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Paul B. Tomascak Tomáš Magna Ralf Dohmen Advances in Lithium Isotope Geochemistry Advances in Isotope Geochemistry

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Paul B. Tomascak Tomáš Magna Ralf Dohmen Advances in Lithium Isotope Geochemistry Advances in Isotope Geochemistry Advances in Isotope Geochemistry Paul B. Tomascak Tomáš Magna Ralf Dohmen Advances in Lithium Isotope Geochemistry Advances in Isotope Geochemistry Series editor Jochen Hoefs, Göttingen, Germany More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8152 Paul B. Tomascak • Tomáš Magna Ralf Dohmen Advances in Lithium Isotope Geochemistry 123 Paul B. Tomascak Ralf Dohmen State University of New York at Oswego Institute of Geology, Mineralogy Oswego, NY and Geophysics USA Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Nordrhein-Westfalen Tomáš Magna Germany Czech Geological Survey Prague Czech Republic ISSN 2364-5105 ISSN 2364-5113 (electronic) Advances in Isotope Geochemistry ISBN 978-3-319-01429-6 ISBN 978-3-319-01430-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01430-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015953806 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface In this book we decided to attach the permil sign (‰) to all Li isotopic quantities. One way of viewing stable isotopes denoted by δ is that the arithmetic sets the results as being part-per-thousand quantities, so to place the ‰ on a value is redundant. However, this implies a certain familiarity from the reader. Our decision regarding the ‰ in this volume was guided by the potential that the audience may include those not so steeped in the thinking of stable isotopes. This calls to mind a historical note regarding Li isotopes. Readers of the early literature on the subject (beginning with Chan in 1987) will find papers that use δ6Li. Prior to 2000, using the now-accepted δ7Li notation was viewed as an unwanted usurpation by at least one prominent geochemist. Nevertheless, being clear is important, and although δ7Li was not the first notation employed, it follows stable isotope convention. We find that students have a hard enough time understanding isotope geochemistry, so to oppose the notation used in virtually all systems (positive values are isotopically heavier than negative values) invites con- fusion. Hence, our use of the ‰ is a further step to make this compilation clear for all. v Acknowledgements Once upon a time Jochen Hoefs approached one of us (P.T.) about putting together a book for this Springer Advances series. Thus began an unex- pectedly long sojourn, during which the use of Li isotopes has come of age. Jochen had faith enough in us to persevere (keeping in mind the invitation to write this came in 2008!). For this opportunity and for his overall encour- agement we are extremely thankful. Two other names that need to be mentioned prominently are those of Lui-Heung Chan and Jan Košler, who passed away in 2007 and 2014, respectively. Anyone who works with Li isotopes owes Lui a debt of grat- itude. Her passing saddened all with whom she had come in contact and was a great loss for the geochemical community as a whole. Jan was the M.Sc. supervisor for T.M., who brought him the idea of developing Li analytical chemistry for mantle rocks and who, with time, became a close friend. Jan’s scientific contributions, especially to the ICP-MS community, are diverse and lasting. His presence as a colleague and friend will be badly missed. Throughout the construction of this work we have asked for input of various kinds from a number of individuals, who have graciously helped. To this end, we would like to thank Natalie Caciagli-Warman, Rick Carlson, Alain Coc, Brian Fields, C. Eric Hellquist, Nick Prantzos, John Rakovan, Gary Steigman, Elisabeth Vangioni, Aurelie Verney-Carron and Nathalie Vigier for their assistance. We have received a high level of support and almost unreasonable posi- tivity from the editorial staff at Springer. How they had the patience to put up with our constant delays speaks of their desire to see the project through to completion. In particular we thank Janet Sterritt and Annett Buettner. R.D.: I would like to thank Joana Polednia for help with compiling the experimental data. T.M.: I wish to acknowledge my family in the first place, as their support is the most prominent and most important everlasting key for my human being. Numerous colleagues with whom I have had multiple disputations and discussions over the years deserve thanks for their inspiration. While not possible to list all of these, here are some of the prominent ones: Lukáš Ackerman, James Day, Alex Deutsch, Vojtěch Erban, Tim Grove, Nikolaus Gussone, Alex Halliday, Darrell Harrison, Vojtěch Janoušek, Timm John, Klaus Mezger, Fred Moynier, Clive Neal, Felix Oberli, Andreas Pack, Franck Poitrasson, Vladislav Rapprich, Erik Scherer, Michael Seitz, Zach vii viii Acknowledgements Sharp, Tony Simonetti, Andreas Stracke, Larry Taylor, Dewashish Upad- hyay, Uwe Wiechert, Rainer Wieler and Karel Žák. I am grateful to the Czech Science Foundation for partial support through projects P210/12/1990, 13-22351S and 15-08583S. P.T.: I thank my university for supporting my ability to continue to conduct research and to the many students with whom I have had the pleasure to interact over the years. The goal of bringing geochemistry from the hazy and somewhat scary distance to clear focus continues to be a beloved challenge, which is made worthwhile by passionate students. Contents 1 Introduction.................................... 1 References . 4 2 Methodology of Lithium Analytical Chemistry and Isotopic Measurements......................... 5 2.1 Historical Perspective . 5 2.2 Lithium Isolation by Cation Exchange Chromatography . 6 2.3 Methodology of Li Isotopic Measurements . 8 2.3.1 Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods of Widest Use . 9 2.3.2 “Other” Analytical Methods . 13 References . 14 3 Cosmochemistry of Lithium ........................ 19 3.1 Cosmology of Lithium: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Evolution of the Universe, and Stellar Processes . 19 3.1.1 The Earliest History and Further Evolution of Lithium . 19 3.1.2 The Vicinity of the Solar System . 23 3.1.3 Searching for Exoplanets with Lithium . 25 3.2 Cosmochemistry of Lithium in Meteorites . 26 3.2.1 Lithium in Bulk Chondritic Meteorites . 27 3.2.2 Lithium Distribution and Isotopic Systematics in Constituents of Chondritic Meteorites . 30 3.2.3 Lithium in Other Meteorites . 31 3.3 Cosmochemistry of Lithium in Planetary Bodies . 31 3.3.1 Lithium in Earth’s Moon . 32 3.3.2 Lithium in Mars . 35 3.3.3 Lithium in Vesta . 38 References . 40 4 Li Partitioning, Diffusion and Associated Isotopic Fractionation: Theoretical and Experimental Insights ..... 47 4.1 Introduction. 47 4.2 Equilibrium Partitioning Behavior of Li . 49 4.2.1 Thermodynamic Background . 49 4.2.2 Lattice Strain Model for Element Partitioning . 49 4.2.3 Mineral-Melt Partitioning . 52 ix x Contents 4.2.4 Mineral-Fluid Partitioning and Associated Stable Isotopic Fractionation . 67 4.2.5 Inter-mineral Partitioning . 76 4.3 Diffusion of Li and Associated Effects on δ7Li........ 80 4.3.1 Theoretical Background . 80 4.3.2 Experimental Diffusion Coefficients . 83 4.3.3 Characteristic Time Scales of Li Diffusion in Silicates (Ol, Cpx, Pl). 91 4.3.4 Two Diffusion Mechanisms of Li in Silicates . 93 4.3.5 Bulk Diffusion of Li Through Rocks and Characteristic Length Scales . 97 4.4 Fluid-Rock Interaction . 98 4.4.1 Weathering of Igneous Rocks (Predominantly Basaltic Compositions) . 99 4.4.2 Weathering of Olivine (Serpentinization). 109 4.4.3 Alteration of Sediments . 110 4.4.4 Synopsis . 111 References . 112 5 Lithium in the Deep Earth: Mantle and Crustal Systems . 119 5.1 Lithium in the Mantle. 119 5.1.1 Mantle Xenoliths and Related Samples . 119 5.1.2 Mantle-Derived Magmas. 128 5.2 Lithium in the Continental Crust . 141 5.2.1 Products of Crustal Melting. 141 5.2.2 Crustal Metamorphism and Fluid Flow . 146 References . 149 6 The Surficial Realm: Low Temperature Geochemistry of Lithium ..................................... 157 6.1 Meteoric Water . 157 6.2 Groundwater and Pore Waters . 158 6.2.1 Shallow Groundwaters . 158 6.2.2 Deep Groundwaters . 159 6.2.3 Pore Waters . 161 6.3 Continental Weathering. 162 6.3.1 Soils and Sediments . 163 6.3.2 Sedimentary Rocks . 167 6.3.3 Lakes and Rivers: Dissolved Loads . 168 6.4 Hydrothermal Systems . 171 6.4.1 Rocks in Sea Floor Hydrothermal Systems . 171 6.4.2 Fluids in Sea Floor Hydrothermal Systems . 173 6.4.3 Continental Geothermal Systems . 174 6.5 Marine Geochemistry of Li . 176 6.5.1 The Marine Li Cycle . 176 6.5.2 Secular Variation of Li in Seawater . 177 Contents xi 6.6 Biological and Anthropogenic Li Isotopic Fractionation .
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