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Study on Geographcial Disitribution and Abundance of Plant Feeding

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Study on Geographcial Disitribution and Abundance of Plant Feeding ﻧﮋادﻗﻨﺒﺮ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ... داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨ ﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﭘﺎ 4668- 2008 ( ﻋﻠﻤﻲ- ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ) ) www.entomologicalresearch.ir ﺟﻠﺪ 2 ، ﺷ ﻤﺎره 4 ، ﺳﺎل 9 138، ( -331 340) ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي در ﺷﺮق اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن ١ 2 3 ﻧﺎزﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﮋادﻗﻨﺒﺮ *، ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ارﺑﺎﺑﻲ ، رﺿﺎ وﻓﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻮﺷﺘﺮي -1 داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﺣﺸﺮهﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك -2 داﻧﺸ ﻴﺎر، ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺟﺎﻧﻮرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ، ﺗﻬﺮان -3 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك ، اراك ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺗﻨﻮع و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي در 15 ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﺮ ق اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن در ﺳﺎل ﻫـﺎي 1387 ﺗﺎ 1388 ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . از روش ﺗﻜﺎﻧﺪن اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﻗﻴﻒ ﺑﺮﻟﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫـﺎ ي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ . در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 36 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ، از 33 ﺟـﻨﺲ و 31 ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﺮوه Astigmata، دو زﻳﺮﮔـﺮوه Prostigmata ,Crypotstigmata و راﺳﺘﻪ Mesostigmata ﺟﻤﻊ آوري وﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳ ﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ وﻓـﻮر ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ روي اﻧـﺪام ﻫـﺎي ﻫـﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻨﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﭘﺎﻛﻮﺗـﺎه ﭼـﺎي Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu و در ﺧـﺎك ﺑـﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Shrank) ﺑــﻪ ﺛﺒــﺖ رﺳــﻴﺪ . ﻋﻼﻳــﻢ ﺧــﺴﺎرت ﺑــﺮاي ﻛﻨــﻪﻫــﺎي Tuckerella hypoterra Mcdaniel And Morihara و Tetranychus urticae Koch روي ﺑﺮگ ﭼﺎي ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻧﺸﺪ . از ﻛﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺷـﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﺑـﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫﺎي Bdellidae و Phytoseiidae و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاي 15 ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده اورﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴـﺪه ( Cryptostigmata ) در ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺛﺒـﺖ رﺳﻴﺪ . ﺑﻴﺸﺘ ﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻨﻪﻫﺎي ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴـﺪ ﺑـ ﺮاي دو ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ( .Eupelops sp و .Pergalumna sp ) و ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ .Metabelba sp و ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Phthiracaridae و Euphthiracaridae ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ رﺳﻴﺪ . از ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻓﻮن ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺷـﺪه ﺑـﻴﺶ از 81 درﺻﺪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ در ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﻛﺸﻮر ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﻤﻲ و ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ارﻳﺒﺎﺗ ﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ 15 ﺧﺎ ﻧﻮاده 41 درﺻـﺪ ﺗﻨـﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي و 59 درﺻﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ را داﺷﺘﻨﺪ . ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ 4 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ از اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫـﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺗـﻪ ﭼـﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از : : Acaridae (Tyrophagus putrescentiae ), Ameroseiidae ( Ameroseius sp.), Digamasellidae (Dendrolaelaps sp.), Ologamasidae (Gamaseiphis sp.) Pachylaelapidae ( Pachyseius sp.), Parasitidae ( Vulgrogamasus sp.), Phytoseiidae (Amblyseius largoensis , Iphiseius sp., Typhlodromips caspiansis ) Achipteriidae ( Parachipteria sp.) Cepheidae ( Conoppia sp.) Camisiidae (Camisia sp .), Nothridae (not identified) Ceratozetidae (Trichoribates sp.), Humerobatidae ( Humerobates sp.), Damaeidae ( Metabelba sp.), Galumnidae (Pergalumna sp.), Liacaridae ( Liacarus sp.), Oribatulidae (not identified), Scheloribatidae ( Scheloribates sp.), Oppiidae ( Oppia sp.), Phenopelopidae ( Eupelops sp.), Phthiracaridae and Euphthiracaridae (not identified), Anystidae ( Chaussieria warrengense, Chaussieria sp.) , Bdellidae ( Bdella sp., Cyta sp.), Camerobidiidae ( Tycherobius sp.), Erythraeidae ( Leptus sp.), Eupodidae ( Cocceupodes sp.), Tenuipalpidae * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه راﺑﻂ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ: [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ (18/ 2/89) - ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ (89/7/14) ٣٣٠ ٣٣١ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 2 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 4 ، ﺳﺎل 1389، ( 340-331) (Brevipalpus obovatus ), Tetranychidae ( Tetranychus urticae ), Microtrombidiidae (Microtrombidinae), Trombidiidae ( Dinothrombium sp.) Tuckerellidae ( Tuckerella hypoterra) واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﻛﻨﻪ، ﺑﺎﻏ ﺎت ﭼﺎي، ﺗﻨﻮع، ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ، اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن ، اﻳﺮان ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺑﺮ 300 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ آﻓﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺸﺮه و ﻛﻨﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺴﺎرﺗﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدل 5 اﻟﻲ 15 درﺻﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ در ﻣﺰارع ﭼـﺎي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ( Zee et al., 2003 ). از ﻣﻴﺎن آ ﻓﺎت، ﺑﻴﺶ از 60 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرتزا ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻫﺸﺖ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده در اﻧـﺪا مﻫـﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ( Bigger, 2009 ). ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺴﺎرت زا ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دروﻏــﻴﻦ ( Tenuipalpidae ) ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ ﻛﻨــﻪ ﻗﺮﻣــﺰ ﭘﺎﻛﻮﺗــﺎه ( Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu ) از ﺑﺎﻏــﺎت ﭼــﺎي اﻳــﺮان (Khosrowshahi & Arbabi, 1997) ، ﭼﻴﻦ، وﻳﺘﻨﺎ م، اﻧﺪوﻧﺰي، ﺳﺮﻳﻼﻧﻜﺎ، ﻣﺎﻟﺪﻳﻮ، ﻫﻨﺪ، ﻣﺎﻟﺰي، ژاﭘﻦ ( ;Jeppson et al., 1975 Meyer, 1979; Oomen, 1982) ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes از ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻫﻨﺪ، ﻣﺎﻟﺪﻳﻮ، ﻣﻮرﻳﺘﺎﻧﻲ، اﻧﺪوﻧﺰي، ﻣﻮرﻳﺲ، ﻛﻨﻴﺎ، اوﮔﺎﻧﺪا، ﻣﺎﻟﺰي، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Brevipalpus inornatus (Banks از ژاﭘﻦ ( Minamikawa, 1957) ، از ﻛﻨﻪﻫـﺎي ﺗـﺎرﺗﻦ ( Tetranychidae،) ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗـﺎرﺗﻦ ﻗﻬـﻮه (Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner از اﻏﻠـﺐ ﻛـﺸﻮرﻫﺎي اﻓﺮﻳﻘـﺎ ﻳﻲ، ﺳـﺮﻳﻼﻧﻜﺎ و ﻫﻨﺪوﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان آﻓﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳـﺖ ( Gupta, 1985; Bigger, 2009 ) . در ﻛـﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﻛـﺮه ﺟﻨـﻮﺑﻲ وﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ، ﺗﺎﻳﻮان، ﭼﻴ ﻦ و ژاﭘﻦ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺰواﻳﻲ Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida از آﻓﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ ﭼﺎي اﻋﻼم ﺷـﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Ohtani, 1988 ). ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻳﻚ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﺴﺎرت وارده ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ ﻗﻬﻮه در ﻛﺸﻮر ﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺰرﮔﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭼﺎي در ﺟﻬﺎن ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ 5 اﻟﻲ 11 درﺻﺪ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Banerjee & Cranham, 1985 ) ﻛﻪ اﻳـﻦ ﻣﻴـﺰان ﺧﺴﺎت ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ داﺧﻠﻲ ﭼﺎي در اﻳﺮان ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻛﻨﻪ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼـﺎي و ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ رﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﺷﺪت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ در ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﻧﻴﺰ ﺣﺎ ﻳ ﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮده و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ از ﺧﺎ ﻧﻮاده Acaridae ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ (Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau از ﺑﺎﻏـﺎت ﭼـﺎي ﻣـﺎﻟﺰي ( Yunus & Ho, 1980)، ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ (Caloglyphus mycophagus (Megnin از ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺟـﺎوا در ﻛـﺸﻮر اﻧـﺪوﻧﺰي ( Menzel, 1929 ) و ﭘـﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮده ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank از ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﻲ در ﻣﻨـﺎ ﻃﻖ ﻛـﺸﺖ ﭼـﺎي ﺟﻬـﺎن ﮔـﺰارش ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ .(Bigger, 2009 ) ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ و ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دروﻏﻴﻦ از ﺳﺒﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ درﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ رﮔﺒﺮگ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ و ﻓﺮﻋـﻲ در ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮگ ﭼﺎي ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮوز ﻟﻜﻪ ﻫﺎي زرد، ﻗﻬﻮهاي رﻧﮓ ﻛﻪ در اﺛﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺷﺪن ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻗﻠﻴﻤـﻲ و ﺷـﺪت ﮔـﺮﻓﺘ ﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺰه ﺷﺪن ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي آﺳﻴﺐ دﻳﺪه، ﻛﺎﻫﺶ و اﺧﺘﻼل در ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ و رﻳﺰش ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي آﺳـﻴﺐ دﻳـﺪه ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ . ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻛﻤﻲ و ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ در ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﭼﺎي را ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي ﺑﻌـﺪ از ﻃﻐﻴـﺎن ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﻛﻨـﻪ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﻤﻮد ( Arbabi et al., 1997). ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ درﺑـﺎره ا ﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﻛﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ در ﺑﺎﻏـﺎت ﭼـﺎي ﻛـﺸﻮر ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي Cenopalpus carrintus ,Khosrowshahi & Arbabi, 1997; Khalilmanesh, 1969 ) B. obovatus ) و دﻳﮕﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻪ ﻣﻀﺮ، ﻣﻔﻴﺪ و ﺷـﻜﺎرﮔﺮ از ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي واﻗﻊ در ﻏﺮب اﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ( Taghavi et al ., 1998 ). ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﻨﻪﻫﺎ در ﺳـﺎل ﻫـﺎي 1348 ﺗﺎ 1351 در ﺷﻤﺎل ﻛﺸﻮر ﻧﺸﺎن داد داﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﭘﺎ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﭼﺎي ( B. obovatus ) از آﺳﺘﺎرا ﺗﺎ راﻣﺴﺮ و ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ﺗﻨﻜﺎﺑﻦ و ﭼﺎﻟﻮس ﮔﺴﺘﺮش دارد (Khalilmanesh, 1969) . ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻛﻨﻪﻫﺎ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ 331 ﻧﮋادﻗﻨﺒﺮ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ... ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﻮدن رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ اﺳﺖ . ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ درﺑﺎره ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Microtrombidiidae ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﻨ ﺪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ اﺛﺮ زﻳﺎدي در اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آن ﻫﺎ دارد ( Gaberys, 1999; 2002 ). در اﻳﻦ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻓﻴﺘﻮزﻳﻴﺪ ه ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Typhlodromips caspiansis Denmark and Daneshvar ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﺴﺴﺒﺘﺎ زﻳﺎد و ﺗﻨﻮع ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ وﺳﻴﻊ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ روي ﺑﻮﺗﻪﻫﺎي ﭼﺎي در ﺷﻤﺎل ﻛـﺸﻮر (Daneshvar, 1989 ) و ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي دﻳﮕﺮي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ Amblyseius largoensis, A. herbicolus ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ دﻣـﺎي ﻣﻌﺘـﺪل و رﻃ ﻮﺑـﺖ ﻛـﺎﻓﻲ ﺑـ ﻪﺻـﻮرت ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺴﺎرت زا از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دروﻏﻴﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﻳ ﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ( Arbabi & Singh, 1996). ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر آﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺤﻮه ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي در ﺷﺮق اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ از 60 درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي ﻛﺸﻮر در آن ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻗﺮار دارد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮔﻮ ﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻀﺮ و ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، داﻣﻨﻪ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ آن ﻫﺎ روي اﻧﺪامﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏـﺎت ﭼﺎي در 15 ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮدﮔﻲ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻀﺮ و ﻣﻔﻴﺪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ روﺷﻦ ﮔﺮدد. ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري از ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻀﺮ و ﻣﻔﻴﺪ روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﺧﺎك ﺑﻮ ﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي در 15 ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ در ﺷـﺮق اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻤﺎل ﻣﺤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ و ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺎزﻛﻴﺎﮔﻮراب، ﺷﻴﺮﻧﺴﺎ، ﺗﺠﻦ ﮔﻮﻛﻪ، ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪ، ﻛﺘﺸﺎل، ﻛﺮﻓﺴﺘﺎن، ﻛﻮﻣﻠـﻪ، ﺗﺠـﻦ، ﻛﻴﺴﻢ، زﻧﮕﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻪ، آﻫﻨﺪان، واﺟﺎرﮔﺎه، ﺷﻴﺦ زاﻫﺪ، ﺳﻮﺳﺘﺎن، ﻣﺤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ و ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ داﻧـﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳـﻼﻣﻲ ﻻﻫﻴﺠـﺎن از ﺗﺎﺑـﺴﺘﺎن 1387 ﺗﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1388 در ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺷﻌﺎع داﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑ ﺮداري از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻻﻫﻴﺠﺎن، ﺗﺎ 40 ﻛﻴﻠـﻮﻣﺘﺮ در ﻧﻮﺳﺎن ﺑﻮد . ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻛﻨﻪﻫﺎ از روش ﺗﻜﺎﻧﺪان اﻧـﺪام ﻫـﺎي ﻫـﻮاﻳﻲ روي ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻌـﺎﺑﻲ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺷـﺪ . در ﻫـﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺗﻌﺪاد 10 اﻟﻲ 15 ﺷﺎﺧﻪ و ﺑﺮگ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﭼﺎي ﺗﻜﺎﻧﺪه ﺷﺪ . ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﻠﻢ ﻣﻮي ﺳﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي اﻟﻜﻞ 70 درﺻﺪ و ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﺑـﺎ ﺛﺒـﺖ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﺤﻞ، ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺷﻔﺎف ﺳﺎزي ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺑﺪن ﻛﻨﻪ در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﺎ ي ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻓﻨﻞ (ﺣـﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دو روز ) و ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺖ (ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ 7 روز ) اﻗﺪام ﺷﺪ . از ﻣﺎده ﻫﻮﻳﺮ در ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪ . در ﺟﻤـﻊ آوري ﻛﻨﻪﻫﺎ در ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﭼﺎي، ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ از ﻋﻤﻖ 5 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮي ﺧﺎك ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و درون ﻗﻴﻒ ﺑﺮﻟﺰ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪ . ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت 3 اﻟﻲ 4 روز در ﻗﻴﻒ ﺑﺮﻟ ﺰ و زﻳﺮ ﻻﻣﭗ 60 وات ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . ﻧﻮر و ﺣﺮارت دو ﻋﺎﻣﻞ در ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳ ﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮع ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ، ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ دارد. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ زﻳﺮراﺳﺘﻪ Prostigmata ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در ﻃﻲ 24 اﻟﻲ 48 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ درون ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺣﺎوي ا ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺮو ﻣﻲ اﻓﺘﺎدﻧﺪ و ﻛﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ در روزﻫـﺎي ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﺮﺑﺎران ﺷﺮق اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن، رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻓﻮاﺻـﻞ ﻣـﻨﻈﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اﻣﻜﺎنﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺪ . ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺑﺪن ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه از ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻏـﺎت ﭼـﺎي ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـ ﻪﻃﺮﻳـﻖ اﻋـﻼم ﺷـﺪه ﺷﻔﺎف ﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮار دادن ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ از ﻣﺎده ﻫﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ اﻧﺪازه ﺑﺪن ﻛﻨﻪ و ﺣﺠﻢ ﻻﻣﻞ اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺷﺪ . ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺗﻌﺪاد 5 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ از ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از ﺳﻄﻮح ﺷﻜﻤﻲ، ﭘﺸﺘﻲ و در ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻴـﺎز ﭘﻬﻠـﻮﻳﻲ ﺑـﺪن ﻛﻨﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳ ﻲ و ﺗﻌﻴﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺑﺮاي ﺧﺸﻚ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻫﻮﻳﺮ و ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺟﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، اﺑﺘﺪا رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﺎده ﻫﻮﻳﺮ در دﻣﺎي 45 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس آون ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت 5 اﻟﻲ 7 روز ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎه از ﺣـﺮارت ﻻﻣـﭗ 40 وات ﭼـﺮاغ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑ ﻪﻣﺪت ﻣﺪت 7 اﻟﻲ 10 روز و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪ .
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