Mica Deposits of the Southeastern Piedmont Part 2

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mica Deposits of the Southeastern Piedmont Part 2 Mica Deposits of the Southeastern Piedmont Part 2. Amelia District, Virginia GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 248-B Mica Deposits of the Southeastern Piedmont Part 2. Amelia District, Virginia By RICHARD W. LEMKE, RICHARD H. JAHNS, and WALLACE R.GRIFFITTS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 248-B Distribution and structure of pegmatite bodies in the area, their mineralogical characteristics, and the economic possibilities of the mica and other pegmatite minerals UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1952 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 60 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Page Abstract _________________________________________ 103 Description of deposits—Continued Introduction: Field work and acknowledgments._______ 103 Jefferson-Amelia area—Continued Geography of the district____________________________ 104 Jefferson prospects______-_--._-----_------ - 118 Geology of the district-______________________________ 105 McCraw No. 3 (Old Pinchbeck No. 1) mine__. 119 Rock formations,___________________________ 105 McCraw No. 2 (Old Pinchbeck No. 3) mine__ 119 Metamorphic rocks_ ________________________ 105 McCraw No. 1 (Pinchbeck No. 2) mine__---_ 119 Igneous rocks______________________________ 105 Line mine__---___________________________ 120 Structure. _________________________________ 106 Booker mine______________--_-----___----. 120 Distribution and occurrence of the pegmatites __________ 106 0'Neil prospect-___________________________ 120 Structural features of the pegmatites._________________ 106 Patterson mine-_________----_-_----_-_ 120 Jefferson-Amelia area. _ _________________________ 106 Marshall mine_____________---_-----_-----. 120 Morefield-Denaro area.__________________________ 106 Winston mine__________-_--_-_------_ 120 Mineralogical features of the pegmatites.______________ 107 Berry mine.____________---_-------- 120 Simple pegmatites.____________________________ 107 Penn prospect.____________________________ 121 Pegmatites of complex mineralogy. _______________ 107 Trueheart prospect.._______________________ 121 Origin of the pegmatites.____________________________ 108 Rutherford mines._________________________ 121 Economic aspects of the pegmatite minerals. __________ 108 Abner Pinchbeck mine. _______--_-_--__ 125 Mica______----________________________________ 108 Wingo mine.____________----------_-- 126 Other minerals. _______________________ 108 Other deposits.________________---_-___--_. 127 Mining. _______________________________ 109 Morefield-Denaro area__________----_-__________ 127 History_--_____________________________________ 109 Morefield mine.-_________-----_----__-. 127 Mine workings and mini ng methods ______________ 109 H. T. Flippen prospect.____________________ 134 Production_____________________________________ 109 Dobbin prospect___________________________ 134 Future of the district____________________________ 109 Vaughan mine_-_--_______________________ 134 Descriptions of deposits.____________________________ 110 Vaughan prospect-_________________________ 134 Jefferson-Amelia area____________________________ 110 Milinda Harris Winfree prospects.___.______. 135 Pinchbeck No. 1 mine______________________ 110 Mottley mine _____________________________ 135 Pinchbeck No. 2 mine_______________________ 110 Golden prospect.__--__________-_-____-__-- 135 Pinchbeck No. 3 mine__- _______________ 110 D. E. Kraft prospect-______________________ 135 Pinchbeck prospects-.-__________________ 110 Wyatt Vaughan prospect- __________________ 135 McCraw No. 4 mine________________________ 110 Ponton mine______________________________ 136 Abner mine_______________________________ 110 Harrison Venable prospect-_ ________________ 136 Pine Shaft mine___ __________________ 111 Mays mine_-___-__________________________ 136 Nettie Taylor mine. _______________________ 111 Other prospects.-._____ ____________________ 136 Maria (Old Pinchbeck, Smith) mine.---_______ 111 Outlying deposits._________________________ 136 Jefferson No. 7 (Derrick Pit) mine-___________ 113 Ligon mines_______________________________ 136 Jefferson No. 6 mine________________________ 113 Keystone mine_____'_____-_-__----_____-_-- 137 Jefferson No. 5 (Fields) mine_________________ 113 Schlegal (Norfleet) mine.__________________ 137 Champion (Jefferson No. 4, Bland) mine_______ 114 James Anderson prospect._.______-.______-_ 138 Jefferson No. 3 (Champion No. 2) mine_ ______ 117 Other prospects____________________________ 138 Jefferson No. 2 mine. ____________________ 117 References cited___________________________________ 138 Jefferson No. 1 mine_ ______________________ 118 Index ____________________________________________ 139 in IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 2. Map of a part of the Jefferson-Amelia area, Amelia County, Va., showing mica deposits. ______________ In pocket 3. Geologic map and section of the Maria mine, Amelia County_______________________________________ In pocket 4. Geologic map and sections of the Champion mine, Amelia County-__--_---------------__----_-_--- - In pocket 5. Geologic map and sections of the Rutherford mines, Amelia County _________________________________ In pocket 6. Geologic map and sections of the Morefield mine, Amelia County.------------------------------------- In pocket FIGURE 52. Index map of the Amelia district, Virginia, showing mica deposits... __-______-_______------___-____---- 104 53. Geologic map and sections of the Nettie Taylor mine, Amelia County.-______________________________ ______ 112 54. Zonal relations in the main pit of the Maria mine, Amelia County____----------------------------------- 113 55. Muscovite crystals in vugs, Champion pegmatite, Amelia County___-_-----_-------_-------------------- 115 56. Corroded albite crystals, Champion pegmatite___________________-.__________-----___-_--__-_-__---- 116 57. Map, plan, and sections of the Jefferson No. 1 mine, Amelia County.------------------------------------ 118 58. Geologic map and section of the Wingo mine, Amelia County_______________-_--______-__________,-.__--- 126 TABLES Page 1. Production of mica, feldspar, and other minerals from the Morefield mine, Amelia County, Va__-__--________________ 127 2. Mineral composition of samples from open-cut and bulldozer trenches, Morefield deposit-- _______________________ 132 MICA DEPOSITS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN PIEDMONT PART 2. AMELIA DISTRICT, VIRGINIA By KICHARD W. LEMKE, EICHAKD H. JAHNS, and WALLACE E. GKIFFITTS ABSTRACT Jefferson-Amelia area have yielded at least two-thirds of the During 1943-45 eighty-three mica mines and prospects in the mica produced in the district. Amelia district of Virginia were examined by the authors as Beryl, columbite-tantalite, and feldspar have been obtained part of the United States C4eological Survey's program of evalu­ from the Amelia district, and phenakite and topaz may b? of ating possible sources of strategic minerals. commercial value. The Amelia district is, like the rest of the Piedmont, an area of low relief. Most of the district is underlain by mica and INTRODUCTION: FIELD WORK AND hornblende schists and gneisses, which are intruded by granite, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS gabbro, and diabase. A large body of granite extends southward Investigations of mica deposits in the Amelia district from Amelia into North Carolina, and smaller bodies occur in other parts of the district. The foliation of the metamorphic were begun by the Geological Survey during the period rocks strikes northeast and dips moderately to steeply north­ ID 12-15, when D. B. Sterrett examined about, 20 de­ west, but it is contorted or folded in places, especially near posits and prepared sketch maps of at least 7. The bodies of intrusive rock. All the rocks are deeply weathered. Rutherford and Morefield mines were visited by J. J. Most of the pegmatites in the district are in a northward- trending belt 4 miles wide and 10 miles long. The northern part Glass and others in 1932, and the mineralogy of these of the belt is termed the Jefferson-Amelia area; the southern pegmatites was studied in detail during subsequent part, the Morefield-Denaro area. The pegmatites in the Jeffer­ years. L. R. Page briefly examined several mines rnd son-Amelia area are relatively short lenses that strike east. prospects in 1912, chiefly to determine their potentiali­ Those in the Morefield-Denaro area are dikes, much longer than ties as sources of tantalum minerals. A program of those farther north, that strike northeast. The pegmatites of systematic and detailed investigations of mica deposits both areas may be related to the Redoak granite of Laney, and the magma from which the pegmatite bodies crystallized was was started by R. W. Lemke in 1943 and was continued emplaced along fractures that cross the country-rock foliation. intermittently until the fall of 1945 by Lemke, W. E. The pegmatites are well zoned, commonly having quartz cores, Griffitts, and R. H. Jahns. Capable field assistance perthite-rich intermediate zones, and plagioclase-rich wall zones. during the earlier stages of the work was provided by Like other zoned pegmatites in the Southeastern States, most of the bodies crystallized from the walls inward after the magma J. H. Stillwell, R. L. Smith, Edward Ellingwoocl III, was emplaced. and Rosewell Miller III. In all, 40 mines and 43 Mica is commercially the most important mineral; in the
Recommended publications
  • Session 1 Sources and Availability of Materials for Lithium Batteries
    Session 1: Sources and Availability of Materials for Lithium Batteries Session 1 Sources and Availability of Materials for Lithium Batteries Adrian Griffin Managing Director, Lithium Australia NL ABSTRACT Lithium, as a feedstock for the battery industry, originates from two primary sources: hard-rock (generally spodumene and petalite), and brines. Brine processing results in the direct production of lithium chemicals, whereas the output from hard-rock production is tradeable mineral concentrates that require downstream processing prior to delivery, as refined chemicals, into the battery market. The processors of the concentrates, the 'converters', are the major constraint in a supply chain blessed with abundant mineral feed. The battery industry must overcome the constraints imposed by the converters, and this can be achieved through the application of the Sileach™ process, which produces lithium chemicals from concentrates direct, without the need for roasting. The cathode chemistries of the most efficient lithium batteries have a common thread – a high dependence on cobalt. Battery manufacturers consume around 40% of the current production of cobalt, a by-product of the nickel and copper industries. This means cobalt is at a tipping point – production will not keep up with demand. In the short term, the solution lies in developing alternative cathode compositions, while in the longer term recycling may be the answer. Lithium Australia NL is researching the application of its Sileach™ process to waste batteries to achieve a high-grade, low-cost source of battery materials and, in so doing, ease the supply constraints on cathode metals. To ensure that the battery industry is sustainable, better utilisation of mineral resources, more efficient processing technology, an active battery reprocessing capacity and less reliance on cobalt as a cathode material are all necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • Zinnwald Lithium Project
    Zinnwald Lithium Project Report on the Mineral Resource Prepared for Deutsche Lithium GmbH Am St. Niclas Schacht 13 09599 Freiberg Germany Effective date: 2018-09-30 Issue date: 2018-09-30 Zinnwald Lithium Project Report on the Mineral Resource Date and signature page According to NI 43-101 requirements the „Qualified Persons“ for this report are EurGeol. Dr. Wolf-Dietrich Bock and EurGeol. Kersten Kühn. The effective date of this report is 30 September 2018. ……………………………….. Signed on 30 September 2018 EurGeol. Dr. Wolf-Dietrich Bock Consulting Geologist ……………………………….. Signed on 30 September 2018 EurGeol. Kersten Kühn Mining Geologist Date: Page: 2018-09-30 2/219 Zinnwald Lithium Project Report on the Mineral Resource TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Date and signature page .............................................................................................................. 2 1 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Property Description and Ownership ........................................................................ 14 1.2 Geology and mineralization ...................................................................................... 14 1.3 Exploration status .................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Resource estimates ................................................................................................. 16 1.5 Conclusions and Recommendations .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: a Review
    resources Review Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review Laurence Kavanagh * , Jerome Keohane, Guiomar Garcia Cabellos, Andrew Lloyd and John Cleary EnviroCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny, Road, Co., R93-V960 Carlow, Ireland; [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (G.G.C.); [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (J.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 July 2018; Accepted: 11 September 2018; Published: 17 September 2018 Abstract: Lithium is a key component in green energy storage technologies and is rapidly becoming a metal of crucial importance to the European Union. The different industrial uses of lithium are discussed in this review along with a compilation of the locations of the main geological sources of lithium. An emphasis is placed on lithium’s use in lithium ion batteries and their use in the electric vehicle industry. The electric vehicle market is driving new demand for lithium resources. The expected scale-up in this sector will put pressure on current lithium supplies. The European Union has a burgeoning demand for lithium and is the second largest consumer of lithium resources. Currently, only 1–2% of worldwide lithium is produced in the European Union (Portugal). There are several lithium mineralisations scattered across Europe, the majority of which are currently undergoing mining feasibility studies. The increasing cost of lithium is driving a new global mining boom and should see many of Europe’s mineralisation’s becoming economic. The information given in this paper is a source of contextual information that can be used to support the European Union’s drive towards a low carbon economy and to develop the field of research.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium Recovery from Lithium-Containing Micas Using Sulfur Oxidizing Microorganisms ⇑ S
    Minerals Engineering 106 (2017) 18–21 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Minerals Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mineng Lithium recovery from lithium-containing micas using sulfur oxidizing microorganisms ⇑ S. Reichel , T. Aubel, A. Patzig, E. Janneck, M. Martin G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft, Schwarze Kiefern 2, 09633 Halsbrücke, Germany article info abstract Article history: There is about 60,000 t of lithium mica in the German part of the deposit in the Erzgebirge mountains. Received 27 July 2016 Lithium can be recovered by high pressure-high temperature leaching with sulfuric acid and further Revised 20 February 2017 hydrometallurgical processing. Another idea, developed in the EU-project FAME, was to use sulfur oxidiz- Accepted 25 February 2017 ing microbes to produce sulfuric acid and to extract lithium at moderate temperature and pressure con- Available online 3 March 2017 ditions. Experiments were carried out in 2 L and 4 L batch reactors at 30 °C. After microbial transformation of elemental sulfur to sulfuric acid, the milled (<45 mm) lithium mica was added at a pulp Keywords: density of 5%. Up to 26% of lithium was extracted biologically compared to 16% by chemical leaching. The Non-ferrous metallic ores bioleaching solution contained about 1 g/L aluminium, 0.8 g/L iron and 0.2 g/L lithium and could be Lithium Mica further processed hydrometallurgically. Silicate bioleaching Ó 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria Membrane filtration 1. Introduction separation, potentially complemented by froth flotation for the fine grained fractions (Kondas and Jandova, 2006; Jandova et al., 2009; Lithium has been recognized as a potentially critical raw Samkova, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium Resources and Requirements by the Year 2000
    Lithium Resources and Requirements by the Year 2000 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1005 Lithium Resources and Requirements by the Year 2000 JAMES D. VINE, Editor GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1005 A collection of papers presented at a symposium held in Golden, Colorado, January 22-24, 1976 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1976 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THOMAS S. KLEPPE, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director First printing 1976 Second printing 1977 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Vine, James David, 1921- Lithium resources and requirements by the year 2000. (Geological Survey Professional Paper 1005) 1. Lithium ores-United States-Congresses. 2. Lithium-Congresses. I. Vine, James David, 1921- II. Title. HI. Series: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1005. TN490.L5L57 553'.499 76-608206 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 024-001-02887-5 CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction, by James D. Vine, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo ______________-_______-_-- — ------- —— —— ——— ---- 1 2. Battery research sponsored by the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, by Albert Landgrebe, Energy Research and De­ velopment Administration, Washington, D.C., and Paul A. Nelson, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Ill-__- —— -____.—————— 2 3. Battery systems for load-leveling and electric-vehicle application, near-term and advanced technology (abstract), by N. P. Yao and W. J. Walsh, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 111___.__________________________________-___-_________ — ________ 5 4. Lithium requirements for high-energy lithium-aluminum/iron-sulfide batteries for load-leveling and electric-vehicle applications, by A.
    [Show full text]
  • 09 February 2021
    CORPORATE SPONSORED MARKETING COMMUNICATION 09 February 2021 CORPORATE European Metals Holdings Share Price 69p Lithium development on track in the heart of Europe European Metals Holdings (EMH) is developing the large Cinovec lithium (tin/ tungsten) deposit in the Czech Republic with its new strategic partner CEZ in at the project level. Following completion of the fully-funded Feasibility Study, EMH will hold 49% of this Reuters/BBG EMH.L / EMH LN strategic asset and operational control. The large Cinovec deposit benefits from simple Index FTSE AIM bulk mining and magnetic upgrade and will use conventional processing techniques to Sector Mining produce a final lithium hydroxide (or carbonate) at site. Security of supply and a Market Cap £111m scalable project constitutes the prize offered to Europe as the EU supports the Shares in Issue 172m development of the next generation of EVs and begins the transition to a carbon neutral NAV 5.8p future. The location of Cinovec gives EMH a strategic advantage as Europe looks to insist legally on a fully functioning lithium raw material supply chain from ground to car (and recycling). Our simple DCF valuation model gives a fair value of 129.8p/sh. Performance All-Share Sector An investment in European Metals provides investors with: 1 month: 3.3% (0.6)% Exposure to the lithium market We see strong fundamentals for the lithium market. 3 months: 178.7% 18.4% In our opinion, the supply response will be insufficient to fulfil the obvious growing 12 months: 303.3% 96.3% demand (the acceleration of EV sales globally in 2020, up 43%, providing all the High/Low 80.0p / 8.9p evidence needed).
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Global Lithium Company
    Emerging Global Lithium Company Investor Presentation March 2016 Disclaimer Cautionary Statement This presentation is for information purposes only. Neither this presentation nor the information contained in it constitutes an offer, invitation, solicitation or recommendation in relation to the purchase or sale of shares in any jurisdiction. This presentation may not be distributed in any jurisdiction except in accordance with the legal requirements applicable in such jurisdiction. Recipients should inform themselves of the restrictions that apply in their own jurisdiction. A failure to do so may result in a violation of securities laws in such jurisdiction. This presentation does not constitute financial product advice and has been prepared without taking into account the recipients investment objectives, financial circumstances or particular needs and the opinions and recommendations in this presentation are not intended to represent recommendations to particular persons. Recipients should seek professional advice when deciding if an investment is appropriate. All securities transactions involve risks which include, amongst others, the risk of adverse or unanticipated market, financial or political developments. Certain statements contained in this presentation, including information as to the future financial or operating performance of Platypus Minerals Ltd (Platypus) or Lepidico Ltd (Lepidico) are forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements are necessarily based upon a number of estimates and assumptions that, whilst
    [Show full text]
  • Foitite: Formation During Late Stages of Evolution of Complex Granitic Pegmatites at Dobrá Voda, Czech Republic, and Pala, California, U.S.A
    1399 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 38, pp. 1399-1408 (2000) FOITITE: FORMATION DURING LATE STAGES OF EVOLUTION OF COMPLEX GRANITIC PEGMATITES AT DOBRÁ VODA, CZECH REPUBLIC, AND PALA, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. MILAN NOVÁK§ Department of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, Masaryk University, Kotláøská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic MATTHEW C. TAYLOR¶ Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada ABSTRACT Zoned crystals of tourmaline (elbaite–foitite) were found in pockets of the lepidolite-subtype granitic pegmatites at Dobrá Voda, western Moravia, Czech Republic, and the White Queen mine, Pala, San Diego County, California. Zoned crystals consist of pale pink, colorless and greenish Fe-poor elbaite, blue, violet or green Fe-rich elbaite, and dark violet to black foitite. Elbaite– foitite is associated with quartz, cookeite, albite and apatite at Dobrá Voda, and with albite, quartz, K-feldspar, beryl, and musco- vite at the White Queen mine. Chemical compositions of foitite and associated Fe-poor to Fe-rich elbaite are similar at both localities, and exhibit an X-site vacancy (≤0.78 apfu, in foitite), and variable amounts of Ca (≤0.05 apfu), Mn (≤0.47 apfu) and F (≤0.75 apfu, in elbaite), in contrast to foitite that in many cases is F-free. Two distinct stages of late Fe-enrichment in tourmaline were recognized, in contrast to Fe-depletion, noted in many granitic pegmatites. The first stage is generally characterized by increasing Fe and Na, and decreasing Al and Li contents; three substages show the following substitutions: (i) R2 (LiAl)–1, NaR2(OH) X ( ⅪAl2O)–1 and (OH) F–1 for elbaite containing <0.3 Fe apfu at Dobrá Voda (R = Fetot + Mn + Mg + Zn); (ii) Na R2(OH) X X ( ⅪAl2O)–1 or NaR ( ⅪAl)–1 and F (OH)–1 for Fe-rich elbaite with 0.5–1.0 Fe apfu; (iii) AlO2 [Li(OH)2]–1 and (OH) F–1, perhaps combined with R2 (LiAl)–1 for Fe-rich elbaite with 1.0–1.3 Fe apfu at the White Queen mine.
    [Show full text]
  • OBTAINING Li2co3 from ZINNWALDITE WASTES
    Original papers OBTAINING Li2CO3 FROM ZINNWALDITE WASTES JITKA JANDOVÁ, HONG N. VU, TEREZA BELKOVÁ, PETR DVOŘÁK, JÁN KONDÁS Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic E-mail: [email protected] Submitted November 27, 2008; accepted February 19, 2009 Keywords: Zinnwaldite; Gypsum method; H2O leaching; Li2CO3 A zinnwaldite concentrate with 1.40% Li processed in this study was prepared from zinnwaldite wastes (0.21% Li) using dry magnetic and grain size separations. Zinnwaldite wastes originated from dressing Sn–W ores, which were mined in the past in the Czech Republic in Cínovec area. The extraction process of lithium, so-called gypsum method consisted of sintering the concentrate with CaSO4 and Ca(OH)2, subsequent leaching of the sinters obtained in H2O, solution purification and precipitation of Li2CO3. It was observed that almost 96% lithium extraction was achieved if sinters prepared at 950°C were leached at 90°C, liquid-to-solid ratio = 10:1, reaction time of 10 min. The weight ratio of the concentrate to CaSO4 to Ca(OH)2 was 6 : 4.2 : 2. Lithium carbonate product containing almost 99% Li2CO3 was separated from the condensed leach liquor, from which calcium was removed by carbonate precipitation. INTRODUCTION (6.0-7.5% Li2O,) petalite LiAlSi4O10 (3.5-4.5% Li2O), lepidolite (Li·Al)3(Al·Si)4O10(F·OH)2 (3.30-7.74% Li2O), The world lithium consumption has been perma- so called lithium mica usually containing 3-5% Rb2O nently growing in the last 10 years and it is possible and zinnwaldite K(Li·Al·Fe)3(Al·Si)4O10(F·OH)2 (2-5% to forecast its further gradual growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Resources of Western
    MINERAL RESOURCES OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES PERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA 1980 Issued under the authority of the Hon. P. V. Jones, M.L.A. Minister for Mines 89686-1 Since the publication of the last issue of this booklet in 1966 a major expansion of mineral production in Western Australia has been achieved. Deposits of iron, nickel, natural gas, bauxite, heavy mineral sands, uranium and diamond are now being worked or are known to be commercial. Over the period 1966 to 1971, following the initial discovery of nickel sulphide at Kambalda, a speculative boom in base metal exploration developed that could only be likened to the gold rush days around the turn of the century. Although not all of the exploration activity in this period was well directed, many new discoveries were made as a result of the ready availability of risk capital. In the wake of the boom it is mainly the true prospectors that remain-the individual, to whom the still sparsely populated areas of the State hold an irresistible appeal and the chance of rich bonanza, and the established and dedicated mining companies for whom exploration is a necessary and vital part of the minerals industry. 1 am confident that the persistence of these prospectors will be rewarded with yet further discoveries of economic mineral deposits. Western Australia, with an area of over 2.5 million square kilometres, has a wide diversity of rocks representing all geological periods, and vast areas have been incompletely prospected. This booklet presents an up to date account of the minerals that are, or have been, economically exploited in Western Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on the Separation of Lithium Ion from Leach Liquors of Primary and Secondary Resources by Solvent Extraction with Commercial Extractants
    processes Article A Review on the Separation of Lithium Ion from Leach Liquors of Primary and Secondary Resources by Solvent Extraction with Commercial Extractants Thi Hong Nguyen 1,2 and Man Seung Lee 1,* 1 Department of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Rare Metal, Mokpo National University, Jeollanamdo 534-729, Korea; [email protected] 2 College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho City 900000, Viet Nam * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-61-450-2492 Received: 10 April 2018; Accepted: 9 May 2018; Published: 12 May 2018 Abstract: The growing demand for lithium necessitates the development of an efficient process to recover it from three kinds of solutions, namely brines as well as acid and alkaline leach liquors of primary and secondary resources. Therefore, the separation of lithium(I) from these solutions by solvent extraction was reviewed in this paper. Lithium ions in brines are concentrated by removing other metal salts by crystallization with solar evaporation. In the case of ores and secondary resources, roasting followed by acid/alkaline leaching is generally employed to dissolve the lithium. Since the compositions of brines, alkaline and acid solutions are different, different commercial extractants are employed to separate and recover lithium. The selective extraction of Li(I) over other metals from brines or alkaline solutions is accomplished using acidic extractants, their mixture with neutral extractants, and neutral extractants mixed with chelating extractants in the presence of ferric chloride (FeCl3). Among these systems, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP)- methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)-FeCl3 and tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO)- benzoyltrifluoroacetone (HBTA) are considered to be promising for the selective extraction and recovery of Li(I) from brines and alkaline solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Zinnwald Lithium Project
    Zinnwald Lithium Project Technical Report on the Feasibility Study for the Zinnwald Lithium Project, Germany Prepared for: Deutsche Lithium GmbH Am St. Niclas Schacht 13 09599 Freiberg Germany Effective date: 2019-05-31 Issue date: 2019-05-31 Zinnwald Lithium Project Technical Report on the Feasibility Study TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Date and Signature Page ............................................................................................................. 2 1 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 22 1.1 Property Description and Ownership ........................................................................ 22 1.2 Geology and Mineralization ...................................................................................... 22 1.3 Exploration Status .................................................................................................... 23 1.4 Resource Estimates ................................................................................................. 23 1.5 Reserve Estimates ................................................................................................... 25 1.6 Mining ...................................................................................................................... 26 1.7 Processing and Metallurgical Test Work .................................................................. 27 1.8 Recovery Methods ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]