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Checklist of the Mites of Pakistan

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Checklist of the Mites of Pakistan Zootaxa 4464 (1): 001–178 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4464.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:182B2DAF-5C88-4407-8B07-DD06F23E5854 ZOOTAXA 4464 Checklist of the mites of Pakistan BRUCE HALLIDAY1, MUHAMMAD KAMRAN2 & MUHAMMAD HAMID BASHIR3 1 Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Al-Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 3 Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected] Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by O. Seeman: 10 Jul. 2018; published: 30 Aug. 2018 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 BRUCE HALLIDAY, MUHAMMAD KAMRAN & MUHAMMAD HAMID BASHIR Checklist of the mites of Pakistan (Zootaxa 4464) 178 pp.; 30 cm. 30 Aug. 2018 ISBN 978-1-77670-438-5 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-77670-439-2 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2018 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/j/zt © 2018 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) 2 · Zootaxa 4464 (1) © 2018 Magnolia Press HALLIDAY Table of contents Abstract . 3 Introduction . 3 Methods . 4 Astigmata. 5 Cryptostigmata. 19 Ixodida . 38 Mesostigmata . 47 Prostigmata . 78 Notes And comments . 133 Discussion . 142 Acknowledgements . 143 References . 143 Abstract We present the first comprehensive inventory of the mites of Pakistan, based on data from published books and papers. The fauna as presently understood includes 126 families, 316 genera, and 1105 species. The best-documented genera are those that include pests of stored food (for example Acotyledon, 28 species), plant pests (Brevipalpus, 49 species; Tenui- palpus, 35 species), and beneficial predators (Euseius, 44 species; Neoseiulus, 37 species; Phytoseius, 36 species; Typhlo- dromus, 47 species). Some economically important families such as the Eriophyidae are almost completely unknown. Some of the Cryptostigmata have been studied, but other groups of soil mites are very poorly known. Other large groups such as the feather mites, water mites, Uropodina, and parasitic Astigmata and Prostigmata, have not been studied in a systematic way. An increase in knowledge of these groups would help an assessment of their economic importance, and would make a valuable contribution to the biogeography of the western section of the Oriental Region and the southern section of the Palaearctic Region. Key words: Acari, Mites, Pakistan Introduction Our knowledge of the mites of Pakistan is still in its infancy. A few groups were studied in a fragmentary way before 1970, but serious study of the fauna only began with the pioneering studies of Wali M. Chaudhri (Chaudhri, Akbar & Rasool, 1974, 1979; Chaudhri & Akbar, 1985). Since then many smaller studies of the mites of Pakistan have been published, especially dealing with agricultural pests and their natural enemies. However, there has never been any attempt to consolidate this information and compile an overall picture of the fauna. The available information is incomplete, widely scattered, and often difficult to obtain. Some families of plant pests have been studied extensively, such as Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae. Some families of predatory mites have also been studied, in the search for potential natural enemies of crop pests (especially Phytoseiidae and Cunaxidae). Even in these economically important families, there is no modern synthesis that allows the fauna of Pakistan to be compared with the global classification of the family. That makes it difficult to identify species and compare the results with the faunas of other countries. Pakistan straddles the boundary between the Oriental and Palaearctic Biogeographic Regions. Hammer (1977) and Hammer & Wallwork (1979) drew attention to the presence of both Gondwanan and Laurasian genera of Cryptostigmata in the fauna of north-west Pakistan. A thorough study of its flora and fauna therefore has the potential to provide valuable information about the nature of this biogeographic boundary. Our objective in this paper is therefore to facilitate communication between acarologists in Pakistan and the rest of the world, by reviewing the state of knowledge of the mite fauna of Pakistan. This review is not an end in itself, but is a tool that may be used as the basis of more detailed studies of the taxonomy and biology of this important fauna. CHECKLIST OF THE MITES OF PAKISTAN Zootaxa 4464 (1) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 3 Methods This checklist is the result of a literature survey, and does not include data taken directly from specimens or specimen databases. We began the project by extracting lists of species from five important monographs on the Pakistan mite fauna—Chaudhri, Akbar & Rasool (1974, 1979), Hammer (1977), Chaudhri & Akbar (1985) and Bashir & Afzal (2009). We then searched multiple on-line databases and published catalogues and monographs for further information about the mite fauna of Pakistan, and searched the lists of papers they cited to find details of other species that should be included. We also incorporated data from modern international catalogues of various taxa. These included databases of Eriophyoidea (Amrine & Stasny, 1994), Tetranychidae (Migeon & Dorkeld, 2017), Phytoseiidae (Demite, de Moraes, McMurtry, Denmark & Castilho, 2016), Tenuipalpidae (Mesa, Ochoa, Welbourn, Evans & de Moraes, 2009), Ascidae, Blattisociidae and Melicharidae (de Moraes, Britto, Mineiro & Halliday, 2016), Trombiculidae (Stekolnikov, 2013), Cunaxidae (Skvarla, Fisher & Dowling, 2014), and Stigmaeidae (Fan, Flechtmann & de Moraes, 2016). For the Cryptostigmata, we used Weigmann (2006) wherever possible, supplemented by Subías, Shtanchaeva & Arillo (2014). However, we note that the latter was published in electronic form only and is not registered in ZooBank, so it cannot be used a source of new names or other nomenclatural actions. We did not accept records directly from on-line databases unless we were able to confirm the record in a more formal publication. Lists of references cited in papers are not always completely accurate. In order to eliminate bibliographic errors, we personally examined every publication in our own list of references (1040 books and papers), except for a very few references that are identified as “not seen”. The information provided for each species includes its current name and authorship in bold face, followed by a bibliographic reference to its original description, with the species name in its original form. We then list at least one reference to the presence of the species in Pakistan, and at least one taxonomic reference to explain the present classification and name of the species, wherever that is possible. For most species we also include references to later publications that add further useful information about the taxonomy and biology of the species. These additional papers do not always specifically record the species from Pakistan, but provide access to other information about the species and the associated literature. We do not present a complete synonymy and bibliography for each species. For some well-known species, many other publications could have been included. Our objective is only to document the presence of the species in Pakistan and to provide an introduction to the relevant literature. The list of bibliographic references under each species also serves as a detailed record of the literature we examined. We also include details of the original description of every genus and family that includes species identified from Pakistan. In some cases a single species has been described as new more than once, with the same name and the same description and illustrations. The name of the species becomes available the first time it satisfies the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. If it is described again and labelled as “sp. nov.” the second name becomes both a homonym and a synonym of the original name. Authorship of papers with more than two authors is usually listed in full in the checklist, as in Ashfaq, Akhtar & Chaudhri (1986), rather than the more conventional Ashfaq et al., (1986), because of the very high proportion of multi-author papers, and the high proportion of authors with similar names. We have used the et al., abbreviation for only a very few publications that have a large number of authors, and which can be recognised unambiguously. After the listing of species in each family, there is a list of records of specimens identified only to the genus level, with a reference to the paper where they were mentioned. In a few cases there is also a list of specimens identified only to the family level. There is no index, because the complete contents of the paper may be searched in PDF format. All identifications in publications are accepted as accurate, unless there is evidence to the contrary. New taxa described in theses and internal reports are not included, because these do not satisfy the criteria of publication in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Article 8.1). Some taxa are marked with an asterisk (*), which refers to an explanation of some unusual taxonomic or nomenclatural problem following the main checklist. Dates of publication for papers by A.C. Oudemans follow van Eyndhoven (1943), for A. Berlese follow the 1979 reprints of his work published by Junk (Amsterdam), and for C.L. Koch follow Sherborn (1923). The name of author Mansoor-ul-Hasan has sometimes been misspelled in publications as Mansoor-ul-Hassan. We have corrected that error here. 4 · Zootaxa 4464 (1) © 2018 Magnolia Press HALLIDAY We have used an old classification of higher taxa for practical convenience, including Prostigmata, Astigmata and Cryptostigmata (e.g.
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