DOCSLIB.ORG

V26n4p159-173

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
V26n4p159-173 r9821 ESSIG:GULUBIA Principes, 26(4), 1982, pp. I59-I?3 A Synopsisof the GenusGulubia FRnoeRrcrB. Essrc Department ofBiology, flniuersity ofSouth Flnrida, Tampa, FL 3362O Gulubia is a genus of nine known tandrous genera, petals of the pistillate species in the Areca alliance of palms. flowers have long, tapered tips ihat are The genus is distributed from the Moluc- closed over the stigma at the time the cas in Indonesia to the Palau Islands, New inflorescence opens. Staminate anthesis is Guinea, the Solomon Islands. the New first (though not immediate), with pistillate Hebrides, Fiji, and Australia. All are soli- anthesis following sometime later (details tary, moderate, elegant palms with prom- of timing have not been observed). inent crownshafts and clean tmnks. Two The present account summarizes what species have leaves with essentially straight is known about Gulubia, but is clearlv rachises and pendulous pinnae (Figs. 1- preliminary in nature. Specimens avail- 2), while the remaining species have able for most species are meager and there strongly arched leaves with erect pinnae is much that is not known. A large part (Figs- 3-8). These palms are eminently of the range of the genus has not been suitable for cultivation in the tropics, but adequately explored for palms, so new have not yet been widely planted. They species may come to light in the future, seem to have little economic use, but in just ag two new speciesare described here. New Guinea at least are used for floor- It is hoped that this paper will stimulate boards and sometimes for siding on build- the further exploration that is needed. ings. The genus is closely related to Grono- Fruit phyllum, Hyd.riastele, and Nengella, with Structurein Gulubia which it forms a natural subunit of the The structure of the pericarp has been Areca alfiance (Essig and Young 1979). found to be of considerabletax;nomic sis- From Hydriastele, Gulubia is separated nificancein the arecoidpalrns (Essig 1928, only by its emergent, solitary rathlr than Essigand Young l97t), so a spe;ial sec- caespitose habit. Inflorescence and flowers tion on the fruit of Gulubia is included are essentially indistinguishable. However here. The known speciesof Gulubia share it seems useful to provide an account of several basic features: a prominent pali- these distinctive emergent palms, even sade layer derived from the locular epi- though their generic status may hav'e to dermis, a series of fibrovascular bundies be reviewed in the future. From Grono- of varioussizes and shapes,a prominent, phyllum and, Nengella, Gulubia and dense zone of tanniniferous parenchyma, Hydriastele are disiinguished by a pro- and a subepidermal zone of compr;ssed togynous rather than protandrous mode of parenchyma. There are no sclereids or flowering and related morphology. In the crystalsin the outer pericarp, featuresthat p.rotogynous genera, pistillate petals are are commonin other arecoidDalms. short and the stigma is exposed it the time Representativesof all nine speciesof the inflorescence - opens. Pistillate anthesis Gulubia were examined using standard is immediate and staminate anthesis fol- histologicaltechniques (see Es-siglg7B). lows in 24 hours (Essig l9Z3). In the pro- Eight speciesare illustrated. Preparations PRINCIPES lVoL. 26 L. Gulubia moluecana,cultivated at Bogor (from Beccari,Am. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg2, plate 7. 1885)' 2. Gulubia costdta' in lowland forest near the Frieda River' from dried material of Gulubia pct'lauensis tion of bundles (Fig. 9), which may be taken as. a more generalized condition were not adequate for drawing, but some 'n information was obtained, which will be probably ancestral to that G. costata. summarized below. 2. Gulubia longispatha can be char- Variation in fruit structure.is striking acterized by the presence of a distinct at every level, including the subspecific, series of fibrous bundles located outside of so detailed conclusions about the fruit the tanniniferous zone and apparently not structure in particular species cannol be connected with the fibrovascular bundles made based on limited samples. This is to the inside of the tanniniferous zone (Figs' iflustraled in the specimens of Culubia t 2-r4). longispa.tha, taken from three widely 3. Gulubia ualida appears to be most separated populations (Figs. l2-14). The similar to G. longispatha, bur lacks the following tentative remarks do seem to be outer series of fibrous bundles' and has a warranted however: broader zone of non-tanniniferous paren- I. Gulubia costdta clearly stands out chyma between the fibrovascular bundles because of the presence of very large and the tanniniferous zone (Fig. ll). fibrovascular bundles, alternating with 4. Gulubia hombronii and G. cYlin- much smaller ones, that give the fruit a drocarpa appear to be very similar in their ribbed appearance (Fig. l0). Gulubia fruit structure (Figs. 15 and l8). nith the moluccana clearly lacks this differentia- latter species apparently having smaller, l 9821 ESSIG:GULUBIA 3. Gulubia long^ispatha, growing +' culubia on the slopes of Mt. Suckling. rongispatha'type prant oi i. u^*li,t "irBella vista,c""oJn"u*"l photoby L. H. Brass, s. Gutuu toto nffi;t":i",T"T:'#,fiiT:XT;" FriedaRiver . 6. Culubia ualida, from the Torricelli Mourtalr, 1typ"il;j. PRINCIPES lVoL. 26 7. Gulubiahombronii, Santa Ysabel Island. Photo 8. Gulubia microcarpa,Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. by H. E. Moore,Jr. (courtesyL. H. BaileyHorto- Photoby H. E. Moore,Jr. (courtesyL. H. Bailey rium). ' Hortorium). more numerous and crowded fibrovascu- lar bundles. This difference may not be pericarp similar Io G. microcarpa, btrl reliable however as it is based on only one with a much thicker locular epidermis, well specimen from each species. developed as a palisade layer. There is no 5. Gulubia macrospadix is distinctive, sisn of fibrous bundles external to the tan- nol only in having ruminate endosperm. niniferous zone (not illustrated). but also in having a series of fibrous bun- In summary, it appears that each dles in mid-periclrp, which apiears to be species of Gulubia possessesdistinctive distinct from the fibrovascular system' but features in the pericarp, and isolated fruits not"as widely separated as in G. longis- might be identifiable. Subspecific variation patha. The fibrous bundles interrupt the appears to be significant, in at least one tanniniferous zone rather than being specieshowever, and this may confuse the external to it (Fig. 16). Also, the locular picture. Ultimately, pericarp structure may epidermis is wavy, following the uneven prove to be a sensitive marker for affini- contours of the seed. ties at the subspecific and population level. 6. Gulubia microcarpa has the thin- nest pericarp of all species, with markedly TaxonomicTreatment flattened fibrovascular bundles, and a locular epidermis only slightly modified in Gulubia Beccari in Ann. Jard. Bot. Bui- the direction of a palisade layer (Fig. l7). tenzorg2: l2B, l3l. 1885; Beccariin 7 . Gulubia palauensis, viewed in dried Martelli, Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. ll, 42: material from Tuyama s.n., has a thin 84. 1935; Beccariand Pichi-Sermolli t9821 ESSIG:GULUBIA o ta I O a a O 12 10 r3 Epidermls Tshniniferous cetle Fibroua bundlea Fibrovascular bundl6s -1J Locular, €pidermis Figures 9-14. Diagrams of typical segmentsof the pericarp in cross-section. 9. Gulubia moluccana, from Beguin 2098. I0. Gulubia costata, from Essig s.n. (Brahman River area, Madany Province). lI. Gulubia aalida, ftom EssigLAE 55099. 12. Gulubia longispatha, from Essig LAE 55231(Mt' Suckling, Milne Bay Province). 13. Gulubia longispatha from Brass 5457 (Central Province). 14. Gulubia longispatho, from DssJgLAE ($test Sepik Province)' PRINCIPES lVoL. 26 l5 Figures l5-I8. Diagrams of typical segmentsof the pericarp in cross-section. t5. Gulubia hombronii, from Moore & Witmore 9296. 16. Gulubia macrospadix, from Moore & Whitmore 9305. 17. Gulubia microcarpa, from Moore & Phillips 1O543. 18. Gulubia cylindrocarpa, from Raynal 16256- in Webbia ll: 40. 1955; Moore & scars; crownshaft well-developed; leaves Fosbergin GentesHerb. B: 455. 1956; reduplicately pinnate; sheath tubular, Moorein CentesHerb. 9: 263. 1963: elongate, cylindrical; petiole short, almost Moorein PrincipesI0: BB. 1966. Type flat or concave adaxially, convex abaxi- species:Gulubia moluccana (Beccari) ally; rachis straight or moderately to Beccari (seeBeccari & Pichi-Sermolli, strongly arcuate, pinnae regularly op. cit.). arranged, pendulous or horizontal to Kentia Blume in Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. ascending, sometimes upper Ieaflets Neerlande l: 64. lB3B (i4 part, see recurved and drooping, linear-lanceolate, Moore in Gentes Herbarum 9: 264. unicostate, acute or notched at the apex, 1963); Beccari,Malesia 1: 36. 1877. sometimes with prominent ramenta on the Type: Kentia moluccana Beccari lower surface; leaf axis densely brownJep- Gulubiopsis Beccari in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. idote-tomentose to minutely brown-dotted. 59: lI. 1924; Beccari & Pichi-Ser- Inflorescence infrafoliar, solitary at each molli in Webbia 1l: 40. 1955. Type: node, but often several in different stages C. palauensisBeccari of flowering and fruiting at one time. pan- Paragulubia Burret in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. iculate, branching to l-3 orders, pedun- Mus. Berlin-Dahleml3: 84. 1936; cle short, often becoming bulbous in fruit, Beccari & PichiSermolli in Webbia I l: prophyll compressed, broadly oblanceo- 46. 1955. Type: P. macrospadixBtr- late, completely closed around the bud, ret. rounded at the tip, second peduncular Tall, solitary, unarmed,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PAPERS in NEW GUINEA LINGUISTICS No. 18
    PACIFIC LINGUISTICS S e.ft-<- e..6 A - No. 4 0 PAPERS IN NEW GUINEA LINGUISTICS No. 18 by R. Conrad and W. Dye N.P. Thomson L.P. Bruce, Jr. Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Conrad, R., Dye, W., Thomson, N. and Bruce Jr., L. editors. Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 18. A-40, iv + 106 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. DOI:10.15144/PL-A40.cover ©1975 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is published by the Ling ui��ic Ci�cl e 06 Canbe��a and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCAS IONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS . EDITOR: S.A. Wurm . ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock , C.L. Voorhoeve . ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra , A.C.T. 2600. Australia . Copyright � The Authors. First published 1975 . The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 118 X TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SOME LANGUAGE RELATIONSHIPS IN THE UPPER SEPIK REGION OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA, by Robert Conrad and Wayne Dye 1 O. INTRODUCTION 1 1 .
    [Show full text]
  • OK-FLY SOCIAL MONITORING PROJECT REPORT No
    LOWER FLY AREA STUDY “You can’t buy another life from a store” OK-FLY SOCIAL MONITORING PROJECT REPORT No. 9 for Ok Tedi Mining Limited Original publication details: Reprint publication details: David Lawrence David Lawrence North Australia Research Unit Resource Management in Asia-Pacific Program Lot 8688 Ellengowan Drive Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Brinkin NT 0810 Australian National University ACT 0200 Australia John Burton (editor) Pacific Social Mapping John Burton (editor) 49 Wentworth Avenue Resource Management in Asia-Pacific Program CANBERRA ACT 2604 Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australia Australian National University ACT 0200 Australia Unisearch PNG Pty Ltd Box 320 UNIVERSITY NCD Papua New Guinea May 1995 reprinted October 2004 EDITOR’S PREFACE This volume is the ninth in a series of reports for the Ok-Fly Social Monitoring Project. Colin Filer’s Baseline documentation. OFSMP Report No. 1 and my own The Ningerum LGC area. OFSMP Report No. 2, appeared in 1991. My Advance report summary for Ningerum-Awin area study. OFSMP Report No. 3, David King’s Statistical geography of the Fly River Development Trust. OFSMP Report No. 4, and the two major studies from the 1992 fieldwork, Stuart Kirsch’s The Yonggom people of the Ok Tedi and Moian Census Divisions: an area study. OFSMP Report No. 5 and my Development in the North Fly and Ningerum-Awin area study. OFSMP Report No. 6, were completed in 1993. I gave a precis of our findings to 1993 in Social monitoring at the Ok Tedi project. Summary report to mid- 1993.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sukundimi Walks Before Me
    THE SUKUNDIMI WALKS BEFORE ME SIX REASONS WHY THE FRIEDA RIVER MINE MUST BE REJECTED About this report This is a publication of the Jubilee Australia Research Centre and Project Sepik Principal Author: Emily Mitchell Additional Material and Editing: Luke Fletcher, Emmanuel Peni and Duncan Gabi Published 14 March 2021 The information in this report may be printed or copied for non-commercial purposes with proper acknowledgement of Jubilee Australia and Project Sepik. Contact Luke Fletcher, Jubilee Australia Research Centre E: [email protected] W: www.jubileeaustralia.org Project Sepik Project Sepik is a not-for-profit organisation based in Papua New Guinea that has been working in the Sepik region since 2016. Project Sepik advocates for the vision of a local environment with a sustained balance of life via the promotion of environmentally sustainable practices and holding to account those that are exploiting the environment. Jubilee Australia Research Centre Jubilee Australia Research Centre engages in research and advocacy to promote economic justice for communities in the Asia-Pacific region and accountability for Australian corporations and government agencies operating there. Follow Jubilee Australia on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter: @JubileeAustralia Acknowledgments Thanks to our colleagues at CELCOR, especially Mr Peter Bosip and Evelyn Wohuinangu for their comments on drafts. Thank you to Rainforest Foundation Norway for generously supporting this project. Cover image: Local village people along the Sepik River THE SAVE THE SEPIK CAMPAIGN The Save the Sepik campaign is fighting to protect the Sepik River from the Frieda River Mine. It is a collaboration between Project Sepik and Jubilee Australia Research Centre.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the 2002 Mw = 7.6 Wewak Earthquake, Papua New Guinea, Using Global Positioning System Observations
    Analysis of the 2002 Mw = 7.6 Wewak Earthquake, Papua New Guinea, using Global Positioning System Observations Ryan Ruddick A thesis submitted for the degree of Honours in Physics of the Earth at the The Australian National University October, 2005 Declaration This thesis is an account of research undertaken between Feburary 2005 and October 2005 at the Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Except where acknowledged in the customary manner, the material presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge, original and has not been submitted in whole or part for a degree in any university. Ryan Ruddick October, 2005 iv Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Paul Tregoning, who not only suggested the topic of this thesis, but patiently answered my questions and always pointed me in the right direction, whether I saw it at the time or not. I also want to extend my thanks to Herb for reminding me to back up my data (I should have taken more notice!), to Richard for his insights on Papua New Guinea's tectonics, to Gisela for letting me share her office and for not complaining about the wall of papers I surrounded myself with, to Richie and all those who collected and organised the GPS data from PNG, and to everyone at the Research School of Earth Sciences who made me feel welcome. I am further grateful to David Tappin of the British Geological Survey who allowed me access to his bathymetry data from Papua New Guinea. I extend my gratitude to the staff at the Centre for Spatial Information Science at UTAS, who helped me develop a passion for spatial science.
    [Show full text]
  • The Final Campaigns: Bougainville 1944-1945
    University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year The final campaigns: Bougainville 1944-1945 Karl James University of Wollongong James, Karl, The final campaigns: Bougainville 1944-1945, PhD thesis, School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, 2005. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/467 This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/467 The Final Campaigns: Bougainville 1944-1945 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree Doctor of Philosophy from University of Wollongong by Karl James, BA (Hons) School of History and Politics 2005 i CERTIFICATION I, Karl James, declare that this thesis, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, is wholly my work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Karl James 20 July 2005 ii Table of Contents Maps, List of Illustrations iv Abbreviations vi Conversion viii Abstract ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 1 ‘We have got to play our part in it’. Australia’s land war until 1944. 15 2 ‘History written is history preserved’. History’s treatment of the Final Campaigns. 30 3 ‘Once the soldier had gone to war he looked for leadership’. The men of the II Australian Corps. 51 4 ‘Away to the north of Queensland, On the tropic shores of hell, Stand grimfaced men who watch and wait, For a future none can tell’. The campaign takes shape: Torokina and the Outer Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Frieda River Limited Sepik Development Project Environmental Impact Statement Chapter 14 – References
    Frieda River Limited Sepik Development Project Environmental Impact Statement Chapter 14 – References SDP-6-G-00-01-T-084-015 Environmental Impact Statement Sepik Development Project 14. REFERENCES ACIL Allen. 2018. Sepik Development Project Economic Impact Assessment. ACIL Allen Consulting Pty Ltd. Brisbane, Australia. AECOM. 2011. Frieda River Landscape and Visual Study. November. Report prepared by AECOM, Sydney NSW, for Coffey Natural Systems, Abbotsford Vic. Alabaster, J.S. and Lloyd, R. 1982. Water quality criteria for freshwater fish: 1. Finely divided solids. Food and Agricultural Organisation, Butterworths, London. Allen, G.R. and Coates, D. 1990. An ichthyological survey of the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 34: 31–116. ANCOLD. 1998. Design of Dams for Earthquakes. The Australian National Committee on Large Dams. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. ANCOLD. 2000. Selection of Acceptable Flood Capacity for Dams. The Australian National Committee on Large Dams. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. ANCOLD. 2001. Environmental Management of Dams. The Australian National Committee on Large Dams. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. ANCOLD. 2003a. Dam Safety Management. The Australian National Committee on Large Dams. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. ANCOLD. 2003b. Risk Assessment. The Australian National Committee on Large Dams. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. ANCOLD. 2012a. Consequence Categories for Dams. The Australian National Committee on Large Dams. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. ANCOLD. 2012b. Tailings Dams - Planning, Design, Construction, Operation and Closure. The Australian National Committee on Large Dams. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. ANU. 1999. Agricultural System: 13, Subsystem: 01. Part of the Mapping Agricultural Systems in Papua New Guinea Project. A WWW publication accessed on 14 June 2011 at http://rspas.anu.edu.au/lmg/masp/result.php?submit0=1&provinceList=14.
    [Show full text]
  • Frieda River Feasibility Study Addendum Update
    6 April 2017 Frieda River Feasibility Study Addendum Update Highlands Pacific Limited (ASX: HIG) has received the final report from mining industry consultant Behre Dolbear Australia Pty Ltd (BDA), which conducted an independent peer review of the Frieda River Feasibility Study and Addendum documentation prepared by Frieda River project manager PanAust Ltd. PanAust, a wholly owned subsidiary of Chinese Government owned Guangdong Rising Assets Management Co Ltd (GRAM), released its initial Frieda River Feasibility Study in May 2016 (See Highlands Pacific ASX announcement "Frieda Study Received, 19 May 2016). BDA subsequently conducted a peer review which made reference to a number of shortcomings and omissions in the Feasibility Study (See see ASX release entitled "Frieda River Feasibility Study Review Received", released on 19 January 2017.). GRAM/PanAust then carried out additional work the results of which were released in an Addendum. (See ASX release of 3 March 2017 entitled "Frieda River Feasibility report Addendum (January 2017)". The final BDA report, which is not binding on the parties, concludes that the Feasibility Study and January 2017 Addendum update work together provide a study of a standard that could be provided to lenders for consideration of finance. Highlands Pacific remains of the view that while the Frieda River project is a valuable asset with the potential to generate significant returns for investors, the study still does not meet the standards required by the joint venture agreement and is therefore incomplete in a number of key areas. "We are continuing to work towards a resolution of these matters with PanAust, including an agreement regarding ongoing funding of project development," said Highlands CEO Craig Lennon.
    [Show full text]
  • Greg Anderson P5 Ment P3 P19 Greg Anderson an Industry Stalwart Farewelled
    A NEW G PU U I A N P E A MINING AND PETROLEUM C H Review A M M B U E E R L O O R F T The Chamber is a proud supporter and member MI PE NES AND of the PNG Extractive Industry Transparency Vol 5 Issue 3 & 4 Initiative Multi-stakeholder Group May - August 2017 Q&A with former Cham- MPs briefed on the PNG Frieda River project ber Executive Director resource industry prepares for develop- Greg Anderson P5 ment P3 P19 Greg Anderson An industry stalwart farewelled The founding Executive Director of the PNG Chamber of nior Vice President Mr Peter Aitsi and Vice President Mr Mines and Petroleum Mr Greg Anderson was farewelled Richard Kassman, Chamber members, representatives recently in Port Moresby after clocking over 28 years from the different resource companies, his colleagues, with the organisation. friends and family. Mr Anderson’s retirement from active duty also brings to “His dedication to develop the Chamber into one that a close almost 42 years of dedication and contribution stands tall among other reputable organisations in the towards to the mining and petroleum industry of PNG country must be commended,” Mr Aopi said. since he first arrived in the country in 1975, few months prior to PNG gaining Independence. “Greg ranks highly in this category as someone who has dedicated almost his entire life to the Chamber, the Mr Anderson’s illustrious career began as an Engineer- resource industry and the country he so dearly loved, ing Geologist when he moved to PNG to work with the Papua New Guinea.
    [Show full text]
  • A 140-Year-Old Specimen from the Southern Trans-Fly
    MARK O’SHEA, GIULIANO DORIA, MASSIMO PETRI & HINRICH KAISER A 140-YEAR-OLD SPECIMEN FROM THE SOUTHERN TRANS-FLY REGION OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA PROVES THAT THE EASTERN BROWNSNAKE, PSEUDONAJA TEXTILIS, WAS NOT A WARTIME OR POST-WAR INTRODUCTION (SERPENTES, ELAPIDAE, HYDROPHIINAE) ESTRATTO dagli ANNALI del MUSEO CIVICO di STORIA NATURALE “G. DORIA” Vol. 108 - 20 OTTOBRE 2016 GENOVA 2016 249 MARK O’SHEA*, GIULIANO DORIA**, MAssImo PETRI**& HINRICH KAISER*** A 140-YEAR-OLD SPECIMEN FROM THE SOUTHERN TRANS-FLY REGION OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA PROVES THAT THE EASTERN BROWNSNAKE, PSEUDONAJA TEXTILIS, WAS NOT A WARTIME OR POST-WAR INTRODUCTION (SERPENTES, ELAPIDAE, HYDROPHIINAE) INTRODUCTION The elapid genus Pseudonaja Günther, 1858 comprises nine spe- cies (CoggER 2014) of variably-sized (total length 0.5-2.0 m), highly visible, fast-moving, diurnally active, oviparous predators of pri- marily vertebrate prey, mainly small mammals and reptiles (SHINE 1991), and including other snakes (O’SHEA & WILLIAMS 2009; SHINE 1989). Collectively known as the “brownsnakes,” although not all specimens have a brown body color, they are highly venomous, and several species are amongst the most medically important snakes on continental Australia, being responsible for a large proportion of Australian snakebite morbidity and mortality (WHITE 1995, 2000). From a medical standpoint, the most important species are the Eastern brownsnake, Pseudonaja textilis (Duméril, Bibron & * Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wul- fruna Street, Wolverhampton, West Midlands WV1 1LY, United Kingdom and West Midland Safari Park, Bewdley, Worcestershire DY12 1LF, United Kingdom. Corresponding author: [email protected] ** Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria”, Via Brigata Liguria 9, 16121 Genova, Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank FILECOPY FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized ReportNo. 4184-PNG STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT PAPUA NEWGUINEA Public Disclosure Authorized ROAD IMPROVEMENTPROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized March 8, 1983 TransportationDivision 2 Projects Department East Asia and Pacific Regional Office Public Disclosure Authorized Thisdocument has a restricteddistribution and may be used by recipientsonly in the performanceof their official duties. Its contents may not otherwisebe disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit - Papua New Guinea Kina (K) US$ 1.00 = K 0.7435 K 1.00 = US$1.3449 K 1 million = US$1,344,900 ABBREVIATIONS ,AADT - Annual Average Daily Traffic ADB - Asian Development Bank AWMO - Area Works Manager Office BPC - Budget Priority Committee BRRP - Bridge Rehabilitation and Replacement Program DTCA - Department of Transport and Civil Aviation DWS - Department of Works and Supply ERR - Economic Rate of Return FA - Force Account (Day Labor) ICB - International Competitive Bidding LCB - Local Competitive Bidding NEC - National Executive Council NPC - National Planning Committee NPEP - National Public Expenditures Plan NPO - National Planning Office PMFA - Project Managed Force Account PRTS - Provincial Rural Transport Study PWMO - Provincial Works Manager Office RTWP - Rural Transport Works Program UNDP - United Nations Development Program VOC - Vehicle Operating Costs VPD - Vehicles Per Day WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Metric British/US Equivalent 1 meter (m) - 3.28 feet (ft) 1 kilometer (km) - 0.62 mile (mi) 1 square kilometer (sq km) - 0.386 square mile (sq mi) 1 kilogram (kg) - 2.205 pounds (lbs) 1 metric ton - 2,204 lbs or 1.102 US short ton (sh ton) FISCAL YEAR January 1 to December 31 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY PAPUA NEW GUINEA STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT ROAD IMPROVEMENT PROJECT Table of Contents Page No.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Systems of Papua New Guinea
    AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA Working Paper No. 4 WESTERN PROVINCE TEXT SUMMARIES, MAPS, CODE LISTS AND VILLAGE IDENTIFICATION B.J. Allen, R.L. Hide, R.M. Bourke, W. Akus, D. Fritsch, R. Grau, G. Ling and E. Lowes Department of Human Geography, The Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia REVISED and REPRINTED 2002 Correct Citation: Allen, B.J., Hide, R.L., Bourke, R.M., Akus, W., Fritsch, D., Grau, R., Ling, G. and Lowes, E. (2002). Western Province: Text Summaries, Maps, Code Lists and Village Identification. Agricultural Systems of Papua New Guinea Working Paper No. 4. Land Management Group, Department of Human Geography, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra. Revised edition. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Entry: Western Province: text summaries, maps, code lists and village identification. Rev. ed. ISBN 0 9579381 4 4 1. Agricultural systems – Papua New Guinea – Western Province. 2. Agricultural geography – Papua New Guinea – Western Province. 3. Agricultural mapping – Papua New Guinea – Western Province. I. Allen, Bryant James. II. Australian National University. Land Management Group. (Series: Agricultural systems of Papua New Guinea working paper; no. 4). 630.99549 Cover Photograph: The late Gore Gabriel clearing undergrowth from a pandanus nut grove in the Sinasina area, Simbu Province (R.L. Hide) ii PREFACE Acknowledgments The following organisations have contributed financial support to this project: The Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University; The Australian Agency for International Development; the Papua New Guinea-Australia Colloquium through the International Development Program of Australian Universities and Colleges and the Papua New Guinea National Research Institute; the Papua New Guinea Department of Agriculture and Livestock; the University of Papua New Guinea; and the National Geographic Society, Washington DC.
    [Show full text]
  • Even More Diverse Than We Had Thought: the Multiplicity of Trans-Fly Languages
    Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 5 (December 2012) Melanesian Languages on the Edge of Asia: Challenges for the 21st Century, ed. by Nicholas Evans and Marian Klamer, pp. 109–149 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/sp05/ 5 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4562 Even more diverse than we had thought: The multiplicity of Trans-Fly languages Nicholas Evans Australian National University Linguistically, the Trans Fly region of Southern New Guinea is one of the least known parts of New Guinea. Yet the glimpses we already have are enough to see that it is a zone with among the highest levels of linguistic diversity in New Guinea, arguably only exceeded by those found in the Sepik and the north coast. After surveying the sociocultural setting, in particular the widespread practice of direct sister-exchange which promotes egalitarian multilingualism in the region, I give an initial taste of what its languages are like. I focus on two languages which are neighbours, and whose speakers regularly intermarry, but which belong to two unrelated and typologically distinct families: Nen (Yam Family) and Idi (Pahoturi River Family). I then zoom out to look at some typological features of the whole Trans-Fly region, exemplifying with the dual number category, and close by stressing the need for documentation of the languages of this fascinating region. 1. INTRODUCTION.1 The distribution of linguistic diversity is highly informative, about 1 My thanks to two anonymous referees and to Marian Klamer for their usefully critical comments on an
    [Show full text]