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Lithium Resources and Requirements by the Year 2000 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1005 Lithium Resources and Requirements by the Year 2000 JAMES D. VINE, Editor GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1005 A collection of papers presented at a symposium held in Golden, Colorado, January 22-24, 1976 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1976 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THOMAS S. KLEPPE, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director First printing 1976 Second printing 1977 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Vine, James David, 1921- Lithium resources and requirements by the year 2000. (Geological Survey Professional Paper 1005) 1. Lithium ores-United States-Congresses. 2. Lithium-Congresses. I. Vine, James David, 1921- II. Title. HI. Series: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1005. TN490.L5L57 553'.499 76-608206 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 024-001-02887-5 CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction, by James D. Vine, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo ______________-_______-_-- — ------- —— —— ——— ---- 1 2. Battery research sponsored by the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, by Albert Landgrebe, Energy Research and De­ velopment Administration, Washington, D.C., and Paul A. Nelson, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Ill-__- —— -____.—————— 2 3. Battery systems for load-leveling and electric-vehicle application, near-term and advanced technology (abstract), by N. P. Yao and W. J. Walsh, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 111___.__________________________________-___-_________ — ________ 5 4. Lithium requirements for high-energy lithium-aluminum/iron-sulfide batteries for load-leveling and electric-vehicle applications, by A. A. Chilenskas; G. J. Bernstein, and R. O. Ivins, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 111 _________________._______--- ——— _——— 5 5. Lithium requirements for electric vehicles using lithium-water-air batteries, by J. F. Cooper, I. Y. Borg, L. G. O'Connell, E. Behrin, B. Rubin, and H. J. Wiesner, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, Calif________________________________________ ————— ______—— 9 6. Fusion power and the potential lithium requirement, by S. Locke Bogart, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington, D.C ________________________________________________________________________„___-_-_ — -_----—-_-____ 12 7. U.S. lithium supply and demand and the problems involved in compiling statistics, by Hiram B. Wood, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C.__ 22 8. The lithium industry (abstract), by Gerald J. Orazem, Lithium Corporation of America, Gastonia, N. C _____________--___-______-- 25 9. Lithium resources—prospects for the future, by Ihor A. Kunasz, Foote Mineral Company, Exton, Pa ._____________________________ 26 10. Lithium ores, by R. Keith Evans, Gulf Resources & Chemical Corporation, Houston, Tex_______________________________ — ______ 30 11. Lithium production from Searles Valley, by Larry E. Rykken, Kerr-McGee Chemical Corporation, Trona, Calif-__------_--_- —— —— ______ 33 12. The lithium-resource enigma, by James D. Vine, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo __--_-__-________________---___----_---_ 35 13. Lithium resource estimates—What do they mean?, by James J. Norton, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo_----__- — ___ — — __________ 38 14. Occurrence, development, and long-range outlook of lithium-pegmatite ore in the Carolinas, by Thomas L. Kesler (retired), Hendersonville, N. C __ _ __ _ ______________________________________________________________________________________ _ __ _ _ ____ 45 15. A comparison of three major lithium pegmatites: Varutrask, Bikita, and Bernic Lake, by E. Wm. Heinrich, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich _________________________________________________________________________________ 50 16. Nonpegmatite lithium resource potential, by James D. Vine, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo__________-____-__--__ ——— _ — ______ 54 17. Lithium contents of thermal and mineral waters, by Donald E. White, J. M. Thompson, and R. O. Fournier, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif __________________________________________________________________________________ 58 18. Lithium recovery from geothermal fluids, by C. E. Berthold, Hazen Research, Inc., Golden, Colo., and D. H. Baker, Jr., U.S. Bureau of Mines, Boulder City, Nev ________________________________________________-_-_--______________________________ 61 19. Lithium resources of salars in the central Andes, by George E. Ericksen, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va., Guillermo Chong D., Universidad del None, Antofagasta, Chile, and Tomas Vila G., Institute de Investigaciones Geologicas, Santiago, Chile ________ —— —— _ — ________ 66 20. Lithium resources of Utah, by James A. Whelan, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, and Carol A. Petersen, Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Salt Lake City, Utah__________________________________________________________________- 75 21. Preliminary design and analysis of a process for the extraction of lithium from seawater, by Meyer Steinberg and V. D. Dang, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y _.________________________________________________________________—— 79 22. Lithium brines associated with nonmarine evaporites, by Richard K. Glanzman and A. L. Meier, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo __ — _ 88 23. Origin of lithium and other components in the Searles Lake evaporites, California, by George I. Smith, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif _ — --____-___-_-______________________.__________________________________________-_---__-- — — ------- — _— 92 24. Use of lithium and chloride concentrations in ground water for lithium exploration, by Cole L. Smith, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo 103 25. The influence of drainage basin area upon the distribution of lithium in playa sediments, by Joseph R. Davis, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo _________________________________________________________________________________ — ___________ 105 26. The tectonic and sedimentologic environment of lithium occurrences in the Muddy Mountains, Clark County, Nevada, by Robert G. Bohannon, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo __________________________________________-________—————————— 109 27. Lithium abundances in oilfield waters, by A. Gene Collins, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Bartlesville, Okla ______ 116 28. Lithium in the Gila Conglomerate, southwestern New Mexico, by Elizabeth B. Tourtelot and Alien L. Meier, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo _________________________________________________________________________________-__ — — — _______ 123 29. Lithium in clayey rocks of Pennsylvanian age, western Pennsylvania, by Harry A. Tourtelot and Alien L. Meier, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo ___ _ _________________________________________________________________________________---_ — _- 128 30. Lithium mineralization in Arkansas, by Charles G. Stone, Arkansas Geological Commission, Little Rock, Ark., and Charles Milton, George Washington University, Washington, D.C _-_.___________________________________________________ ——— __ 137 31. The behavior of lithium in experimental rock-water interaction studies, by Walter E. Dibble, Jr., and Frank W. Dickson, U.S. Geological Survey and Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. ______________________________________________ — _ ————— —— -___——————142 32. An integrated geophysical approach to lithium exploration, by Bruce D. Smith and Don R. Mabey, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo —— 147 33. Lithium—data bases and resource estimates: problems and potential, by Alien L. Clark, James A. Calkins, Donald Singer, and Mary A. Urick, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va._--._-___________________________________ — — _____-___----_ — — ______________ — __ — _ — __-__ 154 34. Analytical methods and problems of lithium determination in rocks, sediments, and brines, by Alien L. Meier, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo ---„„_______________________________________________________--_____„-----__-— — — -—-—— 161 III IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. Design of prismatic cell for Argonne National Laboratory lithium/aluminum/iron sulfide battery__ ———— — _________ 6 2. Graph showing electric-vehicle production ______________„________-_____________________ 7 3. Graph showing annual lithium requirements for electric-vehicle batteries _________________——___ —— __ 8 4. Graph showing performance characteristics of vehicle power sources ____________________________ 9 5. Diagram showing a simple lithium-water-air cell_________________________________________ 10 6. Diagram showing the lithium-water-air battery concept for electric vehicles _______________________ 10 7. Diagram showing an automotive system involves recycling of Li2CO3 (O'Connell and others, 1974) ____________ 11 8. Graph showing "break-even" plasma conditions for fusion power _________________________________—— 13 9. Diagrams showing: deuterium-tritium reaction __________________________________________ 14 10. Liquid lithium blanket design for a fusion reactor _________________________________________ 14 11. Blanket design using enriched lithium-6 and neutron multipliers _________________________----_ 15 12. Comparison of four basic designs for fusion power reactors _______________-_____________———— 16 13. Artist's conception of a tokamak fusion power reactor plant ___________________________-_--—— 17 14. Fusion power development plan _________________________________________________
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