Education language and culture / certificate (CCP) / Professional regime: with Professional training Short-cycle tertiary full-time school / school and work-based / Additional Year for chartered accountant education Initial vocational training (full-time / and chartered auditors school and work-based) leading to the vocational aptitude diploma (DAP) ISCED Master crasman's diploma Higher technician certificate Malta

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Pre-primary Primary education Lower secondary Upper Higher secondary Bachelor’s degree course education secondary education education Bachelor’s degree Introductory certificate Post-graduate certificate in education Diploma/Certificate

Post-graduate certiﬁcate/diploma / Foundation course Master’s degree / Post-graduate diploma / Diploma public notary / Doctor of laws

Compulsory full-time education/training National diploma / certiﬁcate Bachelor’s degree

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Mphil / Master’s degree / Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Certiﬁcate LLM education is not responsible Post-secondary Diploma/Higher national diploma is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education AAT diploma Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Diploma / Higher national diploma ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 133 Monaco

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Elementary Elementary High school Licence Master’s (Post-BAC) degree

Technical college Higher artistic Higher artistic education (Bac+3) education (Bac+5)

State nursing diploma

Higher technician’s Compulsory full-time education/training certiﬁcate (BTS)

ISCED

Netherlands

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-school and Primary education Junior general Senior general Professional Bachelor’s Professional pre-primary secondary secondary education degree Master’s degree education education (ﬁrst three grades of HAVO and VWO and combined classes) Academic Academic Bachelor's degree Master’s degree

Pre-vocational Vocational education/ Training secondary education/ - Assistant (level 1) Associate degree practical training - Basic (level 2) programmes - Professional (level 3) - Middle-management (level 4)

Compulsory full-time education/training Vocational education, Early childhood education Secondary general education specialist and care, for which the training (level 4) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education full-time school is not responsible based and dual Post-secondary programmes is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

134 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Norway

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Primary level Lower secondary Upper secondary, Bachelor’s programme level general programmes

Bachelor’s Master’s Preparatory courses programme programme

Upper secondary, vocational Programmes in general teacher education and programmes special subject teacher education in practical- aesthetic subjects - outside the Ba-Ma cycle

Vocational, lower competence level University college degree programme

Compulsory full-time education/training

Specialization courses Folk high Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the school Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education Master’s programme Experience-based is not responsible Master’s programme Post-secondary Short post- is responsible non-tertiary education secondary Tertiary education vocational Primary (full-time) education Long professional programmes in theology, Education psychology, medicine and veterinary science Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Tertiary vocational education ISCED

Poland

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-school education Primary school Lower secondary General 1st degree studies - Bachelor’s degree school - secondary (full/part time) gymnasium school Post Secondary School 2nd degree studies – post Bachelor master diploma studies (full/part time) Primary 1st level music school 1st / 2nd level music school

University studies Master’s degree (full/part time) Arts/ Ballet school

School of Fine Arts Post-graduate studies Compulsory full-time education/training Post-secondary vocal and stage performance Teacher training college Sports and sports Early childhood education Secondary general education school (full/part-time programmes) and care, for which the masterclass lower- Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational secondary school education Specialized is not responsible secondary Post-secondary school (for youth) Foreign language teacher training college is responsible Post-secondary non-tertiary education culture animators (full/part-time programmes) Tertiary education and librarians Primary (full-time) school Education Short-cycle tertiary Colleges of social work Additional Year education Basic vocational school (full/part-time programmes)

ISCED Technical secondary school

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 135 Portugal

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education – Lower secondary Upper secondary education - Tertiary education - Tertiary education - first education regular and specialized education - regular - scientific-humanistic first programme in advanced research artistic courses regular and courses / Specialized artistic higher education level qualification (1st cycle) specialized courses (young-oriented artistic courses programmes) - music Tertiary education - second complementary Primary education – Tertiary education - first degree in higher regular and specialized degree higher education education level artistic courses (2nd cycle) level (preparatory programme for the 1st cycle licenciatura) Lower secondary Lower secondary Tertiary education - second education - education - education programme in higher vocational courses and training courses (Type 2 and 3) education level (specialized studies “post-graduation”)

Compulsory full-time education/training Upper secondary education - regular - Tertiary education - second programme in technological, vocational and apprenticeship higher education level (specialized studies Early childhood education Secondary general education courses / Specialized artistic courses “post-graduation”) for holders of a first and care, for which the (young-oriented programmes) – degree “licenciado” level / second degree Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational dance, audiovisual and visual arts in higher education level / second qualification education is not responsible in higher education level (specialized course) Post-secondary for holders of a first degree “licenciado” level is responsible non-tertiary education Upper secondary education - education and Tertiary education Primary training courses (Type 4, 5 and 6) (full-time) Education Tertiary education - first/second degree Short-cycle tertiary higher education level Additional Year education Upper secondary education - education and training courses - complementary training type Tertiary education - first degree higher education ISCED Post-secondary non-tertiary - level (preparatory programme for the integrated technological specialization course Master’s (or integrated mestrado)) Republic of Maldova

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early Pre-primary Primary education Gymnasium education Lyceum education Higher education Higher education childhood licentiate Masterat development Secondary professional education Higher integrated education in architecture and veterinary Secondary professional education Higher education in medicine and pharmacy

Grades 1-2 of Specialized secondary education Grades 3-4 of secondary Compulsory full-time education/training specialized education

ISCED

136 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Rep. of North Macedonia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Primary education Lower secondary Upper secondary education- University education (three/ ﬁve years) education/ Pre-primary education regular genera/regular vocational education day care education Integrated studies (long 1st degree programms)

Primary education- Lower secondary – Worker art education art education programmes Vocational Master’s degree training

Specialist’s degree

Upper secondary – regular vocational/ religious education

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

Romania

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pre-primary Pre-primary Primary Lower secondary-gymnazium Upper secondary-high school University level accredited ﬁrst/second cycle study level (Bachelor’s/ Master’s degree)

Second chance Second chance lower University level accredited long ﬁrst primary secondary degree study level (Master's equivalent degree)

Upper secondary - Post secondary – Post graduate vocational education non-tertiary studies

Post graduate studies Second chance for ﬁrst Compulsory full-time education/training cycle upper secondary (vocational included) Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 137 Russian Federation

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre-primary Primary education Lower secondary education Upper Post secondary, Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree education education secondary non-tertiary education education

Specialist diploma

Upper secondary education Concession certiﬁcate

Secondary professional education diploma or professional qualiﬁcation certiﬁcate Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education Advanced research and care, for which the programme Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational (candidate of education is not responsible science diploma) Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

San Marino

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early childhood Pre-primary Primary school Lower secondary Liceo education Bachelor's degree Master's degree educational school education (classical, linguistic, development scientiﬁc and economic)

Master’s Master’s Educational and (Level I) (Level II) vocational training

Technical institute

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

138 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Slovakia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Basic school, 1st stage Basic school, 2nd stage Secondary specialised Bachelor Master school - programme with university university maturita study study

Preparatory Gymnasium (8/ 6/ 4 years) classes in Magisters and Engineer study basic school Post secondary qualiﬁcation/ Practical school specialized study State examina rigoroza

Compulsory full-time education/training Dance conservatoire (6/ 8 years) Higher professional Early childhood education Secondary general education studies and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Vocational School education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Secondary specialised school - Tertiary education Primary program without/with maturia (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Slovenia

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pre-school education Basic education (Grades 1-6) Basic education General upper- Matura course Academic study Professional study (1st /2nd age period) (Grades 7-9) secondary education and general matura programmes programmes Gimnazija (ﬁrst cycle higher (ﬁrst-cycle higher education) education)

Master’s study Vocational/ short Vocational-technical program upper secondary upper secondary (second-cycle education education higher education)

Technical upper Vocational course Integrated Master’s study programs secondary education and vocational (second cycle higher education) matura Compulsory full-time education/training Professional Specialization aer Early childhood education Secondary general education higher education professional higher and care, for which the (former)/ education (former) Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational ﬁrst cycle education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Short-cycle higher vocational Primary (full-time) education Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 139 Spain

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Early childhood Pre-primary Elementary Compulsory- General upper Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree education education school lower secondary secondary education (Grades 1-6) education Compulsory- upper secondary University education – ﬁrst degree (1st cycle) education

Short post- Professional Professional grade degree certificate certificate (Level 1) (Level 2) Post-degree health studies (specialist) Initial vocational training Compulsory full-time education/training programmes / Vocational training – intermediate level / Specific Master’s degrees Languages studies at the of universities Early childhood education Secondary general education official school for languages and care, for which the Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Dance and music studies – education Long Bachelor’s degree / University is not responsible intermediate level education – Long first degree (1st and 2nd cycles) Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Specific degrees Tertiary education Primary of universities Specific degrees of universities (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education Professional certificate Specific vocational training – (Level 3) advanced level ISCED

Sweden

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-school, for Pre-school, for Compulsory school (Grades 1-6) Compulsory Upper secondary Bachelor’s Tertiary education, children/pupils children/pupils school school (general) programme, general (2nd cycle) younger than 3 years of age (Grades 7-9) general 3 years or older Pre-school classes Upper secondary school - individual programme at Tertiary education, Tertiary education, compulsory school level professional and professional and Master’s Bachelor’s programme, ﬁne arts (2nd cycle) programme in ﬁne arts Upper secondary school - individual programme Tertiary education, professional

Upper secondary school, Compulsory full-time education/training introduction programmes Master’s programme, general

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Upper secondary Supplementary Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Tertiary education Master’s, education school (vocational) education is not responsible programmes general (2nd cycle) Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Advanced vocational training Primary (full-time) Advanced Vocational Education Supplementary education Training Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year programmes / Technical Supplementary education programmes / education foundation year in universities Tertiary education ﬁne arts, professional, general and university colleges ISCED

140 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems Switzerland

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kindergarten Primary school Secondary General education University University education programmes, short Bachelor’s Master’s (1st stage)

School preparing for the university University of University entrance certiﬁcate applied science post-graduate / Specialized middle schools and diploma / Federal Master of Advanced baccalaureate / Foreign programmes PET Diploma Studies / Advanced giving access to the tertiary level examination / Federal PET diploma higher vocational examination / higher education (Stage I) vocational education (Stage II) Bridge-year courses University of applied science, post-graduate / Master of Advanced Vocational baccalaureate* Compulsory full-time education/training Studies // Post-graduate course PET college

Early childhood education Secondary general education Vocational education (in school and in the dual and care, for which the system) / Trade school education and training Pedagogical university diploma / Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational PET College/technical school education is not responsible Post-secondary Vocational education without regulation is responsible non-tertiary education on the federal level University diploma Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Elementary vocational education / Vocational Additional Year education education leading to a federal VET diploma Higher vocational education, Other complementary programmes with/without (Stage I) (no regulation on the federal level) access to the tertiary level / University preparatory course ISCED for persons with vocational baccalaureate

*Even if the name of the programme includes the term “vocational”, this program is considered of General Education based on its characteristics Turkey

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Early Pre-primary Primary education/ Lower secondary General upper secondary Bachelor’s programme Master’s programme childhood education Music and ballet education education (with/without thesis) care and primary school education Education faculty for upper Music and ballet Music and ballet Music and stage arts high school secondary school teaching primary school lower secondary education

Associate degree Imam and preacher Imam and preacher high school/ programme lower secondary school Anatolia imam and preacher high school

Compulsory full-time education/training Open lower secondary education

Early childhood education Secondary general education and care, for which the Open high school Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Vocational and technical upper secondary education / Music and Tertiary education Primary stage arts high school / Open (full-time) Education vocational high school Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 141 Ukraine

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pre-primary Pre-primary Primary general Basic general secondary General secondary Basic higher education education education education education education for young children Full higher education Non completed higher education

Full higher education

Vocational training Technical-vocational education

Non completed higher education

Compulsory full-time education/training

ISCED

United Kingdom

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Children’s Reception Primary school2 Secondary school3 Key skills4 A/AS Access to Bachelor’s Master’s centres and nursery Level5 HE Diploma6 degree degree registered classes in schools1 childminders day nurseries GCSE7 Post-graduate diplomas and certiﬁcates

Diploma Diploma (higher level) (advanced level) NVQ NVQ (Level 4) (Level 5)

Diploma (foundation level) Diploma of higher education / Compulsory full-time education/training Foundation degree

Apprenticeship Advanced Early childhood education Secondary general education (Level 2) apprenticeships and care, for which the Higher national diploma Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational education is not responsible Post-secondary is responsible NVQ NVQ non-tertiary education (Level 1) (Level 3) Higher national certiﬁcate Tertiary education Primary NVQ (full-time) Education (Level 2) Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED 1. In Northern Ireland, the theoretical duration of the programme “Reception and nursery classes in schools” is 1 year 2. In Northern Ireland, “Primary school” goes from 4 to 11 years old. In Scotland, “Primary school” goes from 5 to 12 years old 3. In Scotland, “Secondary school” goes from 12 to 14 years old 4. In Scotland, the name of this programme is “Core Skills” 5. In Scotland, there are two programmes: “Higher” (theoretical starting age at 16 years and theoretical duration of 1 year) and “Advanced Higher” (theoretical starting age at 17 years and theoretical duration of 1 year) 6. In Scotland, “Access to HE Diploma” goes from 19 to 20 years old 7. In Scotland, the name of this programme is “Standard Grades”

142 Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems United States of America

Early Childhood – Post-Secondary Education Tertiary Education Student’s age Programme duration (in years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Preschool Primary education Middle education Secondary education Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree or pre- (Grades 7-9) (Grades 10-12) Programme programme kindergarten Kindergarten Post-Bachelor's certiﬁcate programme GED or H.S. equivalency programme 1st professional degree programme

Certiﬁcate programme 1st professional degree programme – medical Compulsory full-time education/training

Early childhood education Secondary general education Vocational associate’s and care, for which the degree programme / Ministry of Education: Secondary vocational Academic associate’s education is not responsible degree programme Post-secondary is responsible non-tertiary education Tertiary education Primary (full-time) Education Short-cycle tertiary Additional Year education

ISCED

Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems 143 The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) was established to organize information on education systems to facilitate cross-national comparability of education statistics, while providing a way monitor progress towards national, regional and global education goals. The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) has been collecting data on education systems and for the first time, presents them visually in this report.

To help countries report data on Sustainable Development Goal 4 on education, the UIS has produced Using ISCED Diagrams to Compare Education Systems, and online content, incorporating information from mappings currently available.

The report presents regional and global analyses of education systems of 133 countries and provides country-specific diagrams based on ISCED 2011 classifications, including an Annex with ISCED diagrams of countries in the OECD and the European Union. It aims to offer global organizations, national policymakers, education experts, academics and others, a way to visualize and compare the key features of education systems.

In addition, the online visualization tool presents ISCED diagrams in a modern and simple multilingual design and can be used by mobile, tablet and desktop users. The number of country diagrams available will grow as participation in the collaborative monitoring and reporting process increases.