ﻧﮋادﻗﻨﺒﺮ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ...
داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨ ﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﭘﺎ 4668- 2008 ( ﻋﻠﻤﻲ- ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ) ) www.entomologicalresearch.ir
ﺟﻠﺪ 2 ، ﺷ ﻤﺎره 4 ، ﺳﺎل 9 138، ( -331 340)
ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي در ﺷﺮق اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن
١ 2 3 ﻧﺎزﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﮋادﻗﻨﺒﺮ *، ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ارﺑﺎﺑﻲ ، رﺿﺎ وﻓﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻮﺷﺘﺮي
-1 داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﺣﺸﺮهﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك -2 داﻧﺸ ﻴﺎر، ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺟﺎﻧﻮرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ، ﺗﻬﺮان -3 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك ، اراك ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺗﻨﻮع و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي در 15 ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﺮ ق اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن در ﺳﺎل ﻫـﺎي 1387 ﺗﺎ 1388 ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . از روش ﺗﻜﺎﻧﺪن اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﻗﻴﻒ ﺑﺮﻟﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫـﺎ ي ي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ . در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 36 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ، از 33 ﺟـﻨﺲ و 31 ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﺮوه Astigmata ، دو زﻳﺮﮔـﺮوه Prostigmata ,Crypotstigmata و راﺳﺘﻪ Mesostigmata ﺟﻤﻊ آوري وﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳ ﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺸﺑﻴ. ﺘﺮﻳﻦ وﻓـﻮر ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ روي اﻧـﺪام ﻫـﺎي ﻫـﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻨﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﭘﺎﻛﻮﺗـﺎه ﭼـﺎي Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu و در ﺧـﺎك ﺑـﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Shrank) ﺑــﻪ ﺛﺒــﺖ رﺳــﻴﺪ . ﻋﻼﻳــﻢ ﺧــﺴﺎرت ﺑــﺮاي ﻛﻨــﻪ ﻫــﺎي Tuckerella hypoterra Mcdaniel And Morihara و Tetranychus urticae Koch روي ﺑﺮگ ﭼﺎي ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻧﺸﺪ . از ﻛﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺷـﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﺑـﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫﺎي Bdellidae و Phytoseiidae و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاي 15 ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده اورﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴـﺪه ( Cryptostigmata ) در ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺛﺒـﺖ رﺳﻴﺪ . ﺑﻴﺸﺘ ﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴـﺪ ﺑـ ﺮاي دو ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ( .Eupelops sp و .Pergalumna sp ) و ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ .Metabelba sp و ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Phthiracaridae و Euphthiracaridae ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ رﺳﻴﺪ . از ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻓﻮن ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷـﺪه ﺑـﻴﺶ از 81 درﺻﺪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ در ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﻛﺸﻮر ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﻤﻲ و ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ارﻳﺒﺎﺗ ﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ 15 ﺧﺎ ﻧﻮاده 41 درﺻـﺪ ﺗﻨـﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي و 59 درﺻﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ را داﺷﺘﻨﺪ . ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ 4 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ از اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫـﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺗـﻪ ﭼـﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از : : Acaridae (Tyrophagus putrescentiae ), Ameroseiidae ( Ameroseius sp.), Digamasellidae (Dendrolaelaps sp.), Ologamasidae (Gamaseiphis sp.) Pachylaelapidae ( Pachyseius sp.), Parasitidae ( Vulgrogamasus sp.), Phytoseiidae (Amblyseius largoensis , Iphiseius sp., Typhlodromips caspiansis ) Achipteriidae ( Parachipteria sp.) Cepheidae ( Conoppia sp.) Camisiidae (Camisia sp .), Nothridae (not identified) Ceratozetidae (Trichoribates sp.), Humerobatidae ( Humerobates sp.), Damaeidae ( Metabelba sp.), Galumnidae (Pergalumna sp.), Liacaridae ( Liacarus sp.), Oribatulidae (not identified), Scheloribatidae ( Scheloribates sp.), Oppiidae ( Oppia sp.), Phenopelopidae ( Eupelops sp.), Phthiracaridae and Euphthiracaridae (not identified), Anystidae ( Chaussieria warrengense, Chaussieria sp.) , Bdellidae ( Bdella sp., Cyta sp.), Camerobidiidae ( Tycherobius sp.), Erythraeidae ( Leptus sp.), Eupodidae ( Cocceupodes sp.), Tenuipalpidae
* ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه راﺑﻂ ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ: [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ( 18 /2/ 89 -) ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ( /14/7 )89
٣٣٠ ٣٣١ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 2 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 4 ، ﺳﺎل 1389 (، 340-331)
(Brevipalpus obovatus ), Tetranychidae ( Tetranychus urticae ), Microtrombidiidae (Microtrombidinae), Trombidiidae ( Dinothrombium sp.) Tuckerellidae ( Tuckerella hypoterra)
واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﻛﻨﻪ، ﻏﺑﺎ ﺎت ﭼﺎي، ﺗﻨﻮع، ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ، اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن ، اﻳﺮان
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺑﺮ 300 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ آﻓﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺸﺮه و ﻛﻨﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺴﺎرﺗ ﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدل 5 اﻟﻲ 15 درﺻﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ در ﻣﺰارع ﭼـﺎي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ( Zee et al., 2003 ). از ﻣﻴﺎن آ ﻓﺎت، ﺑﻴﺶ از 60 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرت زا ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻫﺸﺖ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده در اﻧـﺪا م ﻫـﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ( Bigger, 2009 ). ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺴﺎرت زا ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دروﻏــﻴﻦ ( Tenuipalpidae ) ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ ﻛﻨــﻪ ﻗﺮﻣــﺰ ﭘﺎﻛﻮﺗــﺎه ( Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu ) از ﺑﺎﻏــﺎت ﭼــﺎي اﻳــﺮان (Khosrowshahi & Arbabi, 1997) ، ﭼﻴﻦ، وﻳﺘﻨﺎ م، اﻧﺪوﻧﺰي، ﺳﺮﻳﻼﻧﻜﺎ، ﻣﺎﻟﺪﻳﻮ، ﻫﻨﺪ، ﻣﺎﻟﺰي، ژاﭘﻦ ( ;Jeppson et al., 1975 Meyer, 1979; Oomen, 1982) ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes از ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻫﻨﺪ، ﻣﺎﻟﺪﻳﻮ، ﻣﻮرﻳﺘﺎﻧﻲ، اﻧﺪوﻧﺰي، ﻣﻮرﻳﺲ، ﻛﻨﻴﺎ، اوﮔﺎﻧﺪا، ﻣﺎﻟﺰي، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Brevipalpus inornatus (Banks از ژاﭘﻦ ( Minamikawa, 1957) ، از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺗـﺎرﺗﻦ ( Tetranychidae) ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗـﺎرﺗﻦ ﻗﻬـﻮه (Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner از اﻏﻠـﺐ ﻛـﺸﻮرﻫﺎي اﻓﺮﻳﻘـﺎ ﻳ ﻲ، ﺳـﺮﻳﻼﻧﻜﺎ و ﻫﻨﺪوﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان آﻓﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳـﺖ ( Gupta, 1985; Bigger, 2009 ) . در ﻛـﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﻳ ﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﻛـﺮه ﺟﻨـﻮﺑﻲ وﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ، ﺗﺎﻳﻮان، ﭼﻴ ﻦ و ژاﭘﻦ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺰواﻳﻲ Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida از آﻓﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ ﭼﺎي اﻋﻼم ﺷـﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Ohtani, 1988 ). ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻳﻚ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﺴﺎرت وارده ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ ﻗﻬﻮه در ﻛﺸﻮر ﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺰرﮔﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭼﺎي در ﺟﻬﺎن ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ 5 اﻟﻲ 11 درﺻﺪ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Banerjee & Cranham, 1985 ) ﻛﻪ اﻳـﻦ ﻣﻴـﺰان ﺧﺴﺎت ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ داﺧﻠﻲ ﭼﺎي در اﻳﺮان ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻛﻨﻪ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼـﺎي و ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ رﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﺷﺪت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ در ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﻧﻴﺰ ﺣﺎ ﻳ ﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮده و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ از ﺧﺎ ﻧﻮاده Acaridae ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ (Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau از ﺑﺎﻏـﺎت ﭼـﺎي ﻣـﺎﻟﺰي ( Yunus & Ho, 1980 ،) ،) ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ (Caloglyphus mycophagus (Megnin از ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺟـﺎوا در ﻛـﺸﻮر اﻧـﺪوﻧﺰي ( Menzel, 1929 ) و ﭘـﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮده ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank از ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﻲ در ﻣﻨـﺎ ﻃﻖ ﻛـﺸﺖ ﭼـﺎي ﺟﻬـﺎن ﮔـﺰارش ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ .( .( Bigger, 2009 ) ﻳﻋﻼ ﻢ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ و ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دروﻏﻴﻦ از ﺳﺒﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ درﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ رﮔﺒﺮگ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ و ﻓﺮﻋـﻲ در ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮگ ﭼﺎي ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮوز ﻟﻜﻪ ﻫﺎي زرد، ﻗﻬﻮه اي رﻧﮓ ﻛﻪ در اﺛﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺷﺪن ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻗﻠﻴﻤـﻲ و ﺷـﺪت ﮔـﺮﻓﺘ ﻦ ﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺰه ﺷﺪن ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي آ ﺳﻴﺐ دﻳﺪه، ﻛﺎﻫﺶ و اﺧﺘﻼل در ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ و رﻳﺰش ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي آ ﺳـﻴﺐ دﻳـﺪه ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ . ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻛﻤﻲ و ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ در ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﭼﺎي را ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺑﻌـﺪ از ﻃﻐﻴـﺎن ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﻛﻨـﻪ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﻤﻮد ( Arbabi et al., 1997 ). ). ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ درﺑـﺎره ا ﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﻛﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ در ﺑﺎﻏـﺎت ﭼـﺎي ﻛـﺸﻮر ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي Cenopalpus carrintus ,Khosrowshahi & Arbabi, 1997; Khalilmanesh, 1969 ) B. obovatus ) و دﻳﮕﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻪ ﻣﻀﺮ، ﻣﻔﻴﺪ و ﺷـﻜﺎرﮔﺮ از ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي واﻗﻊ در ﻏﺮب اﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ( Taghavi et al ., 1998 ). ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺳـﺎل ﻫـﺎي 1348 ﺗﺎ 1351 در ﺷﻤﺎل ﻛﺸﻮر ﻧﺸﺎن داد داﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﭘﺎ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﭼﺎي ( B. obovatus ) از آﺳﺘﺎرا ﺗﺎ راﻣﺴﺮ و ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ﺗﻨﻜﺎﺑﻦ و ﭼﺎﻟﻮس ﮔﺴﺘﺮش دارد (Khalilmanesh, 1969) . ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ
331 ﻧﮋادﻗﻨﺒﺮ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ...
ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﻮدن رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ اﺳﺖ . ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ درﺑﺎره ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Microtrombidiidae ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ ﻨدﻫ ﺪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ اﺛﺮ زﻳﺎدي در اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آن ﻫﺎ دارد ( Gaberys, 1999; 2002 ). در اﻳﻦ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻓﻴﺘﻮز ﻴﺪﻳ ه ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Typhlodromips caspiansis Denmark and Daneshvar ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﺴﺴﺒﺘﺎ زﻳﺎد و ﺗﻨﻮع ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ وﺳﻴﻊ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ روي ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﺎي در ﺷﻤﺎل ﻛـﺸﻮر (Daneshvar, 1989 ) و ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي دﻳﮕﺮي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ Amblyseius largoensis, A. herbicolus ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ دﻣـﺎي ﻣﻌﺘـﺪل و رﻃ ﻮﺑـﺖ ﻛـﺎﻓﻲ ﺑـ ﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺴﺎرت زا از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دروﻏﻴﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﻳ ﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ( Arbabi & Singh, 1996 ). ). ﻪﺑ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر آﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺤﻮه ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي در ﺷﺮق اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ از 60 درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﻛﺸﻮر در آن ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻗﺮار دارد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮔﻮ ﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻀﺮ و ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، داﻣﻨﻪ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ آن ﻫﺎ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏـﺎت ﭼﺎي در 15 ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮدﮔﻲ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻀﺮ و ﻣﻔﻴﺪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ روﺷﻦ ﮔﺮدد.
ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري از ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻀﺮ و ﻣﻔﻴﺪ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﺧﺎك ﺑﻮ ﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي در 15 ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ در ﺷـﺮق اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻤﺎل ﻣﺤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ و ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺎزﻛﻴﺎﮔﻮراب، ﺷﻴﺮﻧﺴﺎ، ﺗﺠﻦ ﮔﻮﻛﻪ، ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪ، ﻛﺘﺸﺎل، ﻛﺮﻓﺴﺘﺎن، ﻛﻮﻣﻠـﻪ، ﺗﺠـﻦ، ﻛﻴﺴﻢ، زﻧﮕﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻪ، آﻫﻨﺪان، واﺟﺎرﮔﺎه، ﺷﻴﺦ زاﻫﺪ، ﺳﻮﺳﺘﺎن، ﻣﺤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ و ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ داﻧـﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳـﻼﻣﻲ ﻻﻫﻴﺠـﺎن از ﺗﺎﺑـﺴﺘﺎن 1387 ﺗﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1388 در ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺷﻌﺎع داﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑ ﺮداري از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻻﻫﻴﺠﺎن، ﺗﺎ 40 ﻛﻴﻠـﻮﻣﺘﺮ در ﻧﻮﺳﺎن ﺑﻮد . ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ از روش ﺗﻜﺎﻧﺪان اﻧـﺪام ﻫـﺎي ﻫـﻮاﻳﻲ روي ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻌـﺎﺑﻲ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺷـﺪ . در ﻫـﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺗﻌﺪاد 10 اﻟﻲ 15 ﺷﺎﺧﻪ و ﺑﺮگ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﭼﺎي ﺗﻜﺎﻧﺪه ﺷﺪ . ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﻠﻢ ﻣﻮي ﺳﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي اﻟﻜﻞ 70 درﺻﺪ و ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﺑـﺎ ﺛﺒـﺖ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﺤﻞ، ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺷﻔﺎف ﺳﺎزي ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺑﺪن ﻛﻨﻪ در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﺎ ي ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻓﻨﻞ ( ﺣـﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دو روز ) و ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺖ ( ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ 7 روز ) اﻗﺪام ﺷﺪ . از ﻣﺎده ﻫﻮﻳﺮ در ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪ . در ﺟﻤـﻊ آوري ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي، ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ از ﻋﻤﻖ 5 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮي ﺧﺎك ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و درون ﻗﻴﻒ ﺑﺮﻟﺰ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪ . ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻪﺑ ﻣﺪت 3 اﻟﻲ 4 روز در ﻗﻴﻒ ﺑﺮﻟ ﺰ و زﻳﺮ ﻻﻣﭗ 60 وات ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . ﻧﻮر و ﺣﺮارت دو ﻋﺎﻣﻞ در ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳ ﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮع ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ، ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ دارد ﺑﻪ. ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ زﻳﺮراﺳﺘﻪ Prostigmata ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در ﻃﻲ 24 اﻟﻲ 48 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ درون ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺣﺎوي ا ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺮو ﻣﻲ اﻓﺘﺎدﻧﺪ و ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ در روزﻫـﺎي ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﺮﺑﺎران ﺷﺮق اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن، رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻓﻮاﺻـﻞ ﻣـﻨﻈﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺪ . ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺑﺪن ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه از ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏـﺎت ﭼـﺎي ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـ ﻃﻪ ﺮﻳـﻖ اﻋـﻼم ﺷـﺪه ﺷﻔﺎف ﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮار دادن ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ از ﻣﺎده ﻫﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ اﻧﺪازه ﺑﺪن ﻛﻨﻪ و ﺣﺠﻢ ﻻﻣﻞ اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺷﺪ . ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺗﻌﺪاد 5 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ از ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از ﺳﻄﻮح ﺷﻜﻤﻲ، ﭘﺸﺘﻲ و در ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻴـﺎز ﭘﻬﻠـﻮﻳﻲ ﺑـﺪن ﻛﻨﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳ ﻲ و ﺗﻌﻴﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺑﺮاي ﺧﺸﻚ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻫﻮﻳﺮ و ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺟﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، اﺑﺘﺪا رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﺎده ﻫﻮﻳﺮ در دﻣﺎي 45 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس آون ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت 5 اﻟﻲ 7 روز ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎه از ﺣـﺮارت ﻻﻣـﭗ 40 وات ﭼـﺮاغ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑ ﻪ ﻣﺪت ﻣﺪت 7 اﻟﻲ 10 روز و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪ . ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ آن ﻫﺎ از ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺿـﺒﻂ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻚ آن ﻫﺎ در ﺑﺎﻧﻚ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ذﻳﺮﺑﻂ اﻗﺪام ﺷﺪ . ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺟﻤـﻊ آوري ﺷـﺪه و ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ زﻳﺮراﺳﺘﻪ Cryptostigmata ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در اﻟﻜﻞ 70 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮر اﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎي ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ارﺳﺎل و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ
٣٣٢ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 2 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 4 ، ﺳﺎل 1389 (، 340-331)
ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﻫﺎ Dr. Lizel Hugo ,Dr. Louise Coetzee و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ درﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده وﺟﻨﺲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓـﺖ . ﺳـﺎﻳﺮﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑـﻪ زﻳﺮراﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي Astigmata ، Mesostigmata ، Prostigmata در آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎت ﻛﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ، ﻣﻮﺳـﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻣﻮرد ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . . در ﺗ ﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺮاواﻧ ﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﮔ ﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي، اﺑﺘﺪا ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ يﻫﺎ ﻛﻨﻪ در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري و ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ ﺑﻴﻨﻮﻛﻮﻻر ﺷﻤﺎرش و ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ . ﺳـﭙﺲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎ در ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺧ ﺎﻧﻮاده، ﺟﻨﺲ و در ﺻﻮرت ا ﻣﻜﺎن، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ و ﻣﻮرد ﺷﻤﺎرش ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . .
ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1387 و 1388 در 15 ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻃﺮاف ﺷـﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﻻﻫﻴﺠـﺎن، رودﺳـﺮ، ﻟﻨﮕﺮود و ﺳﻴﺎﻫﻜﻞ در ﺷﺮق اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن در دو روش ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ و در 31 ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺗﻌﺪاد 3445 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮوه ( Astigmata) زﻳﺮراﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي Prostigmata, Crypotstigmata و راﺳﺘﻪ Mesostigmata ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺷﺪ . از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻌﺪاد، ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ 2011 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ داراي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ وﻓﻮر، از ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻧﻴﺰ در 12 ﺑﺎﻻ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده، 15 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده، 15 ﺟﻨﺲ و 15 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع در ﺧﺎك و اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﭼﺎي در ﺷﺮق اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن را داﺷ ﺘﻨﺪ ( ﺟـﺪول 1 ). ﻛﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻨـﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي و وﻓﻮر ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﺮاي ﻛﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎي اﻧﺒـﺎري Astigmata و ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻌـﺪاد 10 ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻛﻨـﻪ Tyrophagus putrescentiae ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ رﺳﻴﺪ . وﻓﻮر ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮراﺳﺘﻪ Prostigmata و راﺳﺘﻪ Mesostigmata ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻌـﺪاد 1127 و 297 ﻛﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ رﺳ ﻴﺪ . ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد 87 ﻛﻨـﻪ در ﻳـﻚ ﻧﻮﺑـﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﺮداري از ﻳـﻚ ﻛـﺎدر 45 45 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ و از ﻋﻤﻖ 5 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮي ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي، ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ .Eupelops sp ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﺷـﺪ . در ﻣﺠﻤـﻮع از ﺗﻌـﺪاد 2011 ﻛﻨﻪ ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه، دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ . Eupelops sp و . Pergalumna sp ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑـﺎ 590 و 503 ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد و ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ 50 درﺻﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ( ﺟﺪول 1 ). ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد در ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫـﺎي ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴـﺪ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑــﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ . Metabelba sp ﻳــﺎ ﻛﻨــﻪ ﻫــﺎي ﭘــﺎ ﺑﻠﻨــﺪ و دو ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ از ﻛﻨــﻪ ﻫــﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻳﻲ ﻧــﺸﺪه ﻣﺘﻌﻠــﻖ ﺑــﻪ ﺧــﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫــﺎي Euphthiracaridae و Phthiracaridae ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﺎﻗﻮﻳﻲ ﻣـﺸﻬﻮرﻧﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻌـﺪاد 3 7، و 10 ﻛﻨـﻪ ﺟﻤـﻊ آوري ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻧﺪ . ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ و ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮراﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن ( Prostigmata ) در 10 ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده، 11 ﺟـﻨﺲ و 12 12 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ و ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ رﺳﻴﺪه 1127 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ و اﻟﻜﻠ ﻲ را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪ . ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻨﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷـﺪه در ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻨﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﭘﺎ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﭼﺎي ( B. obovatus ) ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد 90 ﻛﻨﻪ از اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑـﻪ 12 12 اﻟﻲ 15 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﭼﺎي ﻛﻪ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻜﺎﻧﺪن ﺑﺮگ روي ﺳﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﺑﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ و در اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ﻣﺎه ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ رﺳـﻴﺪ . ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ ﺗﻌـﺪاد ﻛﻨـﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﭘﺎﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﭼﺎي ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑ ﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد 15 ﻛﻨﻪ در ﻣﺮداد ﻣﺎه ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ ( ﺟﺪول 1 ). از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ، ﻛﻨﻪ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ ﭘﺎﻛﻮﺗـﺎه ﭼﺎي ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ 49 درﺻﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ و ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ وﻓﻮر ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨـﻪ و ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺎزﻛﻴﺎﮔﻮراب و ﺷﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺷﺪ ( ﺟﺪول 1 ). ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ آﺑﻴﺎري دﻳﻢ و آﺑﻲ در ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﺑﺮ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ( 14 ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ) ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻛﺸﺖ دﻳﻢ ﻗﺮار داﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﺻﻲ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ . در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده Microtrombidiidae در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﻃﻮب و اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎزﻛﻴﺎﮔﻮراب ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﻏـﺎت دﻳـﻢ ﭼـﺎي ﻓﻘـﻂ ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﻪ و واﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺧﺎك ﻧﺸ ﺎن داد ( ﺟﺪول 1 ). ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺧـﺴﺎرت زا ﺑـﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي (Tuckerella hypoterra Mcdaniel and Morihara (Acari, Tuckerellidae و Tetranychus urticae
333 ﻧﮋادﻗﻨﺒﺮ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ...
(Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻌـﺪاد 50 و 16 ﻛﻨـﻪ از ﻣﺠﻤـﻮع 1127 ﻛﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑـﻪ زﻳﺮراﺳـﺘﻪ Prostigmata را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . . ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در راﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 6 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده، 8 ﺟﻨﺲ و 8 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از 296 ﻧﻤ ﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺷﺪ . ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻨـﻪ در ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ .Dendrolaelaps sp و ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد 62 ﻛﻨﻪ از ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺘﺸﺎل ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ رﺳﻴﺪ ( ﺟﺪول 1 ). ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻔﻴﺪ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﺧﺎك ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ .ﺷﻮد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺸ ﺘﺮي را در راﺑﻄﻪ
ﺟﺪول -1 ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد آن ﻫﺎ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري در ﺷﺮق اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1387 اﻟﻲ 1388 Table 1- Geographical distribution and abundance of mite fauna in tea gardens in different localities of eastern parts of Ghilan province during 2008-2009 Mite families/ Place of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 collection Bdellidae 12 8 15 14 9 4 5 14 18 6 12 Microtrombidiidae 65 7 36 4 12 5 5 16 5 9 8 Tuckerellidae 26 4 2 6 5 7 Tenuipalpidae 178 15 65 70 26 40 60 36 77 Camerobidiidae 2 15 Erythraeidae 2 2 2 2 5 2 Tetranychidae 4 2 12 Anystidae 9 11 3 3 9 3 14 Eupodidae 3 34 15 17 10 3 5 40 Trombidoidae 4 Acaridae 10 Phytoseiidae 53 3 2 11 8 15 Ologamasidae 13 Parasitidae 31 Digamasellidae 96 Ameroseiidae 34 10 6 Pachylaelapidae 15 Phenopelopidae 122 50 20 145 38 13 18 26 15 29 20 47 52 Galumnidae 76 30 16 106 29 20 10 25 10 35 7 88 51 Liacaridae 20 22 3 5 5 Achipteriidae 18 3 13 10 5 4 12 15 Nothridae 5 5 5 4 24 Damaeidae 2 1 Phthiracaridae 8 2 Euphthiracaridae 3 4 Humerobatidae 36 1 4 54 8 29 Ceratozetidae 25 29 5 10 15 5 35 35 38 Oribatulidae 31 2 10 5 55 Scheloribatidae 15 14 6 21 10 16 9 24 14 30 Oppiidae 7 1 20 30 Cepheidae 11 50 Camisiidae 14 -1 ﻣﺤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ و ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺎزﻛﻴﺎﮔﻮراب، -2 ﺷﻴﺮﻧﺴﺎ، -3 ﺗﺠﻦ ﮔﻮﻛﻪ، -4 ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪ، -5 ﻛﺘﺸﺎل، -6 ﻛﺮﻓﺴﺘﺎن، -7 ﻛﻮﻣﻠﻪ، -8 ﺗﺠﻦ، -9 ﻛﻴـﺴﻢ، -10 زﻧﮕﻨـﻪ ﻣﺤﻠـﻪ، -11 آﻫﻨﺪان، -12 واﺟﺎرﮔﺎه، -13 ﺷﻴﺦ زاﻫﺪ، -14 ﺳﻮﺳﺘﺎن، 15 ﻣﺤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ و ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آز اد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻻﻫﻴﺠﺎن
٣٣٤ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 2 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 4 ، ﺳﺎل 1389 (، 340-331)
ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ، رژﻳﻢ ﻏـﺬاﻳﻲ ﻛﻨـﻪ ﻧﻴـﺎز دارد . از ﻛﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺷـﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ﻓﻴﺘﻮزﻳﻴـﺪه ﺑـﻪ ﻧﺎم ﻫـﺎي (Amblyseius largoensis (Muma) (Acari, Phytoseiidae و .Iphiseius sp و :Denmark & Daneshvar (Acari Typhlodromips caspiansis ( Phytoseiidae از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺎزﻛﻴﺎﮔﻮراب، زﻧﮕﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻪ، ﻛﺮﻓﺴﺘﺎن، واﺟﺎرﮔﺎه، ﺳﺮﭼـﺸﻤﻪ و ﺷـﻴﺦ زاﻫﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﺣﻀﻮر و ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ آن ﻫﺎ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ واﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﻛﻨـﻪ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ ﭘﺎﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﭼﺎي ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري از اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﺧ ﺎك ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي درﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي 20 20 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺸﺖ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي اورﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪه از روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و 4 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده اورﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪه ﺻﺮﻓﺎ از ﺧـﺎك ﺑﺎﻏـﺎت ﭼﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ( ﺟﺪول )1 )1
ﺑﺤﺚ از روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺴﺎرت زا در ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺸﺎورز ي، آﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ اي و ﻓﺮاواﻧـﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻀﺮ و ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ وداﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Arbabi et al., 2006 ). از وﻳﮋﮔـﻲ ﻫـﺎي اﻳـﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬاري ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آن در ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﺷﺮق اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن اﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻴﺶ از 60 درﺻـﺪ ﻛـﺸﺖ ﭼـﺎي را ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻣﻘ. ﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﻏﺮب اﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران ﻛﻪ 10 درﺻﺪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﻛﺸﻮر را دارد و درﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1373 و 1375 ا ﻧﺠﺎم و 32 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ ( Taghavi et al ., 1998 ) . ) از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ 4 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ، 8 ﺟﻨﺲ و 4 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺰارش ﻗ ﺒﻠﻲ در ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه و از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي 81 درﺻﺪ ﻳﺎ 32 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 36 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ 33 ﺟﻨﺲ و 31 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﺰارش ﻗﺒﻠﻲ آن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺛﺒﺖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ اﻋﻼم ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ . وﺟـﻪ ﺗـﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ اي ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي .Camisia sp و Brevipalpus obovatus و (Cyta latirostris Hermann (Acari, Bdellidae و Tyrophagus putrescentiae و Tetranychus urticae ﺑـﺎ ﮔﺰارش ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ( Taghavi et al ., 1998 ) ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ در ﻣﺰارع ﭼﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﮔﺰارش ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ و ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺛﺒﺖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮن ﻣﺰارع ﭼﺎي د ر ﺟﻬﺎن ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ در ﮔﺰارش ( Bigger, 2009 ) ﺑﺪان اﺷـﺎره ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ . . ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﺧﺎك ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮراﺳﺘﻪ Prostigmata ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ رﺳﻴﺪ . در ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي را ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ زﻳﺮراﺳﺘﻪ اﻋﻼم و ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و ﺧﺴﺎرت دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ ( Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Acari, Tetranychidae)) و دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دروﻏﻴﻦ ( B. obavatus, B. phoenicis ) ﻫﻢ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ، دوره ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮدﮔﻲ در ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Banerjee & Cranham, 1985 ). اﻳﻦ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ در اﻳﺮان ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮي ﻛﻨﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﭘﺎ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﭼﺎي در ﻣﺎه ﻫﺎي اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ و ﺧﺮداد ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ دوره ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺑﺮگ ﭼﺎي در ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺷﺪ ( ﺟﺪول 1 ). اﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻪ از ﺗﻨﻮع ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ وﺳﻴﻌﻲ در اﻏﻠﺐ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ( Jeppson, et ; Khosrowshahi & Arbabi, 1997 al., 1975; Meyer, 1997 ) و اﻳﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ د رو ﻏﻴﻦ ( Brevipalpus phoenicis ) از آﻓﺎت ﻛﻠﻴﺪي ﭼﺎي در ﻛﺸﻮ ر اﻧﺪوﻧﺰي ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Oomen, 1982 ). ﺑﺮآورد ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ از ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ دراﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﺟﻬﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﻧﺸﺪه وﻟﻲ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ ﻗﻬﻮه در ﻛﺸﻮر ﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﭼﺎي ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﺑﻴﻦ 5 اﻟﻲ 11 درﺻﺪ ﺣﺘﻲ در زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳ ﻲ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﮔﺰار ش ﺷﺪه ( Banarjee & Cranham, 1985 ). در ﻣﻴﺎن
335 ﻧﮋادﻗﻨﺒﺮ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ...
دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دروﻏﻴﻦ ﭼﺎي، ﺗﻨ ﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Phytoseiidae و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ آن ﻫﺎ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺷﺪ ( ﺟﺪول 1 ). ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه از اﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده د ر ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ دﻳﮕﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم Indiraseius extremus Daneshvar از ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( ,Daneshvar 1987 ). وﻟﻲ ﻗﺪرت ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Amblyseius largonesis (Acari: Phytoseiidae ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ زﻳﺎدي در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﺒﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺴﺎرت زا دارد ( Arbabi & Singh, 1996) و روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ از ﻛﺸﻮر ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ، ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ، ﺗﺎﻧﺰاﻧﻴﺎ، ﮔﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﻮ، اﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ، ﻛﻮﺑﺎ، ﭼﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Vacante & Nucifera, 1986 ). اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﻣﻴﺎن 15 ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ از ﺑﺎزﻛﻴﺎﮔﻮراب، واﺟﺎرﮔﺎه، زﻧﮕﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻪ و ﻛﺮﻓﺴﺘﺎن ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ( ﺟﺪول )1 در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ داﻣﻨﻪ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ .Iphiseius sp ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪ و ﺷﻴﺦ زاﻫﺪ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Acari, Phytoseiidae) Typhlodromips caspiansis Denmark & Daneshvar ﻓﻘﻂ از ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎزﻛﻴﺎﮔﻮراب ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ . ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻴﺘﻮزﻳ ﻴﺪه ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه در ﺑﺎﻏﺎ ت ﭼﺎي ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﻴﺶ از 19 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻋﻼم ﺷﺪه ( Bigger, 2009 ) ﻛﻪ ﺳﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ آن ﻣﺸﺘﺮك اﺳﺖ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ (.Anystidae (Chaussieria warrengense, Chaussieria sp ﻛﻪ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏ ﺎت ﭼﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ زﻳﺎد در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . در ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ .Anystis baccarum L در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق آ ﺳﻴﺎ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Zhao et al., 2007 ). ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه وﻓﻮر ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Microtrombidiidae درﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎزﻛﻴ ﺎﮔﻮراب، واﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﺎك را در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﺸﺖ دﻳﻢ ﭼﺎي را داﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد . ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ, (Allothrombium Hermann (Acari, Trombidiidae fuliginosum در ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺻﺪ درﺻﺪ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (Robaux, 1974 ). ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ زﻳﺮراﺳﺘﻪ Mesostigmata در ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي از ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن، ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﻮﭼﻚ، ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ( Krantz & Walter, 2009 ). ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ زﻳﺮراﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ .Dendrolaelaps sp از ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ زﻳﺎدي در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮدا ري ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ( ﺟﺪول 1 ) ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ از ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه از ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮﻫﺎ و ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاي آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ را در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ . ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ زﻳﺮراﺳﺘﻪ Cryptostigmata ﺑﺨﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ اي از ﻓﻮن ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪه را از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻨﻮع و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ داد. ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﻛﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ ﺳﺒﻚ اﺳﺖ، ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺧﻴﺮي ﺧﺎك را ﻧﻴﺰ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻫﺪ . ﻟﺬا ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﺑﺮﻫﻢ زﻧﻨﺪه ﺟ ﻤﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻤﻮم ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳ ﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﺣﻔﻆ و ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ - ﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Achipteridae . در ﺑﺎزﻛﻴﺎﮔﻮراب ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺠﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﺣﻀﻮر اﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻪ در ﺧﺎك ﻣﺰارع ﻗﻬﻮه در ﻛﻮﺑﺎ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Palacios-Vargas & Socarras, 2001) . ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮي از ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ .Liacarus sp از ﺧﺎك ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎزﻛﻴﺎﮔﻮراب، ﻛﺘ ﺸﺎل، ﺷﻴﺦ زاﻫﺪ، ﺳﻮﺳﺘﺎن و آﻫﻨﺪان ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ داراي ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ وﺳﻴﻊ در ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﻮده و اﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ از ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺷﺮق ﻫﻮﻛﺎﻳﺪوي ژاﭘﻦ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ (Fujikawa, 1989) . ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Noteridae از اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺳﻮﺳﺘﺎن، ﺗﺠﻦ، ﻛﻴﺴﻢ، ﺗﺠﻦ ﮔﻮﻛﻪ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Trichoribates .sp از اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺳﻮﺳﺘﺎن، و اﺟﺎرﮔﺎه، ﺷﻴﺮﻧﺴﺎ، ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪ، ﺑﺎزﻛﻴﺎﮔﻮراب، ﻣﺤﻠﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ و ﺑﺎﻻ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻻﻫﻴﺠﺎن، ﻛﺮﻓﺴﺘﺎن، ﺗﺠﻦ ﮔﻮﻛﻪ، زﻧﮕﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻪ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ .Humerobates sp از اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﻫﻢ از ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي در ﺳﻮﺳﺘﺎن، ﻛﻴﺴﻢ، واﺟﺎرﮔﺎه، ﻛﺘﺸﺎل، آﻫﻨﺪان، ﺗﺠﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﺎدت ﭘﺬﻳﺮي آن ﻫﺎ روي اﻧﺪام-
٣٣٦ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 2 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 4 ، ﺳﺎل 1389 (، 340-331)
ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎك را ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺎﻛﻴ ﺪ ﻗﺮار دﻫﺪ . ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ، ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و دوره ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ دﻣﺎ و رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ، ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﮔ ﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺣﺴﺎس و ﮔﺴﺘﺮده، ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺧﺎك، وﺟﻮد ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ( ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ) در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻻزم ﻪﺑ ذﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي اورﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﺟﻬﺎن ( Bigger, 2009 ) روﺷﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ، ﺟﻨﺲ و ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ زﻳﺮراﺳﺘﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻪﺑ ﺧﺼﻮص روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﺎي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰاري ﺑﺪﻳﻨﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ از ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﻫﺎ Dr. Lizel Hugo , Dr. Louise Coetzee از آﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎي ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ارﻳﺒﺎ ﺗﻴ ﺪ ﺗﻴ ﺗﺸﻜﺮ و ﻗﺪرداﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ .ﺷﻮد .ﺷﻮد
References
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337 ﻧﮋادﻗﻨﺒﺮ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ...
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٣٣٨ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 2 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 4 ، ﺳﺎل 1389 (، 340-331)
Journal of Entomological Research Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch ISSN 2008-4668 Volume 2, Issue 4, pages: 331-340 http://jer.entomology.ir
Study on geographcial disitribution and abundance of plant feeding mites on green parts and soil surface of tea plants gardens in eastern parts of Gilan province of Iran
N. Nejadghanbar 1*, M. Arbabi 2, R. Vafaei Shoushtari 3
1- Graduated student, Department of Entomology, Agriculture faculty, Islamic Azad University, Arak branch, Arak, Iran 2- Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Res. Zoology, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran 3- Assisstant professor, Entomology Department, Agricultural faculty, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
Abstract
Diversity and abundance of plant feeding mites on green parts and soil of tea plant gardens were investigated in 15 localities during period of 2008-2009 in Eastern part of Gilan Provinces of Iran. Mites were collected from tea leaves and stems by shaking on white tray and from depth of 5 centimeters of soil with in Tullgren apparatus individually for each localities. 36 species from 33 genera and 31 families included in four suborders, Astigmata, Cryptostigmata, Prostigmata and Mesostigmata were identified. Higher and lower abundance of injurious mite were recorded for Brevipalpus obovatus and Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Tuckerella hypoterra , Tetranychus urticae respectively whereas, maximum predacious mites were recorded in Bdellidae, Phytoseiidae and 15 Oribatidae species of Two oribatid mites species, Pergalumna sp, Eupelops sp. with highest densities and Metabelba sp, along with two unidentified oribatid mites belong to Phthiracaridae and Euphthiracaridae families recorded with number of mite specimens in surveyed localities. Oribatid mite constituted 41% of mite species diversities with total 59% of mite collections. Four oribatid mite families picked up from leaves and stem of tea plants only. Out of mite collected, 81% are new record for mite fauna of tea garden in Iran. Mite identification are as follows: Acaridae (Tyrophagus putrescentiae ), Ameroseiidae ( Ameroseius sp.), Digamasellidae (Dendrolaelaps sp.), Ologamasidae ( Gamaseiphis sp.) Pachylaelapidae ( Pachyseius sp.), Parasitidae ( Vulgrogamasus sp.), Phytoseiidae ( Amblyseius largoensis , Iphiseius sp., Typhlodromips caspiansis ) Achipteriidae (Parachipteria sp.) Cepheidae ( Conoppia sp.) Camisiidae ( Camisia sp .), Nothridae (not identified) Ceratozetidae ( Trichoribates sp.), Humerobatidae ( Humerobates sp.), Damaeidae ( Metabelba sp.), Galumnidae ( Pergalumna sp.), Liacaridae ( Liacarus sp.), Oribatulidae (not identified), Scheloribatidae ( Scheloribates sp.), Oppiidae ( Oppia sp.), Phenopelopidae ( Eupelops sp.), Phthiracaridae and Euphthiracaridae (not identified), Anystidae ( Chaussieria warrengense, Chaussieria sp.) , Bdellidae ( Bdella sp., Cyta sp.), Camerobidiidae ( Tycherobius sp.), Erythraeidae (Leptus sp.), Eupodidae ( Cocceupodes sp.), Tenuipalpidae ( Brevipalpus obovatus ), Tetranychidae (Tetranychus urticae ), Microtrombidiidae (Microtrombidinae), Trombidiidae ( Dinothrombium sp.), Tuckerellidae ( Tuckerella hypoterra ).
Key words: Acari, Tea garden, Ddiversities, Abundance, Gilan, Iran
*Corresponding Author, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 8 May 2010 – Accepted: 6 Oct. 2010
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