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Repositorio Digital Del INIAP UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS CARRERA DE INGENIERIA AGRONÓMICA ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS DE FRUTAS FRESCAS DE AGUACATE (Persea americana M.) PARA CONSUMO ORIGINARIAS DE PERÚ. TRABAJO DE GRADO PREVIO A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO CRISTIAN ANDRÉS ARELLANO ENRÍQUEZ TUTORA: ING. AGR. Clara Iza, M.Sc. QUITO, NOVIEMBRE 2016 DEDICATORIA Con mucho cariño a mis padres Federico y Carmita, y a mis hermanos David y Lucia. ii AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a mi familia Federico, Carmita, Lucia y David por todo el apoyo y afecto que me han dado en estos años. A los profesores (as) y funcionarios (as) de la Carrera de Ingeniería Agronómica que colaboraron en el transcurso de mis estudios y en la elaboración de este trabajo. iii AUTORIZACIÓN DE LA AUTORÍA INTELECTUAL Yo, CRISTIAN ANDRÉS ARELLANO ENRÍQUEZ, en calidad de autor del trabajo de investigación o tesis realizada sobre: ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS DE FRUTAS FRESCAS DE AGUACATE (Persea americana M.) PARA CONSUMO ORIGINARIAS DE PERÚ, PEST RISK ANALYSIS OF FRESH FRUITS AVOCADO (Persea americana M.) FOR CONSUMPTION ORIGINATING PERÚ, por la presente autorizo a la UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR, hacer uso de todos los contenidos que me pertenecen o de parte de los que contiene esta obra, con fines estrictamente académicos o de investigación. Los derechos que como autor me corresponden, con excepción de la presente autorización, seguirán vigentes a mi favor, de conformidad con lo establecido en los artículos 5, 6, 8, 19 y demás pertinentes de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual y su Reglamento. Quito, 18 de Julio de 2016 Cristian Andrés Arellano Enríquez 172337226-2 cristian_andres24@hotma¡l.com IV Av. Eloy Alfaro N30-350 y Amazonas U; Ministerio Edif. ÍUAGAP. Piso 9 __ Código Postal: 170516 Í cíe Agricuflura, Ganadería, Teffi (593)22567232 1 díreccio n@agrocalidad. gob. ec BB www.agrocalidad.gob.ee Oficio Nro. MAGAP-CSV/AGROCALIDAD-2016-0006H-OF Quito, D.M., 12 de octubre de 2016 Asunto: Aprobación del estudio de ARP de ñuta fresca de aguacate originaria de Perú Señor Ingeniero Antonio Gaybor Secaira Decano Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR En su Despacho De mi consideración: Como es de su conocimiento el Sr. Cristian Areüano se encuentra realizando el estudio de Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas (ARP) para el establecimiento de requisitos ñtosanitarios de importación de fruta fresca de aguacate (Persea americana), para consumo originaria de Perú, con la finalidad de obtener el título de Ingeniero Agrónomo; al respecto le comunico que hemos finalizado la revisión del documento final, el cual cuenta con la aprobación de AGROCALIDAD para ser entregado a la Universidad Central del Ecuador. Adicionalmete le comunico que mediante el Oficio Nro. MAGAP-CSV/AGROCALIDAD-2016-000053-OF del 28 de enero del 2016, se solicita que las tablas de potencial de malezas, listado mundial y el cuadro de categorización de los estudios de Análsís de Riesgo de Plagas (ARP), no deben ser publicados ni subidos en la web, con el fin de evitar inconvenientes con los países con quienes estamos negociando los requisitos fitosanitarios de importación del producto antes mencionado.. Particular que pongo en su conocimiento para los fines pertinentes. Con sentimientos de distinguida consideración, Atentamente, Documento firmado eíecíróniczmenlc Ing. Wilson Patricio Alrneida Granja COORDINADOR GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL Referencias: - MAGAP-DGDA/AGROCALIDAD-.2016-5161-E Copia: Señor Carlos Alberto Ortega Director de Carrera UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS Egresado Cristian Andrés Arellano Enriquez Estudiante UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR Señor Ingeniero Agrónomo I van Marión García Cruz Responsable de Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas 1/2 ' Documento generado por OL.pi// CERTIFICACIÓN En calidad de tutora del trabajo de graduación cuyo título es: ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS DE FRUTAS FRESCAS DE AGUACATE (Persea americana M.) PARA CONSUMO ORIGINARIAS DE PERÚ, presentado por el señor CRISTIAN ANDRÉS ARELLANO ENRÍQUEZ previo a la obtención del Título de Ingeniero Agrónomo, certifico haber revisado y corregido, por lo que apruebo el mismo. Quito, 18 de Julio de 2016 Ing. Agr. Clara Iza, M. Se. TUTORA vi Quito, 18 de Julio de 2016 Ingeniero Carlos Alberto Ortega, M.Sc. DIRECTOR DE CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA Presente.- De mis considerasiones: Luego de las revisiones técnicas realizadas por mi persona, el trabajo de graduación ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS DE FRUTAS FRESCAS DE AGUACATE (Persea americana M.) PARA CONSUMO ORIGINARIAS DE PERÚ, llevado a cabo por el señor CRISTIAN ANDRÉS ARELLANO ENRÍQUEZ, de la Carrera Ingeniería Agronómica, ha concluido de manera exitosa, consecuentemente el indicado estudiante podrá continuar con los trámites de graduación correspondientes de acuerdo a lo que estipula las normativas y disposiciones legales. Por la atención que se digne da a la presente, anticipo mi agradecimiento. Atentamente, Ing. Agr. Clara Iza. M.Sc. TUTORA VI! ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS DE FRUTAS FRESCAS DE AGUACATE (Persea americana M.) PARA CONSUMO ORIGINARIAS DE PERÚ. APROBADO POR: Ing. Agr. Clara Iza, M.Sc. TUTORA Lie. Diego Salazar, Mag. PRESIDENTE DEL TRIBUNAL Ing. Agr. Jorge Caicedo, M. Se. PRIMER VOCAL DEL TRIBUNAL Ing. Agr. Juan León, M. Se. SEGUNDO VOCAL DEL TRIBUNAL 2016 VIII CONTENIDO CAPÍTULO PÁGINAS 1 INTRODUCCIÓN 1 2 REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA 4 2.1 Definición de Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas ARP 4 2.2 Descripción general de la Planta de Aguacate (Persea americana M.) 5 2.2.1 Taxonomía 5 2.2.2 Nombres Comunes 6 2.2.3 Variedades más representativas de Aguacate (Persea americana M.) 6 2.2.4 Producción Mundial del cultivo de Aguacate (Persea americana M.) 6 2.3 Importancia económica del cultivo de Aguacate (Persea americana M.) 7 en el Ecuador. 2.4 Importancia económica del cultivo de Aguacate (Persea americana M.) 8 en Perú. 2.5 Datos generales del cultivo de Aguacate (Persea americana M.) en Perú 8 3 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 10 3.1 Ubicación 10 3.2 Materiales 10 3.3 Métodos 10 4 RESULTADOS 22 5 CONCLUSIONES 272 6 RESUMEN 273 SUMMARY 274 7 REFERENCIAS 275 8 ANEXOS 364 ix INDICE DE ANEXOS ANEXOS PÁG. 1 Ficha técnica de Botryosphaeria ribis 364 2 Ficha técnica de Cercospora purpurea 369 3 Ficha técnica de Colletotrichum dematium 374 4 Ficha técnica de Neofusicoccum parvum 380 5 Ficha técnica de Sphaceloma perseae 386 6 Ficha técnica de Acutaspis scutiformis 391 7 Ficha técnica de Atherigona orientalis 395 8 Ficha técnica de Chrysomphalus dictyospermi 400 9 Ficha técnica de Conotrachelus sp. 405 10 Ficha técnica de Diaspidiotus perniciosus 411 11 Ficha técnica de Dysmicoccus grassii 417 12 Ficha técnica de Ferrisia malvastra 423 13 Ficha técnica de Ferrisia virgata 428 14 Ficha técnica de Fiorinia fioriniae 435 15 Ficha técnica de Hemiberlesia diffinis 441 16 Ficha técnica de Hemiberlesia rapax 446 17 Ficha técnica de Marmara gulosa 452 18 Ficha técnica de Nipaecoccus nipae 457 19 Ficha técnica de Parlatoria pergandii 463 20 Ficha técnica de Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis 468 21 Ficha técnica de Pseudococcus longispinus 474 22 Ficha técnica de Pseudococcus maritimus 479 23 Ficha técnica de Pseudococcus viburni 485 24 Ficha técnica de Stenoma catenifer 492 x ANEXOS PÁG. 25 Ficha técnica de Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBV) 498 26 Evento Iniciador del ARP 503 27 Solicitud para la Elaboración Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas (ARP) 504 con AGROCALIDAD. 28 Información requerida para iniciar el Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas (ARP) 505 para la importación de productos de origen vegetal a Ecuador. 29 Mapa Bioclimático del Ecuador 506 30 Clasificación Bioclimática del Ecuador 507 xi INDICE DE CUADROS CUADROS PÁG. 1 Posición Taxonómica del Aguacate (Persea americana M.) 5 2 Nombres comunes del aguacate en diferentes regiones del mundo. 6 3 Producción y superficie de cultivo en los principales países productores 7 de aguacate. 4 Indicadores de rentabilidad para una hectárea de aguacate variedades 8 Fuerte y Hass. Imbabura. 2013. 5 Producción y Superficie de aguacate en Perú para el año 2013. 9 6 Proceso para determinar el potencial de maleza. 11 7 Formato para la elaboración de la Lista Mundial de Plagas. 12 8 Formato para la elaboración del Cuadro de Categorización de Plagas. 13 9 Formato para concluir qué plagas con potencial cuarentenario siguen 14 la vía de ingreso a Ecuador. 10 Potencial de maleza de plantas de Aguacate (Persea americana M.). 22 11 Lista Mundial de Plagas Reportadas en Aguacate (Persea americana M.) 23 12 Categorización de plagas de frutas frescas de Aguacate 122 (Persea americana M.) originarias de Perú. 13 Plagas con potencial cuarentenario que siguen el ingreso a Ecuador 182 en Frutas Frescas de Aguacate (Persea americana M.). 14 Conclusión de Consecuencias de Introducción. 265 15 Conclusión de Probabilidad de Introducción. 266 16 Conclusión de la Etapa 2. 267 17 Superficie (ha) del Cultivo de Aguacate en Ecuador. 268 18 Importadores de Aguacate durante el periodo comprendido entre el 269 año 2015 y 2016. 19 Exportadores de Aguacate durante el periodo comprendido entre el 270 año 2015 y 2016. xii INDICE DE ILUSTRACIONES GRÁFICOS PÁG. 1 Conidios de Botryosphaeria ribis (Slippers et al., 2004). 364 2 Micelio y Conidias de Cercospora purpurea (Rondón, 1972). 369 3 Conidios y conidioforos de Colletotrichum dematium 374 (Bonants et al., 2016). 4 Conidios de Neofusicoccum parvum (Phillips, 2007). 380 5 Colonias de Sphaceloma perseae (APPS, 2008). 386 6 Adulto de Atherigona orientalis (CAB International, 2016). 395 7 Adulto de Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Olsen, 2016). 400 8 Adulto de Conotrachelus sp. (Bugh, 2011). 405 9 Macho y Hembra de Diaspidiotus perniciosus (FNIAR, (s.f)). 411 10 Adulto de Dysmicoccus grassii (García, 2011). 417 11 Hembra adulta de Ferrisia malvastra (Rung, 1973). 423 12 Adulto de Ferrisia virgata (Justis, 2016). 428 13 Adultos de Fiorinia fioriniae (García, 2012). 435 14 Adultos de Hemiberlesia diffinis (USDA, 2010).
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