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Mica Deposits of the Southeastern Piedmont Part 2
Mica Deposits of the Southeastern Piedmont Part 2. Amelia District, Virginia GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 248-B Mica Deposits of the Southeastern Piedmont Part 2. Amelia District, Virginia By RICHARD W. LEMKE, RICHARD H. JAHNS, and WALLACE R.GRIFFITTS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 248-B Distribution and structure of pegmatite bodies in the area, their mineralogical characteristics, and the economic possibilities of the mica and other pegmatite minerals UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1952 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 60 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Page Abstract _________________________________________ 103 Description of deposits—Continued Introduction: Field work and acknowledgments._______ 103 Jefferson-Amelia area—Continued Geography of the district____________________________ 104 Jefferson prospects______-_--._-----_------ - 118 Geology of the district-______________________________ 105 McCraw No. 3 (Old Pinchbeck No. 1) mine__. 119 Rock formations,___________________________ 105 McCraw No. 2 (Old Pinchbeck No. 3) mine__ 119 Metamorphic rocks_ ________________________ 105 McCraw No. 1 (Pinchbeck No. 2) mine__---_ 119 Igneous rocks______________________________ 105 Line mine__---___________________________ 120 Structure. _________________________________ 106 Booker mine______________--_-----___----. 120 -
Breakthrough Chemistry Simulations for Lithium Processing Contents
think simulation | getting the chemistry right Breakthrough chemistry simulations for lithium processing Using simulation to maximize your investment return in lithium extraction and processing Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Process simulation deficiencies ................................................................................................................ 2 OLI Systems electrolyte thermodynamics .................................................................................................2 OLI Systems lithium initiative .................................................................................................................... 2 Lithium phase 1 and potash chemistry is complete ................................................................................... 2 Fundamental sulfate – chloride systems .............................................................................................. 3 Fundamental hydroxide and carbonate systems .................................................................................. 3 Lithium in acid environments for processing and recycling ................................................................... 3 Lithium borate systems for Li production ............................................................................................. 4 Systems related to Li hydrometallurgical processing, purifications and recycling .................................. -
Session 1 Sources and Availability of Materials for Lithium Batteries
Session 1: Sources and Availability of Materials for Lithium Batteries Session 1 Sources and Availability of Materials for Lithium Batteries Adrian Griffin Managing Director, Lithium Australia NL ABSTRACT Lithium, as a feedstock for the battery industry, originates from two primary sources: hard-rock (generally spodumene and petalite), and brines. Brine processing results in the direct production of lithium chemicals, whereas the output from hard-rock production is tradeable mineral concentrates that require downstream processing prior to delivery, as refined chemicals, into the battery market. The processors of the concentrates, the 'converters', are the major constraint in a supply chain blessed with abundant mineral feed. The battery industry must overcome the constraints imposed by the converters, and this can be achieved through the application of the Sileach™ process, which produces lithium chemicals from concentrates direct, without the need for roasting. The cathode chemistries of the most efficient lithium batteries have a common thread – a high dependence on cobalt. Battery manufacturers consume around 40% of the current production of cobalt, a by-product of the nickel and copper industries. This means cobalt is at a tipping point – production will not keep up with demand. In the short term, the solution lies in developing alternative cathode compositions, while in the longer term recycling may be the answer. Lithium Australia NL is researching the application of its Sileach™ process to waste batteries to achieve a high-grade, low-cost source of battery materials and, in so doing, ease the supply constraints on cathode metals. To ensure that the battery industry is sustainable, better utilisation of mineral resources, more efficient processing technology, an active battery reprocessing capacity and less reliance on cobalt as a cathode material are all necessary. -
Investigation of Lithium Superoxide-Based Batteries
Investigation of Lithium Superoxide-Based Batteries P.I.: K. Amine L. Curtiss Argonne National Laboratory DOE merit review June 1-4, 2020 Project ID# BAT-431 This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential, or otherwise restricted information. Overview Timeline Barriers ▪ Start: 2019 ▪ Barriers addressed ▪ Finish: 2023 – Cycle life ▪ 60 % – Capacity – Efficiency Budget Partners • Total project funding • Interactions/ collaborations – DOE share: $ 1280 K • M. Asadi, IIT – Contractor 0 • S. Al-Hallaj and B. Chaplin, UIC • FY 18: $ 400 K • J. G. Wen, ANL • FY 19: $ 450 K • K. C. Lau University of • FY 20: $ 430 K California-Northridge • M. Asadi, IIT 2 Project Objectives and Relevance ▪ Investigation of Li-O2 batteries based on lithium superoxide to achieve understanding of discharge chemistry and how to enhance cycle life. ▪ Use an integrated approach based on experimental synthesis and state-of-the-art characterization combined with high level computational studies focused on materials design and understanding ▪ Li-air batteries based on lithium superoxide have the potential for being the basis for closed systems without need for an external O2 source 3 Milestones Month/ Milestones Year Characterization of electronic properties of high temperature Jun/20 synthesized Ir3Li, (Completed) Voltage profiles and characterization of discharge product by titration Sep/20 and other techniques in an Ir3Li cell, (Completed) TEM studies of large LiO particles, investigation of stability and Dec/21 2 formation mechanism, (Completed) -
Zinnwald Lithium Project
Zinnwald Lithium Project Report on the Mineral Resource Prepared for Deutsche Lithium GmbH Am St. Niclas Schacht 13 09599 Freiberg Germany Effective date: 2018-09-30 Issue date: 2018-09-30 Zinnwald Lithium Project Report on the Mineral Resource Date and signature page According to NI 43-101 requirements the „Qualified Persons“ for this report are EurGeol. Dr. Wolf-Dietrich Bock and EurGeol. Kersten Kühn. The effective date of this report is 30 September 2018. ……………………………….. Signed on 30 September 2018 EurGeol. Dr. Wolf-Dietrich Bock Consulting Geologist ……………………………….. Signed on 30 September 2018 EurGeol. Kersten Kühn Mining Geologist Date: Page: 2018-09-30 2/219 Zinnwald Lithium Project Report on the Mineral Resource TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Date and signature page .............................................................................................................. 2 1 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Property Description and Ownership ........................................................................ 14 1.2 Geology and mineralization ...................................................................................... 14 1.3 Exploration status .................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Resource estimates ................................................................................................. 16 1.5 Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................................... -
Used at Rocky Flats
. TASK 1 REPORT (Rl) IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICALS AND RADIONUCLIDES USED AT ROCKY FLATS I PROJECT BACKGROUND ChemRisk is conducting a Rocky Flats Toxicologic Review and Dose Reconstruction study for The Colorado Department of Health. The two year study will be completed by the fall of 1992. The ChemRisk study is composed of twelve tasks that represent the first phase of an independent investigation of off-site health risks associated with the operation of the Rocky Flats nuclear weapons plant northwest of Denver. The first eight tasks address the collection of historic information on operations and releases and a detailed dose reconstruction analysis. Tasks 9 through 12 address the compilation of information and communication of the results of the study. Task 1 will involve the creation of an inventory of chemicals and radionuclides that have been present at Rocky Flats. Using this inventory, chemicals and radionuclides of concern will be selected under Task 2, based on such factors as the relative toxicity of the materials, quantities used, how the materials might have been released into the environment, and the likelihood for transport of the materials off-site. An historical activities profile of the plant will be constructed under Task 3. Tasks 4, 5, and 6 will address the identification of where in the facility activities took place, how much of the materials of concern were released to the environment, and where these materials went after the releases. Task 7 addresses historic land-use in the vicinity of the plant and the location of off-site populations potentially affected by releases from Rocky Flats. -
Report on the Sonora Lithium Project
Report on the Sonora Lithium Project (Pursuant to National Instrument 43-101 of the Canadian Securities Administrators) Huasabas - Bacadehuachi Area (Map Sheet H1209) Sonora, Mexico o o centered at: 29 46’29”N, 109 6’14”W For 330 – 808 – 4th Avenue S. W. Calgary, Alberta Canada T2P 3E8 Tel. +1-403-237-6122 By Carl G. Verley, P. Geo. Martin F. Vidal, Lic. Geo. Geological Consultant Vice-President, Exploration Amerlin Exploration Services Ltd. Bacanora Minerals Ltd. 2150 – 1851 Savage Road Calle Uno # 312 Richmond, B.C. Canada V6V 1R1 Hermosillo, Mexico Tel. +1-604-821-1088 Tel. +52-662-210-0767 Ellen MacNeill, P.Geo. Geological Consultant RR5, Site25, C16 Prince Albert, SK Canada S6V 5R3 Tel. +1-306-922-6886 Dated: September 5, 2012. Bacanora Minerals Ltd. Report on the Sonora Lithium Project, Sonora, Mexico Date and Signature Page Date Dated Effective: September 5, 2012. Signatures Carl G. Verley, P.Geo. ____________________ Martin F. Vidal, Lic. Geo. Ellen MacNeill, P.Geo. Amerlin Exploration Services Ltd. - Consulting mineral exploration geologists ii Bacanora Minerals Ltd. Report on the Sonora Lithium Project, Sonora, Mexico Table of Contents 1.0 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3 3.0 Reliance on Other Experts ....................................................................................................... -
Lithium Exploration Commences at Broken Hill
ASX ANNOUNCEMENT 3 June 2016 Lithium Exploration Commences at Broken Hill Exploration for lithium in pegmatites at Broken Hill has commenced Extensive zones of outcropping pegmatite in Silver City tenements covering some 100 square kilometres No systematic exploration for lithium ever undertaken at Broken Hill Important anomalous lithium indicator elements already identified in Waukeroo tin field Broken Hill mining centre provides logistical advantage to new discoveries Silver City Minerals Limited (ASX: SCI) (“Silver City” or “the Company”) has commenced a program of mineral exploration specifically targeting lithium hosted in pegmatites at Broken Hill (ASX Release 11 May 2016). Initial field programs have begun with systematic rock chip sampling and geological mapping of pegmatites associated with areas of tin mineralisation and evaluation of existing airborne hyperspectral data. The purpose of the program is to locate pegmatites which contain lithium minerals with a particular emphasis on spodumene (LiAlSi2O6), the dominant commercial lithium mineral. Current exploration is focussed on pegmatites located within granted exploration tenure on the northern and southern extensions of the Waukeroo tin field. SCI holds title to ten granted exploration licences and three licence applications. Next Steps SCI considers that, through systematic sampling and mineralogical studies, potential for discovery of lithium minerals at Waukeroo and elsewhere in the district is high. Work has commenced with field teams sampling and mapping, including re-sampling of drill chips from the previous tungsten resource drilling. Sampling has also been initiated in areas of the Western zone where extensive pegmatite outcrops have similarly never been assessed for lithium. SILVER CITY MINERALS LIMITED A study using an existing airborne hyperspectral (HyMap) survey is underway to assess the potential for remotely differentiating spodumene in the spectral data. -
Mesoscopic Rydberg-Blockaded Ensembles in the Superatom Regime and Beyond
LETTERS PUBLISHED ONLINE: 12 JANUARY 2015 | DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS3214 Mesoscopic Rydberg-blockaded ensembles in the superatom regime and beyond T. M. Weber, M. Höning, T. Niederprüm, T. Manthey, O. Thomas, V. Guarrera†, M. Fleischhauer, G. Barontini† and H. Ott* The control of strongly interacting many-body systems of a Bose–Einstein condensate of 87Rb atoms. We first load the enables the creation of tailored quantum matter with complex condensate into a one-dimensional optical lattice with a spacing of properties. Atomic ensembles that are optically driven to a 532 nm, to suppress the axial movement of the atoms. We subse- Rydberg state provide many examples for this: atom–atom quently compress the atomic sample in the radial direction to reduce entanglement1,2, many-body Rabi oscillations3, strong its size below the blockade radius and empty all but three (or more) photon–photon interaction4 and spatial pair correlations5. lattice sites using a focused electron beam8–10 (Fig. 1a and Methods). In its most basic form Rydberg quantum matter consists of The atom number within the ensemble (N) can be adjusted between an isolated ensemble of strongly interacting atoms spatially 100 and 500 at a temperature of T D .3.5 0.5/ µK and the typical confined to the blockade volume—a superatom. Here we size of the sample is ≤3 µm in diameter (Fig. 1b). Our preparation demonstrate the controlled creation and characterization scheme is readily scalable to arrays of superatoms (Fig. 1d). of an isolated mesoscopic superatom by means of accurate After preparation we excite the atomic ensemble with a density engineering and excitation to Rydberg p-states. -
Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: a Review
resources Review Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review Laurence Kavanagh * , Jerome Keohane, Guiomar Garcia Cabellos, Andrew Lloyd and John Cleary EnviroCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny, Road, Co., R93-V960 Carlow, Ireland; [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (G.G.C.); [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (J.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 July 2018; Accepted: 11 September 2018; Published: 17 September 2018 Abstract: Lithium is a key component in green energy storage technologies and is rapidly becoming a metal of crucial importance to the European Union. The different industrial uses of lithium are discussed in this review along with a compilation of the locations of the main geological sources of lithium. An emphasis is placed on lithium’s use in lithium ion batteries and their use in the electric vehicle industry. The electric vehicle market is driving new demand for lithium resources. The expected scale-up in this sector will put pressure on current lithium supplies. The European Union has a burgeoning demand for lithium and is the second largest consumer of lithium resources. Currently, only 1–2% of worldwide lithium is produced in the European Union (Portugal). There are several lithium mineralisations scattered across Europe, the majority of which are currently undergoing mining feasibility studies. The increasing cost of lithium is driving a new global mining boom and should see many of Europe’s mineralisation’s becoming economic. The information given in this paper is a source of contextual information that can be used to support the European Union’s drive towards a low carbon economy and to develop the field of research. -
Lithium Recovery from Lithium-Containing Micas Using Sulfur Oxidizing Microorganisms ⇑ S
Minerals Engineering 106 (2017) 18–21 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Minerals Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mineng Lithium recovery from lithium-containing micas using sulfur oxidizing microorganisms ⇑ S. Reichel , T. Aubel, A. Patzig, E. Janneck, M. Martin G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft, Schwarze Kiefern 2, 09633 Halsbrücke, Germany article info abstract Article history: There is about 60,000 t of lithium mica in the German part of the deposit in the Erzgebirge mountains. Received 27 July 2016 Lithium can be recovered by high pressure-high temperature leaching with sulfuric acid and further Revised 20 February 2017 hydrometallurgical processing. Another idea, developed in the EU-project FAME, was to use sulfur oxidiz- Accepted 25 February 2017 ing microbes to produce sulfuric acid and to extract lithium at moderate temperature and pressure con- Available online 3 March 2017 ditions. Experiments were carried out in 2 L and 4 L batch reactors at 30 °C. After microbial transformation of elemental sulfur to sulfuric acid, the milled (<45 mm) lithium mica was added at a pulp Keywords: density of 5%. Up to 26% of lithium was extracted biologically compared to 16% by chemical leaching. The Non-ferrous metallic ores bioleaching solution contained about 1 g/L aluminium, 0.8 g/L iron and 0.2 g/L lithium and could be Lithium Mica further processed hydrometallurgically. Silicate bioleaching Ó 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria Membrane filtration 1. Introduction separation, potentially complemented by froth flotation for the fine grained fractions (Kondas and Jandova, 2006; Jandova et al., 2009; Lithium has been recognized as a potentially critical raw Samkova, 2009). -
Charging Ahead FINDING INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES from the GREAT BATTERY TAKE-OFF
November 2016 Charging ahead FINDING INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES FROM THE GREAT BATTERY TAKE-OFF Duncan Goodwin Alex Scott Head of Global Resources Equities Investment Analyst, Barings, London Baring Global Resources Equities Barings, London Barings | 155 Bishopsgate | London | EC2M 3XY Authorised and Regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority Tel: +44 (0)20 7628 6000 | Fax: +44 (0)20 7638 7928 | www.barings.com FOR INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS / PROFESSIONAL ADVISERS ONLY Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 THE ECONOMICS BEHIND THE TAKE-OFF 4 BATTERY MANUFACTURING: COMPETITION AND COMMODITISATION 6 THE TECHNOLOGY OF TOMORROW 8 CATHODE MANUFACTURERS 13 SEPARATOR MANUFACTURERS 16 COMMODITIES 19 CONCLUSION 23 Barings | 155 Bishopsgate | London | EC2M 3XY November 2016 Tel: +44 (0)20 7628 6000 | Fax: +44 (0)20 7638 7928 | www.barings.com For institutional investors / professional advisers only 2 Executive Summary Following on from the work presented in our white paper In this white paper, we delve deeper into the supply chain “Enabling a Revolution”, this paper is intended as an update on to further identify the potential winners from this structural the sector, and the continuing work we have undertaken. growth theme. We remain permanently cognisant of both the potential for disruptive technology to be, itself, disrupted, as Over the past nine months the idea that we are on the verge of well as for a bubble to emerge within such nascent thematic an electric vehicle take-off has become increasingly palpable. trends. We identify the next rung of potential winners, and also Tesla announced the launch of its long-awaited Model 3 at the re-examine the investment case for those stocks we previously end of March 2016 and already has a pre-order book of more identified as beneficiaries.