11282 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 28 The · Communist broadcast acknowledged ' Mr. JOHNSON. of Texas.· I yield to there was serious unrest and charged "the .the distinguished Senator from Con­ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES enemy did not choose Poznan by accident necticut. for h is provocations. THURSDAY, JUNE 28, 1956 "The 25th international fair is being held Mr. BUSH. Will the Senator give us there at present. The aim was to cast a an idea of the agenda for Monday and The House met at 12 o'clock noori. dark shadow on the good name of the Polish Tuesday? The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp, Peoples Republic." Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. It is in the D. D., offered the following prayer: Poznan, an industrial city of about 300,000 RECORD. The public-debt-limit bill and population, h as had an international fair the survivors' insurance bill are among O Thou who art always inclining our since 1922. It was the German city of Posen the more important measures to be con­ .hearts to come unto Thee in the fellow­ before World War II. It is 175 miles west of sidered. ship of prayer, inspire us now with a Warsaw, 155 miles east of Berlin. I may say to Members that there will vision of the worth and sanctity of this I merely believe this is another indi­ be no more votes tonight. new day. cation that ultimately the desire for free­ We humbly confess that in thinking dom will overcome any type of totali­ of our days with their mornings and eve­ tarian tyranny. It is also indicative, COMMITTEE SERVICE nings, their problems and tasks, we fre­ perhaps, of the restlessness behind the On motion of Mr. JOHNSON of Texas, quently find so much that baffles and Iron Curtain, and of movements which and by unanimous consent, it was perplexes us. some day once again will result in the Ordered, That the Senator from Kentucky May we receive Thy divine wisdom and freedom of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hun­ [Mr. HUMPHREYS] be assigned to service on guidance to discern each day's meaning gary, Rumania, Latvia, Esthonia, Lithu­ the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and mission and to know what is best ania, Albania, and the other countries and the Committee on Public Works. for ourselves, for our country, and all which have been drawn behind the Iron mankind. " Curtain, and whose .people have been Grant that our faith in the triumph forced to endure the most godless MUTUAL SECURITY ACT OF 1956- of Thy righteous purposes may never tyranny the world has ever known. AMENDMENTS grow dim or become eclipsed by doubt Mr. LANGER submitted amendments, or fear, but may we believe in Thy sov­ intended to be proposed by him, to the ereign power. ORDER OF BUSINESS-POSSIBILITY bill (H. R. 11356) to amend further the Hear us in Christ's name. Amen. OF SATURDAY SESSION Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended, The Journal of the proceedings of Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ and for other purposes, which were yesterda,y was read and approved. dent, first I wish to express my very deep ordered to lie on the table and to be appreciation to all Members of the Sen­ printed. . ate for having worked so long and so late Mr. HUMPHREY of Minnesota sub­ MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE today, and particularly to members of mitted an amendment, intended to be A message from the Senate, by Mr. the staff for bearing with us during the proposed by him, to House bill 11356, Carrell, one of its clerks, announced that trials we have had. supra, which was ordered to lie on the the Senate had passed without amend­ It is the intention of .the leadership table and to be printed. ment a bill of the House of the following to have an evening session tomorrow, in Mr. McCARTHY submitted an amend­ title: an attempt to complete action on the ment, intended to be proposed by him, H. R. 10872. An act to provide for exten­ bill. There are pending some twenty­ to House bill 11356, supra, which was sion of the time during which annual assess­ odd amendments. If we are unable to ordered to lie on the table and to be ment work on unpatented mining claixns complete consideration of the bill on printed. validated under section 2 of the act of Au­ tomorrow, we shall have a Saturday ses­ Mr. McCLELLAN submitted amend­ gust 11, 1955, m ay be made, and for other sion, unpleasant as that may be to many ments, intended to be proposed by him, purposes. of us. to House bill 11356, supra, which were The message also announced that the The mutual security authorization bill ordered to lie on the table and to be Senate agrees to the amendments of the must be passed; it must go to confer­ printed. House to a bill of the Senate of the fol­ ence, the conference report must be Mr. LONG submitted an amendment, lowing title: adopted, and the bill must be signed by intended to be proposed by him, to House S. 1275. An act to authorize the Commis­ the President before there can be a mu­ bill 11356, supra, which was ordered to sioners of the District of Columbia to desig­ tual security appropriation bill. lie on the table and to be printed. n ate employees of the District to protect life Today the Senate passed the military and property in and on the buildings and public works bill, and, therefore, shortly grounds of any institution located upon we shall receive from the House of Rep­ ADJOURNMENT property outside of t he District of Columbia acquired by the United States for District resentatives the supplemental appropri­ Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ sanat oriums, hospitals, training schools, and ation bill. The only remaining appro­ dent, if there are no other Senators who ot her inst it utions. priation bill to be passed after that will . desire to address the Senate at this time, be the mutual security appropriation I move, pursuant to the order previously The message also announced that the bill. entered, that the Senate stand in ad­ Senate insists upon its amendments to For that reason I should like all Mem­ journment until 12 o'clock noon tomor­ the bill newspaper also states: cation and Labor sought to take the ad­ attendance in the public schools of the United States. The cities enrollment to increase by 3,000 ministration's proposal apart and put it to 36,138 in fall. back together again and come up with This is a simple formula, but it insures something similar but different that absolute justice throughout the entire This statement was made by the su­ would relieve the shortage of school:.. Nation on the basis of the actual days of perintendent of schools, Mr. Clarence E. rooms in the .United States. education given to the pupil. As he Swingley, and the article proceeds to tell about the critical shortage in school­ The. Kelley. bill, as this bill is known, points out in his letter, this will en­ rooms surrounding the city of Gary and will accomplish that purpose, there is courage: its outside limits. This same headline no doubt about that, but the bill leaves 1. A school year of adequate length. me in doubt as to the advisability of 2. Increase the number of years of edu4 could be applied to every city, town, and cational service to high school completion. hamlet in my district ·that is located adopting the allocation provisions as to the manner in which the grants to the 3. Greater attendance in the public close to the industrial areas. States shall be made. I think the bill schools. The Committee on Education and La­ 4. A higher percentage of pupils to attend bor has received testimony gathered by should be amended on the floor to con­ school. its subcommittee which held hearings· in form to the President's proposal. 5. A better attendance record. congested areas throughout the country. In that connection, I received a letter Distribution on the basis of attendance This subcommittee found startling con:. from a man in the congressional district would be based on the actual educational I represent for whom I have the highest service given to pupils. I notice in the re:­ ditions concerning lack of schoolroom port of Atlantic City schools, for example, facilities in all fast growing areas. respect as one of the leading educators of the West. His name is Marion B. that with a population of approximately Last week Congress appropriated bil­ 100,000 the school attendance is approxi­ lions for highway construction. Addi­ Winslow. He is superintendent of mately 8,000 or 1 in 12¼ in school. Here tional millions have been appropriated schools at Coos Bay, Oreg., on the Ore­ in the Coos Bay School District we have a to maintain the farm economy. Billions gon coast. Mr. Winslow has studied this population of approximately 22,500 with a matter for many, many years and he school attendance of 4,200, or 1 in 5.4 in also have been appropriated for defense feels that the allocation provision, the school. It makes a big difference whether a and aid to war stricken countries in our straight-out grant to States on the basis district is providing for educational services aim to curtail communism. Has our of $11 and some cents· per pupil regard­ for one-twelfth of its population or for one­ civilization become so grossly neglectful sixth of its population. Those · States that and shortsighted as Congress thinks less of need, is not the proper way to have the greatest portion of their population this is more important than passing a get at assistance to education in Amer­ in school face the greatest financial need. · bill to help critical areas with school ica. If Federal funds were distributed to the construction? These school children in With the indulgence of the House I States on the basis of actual days' attend­ areas throughout the country are at­ should like to read the suggestions made ance at a public school, I believe this would .bY Mr. Winslow. I realize that since the encourage public school attendance. States tending classes in garages, churches, with lax attendance laws with large numbers ·basements, warehouses, and wornout bill was long ago reported and since this of the school population attending private :firetrap schoolrooms, let us strive to suggestion has come to me, at a time schools, who thus carry a very light public give to every child possible the education when it could not be incorporated in the education program, would get Federal funds and culture that ought to be the birth­ bill by the committee, I should like to only on the basis of the actual public educa4 right of every American. present it to the House now with the tional service given. Mr. ELLSWORTH. Mr. Speaker, I possibility that it may arouse enough Mr. Speaker. I have presented this let­ ·yield myself such time as I may consume. interest so that some members .of the ter to the House in the hope that it Mr. Speaker, this rule will make in committee may wish to take it up and might, if not in this body, perhaps, in the order the consideration of H. R. 7535, consider offering it as an amendment other when the bill is considered there, which is a bill to authorize. Federal as- when t-he bill is on the floor. 1·eceive some attention as a. reasonable 11296 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - -HOUSE June 28 and better formula for the distribution of Mr. BAILEY. Under title II the Gov­ of State and municipal governments. such funds as the Congress may deter­ ernment would set up a revolving fund, The States are now dependent almost mine to allocate to public schools. not to exceed $750 million, to buy the entirely upon direct taxes on real estate The SPEAK.ER. The gentleman from loans of districts where they have to and personal property, duplicated in­ Oregon has consumed 8 minutes. pay interest in excess of 4 percent. That come tax and and sales taxes which fall Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, is just money loaned by the Government. heavily on persons of low income. In I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from That will be repaid. The Government seeking new revenue the States find West Virginia [Mr. BAILEY]. can sell those bonds any time it wants available sources already drained by Mr. BAILEY. Mr. Speaker, in antici­ to and get its money back. Federal taxation-income taxes, admis­ pation of the fact that I expect the dis­ Mr. DIES. Then I understand there sion taxes, beverage taxes, luxury taxes, tinguished gentleman from Virginia, the is a $400 million grant. transportation taxes, tobacco taxes, ex­ chairman of the Committee on Rules, to Mr. BAILEY. A $400 million grant cise taxes, to name but a few. Enormous speak on this rule and to oppose it, I­ each year for 4 years, a total of $1,600 sums, billions of dollars annually, are would like to make this point, that the million. · siphoned out of the States in individual demands of the organized and unorgan­ Mr. GROSS. Will the gentleman and corporate income taxes. ized groups throughout the United States yield? It is neither economical nor efficient to that this Congress do something on this Mr. BAILEY. I yield. withdraw huge sums from the States and situation which is fast becoming a na­ Mr. GROSS. Will that revolving fund then have a portion of these funds trickle tional disgrace will answer anything the take care of any part of the outstanding back under any of the proposed bureau­ distinguished gentleman from Virginia bonds for school construction? cratic-administered programs of aid to has to say far more effectively than I Mr. BAILEY. You mean the present education. If any of the presently pro­ can answer. I would like to say to the bonds? posed and pending programs are adopted, gentleman from Virginia that the Com­ Mr. GROSS. Yes. a large overhead for administration is mittee on Education and Labor as the Mr. BAILEY. No, sir. It is for new unavoidable, and, in some instances, the result of objection which he raised to construction. only thing offered the State is an op­ the language in title II and title III of Mr. Speaker, in conclusion, let me portunity, lured on by Federal dollars the legislation has ordered that the sec­ appeal to my colleagues, whether you in matching funds, to go into debt, and tions to which he was objecting be are proponents or opponents of this leg­ even this is prohibited by law· in some stricken from the legislation. I refer islation I personally feel that no leg­ States. first to removing from the legislation a islation is so controversial that it cannot Under the best-intentioned Federal provision that the Comptroller General's be brought to the floor of the House and administration, there remains the well­ Office be relieved from responsibility for disposed of in the good old American founded objection that the compulsory auditing and controlling these expendi­ way, as the citizens of our country ex­ requirement that each State meet con­ tures. That would affect both title II pect us to handle it. So I am glad that ditions imposed by law and regulations and title III. The other objection the House has finally decided to con­ of the administering bureau must be raised by the gentleman from Virginia sider the pleas of millions of American complied with to qualify for benefits. and some other members in the com­ people that something be done to meet Furthermore, there is a deep-seated mittee was to the effect that it looked this situation. I personally will be satis­ fear-also well founded-that with Gov­ as if in ·one section of title II we were fied with whatever the result may be, ernment intervention in education pro­ trying to obligate the Federal Govern­ but do not let anybody mislead you into grams, opportunity might well be found ment to pay the total sum of $6 billion. voting to kill this rule. for Federal controls which naturally fol­ The amendment in question, which I The SPEAKER pro tempore. The time low Federal dollars flowing from Wash­ shall offer, will clarify and show that the of the gentleman from West Virginia ington. Government obligation under title III has expired. The prime responsibility for education could never be more than $150 million. Mr. ELLSWORTH. Mr. Speaker, I programs is in the local community and I would just like to add here that all yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from the State. Conditions now existing are that money will be returned to the Gov­ Kansas [Mr. SCRIVNER]. not emergency short-time situations, ernment. That is just a case of the Gov-_ Mr. SCRIVNER. Mr. Speaker, in con­ and can be expected to continue for the emment lending its credit until such nection with the pending legislation, I long indefinite future, as more children time as the school boards who will rent do not feel that I can improve greatly are born. the building from the State Building on a presentation I made February 22, To easily, simply, cheaply, and effi­ Association will have the money to re­ 1955, in setting forth a proposal for some ciently provide the States with some fi­ turn the funds which the Government relief of the problems the communities nancial aid for meeting their needs for advanced. It is not an actual Govern­ now face relating to schools and the improvement of their respective edu­ ment expenditure. education. cational programs, without increasing Now, to the distinguished gentleman On that occasion I pointed out that their debt, without building up a huge from Kentucky [Mr. SPENCE] may I say if you are looking for a simple, direct Federal bureaucracy, without fear of that the committee also ordered that program for aid to education, free from Federal controls, dictation, or propa­ section 315 of title m of the bill be elim­ Government controls, without costly ad­ ganda, without the slightest element of inated. That amendment is to be offered ministration, and devoid of any share­ distribution of wealth, I proposed, by a by the distinguished gentleman from the-wealth attributes, the joint resolu­ joint resolution which I introduced, a New York [Mr. BosCH] a member of the tion I introduced February 22, 1955, de­ simple, direct, unrestricted plan for aid committee. It appears that in prepar­ serves your consideration and support. to the States and the Territories to help ing the legislation, we encroached upon Most, if not all, State treasuries are in them meet the educational demands the prerogatives and were probably pro­ better shape financially than is the Fed­ within their respective borders. posing to pass some legislation here that eral Treasury, there is no doubt but that House Joint Resolution 228 might interfere with the national bank­ in many States the demands, especially Whereas the Government of the United ing law. So in an effort to clarify that, for education, call for more finances States, through taxes, is siphoning a great the committee will offer at the proper than the States are able to raise to pro­ part of the wealth of our Nation out of time when we are in Committee of the vide needed buildings, m_aintenance, im­ the several States and Territories into the Whole House on the State of the Union proved equipment, increases in teachers' Federal Treasury; and this amendment which will be offered as salaries, and other items. The combined Whereas the Government of the United an official committee amendment. States is collecting taxes from nearly all debt of the 48 States is about $20 billion. sources of revenue, includin,g taxes on indi­ Mr. DIES. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ Uncle Sam owes over $275 billion. tleman yield? vidual and corporate incomes, admissions, With the enormous increase in Federal beverages, communications, gifts, luxuries, Mr. BAILEY. I yield. expenditures over the past 25 years the transportation, and from excises and other Mr. DIES. Will the gentleman tell Federal Government has tapped every truces, leaving to the States little but real and us the total amount of loans authorized practical possible source of tax revenue, personal property and consumer sales as under this bill? with little consideration for the tax needs ..sources of tax revenue; a.n

Whereas at rat es approaching confiscation This is not a new proposal. I first T ABLE I of property, States are still not able to raise presented it in 1949-H. R. 1582-at revenue sufficient to carry the rising costs of which time several various proposals Income tax col­ State and local governments, and especially lections, fiscal n ot to meet the demands for needed im­ were pending. year 1954 (in- 1 percent of eluding tax tax collected provement s and higher salaries for the train­ In the 80th Congress-1946-the Sen­ for old-age ing of our yout h ; and ate passed S. 472. Under that measure, insurance) Whereas it has been proposed that the Fed­ the only direct aid-to-education bill. to Alabama ______eral Government grant aid to the States for pass in either House of the Congress, the $.'355, 904, 000 educational purpose; and $3,559,040 estimated initial contribution Kansas Arizona_-----kansas ______------______..---. 153, 119, 000 1,531, 190 Whereas it is neither economical nor effi­ would have been required to make to California .. ____ _. .. ____ _ 148,110,000 1,481,100 cien t to withdraw huge sums out of the Colorado ______4, 671, 633, 000 46,716,330 the Federal Treasury would have been 553, 265, 000 5,532,650 States and Territories and redistribute fu nds Connecticut ______1, 168, 589, 000 11,685,890 under bureaucrat ic regulation from the Fed­ $2,552,000. From the benefits author­ Delaware_. ______Florida ______. ____ _ 869, 52/i, 000 8,695,250 eral Treasury; an d ized by S. 472, Kansas could have re­ 599,090,000 5,999,900 Whereas it is desirable that such aid be ceived back as aid to education a total 581,573,000 5,815,730 126, 170, 000 1,261,700 accomplished by a simple, easy, direct, and of $1,960,000-a net loss of $600,000. Idahoi:~~ll1.·.======. · ------100,902,000 1,009,020 efficient method, not hampered with bureau­ Illinois ______. . __ . _. ___ .. 4, 926, 633, 000 The other proposals so far advanced Indiana. . ______._ 49,266,330 cratic restrictions, directions, or dictat ion: would operate to take out of most States Iowa ______1,205,079,000 12,050,790 Therefore be it more to support the proposed program Kansas ______494, 575, 000 4,945,750 Kentucky ______437,870,000 4,378,700 Resolved, etc., That 1 percent of all income than would be returned in benefits, and 441,333,000 4,413,330 taxes collected on individual and corporate Louisiana_.· ·-·· ------~- 459, 357, 000 4,593,570 incomes under Federal st atutes shall be on the whole would provide less in ef­ Maine_. _------159, 030, 000 1,590,300 fective aid than is offered by my pro- Maryland ______851, 777, 000 8,517, 770 deemed to be revenue for the State or Ter­ Massachusetts .. · · ···--­ 1, 708, 884, 000 17,088,840 ritory within which it is collected, for use, posal. · Michigan __ . ··-·· · · ----- 4,857,146,000 48,571,460 Mi.Iµlesota_. ______917, 25fi, 000 9, 17:.>, 560 for educational purposes only, without any Certainly, under the plan I propose, Mississippi______Federal direction, control, or interference . . 129, 336, 000 1,293,360 the States, generally, by having this 1 Missour i______1, 4i2, 722,000 14,727,220 SF.C. 2. District directors of internal reve­ percent of the individual and corporate Montana ______109, 285, 000 1, 092,850 nue are hereby authorized and directed to Federal income taxes paid by its citi­ cbraska... ···-··· ----- 320, 620, 000 3,206,200 Nevada_ . _.. __ . __ ...... _ 70,308,100 703,080 transfer to the treasurer, or corresponding New Hampshire ______official, of the State or Territory within which zens withheld for use within each of the 118, 150,000 1, 181,500 respective States for educational pur­ New Jersey ______1, 745, 232, 000 17,452, 320 their respective internal-revenue d istricts New Mexico ______99,351,000 993,510 are situated, at the end of each quarter, an poses, would be much better able to cope New York ______11 ,626,091. 000 116, 260, 910 amount equal to 1 percent of the taxes from directly, as they deemed best, with their N otth Carolina ______673. 436, 000 6,734,360 North Dakota ______60,929,000 609,290 individual and corporate incomes collected educational problems than they would Ohio __ ------··· -·· ··-··- 4, 147, 301, 000 41 ,473, 010 within such State or Territory during said Oklahoma ______under any program directed from a Oregon ______504, 416, 000 5, 044, 160 quarter. Washington bureau. 403, 821, 000 4,038,210 SEC. 3. For purposes of information only, Pennsylvania. __ ...... 4, 531, 795, 000 45, 317,950 This proposal will be a step toward re­ R hode Island ______271, 663, 000 2,716, 630 district directors of internal revenue shall taining our constitutional Republic and Sou th Carolina ______239, 806, 000 2,398,060 report the amounts transferred to State South Dakota .. ______67,056,000 670,560 treasurers, or corresponding officials, as au­ a move away from centralized govern­ Tennessee ______463, 856, 000 4,638,560 thorized in section 2, to the Department of ment. Texas_····------1,969, 31 , 000 19,693,180 U tah ______135,924,000 1, 359,240 the Treasury, accompanying such -report with Such legislation will be in keeping with Vermont ______: __ _•_ _ 70,790,000 707, 900 ·receipts from the proper State officials veri­ suggestions made by the then Gen. Virginia ___ ... ---····---- 641,430,000 6.414, 300 fying the amounts received by said State Washington ______71 1, 456, 000 7.114, 560 Dwight D. Eisenhower, by keeping the 270, 198, 000 2,701.980 official. control and responsibility local. He said: 1, 121, 973, 000 11,219, 730 :Wyoming::a~!r~ _~~___~======__ __ _.___ __=_ 51. 764,000 51 7,640 Mr. Speaker, although I had hoped this When financing of schools is turned over Alaska. ______45,843,000 458,430 to the Federal Government you get bu­ District of Columbia __ __ 707, 455, 000 7,074,550 resolution could be referred to the Com­ P uerto Rico ______mittee on Labor and Education, it was re­ reaucracy, and this is the approach to (9, 571, OQO) (95, 710) statism. f erred to the Committee on Ways and Total.------58, 578, 533, ooo I 585, 785, 330 Means. Although I have called this res­ Every advocate of aid to education to olution to the attention of all House NOTE.-Because collections for old-age insuran ce are whom I have talked insists he wants no not shown separately in internal revenue reports, actual Members, I feel I should call it to the at­ Federal control, no bureaucracy. This benefits would be somewhat less than shown here when tention of the House again at this time. · resolution will meet that desire, for it adjustment is made for that factor-an average of about But, Mr. Speaker, let me continue my need not add a single person to the Fed­ 7 .2 percent. remarks. eral payroll and will certainly eliminate Mr. Speaker, inasmuch as the Military Under this plan the handling of funds all possibility of Federal ·controls-even Appropriations Committee is in confer­ through Washington and back will be those found in most other proposals be­ ence on the 1957 appropriation bill I eliminated; the amounts available to fore the Congress. doubt that I can be present to offer the each State will be determined annually From the table below based on tax col..­ last three sections of this joint resolution by individual and corporate incomes lections for the fiscal year 1954-approx­ as a substitute for the present bill. Per­ haps it may have sufficient appeal to within that State. The money will re- · imately-you can see the benefits for main in the several States where it was some member of the committee to so collected. The total amount to be thus your own State. The logical appeal and propose this language. collected through Federal facilities for the elimination of the danger of Federal Mr. Speaker, my suggestion deserves the States each year will be automati­ bureaucratic controls under this plan favorable consideration by this Congress. cally geared to the national income for would enable your State to provide more Mr. ELLSWORTH. Mr. Speaker, I that year. There will be no danger or adequately and more efficiently for the ask unanimous consent that the gentle­ possibility of Federal control or dictation. needed enlargement of educational fa­ man from Kansas [Mr. SCRIVNER ] may It will provide many States with a larger cilities and the necessary increase in revise and extend his remarks. amount than would be available under salaries of teachers. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there many other plans which have been pro­ This direct use of income taxes is pos­ objection to the request of the gentle~ posed. There would be no need for a sible. It can be done. Precedent is es­ man from Oregon? growing bureaucratic horde with an in­ tablished by Public Law 630 of the 81st There was no objection. satiable hunger for power ready to con­ Congress, where it is provided that all of Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, sume ever-increasing amounts of taxes. the taxes of incomes earned by Ameri­ I yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from For example, in fiscal 1954 the district Mississippi [Mr. COLMER]. can citizens in Guam, while resident director for internal revenue for Kansas Mr. COLMER. Mr. Speaker, I do not collected in individual and corporate in­ there, including stateside Americans, know that I will take all of the 10 min­ come taxes approximately $407,343,360. both civilian and military, should be utes, but I did want to call your atten­ On this basis there would have gone to turned over to the Government of Guam. tion to a few points about this bill that the State of Kansas under this plan, Not just 1 percent, but all of the income the House will have under consideration for the fiscal year 1954, $4,073,433 every tax collected from Americans there-and when and if this rule is adopted. cent of which would be available for use Guam is merely an unincorporated Let me say in the first place that it within the State. Territory. comes as a surprise, I am sure, to quite a 11298 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 28 group of the membership that this rule such action? Finally, is there any doubt is jealous of our public school system and is up here today at all for consideration in the minds of either friends or foes of of maintaining it as such without Federal when it is recalled that for a year and a this legislation as to what the present interference. I hope you will have an half this proposal has been in the Com­ nine men who occupy the marble palace opportunity to read it before the debate is mittee on Education and Labor and then across the plaza from this Capitol over. for the past several months has been in would do? Omitting the first two pages, the docu­ the Committees on Rules. There seemed In this connection, each of you re­ ment reads as fallows: to be no enthusiasm for this legislation, cently received a copy of a statement At the 37th national convention of the but for some reason, reasons that you from the executive council of the Amer­ American Legion held, at Miami, Fla., from can deduce for yourself, the resolution ican Federation of Labor and the CIO October 10 to 13, 1955, the matter of the and the proposed legislation were sud­ telling you in substance just what I have relationship of the National Government to denly revived and the Committee on general public education was reconsidered; said. I quote from the last paragraph and the 3,158 accredited delegates to the con­ Rules was put in the position where it of that statement: vention, representing every State in the had to report it out. For our part, the AFL-CIO pledges that Union, without a dissenting vote, adopted I know there is no enthusiasm today if Congress enacts a Federal school-aid pro­ resolution 588, containing the following re­ among the general membership for this gram we shall keep an alert watch over its statement of principles with respect to pub­ legislation, and there are a number of administration. If Federal money is allo­ lic education: 1·easons for that, but time will not per­ cated to States or school districts which have 1. That the State and local governments mit me to discuss them. not complied with the Supreme Court's deci­ ought to, can, and should assume and take First, I want to make clear to my sion, we will support and, if necessary, in­ care of primary- and secondary-school needs. itiate legal steps to prevent such misuse of 2. That under the Constitution of the southern colleagues, those who have not the taxpayers' money. United States, the full responsibility and au­ bad an opportunity to study this legis­ thority (including financing) over the edu­ lation, just what they might expect. I To sum it up, what does this mean? cation of our children is reserved to the sev­ understand that there will be a proposal Is not the conclusion inescapable that eral States respectively and to the people. offered in the form of an amendment by the States maintaining segregation in 3. That the States and local communities some Member of the House to provide their public schools are going to be taxed have the capacity to meet the financial re­ for the denial of any of these funds to to build in other States without receiv­ quirements for education. ing any of their tax money back from 4. That the National Government should those schools in my section of the coun­ avoid interference, control, or direction in try which maintain traditional segrega­ the Federal Government to help con­ educational processes or programs of the re­ tion in their public schools. I am not struct their own schools? spective States, either directly or indirectly, too much concerned about that-that Make no mistake about it, the people of or by grants-in-aid, appropriation, curricu­ might be a little surprising to you, too­ those States are going to have segregated lum, of program control, or by action of any because I do not think it is material schools as long as they have public agency, branch, or department of the United whether that amendment is adopted or schools. That is one phase of the mat­ States Government. not. ter I wanted to discuss. By virtue of this resolution, the national commander and officials of the American Le­ In the first place, that objective can Mr. Speaker, I call attention to another gion were directed and mandated to present be reached and, no doubt, will be reached phase of it and this is nothing new from the position of the American Legion to the in this or some other administration me. You have heard me in the well of Congress of the United States and to vigor­ through administrative action. this House for the past several years ously oppose all legislation seeking the de­ If there be any doubt in the minds of point out to you that the danger to this struction of State control over public educa­ my colleagues about this, I call your at­ country is not from an armed invasion by tion or making appropriations of Federal tention, first, to the fact that the argu­ funds for t.he needs of general public edu­ the Soviet Republic; the danger lies in cation; or which, in any way, violates the ment will be made that the Supreme the destruction of the financial setup of principles enunciated above. Court has spoken; that segregation is not the country with resultant inflation; Naturally, many Members of Congress and permitted in the public schools of the then the Communists come in through many other Americans will ask: "Why should land and, therefore, no Federal funds the back door and work their will when this great organization of war veterans, the should go to States practicing school the value of the dollar is destroyed. American Legion, concern itself with the segregation. Further, I call your atten­ Therefore I make the unchallenged problems of general public education?" tion to the fact that only a few weeks statement-and there will be plenty of The answer to that question is that the American Legion has always strongly adhered ago the Civil Aeronautics Administration, opportunity here to answer it before this to the philosophy of broad popular educa­ another administrative agency of the debate is over-that there is not a State tion for citizenship. While recognizing, ap­ Government, denied Federal funds by in this Union, there is not a county or plauding and supporting the role, the right administrative action to airports in com­ parish in any State of this Union, and I and necessity for private and religious munities requiring segregation in the air­ doubt if there is a municipality in one of schools in the field of education, the Ameri­ port facilities. those counties or parishes whose finan­ can Legion vigorously subscribes to the ne­ However, if the funds are not denied cial situation is not better than that of cessity of a universal publicly supported system of primary and secondary education administratively, you and I know that the Federal Government. Therefore, to insure that every American child has the when the appropriation bill comes up why should the Federal Government go opportunity for an adequate education. making the funds available provided by into this one field that the people are so The American Legion believes that popular this proposed legislation that a rider in jealous of, the field of their public educa­ self-government, based upon a federation of the form of an amendment will either tion? The most prized and jealously states, as created by the covenant set forth be placed in the bill in committee or guarded institution, the one closest to the in the Constitution of the United States can­ will be offered on the floor of the House hearts of the people of this country, is the not continue to exist unless there is the to accomplish the same end. And if bulwark of a continuing system of locally education of the youth, our public school controlled and financed free public educa­ such an amendment is offered before an system. Your and my people want no tion. Not only does proper national defense election-and I call your attention to the Federal interference in the conduct of require trained personnel, but the daily op­ fact that there will be an election just their schools. You are tampering with eration of our local, State, and Federal Gov­ a few weeks after the appropriation bill . an institution which ranks almost in the ernments, our farms, our professions, our comes to the floor this year-such an category of religion. Once the gap is let commerce and industry, and in fact, every down who can foresee to what length the phase of life today demands that we have amendment will in all likelihood be competent citizens, who are qualified, willing, adopted. strong arm of the Federal Government and able to discharge their responsibilities. Finally, if that hurdle is overcome and will finally extend into our public school By and large, the State governments and neither of these things happens, is any­ system? the local sc;i:iool districts have compiled a one here so naive as to think for one Now I want to call your attention to remarkable record of achievements in pro­ moment that those who advocate the another matter. This morning there viding educational opportunities to the peo­ denial of funds to segregated school sys­ came to your desk a letter from the ple of this country in the last 50 years. tems will not resort to the friendly Fed.. American Legion. Some of you may not Without a doubt, we have in the United States today the finest educational facilities eral courts? How long would the Na.. have had the opp_ortunity to see it. It that the world has ever known. tional Association for the Advancement gives many of the arguments that I would Everything in the record of our educational of Colored People, with unlimited funds like to make and speaks the voice of that accomplishments in this country indicates and lawyers at its disposal, withhold great patriotic organization, which, too, that our national interests in education will 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 11299 be best served and most quickly solved by Some type of control or supervision whether functions of the National Government be­ leaving the problem in the hands of local large or small, direct or indirect, is an essen­ yond anything evisioned by Thomas Jeffer­ administration and control. tial ingredient of Federal action. The mere son and the other architects of our Federal However, the American Legion ls aware fact that Congress could discontinue the system. of the fact that despite record-breaking State funds in future ·appropriations is a potent 21. This is not the kind of governmental and local expenditures for public education factor in itself. functions which has to be done by the in recent years, our Nation is faced with a 11. History indicates that once Federal ap­ National Government or which it can do serious immediate shortage of school build­ propriations are made for any purpose the best. In fact, efficiency, economy, forth­ ings and teachers. tendency is for the affected groups to lobby rightness, cultural experimentation,. oppor­ We recognize that the sharp rise in birth­ for their continuation and enlargement. tunity for ,differences of approach and edu­ rate following World War II, heavy popula­ 12. Approximately 12 percent of the cational pioneering and programs will be tion migrations, a backlog of construction in schoolchildren in the United States are edu­ sacrificed if the Congress should embark the the years of depression, war and material cated in private or religious sc:t.ools. The National Government upon a program of shortages, and the depletion of teachers and exclusion of these schools raises difficult Federal aid to education. educational personnel by attraction of problems. Their inclusion would raise even To prevent any confusion or misconcep­ higher salaries in other fields of work and a more difficult legal questions and policy tions about the extent of the position of decrease in the percentage of new persons issues. the American Legion on this subject, it entering teaching have all combined to create 13. There are about 62,000 separate public­ should be stated that the policy as set forth a difficult situation. school districts or systems in the United herein is confined to the matter of across­ Nevertheless, the American Legion is of States. If the National Government dealt the-board, genera.I Federal financial aid to the opinion that sound judgment indicates directly with these local school organizations, public education in the primary and secon­ that the only effective solution to our educa­ it would seriously conflict with State educa­ dary schools ( first grade through high tional shortages is prompt and incisive action tional responsibility and control. If the Na­ school) and should be strictly construed. by the States and the local school districts. tional Government dealt with only the The American Legion as of this time has What are the reasons for the policy stand States, it could not achieve the objectives not taken a position or fixed any legislative of the American Legion? In summary out­ sought by Federal grants or funds without policy of opposition upon the following line they are set forth as follows: imposing important and unwanted condi­ matters: 1. The respective States have the financial tions. 1. Financing by the Federal Government capacity to meet their educational require­ 14. The general public already feels that in the field of higher education-such as ments if they wish to do so. Federal taxes are too high. There is great assistance to land-grant colleges, agricul- . 2. Federal aid is not the way to get good pressure for reduction of Federal taxes. Cer­ tural extension programs, agricultural re­ schools; under any moderate program of aid, tainly sound national policy should require search ( all being administered and designed the amount going to individual States would .that serious consideration should be given as agricultural programs), support of ROTC not be large enough to count effectively. to the balancing of the Federal budget and a and similar training programs, defense re­ And Federal aid in an amount sufficient to planned and consistent reduction of the Fed­ search and veterans' programs (all being ad­ mitigate the problem significantly could re­ eral debt before the National Government ministered and designed as defense or sult in such undermining of the State and embarks upon a new and tremendous pro­ veterans' programs). local responsibility as to seriously endanger gram of Federal expenditures for general 2. Continuation of Federal commodity do­ the kind of educational system that has public education in our elementary and sec­ nations to school-lunch programs as long served us so well since the founding of our ondary schools. as these stocks continue to be acquired and country. 15. The usual purpose of Federal grants­ held as surplus by the National Government 3. If substantial financial support is pro­ in-aid is to stimulate State and local activ­ as part of its agricultural program. (How­ vided to local public schools by the Federal ities. There is no need for this in the field ever, the American Legion is in favor of the Government, local community interest and of public education since expenditures by elimination of cash grants by the National responsibility will diminish. States and local governments for education Government, with the assumption by the are already the largest and most expensive 4. The wealth of the Nation is to tbe found States and local communities for all cash of any of their activities. financing required-now constituting about in the states. In most instances, this wealth 16. There is no need for Federal leadership is as available to the States as to the Na­ 12 percent of the total cost of thr, program.) 'in setting minimum educational standards. ' 3. Existing legislation providing for spe­ tional Government. Generally speaking, all These are already well defined and admin­ taxes come from the same pocket. Sending cial and limited grants for school construc­ istered. There is a strong desire on all sides tion and operation in critical defense areas tax dollars to Washington, which are in­ to avoid Federal control or supervision or the tended for local use merely increases over­ on a temporary emergency basis in support imposition of Federal standards or condi­ of our national-defense program. head and administrative costs and adds to tions. There is a widespread feeling that any the size of the Federal bureaucracy. 4. Research, advisory, and clearinghouse degree of Federal control over education functions presently performed by the Office 5. If a reappraisal of tax values on taxable would be dangerous. No one has ever enun­ property in the various communities and of Education in the Department of Health, ciated any practical method of providing Education, and Welfare. (However, the States is conducted in order to equalize tax Federal funds without some scintilla of au­ responsibility on all types of property and American Legion's position is opposed to the thority or administration. continuation of existing Federal appropria­ education given its proper recognition in the 17. There are other well-defined responsi­ reappraisal, there would be no need for Fed­ tions to general aid in the form of cash bilities and activities of the Federal Govern­ grants to public school vocational education eral aid to general education. ment, such as national defense, the Post 6. There are serious dangers in creating a programs presently administered by the Office Department, and the Immigration and Office of Education.) powerful centralized authority. It could Naturalization Service, to name · but a few lead to attempts at thought control and which require all of the foreseeable Federal Let me say to you, I claim -no corner might invite infiltration by the Communist funds that are likely to be available. on patriotism or zealousness in protect­ conspiracy. 18. If Federal aid is predicated on the ing the public-school system, but the 7. It would seem impossible to have Fed­ determination of necessity of local school Founding Fathers recognized it as a re­ eral aid to general education without the districts or systems, who will establish the minimum of Federal control. Education criteria of need and formulas of distribu­ sponsibility and the exclusive responsi­ certainly should be left up to the communi­ tion? What agency will determine which bi.lity of the States. Now, once you ties and the States and not to the Federal are needy and who gets what? What weight disturb that, once you start to undermine Government. will be given to the relationship between that, there is no telling how far it is 8. Local and State ability and willingness those districts which have for years taxed going. The bill should be defeated. to deal with school problems is impaired by themselves to the bone to meet their ,require­ Mr. ELLSWORTH. Mr. Speaker, I injecting a third level of government. The ments and those which have the resources have no further requests for time on this task of school administration will become but do not choose to impose the local taxes? side, and I yield back the balance of my even more difficult and complicated. Ad­ What equalization assistance will be required ministrative differences with respect to con­ of the respective States before the Federal time. trols or agreements as to division of funds Government lends a hand? Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, will mali::e for delays and inequities. 19. Federal funds could place in the hands I yield myself 10 minutes. 9. If you have Federal aid to education of those in political authority the power to Mr. Speaker, this resolution makes in and a minmum of Federal control over this transform our whole way of life. The oppor­ order the so-cB,lled school construction Federal aid, then there is great danger that tunity which would be opened up for the aid bill which has been hanging around · the Federal Government will want to pre­ imposition of requirements as to what would here for something like a couple of years. scribe the curriculums, textbooks, and other be taught is frightening. It instructional materials. All of this should be 20. The creation of a system of Federal is a matter of great interest both to left up to the community and State. · educational assistance, nationwide in scope, those who are in favor of it and those 10. Federal aid whether by grants-in-aid 'would destroy the traditional role of the who oppose it. Therefore, it has been or other forms cannot be provided without · State anci local governments in the field of brought to the House. I know of no Congress imposing legal and accounting safe­ educational activity and would represent an ·opposition to the resoiution which pro­ guards or formulas or criteria of distribution. unnecessary and r adical expansion of the vides for 6 hours of general debate. The 11300 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 28 resolution should be adopted so that we Will you tell me why .we could not brought forth this mouse, there were may go into the consideration of this do that in a few simple words,· and say four serious errors that he was willing to highly controversial measure. so, and not have all of these conditions correct, serious errors. Now, I do not I wanted to talk a little about the and ramifications and words that no- know how many more errors are in it . merits of the bill, if any can be dis- body can understand in it? All you have because, as I say, I cannot understand covered. This is an innovation. We are to do is just say, "We are going to give all the implications of this language. If starting off on an entirely new road, a each State its proportion according to there were four admitted errors in one -road that the American people, from the the population and the formula. It is section of the bill, and four errors that founding of the Republic, have said that a grant of $400 million every year for ought to be corrected and must be cor­ we should never follow. That is to per- the next 4 years." Why do you not do rected, then I am going to pose to this mit the control of our public education that? What is the objective of inserting House this question: Do you not think to go out of the hands of the local people. all this .lang.uage, and I will guarantee that after all this study, this bill had It is a fundamental principle of our sys- , you there is not a man on this floor better go back to the Committee on Edu­ tern of government. That is the prin- who has not been on that committee cation and Labor and let them study it ciple that this bill proposes to depart who can understand it. I challenge and let them ·labor a little bit more and from. them, before this debate is over if there maybe they will bring forth something If anyone thinks, having once launched is anybody who understands the meaning a little more palatable? on this ·path of Federal appropriation of all the language of this bill, I want Let us see about these! provisions in that we are ever going to depart from it, him to get up here and say so before title III, that I '\.vant to talk to you about. he is very much mistaken, because it this debate is over, and I hope he will You have been told that this is a $1,600,- would be without precedent. Whenever let me know so I can be here to under­ 000,000 bill. Well, title II is $750,000 we have started on any of these programs stand it myself, because I have tried more. Title III provides that if these we have always gone on and increased awfully hard, and I thought I understood poor, hamstrung, broken-down, bank­ the appropriation from time to time. the English language fairly well. rupt States cannot sell their bonds, and I am in favor of public . education. So title I is doing what they all want I am ashamed to see us here in this House Everybody here is in favor of public edu- to do, help education, oppose sin, and admitting that our States are poor, ham­ cation. Everybody here is in favor of all those other things. All you have to strung, broken down and·no account and the youth of the Nation. Everybody do is appropriate the money and call it cannot take care of their own affairs in here loves the children and wants to see a day, and save a lot of money in all any way, shape, or form even in educa­ them do well. Everybody here, I ven- these extra expenses. tion, I am ashamed ·to see this House ture to say, is violently opposed to sin. So much for title I. I am going to admit that-so finding us in that condi­ But let us talk about what is between skip title II because the time is short. tion, this great paternal Federal Govern­ the covers of this bill itself. Let us talk That is only $700 million, and that is ment of ours is going to see that our about the bill. When we considered this hardly worth discussing in a body of bonds are taken care of. So they are bill in the Committee on Rules and-some this kind when we are dealing with Fed­ going to provide a $6 billion merry-go­ questions were asked about it, I was so eral funds, because everybody has for­ reund here and they obligate the Federal shocked at the draftsmanship of, the bill gotten all about the exhaustibility of Government for · one-half- the service and at the provisions contained in the Federal funds. -I say everybody has for­ charge of this $6 billion worth of bonds. bill that I came here to the floor of-the gotten them. I think there are some They are going ·to say that that language House, at the time of the very first rule people back in the country who think here does not mean what it says-of that I had to call up and asked permis- something about fiscal affairs. But it-is course; it does not mean what it. says. sion to speak out of order. I asked the· so easy to get up here and induce Mem­ But, there are a lot of people still alive Members of this House-and there were , bers of Congress to promote these who think that plain language does mean a goodly number here-"Before you are schemes for spending this money, which what it says-and I am one of them and I called upon to consider this legislation, somehow or o_ther they have gotten to hope there are some more of them here. please take this bill of only some 25 think does not cost anybody anything, So, the Committee on Edu.cation and La­ pages, look at it, read it, and see for your- back down to the States. So in this bill, bor proposes to off er an amendment. selves what is between its covers." with all this language we have in here, The gentleman from West Virginia said I had done so, and I want again to we have got it so that these States have that he is going to offer an amendment ask you before you vote on this me:is- to come up here to the Commissioner of to strike out that $6 billion. Well, I ure to look at it. Read it yourselves; do Education, a bureaucrat. They have to went back and studied that language a · not take anyone else's word for it. It is come with their hats in their hands, little bit more and I discovered that if supposed to be a bill to help education. they have to comply with all the regula­ you cut out the $6 billion that that would It is supposed to be a bill to help those tions, they have to grovel before a Fed­ just be taking the lid off and then there States that cannot help tnemselves. eral bureaucrat in order to get the money would not be any limit on what it was There is not a State in the Union as back for their States which their going to cost the Federal Government poor as the Federal Treasury. It is not States have sent up here with the blood and you would not know what the amount supposed to be a bill to promote labor of taxation year after year in increasing was going to be. If you Just take the unions. It is not supposed to be a bill amounts. I do not believe that is what lid off, there you go. I do not know to promote the employment of a great you fellows mean. I do not think you what it is going to cost. many more Federal employees to set up mean you want to do that. So I say, if Mr. BAILEY. Mr. Speaker, will the a bureau here to· tell you how to run you are going to do this thing, and in gentleman yield? this thing, my judgment it should not be done at Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I will reserve What we are aiming to do and what all, let us do it in a simple way so that I, · some time so that I may yield to the gen­ I know the membership of this House is and a few other Members of the Congress tleman from West Virginia because he · aiming to do, if they are aiming to do can understand what we are doing. has been fair to me and I want to be fair anything, is to help education. Now, Now, I want to talk to you about title to hiin. are you helping education by this bill? m. The gentleman from West Virginia Mr. BAILEY. I thank the gentleman. You take a whole lot of "gobbledygook" [Mr. BAILEY] and I had some discus­ in this first title of it, and you have a lot sion on that subject last week, and the Mr. SMITH of Virginia. This provi­ of words in there, and you wind up by gentleman from West Virginia discussed sion here authorizes this $6 billion-and trying to appropriate $1,600,000,000 pay- it a few minutes ago, I want to say to if they need any money that is not appro­ able in 4 yearly installments to aid the you in all of the discussions of the gentle­ priated in order to get it you have an­ States, rich and poor alike. It does not man from West Virginia who is ardently, other provision further down whereby make any difference about whether you sincerely, and honestly for this bill, he the Commissioner of Education is au­ need it or not. If you pass this bill, has been frank and open, and when thorized to issue obligations of the Fe(l­ they are going to shovel this money out things have gone wrong he has been. eral Treasury. In other words, he can anyway. All the function of the Fed- free to admit it. So, he got up here a issue bonds of the Treasury, or having eral Government and the intent of this while ago and he admitted that after his the effect of bonds of the Treasury, to bill is to give the States $400 million a committee had struggled with this bill get what money he is going to need for year to help them build schools. for a year and had labored diligently and these purposes. 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 11301 In the back of this conglomeration of Mr. BAILEY. . I appreciate the gen­ The question was taken; and the Janguage, you will find definitions. Un­ erosity of the gentleman from Virginia Speaker announced that the ayes ap­ der definiti9-ns, there is defined .the in allowing me. to clarify some of the peared to have it. phrase "service charge" and service questions. . Mr. WILLIAMS of Mississippi. Mr. charge is defined as enough money to Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yielded for Speaker, I object to the vote on the take care· of the interest and the annual a question. _ ground that a quorum is not present, amortization, on the principal payment Mr. BAILEY. . The question I wanted and make the point of order that a of those bonds to the extent of 50 per­ to ask was, if you think the objections quorum is not present. cent. So that whatever is issued under that were raised in the Rules Committee The SPEAKER. The Chair will count. that title III of that $6 billion, you are some days ago would be answered if the [After counting.] One hundred and obligating the United States Treasury to committee amendments which were ap­ ninety Members are present, not a one-haJf of the principal and interest. proved by the committee, striking out quorum. The Doorkeeper will close the In case there is any doubt in anybody's that section that you read, which gave doors, the Sergeant at Arms will notify mind about what that language means, the Commissioner of Education the au­ absent Members, and the Clerk will call that is taken care of on page 24 in a sub­ thority to preempt the Comptroller Gen­ the roll. sequent section of the bill. That section eral's authority, would that clear up the The question was taken; and there has some very astute l~nguage in it. I matter as to that point? were-yeas 327, nays 67, not voting 38, have tried to fin!i out who wrote that Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Yes. as follows: language. I could not find anybody on Mr. BAILEY. I wanted to ask another [Roll No. 82] the Committee on Education and Labor question. The gentleman raised the YEAS-327 who would confess to having had any­ question about $6 billion, with the impli­ Addonizio Dempsey Hull thing to do with the writing of that lan­ cation that that was a $6 billion obliga­ Albert Denton Hyde guage., and I was finally told it was writ­ tion on the part of the Federal Govern­ Alger Derounian Jackson Allen, Calif. Devereux James ten down in the Department of Educa­ ment. I think -the amendment I pre­ Andersen, Diggs Jarman tion. They need never have told me sented to the Rules Committee and which H. Carl Dingell Jennings that, because I knew it before. You I expect to offer on the floor to limit Andresen, Dixon Johnson, Calif. the Government obligation under title 3 AugustH. Dodd Johnson, Wis. would ~now it as soon as you read it. It Andrews Dollinger Jones, Ala. says: to not to exceed $150 million is plain Arends Dolliver Jones, Mo. The Commissioner, · in addition to other enough. Then it will be not $6 billion Ashley Dondero Judd but not to exceed $150 million. Aspinall Donohue Karsten powers conferred by this act, shall have power A uchincloss Donovan Kean to agree to modifications of agreements made Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I think that Avery Dorn, N. Y. Kearns under this title and to pay, compromise, would be a decided improvement. I Ayres Doyle Keating waive, or release any right, title, claim, lien, think it still does not cure the principle Bailey Durham Kee or demand, however arising or acquired under involved in this bill. Baker Edmondson Kelley, Pa. this title. Baldwin Elliott Kelly, N. Y. Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, will the Barden Ellsworth Keogh And all of this money is involved in gentleman yield? Bass, N. H. Engle Kilburn Bates Evins Kilday this. He can give it all away. Have Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I must yield Baumhart Fallon Kilgore any of you ever voted for a bill that gave first to the gentleman from Pennsylvania Beamer Fascell King, Calif. any official of the Government that much [Mr. McCONNELL]. Becker Feighan King, Pa. I Belcher Fenton Kirwan power? Mr. McCONNELL. appreciate the Bennett, Mich. Fernandez Kluczynski The SPEAKER. The time of the gen­ gentleman's willingness to yield to me Bentley Fino Knox tleman from Virginia [Mr. SMITH] has but I think it will take more time than Berry Fjare Laird I have at my disposal unless the gentle­ Betts Flood Lankford expired. Blatnik Fogarty Latham Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, man is willing to give more time to me, Boggs Forand Lecompte I yield myself 1 minute. because I am going to start right at the Boland Ford Lesinski beginning where the gentleman started. Bolling Fountain Lipscomb That is not all. With that very bold Bolton, Frazier Long · language in there, somebody might have Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I am sure the FrancesP. Frelinghuysen Lovre commenced to fuss about giving all that gentleman will do that if the bill is called Bolton, Friedel McCarthy up. Oliver P. Fulton McConnell away. That is taken care of in the next Bosch Gamble McCormack paragraph: Mr. McCONNELL. I will be very glad Bow G1armatz McCulloch Financial transactions of the Commis­ to and I will take it up point by point. Bowler Gathings McDonough Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, will the Boyle Gavin McDowell sioner in making advances pursuant to this Bray George McGregor title, and vouchers approved by the Com­ gentleman yield? Brooks, Tex. Gordon McIntire missioner in connection with such financial Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I yield. Brown, Ohio Grant McVey transactions, shall be final and conclusive Mr. KEATING. I know the gentle­ Brownson Gray Macdonald upon all officers of the Government. Broyhill Greene, Oreg. Machrowicz man and I do not see eye to eye on the Buckley Gregory Mack, Ill. If I understand the language, and I amendment sometimes known as the Budge Griffiths Mack, Wash. Burnside Gross Madden think I do, those words mean that the Powell amendment. I would like, how­ Bush Gubser Magnuson Congress says for the purpose of this ever, to ask the gentleman whether he Byrd Gwinn Mailliard title the General Accounting Act is hereby shares the view of the gentleman from Byrne, Pa. Hagen Martin Mississippi that the addition of the Byrnes, Wis. Hale Meader repealed. I want to get somebody who Canfield Halleck Merrow would be willing to stand up here and amendment really adds very little to the Cannon Hand Metcalf debate that question. I want to find bill. Carnahan Harris Miller, Calif. somebody who is going to stand up here Mr. SMITH of Virginia. I will go fur­ Carrigg Harrison, Nebr. Miller, Md. Cederberg Harvey Miller, Nebr. and say that that language does not, for ther than that; it does not add any­ Chase Hays, Ark. Miller, N. Y. the purpose of this bill, repeal the Gen-· thing to the bill and I think it is utterly Chelf Hays, Ohio Mills eral Accounting Act. It says so in so unnecessary. I think there are many Chenoweth Hayworth Minshall Chiperfl.eld Healey Mollohan many words. · other ways that· this nefarious purpose Christopher Henderson Morano The SPEAKER. The time of the gen­ can be accomplished. Chudoff Heselton Morrison tleman has again expired. Mr. KEATING. Will the gentleman Church Hess Moss Clark Hiestand Moulder Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, not agree then there could be no harm Coon Hill Multer I yield myself 5 additional minutes. in voting for the amendment on the part Cooper Hinshaw Mununa of those who believe in the principle Corbett Hoeven Murray, Ill. Mr. Speaker, those are the kind of Coudert_ Hoffman, Mich. Murray, Tenn. errors that are in this bill. If you think enunciated in it? Cretella Holifield Natcher it is a bill that you can straighten out Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Except that Curtis, Mass. Holland Nelson some people do not like to be affronted. Curtis, Mo. ·Holmes Norblad on the floor of this House, very. well, but Dague .. Holt Norrell if you do not, you had better send it back Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance Davidson Holtzman O'Brien, Ill. to the committee. of my time. Dawson, Ill. Hope O'Brien, N. Y. I now yield to the gentleman from Dawson, Utah Horan O'Hara, Ill. The SPEAKER. The question is on Deane Hosmer O'Konski West Virginia [Mr. BAILEY}. the resolution. Delaney Huddleston O'Neill 11302 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_.:: HOUSE June 28 Osmers Sadlak Thomson, Wyo. The result of the vote was announced a field as it will be necessary for us to Ostertag St. George Tollefson as above recorded. cover, we should keep our eyes on the one Patterson Schenck Trimble Pelly Scherer Tumulty The doors were opened. and all-important objective of building Perkins Schwengel Udall Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Speaker, I move these school buildings, and stay out of Pfost Scott Vanik that the House resolve itself into the the field of social legislation and labor Philbin Scrivner Van Zandt Polk Seely-Brown Velde Committee of the Whole House on the legislation. That admonition, sugges­ Powell . Selden Vorys State of the Union for the consideration tion, or request did not last long, for the Price Sheppard Vursell of the bill (H. R. 7535) to authorize Fed­ labor unions were very quickly more con­ Priest Short Wainwright Prouty Shuford Walter eral assistance to the States and local cerned over the Davis-Bacon law than Quigley Sieminski Watts communities financing an expanded pro­ they were on the school bill. Finally, the Rabaut Sikes Weaver gram of school construction so as to old racial question became so important Radwan Siler Westland Rains Simpson, Ill. Wharton eliminate the national shortage of class- . that it almost crowded out the other. R ay Simpson, Pa. Wickersham 1·ooms. Finally NEA, ·· Who has been so anxious Reece, Tenn, Sisk Widnall The motion was agreed to. about education, focused their attention Reed, N. Y. ·smith, Wis, Wier Accordingly the House resolved itself particularly upon the money and not on Rees, Kans. Spence Williams, N. J. Reuss Springer Williams, N. Y, into the Committee of the Whole House the details and the all-important lan­ Rhodes, Ariz. Staggers Willis on the State of the Union for the con­ guage of the bilt Rhodes, Pa. , Steed Wilson, Calif. sideration -of H. R. 7535, with Mr. WAL• Mr. KEARNS. Mr. Chairman, will Riehlman Sullivan Withrow Roberts Talle Wolverton TER in the chair. the gentleman yield? · Robsion, Ky, Taylor Wright The Clerk read the title of the bill. Mr. BARDEN. Yes, I yield briefly. Rodino Teague, Calif. Yates By unanimous consent, the first read­ Mr. KEARNS. Will the gentleman Rogers, Colo. Thomas Young Rogers, Fla. Thompson, Younger ing of the bill was dispensed with. explain to the Congress why he voted for Rogers, Mass. Mich. Zablocki The CHAIRMAN. Under the rule, the Public Law 874, the Bacon-Davis law? Rooney Thompson, N. J .Zelenko gentleman from North Carolina [Mr. Mr. BARDEN. I do not have to ex­ Roosevelt Thompson, Tex, BARDEN] will be recognized for 3 hours, plain my acts to any person in this House. NAYS-67 and the gentleman from Pennsylvania They understand me. Abbitt Forrester Pillion [Mr. McCONNELL] will be recognized for Mr. KEARNS. But you did vote· for Abernethy Gary Poage 3 hours. that. Alexander Gentry Poff Allen, Ill. Haley Preston The Chair recognizes the gentleman Mr. BARDEN. I do not yield any fur­ Ashmore Hardy Richards from North Carolina [Mr. BARDEN]. ther. I want to be courteous to the gen­ Bennett, Fla. Harrison, Va. Riley Mr. ·BARDEN. Mr. Chairman, I yield tleman and I want to be considerate, and Bonner Hebert Rivers Boykin Herlong Robeson, Va. myself 15 minutes. I would like to be an angel in his pres­ Brooks, La. Ikard Rogers, Tex. At this time I wish to discuss the bill ence, but it is just a little different situa­ Brown, Ga. Jenkins Rutherford as it is before you. I will not attempt tion right now. Burleson Jensen Smith, Kans. C'arlyle . Johansen Smith, Miss. to go into detail, because I believe other Then we were left to grapple with Clevenger Jonas Smith, Va. committee members will desire to discuss many problems. At one time this bill Cole Jones,N. C. Taber the various titles, some of them in detail. was assigned to a subcommittee and the Colmer Landrum Tuck Cooley Lanham Utt I believe the House would be interested subcommittee worked hard. They came Cramer McMillan Van P elt in a little history of this legislation. I .up with a proposal to the full committee. Crumpacker Mahon Vinson do not have to say to the House that I In that bill there are some things with Davis, Ga. Marshall Whitten have been interested in the subject of which I do not agree. So we started Dies Matthews Williams, Miss. Dowdy Nicholson Win stead education for many years. I guess I as objectively as possible to give it the Fisher Passman started my education in what was about most careful consideration paragraph by Flynt Pilcher as near the little red schoolhouse as any­ paragraph and ·sentence by sentence. NOT VOTING-38 one in-this Chamber; a little schoolhouse I do not like the so-called State plan Adair Eberhart er P atman in the country, a little one-room school­ but we wrestled and grappled with it. Anfuso Green, Pa. Phillips house built by my father on his farm. I · We went along and people began to get Barrett Harden Saylor Bass, Tenn. Billings Scudder have been interested from that day to impatient. We started a big building on Bell Hoffman, Ill. Sheehan this. I served on the education commit­ Capitol Hill and nobody gets impatient Blitch Kearney Sh elley tee in the State Legislature of North Car­ when.it takes years to complete, but start Burdick Klein Teague, Tex. an all-important piece of legislation af­ Cell er Knutson Thompson, La. olina, at which.time we made a thorough Chat ham Krueger T hornberry and full and complete study of the edu­ fecting the lives and pocketbooks of Cunningham Lane W igglesworth cational system in North Carolina. everybody in America and we soon get Davis, Tenn. Mason Wilson, Ind. impatient and ask why something is not Davis, Wis. Morgan Wolcot t I have been serving on this committee Dorn, S. C. O 'Hara, Minon. for over 20 years in this House. I have done; and this I did not agree with in probably attended more hearings and my committee and, of course, they all So the resolution was agreed to. listened to more witnesses on the subject know it. The Clerk announced the following of educ·ation than any living man. Suddenly about the time we had read pairs: When we started consideration of this 12 or 13 pages, the motion was made to On this vote: bill my remarks to the committee were report the bill out, and it was reported Mr. Anfuso for, with Mr. Bell a gainst . simply these: That I thought our objec­ out. Since then we have been called Mr. Wigglesworth for, with Mr. Thompson tive was important enough, big enough, together to consider some committee of Louisiana against. , Mr. Klein for, with Mrs. Blitch against. to require our full time, our best thought, amendments, which in my opinion, are Mr. Celler for, with Mr. M a son against. and our most careful consideration. My good amendments and should be added Mr. Sheehan for, with Mr. Dorn of South own views were a little like those ex­ to this bill. Frankness compels me to Carolina against. pressed by the superintendent of schools say to the House, that those amendments in North Carolina when one member in­ will correct serious defects. There may Until further notice: quired of him how he could justify call­ be others that are needed which will Mr. Shelley with Mrs. Harden. ing for some Federal assistance. His an­ develop when we begin to read the bill Mr. Green of Pennsylvania with Mr. Saylor. swer was simple and clear and is known in detail. Mr. B arrett with Mr. Billings. Mrs. Knutson with Mr. Wilson of Indiana. to every Member of this House. He sim­ Without consuming too much time, I Mr. Morgan with Mr. O'Hara of Minnesota. ply said, "The Federal Government has want to brush through the bill. The Mr. Eberharter with Mr. Kearney. invaded virtually every source of revenue purpose of the bill is stated, then the Mr. Patman with Mr. Cunningham. of the States, and we are finding our­ formula under which the funds are to Mr. Thornberry with Mr. Krueger. selves in trouble. So I say to you, sir, be divided among the States. It then Mr. Teague of Texas with Mr. SQUdder. my plea is either leave more money down goes in~o the State planning, which Mr. Bass of Tennessee with Mr. Davis of with us to take care of our obligations, under some circumstances I think might Wisconsin. · or divide with us." That is rather a hard be workable were it not applicable to Mr. Davis of Tennessee with Mr. Wolcott. answer on which to comment. the entire school system of America. Mr, VELDE changed his vote from Then I said to this ·committee, as im­ That deals with certain powers, implied "nay" to "yea." portant as this objective it, and as large powers, and so forth, for the Commis- 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 11303 sion, and then it proceeds to provide a the future of education in this country. bill as it now is. My amendment does not ·court review with the idea in mind of In those 6 pages there is enough discre­ affect the operation of the Davis-Bacon ·protecting Federal funds. Following tionary power, enough direct power, Act in one particular in this bill. that, we go into title 2 which deals with enough implied power for a Commission­ My amendment that takes the place of the purchase of bonds for the Federal er of Education to foul up the situation. six pages says this: Government to assist these various The CHAIRMAN. The time of the The Commissioner shall pay the State al­ :3!:hool districts throughout the Nation. gentleman from North Carolina has ex­ lotment for any fiscal year, or so much there­ The third title deals with an arrange­ pired. of e.s the State educational agency requests, ment whereby it will help the States to Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Chairman, I yield to the State educational agency upon certifi­ take care of bonds issued by the States. myself 5 additional minutes. cation by it that the amount to be paid does The cost of this bill does not frighten Mr. Chairman, the question may be not exceed one-half of the cost of const ruct­ ing the school facilities for which such funds me at all. I would say to the people of asked, Why should that trouble anyone? are to be expended. Funds paid to a Stat e America that $1,500,000,000 is not too This is a school-building program and educational agency under this section shall much to spend for education; but I when the building is completed they be expended solely for construction of school .would object to the expenditure of $1 walk out and there it is, and there you facilities in the State, and shall be used to million wrongfully, because $1 million are with the precedent you have written pay not more than one-half of the total cost might set a precedent that would be into the law of this land and into the of constructing all school facilities in the . dangerous. I would like to see some statute books. You and I know what State which are assisted under this title . buildings built; I would like to see some history will be. Now, that is to be determined by the school buildings provided; I would like There are such bonding provisions as operation of the formula as it is written to see a revival of interest in the people would provide for lending money, the in the beginning of the bill. What does of all America in education, but unfor­ Government buys the bonds and the that do? That takes 6 pages of dan­ tunately for some reason, whether it be commissioner owns the bonds for that gerous and unnecessary authority out of on account of world conditions or school district, They start operating a nebulous state, floating around, that whether it be one of the prices we paid the school district on a rental basis, if the Commissioner could use or not use for war, or whatever it may be, some­ you please, and then there is default in and consolidates it and says that when thing has killed off the ardor. I remem­ the bonds. Who takes over the school it is certified, that the State is entitled ber so well the fights I have been in­ building and who runs it? To me that to this much money and shows that it volved in on this floor in trying to make is of great concern. will be spent, that it shall be paid to the it possible for young men who had the Now, take these various sections be­ State agency. And then I provide direct ambition to · have the opportunity to tween page 3 and page 9 and re:3,d them. jurisdiction to the United States district finish their education and to take post­ You will find statements such as this court of the district in which the capital graduate work and become experts in · set forth: "Principles for determining of the State is located to handle these the field of education, in the field of the priority of projects in the State for matters expeditiously and settle any engineering, in the field of medicine, or assistance under this title which will as­ argument that may come up, without the of the sciences. Of course, you know sure that first priority will be given" whole State having to come to Washing­ the results of those fights. It did not to this one or that one or the other. ton and crawl around in front of the work. Now we are crying to the world · Who determines that? Nobody under United States Commissioner of Educa­ that we are short of doctors, we are the sun but the United States Com­ tion. short of engineers, we are short of ex­ missioner of Education. If you get into an argument with the Commissioner, to Mr. PERKINS. Mr. Chairman, will perts in many fields of the sciences. the gentleman yield? The sad part about that is we are short whom do you appeal? You appeal to · of them. Little are we doing to correct the .commissioner. Well, it would not Mr. BARDEN. I yield to the gentle­ it. be hard to guess what his final decision man. A draft act does not make doctors, a would be in that case, of course. And Mr. PERKINS. I certainly do not draft act does not make engineers, a then you go into the courts by a proce­ want to make any comment on the gen­ draft act does not produce chemists. dure that is all right, I guess. I will tleman's proposed amendment, but I There should be a middle ground of not question the legality of it. should like to clarify one statement con­ commonsense with plenty of room for Turning now to page 7: cerning the plan set out in the first 6 us to exercise our good judgment in pro­ If any project for which one or more pay­ pages of this bill. I should like to ask viding the protection that this country ments have been made under this section is the chairman if we did ·not have similar needs. So I say to you there is no harm abandoned, or is not completed within area­ plans in the so-called impacted-area in being enthusiastic over education. I sonable period determined under regulations legislation and also in the vocational­ am enthusiastic over it myself. of the Commissioner- educational bills. Let me say to you, Mr. Chairman, that Well, there is no paragraph in there Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Chairman, let me once you touch the educational situation that gives the Commissioner authority to say to the gentleman that I was the first, in America, you touch the nerve center write regulations, but there it is in the man to work out the first State plan of the American people. First their re­ body of the law. under the vocational training bill. I action may be quiet but it could become Now, I do not like to make these kinds was certainly also concerned in handling violent. of statements about a bill that I am the impacted school l:;l,rea bill. One was I have prepared an amendment, and bringing to the floor, but I want to say a specified, limited area in vocational I did it with the assistance of some of this in connection with rr.y amendment: training. The other was to take care of a the best minds I could find. I prepared That at the time it was prepared the situation created by the Federal Gov­ it sincerely and honestly because I be­ major portion was liked by an over­ ernment, was a Federal problem, and was lieve this House expects me as chairman whelming majority of the committee. to be handled by the Federal Govern­ of the Committee on Education to do But at that time I had attached to it a ment. It was entirely different. my best, not up to the point where it provision that would have removed the Here we have a problem that covers may cross some selfish desire of mine, Davis-Bacon Act from the bill. Of all of the 48 States of the Union and in­ but you expect me to do my utmost to course, when the committee asked me if volves our educational system and in­ bring the best product to this House, that was true, I told them "Yes," and they volves altogether the public school sys­ the best bill to the floor of the House of voted down the amendment. Well, I still tem of America. There can be no com­ which I am capable. For that reason I do not like some features of the Davis­ parison whatever. thought the bill could be materially im­ Bacon Act, to be spending State tax But that just illustrates wl;lat I said a proved and I set about with that desire money, but I am practical enough to few minutes ago about writing this kind and with that objective in mind. know that I doubt very much it could be of legislation. Two years from now, 5 My amendment would begin on page defeated in this House, and at the same years from now, 10 years from now, it 3 of the bill as it is printed, and be­ time I recognize the fact that the rest of will be pointed to as a precedent and .ginning in line 20 strike out about 6 the amendment was so much more im­ someone will say, "You gave that much pages of language that I greatly fear, portant than the Davis-Bacon portion authority to the United States Commis­ both from the standpoint of precedent that I separated the Davis-Bacon por­ sioner of Education; why should you not and from the standpoint of looking at tion and left the Davis-Bacon Act in the do it again and expand it?" 11304 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 28 No man in America loves the educa­ the population has aggravated the con­ the running of the school systems of tional system of this Nation more than ditions in many communities. America after the classrooms have been I. I am as jealous of its proper place States and local school districts have constructed in various school districts. and against anyone's attempting to in­ been increasing their efforts to meet the The administration has been seriously terfere with it, as any man who ever classroom shortages. In 1949-50, they studying the factors involved in the lived. I am not basing this on any racial spent about $1 billion to build 36,000 new problem for the past few years. Presi­ prejudice, or any other side issue, politi­ classrooms. Each year since they have dent Eisenhower's messages on educa­ cal or otherwise. Mr. Chairman, I say been increasing their construction tion to Congress at past and present ses­ to you that the thing we are dealing with efforts; during the past year they have sions contained certain recommenda­ here is big enough, important enough, been spending about $2½ billion to build tions. It has been and is now the affects our Nation enough so that we can 67,000 classrooms. For several years the administration's belief-in which I con­ throw the rest of those side chips in the increased construction failed to keep cur-that no single approach to the wastebasket. This will tax the best pace with the expanding needs, and the problem will suffice. I agree that the brains in this Congress. accumulated deficit continued to in­ purpose of the proposed methods should The CHAIRMAN. The time of the crease. For the past 2 years the con­ be so designed as to stimulate State and gentleman from North Carolina has ex­ struction rate slightly exceeded each local action. pired. year's new classroom needs, showing The recommendations of the Presi­ Mr. McCONNELL·. Mr. Chairman, I that some progress has been made in dent to this session of Congress, which yield myself 15 minutes. reducing the deficit. However, at the are embodied in S. 2905, except for cer­ Mr. Chairman, today we begin a de­ current increased rate, it would take tain specific di:ff erences which will be bate of vital and far-reaching signifi­ many years before the shortage would discussed during the debate, are also cance to America. Because it concerns be eliminated. in H. R. 7535, the bill now before us, the welfare of our Nation's children; be­ Exact estimates are impossible to ob­ which was reported out by the Educa­ cause it involves questions of funda­ tain, but the best information available tion and Labor Committee last year by mentals of government; and because it indicates these probabilities: a vote of 21-9. There was an earnest contains the elements of emotional con­ Over the next 5 years based on popu­ effort in the committee to work out a flict, there is need for sober reflection lation estimates, school enrollment in­ compromise bill. and restraint on the part of the mem­ creases alone will require about 210,000 Both bills provide for a multiple bership of this body. classrooms. rather than a single approach to the I do not know a single Member who States report about 2,250,000 pupils problem. is not sincerely interested in the welfare are enrolled in excess of normal capacity The administration bill, S. 2905, pro­ of our children and in the preservation of public schools now in use. To relieve poses a 5-year program. It authorizes of the intrinsic strength of our country. overcrowding, double shift school ses­ Federal grants to State educational We may differ over methods, but not over sions, or use of buildings not designed as agencies of $250 million annually for 5 objectives. No amount of differences schools, the States estimate an additional years. H. R. 7535 authorizes $400 mil­ over provisions of a bill could persuade need of 80,000 classrooms. lion annually for 4 years. There is need· for replacement of ob­ me that any Member does not desire In S. 2905 a different method of Fed­ earnestly to do that which is right as he solete, unsafe and unsuitable facilities. Although replacement needs are matters eral allotment to the States is provided or she sees the right. than in H. R. 7535. The administration The bill, H. R. 7535, now before us, of judgment and hence difficult to figure precisely, a fair and reasonable estimate bill would allot the sums appropriated would authorize Federal assistance to to the States on the basis of the school States and local communities in financ­ from available information by the Office of Education would fix a goal for re­ age population; the income per person ing a program of construction of school of school age; and the effort for school facilities to eliminate the national placement of 180,000 classrooms. purposes of the respective States. shortage of classrooms. Adding these :figures, a reasonable ob­ jective for classroom construction for S. 2905 provides that the Federal pay­ Federal aid to education has been dis­ ments shall be matched on a 50-50 basis cussed for a number of years. Roughly, the next 5 years would be approximately 470,000. by the States and local communities for the subject can be divided into three 1 year-thereafter by the .States alone broad categories. Naturally, those favoring larger ap­ propriations or those opposing this or for the remaining 4 years of the pro­ First, aid to school districts adversely gram. affected by the impact of Federal activi­ any legislation will contend that the ties, principally defense establishments. figures are too low or too high, but no Both bills make provisions for hear­ Second, aid for the maintenance and one has been able to sustain by reliable ings of a State educational agency be­ operation of schools, principally the ex­ figures that no sizable classroom short­ fore the Commissioner, and for judicial penses of school bperation, textbooks, age exists. review if any State is dissatisfied with teachers' salaries, and so forth. No one has argued for no action to the final action of the Commissioner. Third, aid for the construction of meet the situation. Both bills authorize the Commissioner school facilities. No one has favored Federal control of to purchase obligations of local educa­ Legislation for maintenance and op­ education; all proponents and opponents tional agencies to assist them in financ­ eration and construction of schools un­ of this type of legislation have favored ing construction of school facilities, der category one has been overwhelm­ State and local control of education, where such agencies are unable to obtain ingly approved by Congress. There has which is traditional in America. And such financing or reasonable terms from been sharp controversy over category I most emphatically want it to continue other sources. two. Legislation for category three, that way. Therefore, the methods em­ Both bills limit the aggregate princi­ which is somewhat less controversial ployed to meet the problem must be pal amount of obligations to be pur­ than category two, provides for the con­ those which will not mean the running chased to not exceed $750 million. struction of school facilities and is now of our school systems from Washington. Both bills limit the aggregate princi­ before us. Differences arise over the question of pal amount of obligations to be pur­ During the period from 1930-50, school whether any type of assistance can be chased in any fiscal year in any single construction lagged very noticeably. provided by the Federal Government State to not exceed 15 percent of the An economic depression and a low birth without Federal control of our schools. aggregate principal amount of obliga­ rate, and labor and material shortages In proposing methods of Federal aid for tions purchased during the fiscal year. due to World War II, caused school con­ construction of school facilities for a Both bills provide that the obligations struction deficiencies to accumulate. In period of 4 or 5 years to help the State purchased may be either general or spe­ recent years the deficiencies have been and local districts to more rapidly elim­ cial obligations; shall be purchased at accentuated by rapid increases in school inate the shortages of classrooms, it is par or face value; shall be repaid within enrollments-from 25,070,000 in the sincerely believed that Federal control a period of 30 years or less and shall bear school year 1949-50, to about 30,500,000 of the operations of our schools will not interest at a rate equal to the quarterly this past fall. The enrollment increase occur from that kind of assistance. I rate specified by the Secretary of the is expected to continue to about 37 ,300,- have never been able to understand how Treasury as applicable to the calendar 000 pupils in 1959-60. The shifting of the Federal Government could control quarter during which obligations are 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 11305 purchased by the Commissioner plus each issue an amount equal to one-half tric.ts not able to provide the necessary three-eighths of 1 percent. the maximum annual debt service and funds. It should be a Federal-State re­ The quarterly rate applicable to each that will be known as the Federal ac­ lationshiP-not a Federal-local relation­ calendar quarter shall be determined by count. ship, the Secretary of the Treasury by esti­ Into the supplemental reserve fund S. 2905 provides under title 4, Fed­ mating the average yield to maturity on established by the State school fmanc­ eral grants to States totaling $20 mil­ the basis of daily closing market bid ing agency would be deposited the rental lion to encourage and assist them in quotations of prices during the month payments of the local school district, developing programs to build more preceding such calendar quarter, on all which would be sufficient to pay, first, school facilities by better planning, more outstanding marketable obligations of the annual debt service; second, an efficient organization of school districts the United States having a maturity amount equal to one-fourth of 1 percent and by the elimination of restrictive debt date of 15 or more years from the first of the original principal amount of the and tax limits. day of such month, and adjusted to the issue of obligations to repay the Federal Federal funds are to be allotted to all nearest one-eighth of 1 percent. and State advances to the basic reserve States on the basis of their school-age Obligations purchased must be accom­ fund and any subsequent advances if population. panied by a certification that the local required by a default in rental pay­ The funds allotted shall be used to educational agency issuing. them was un­ ments; third, the cost of maintenance, pay 50 percent of the administrative ex­ able to obtain the necessary funds by a repairs, replacements, and insurance of penses of developing such programs. public offering upon reasonable terms. the school facilities; and fourth, other H. R. 7535 contains no provisions for That there is an opinion by a qualified expenses of the school financing agency Federal funds for such purposes. attorney that the obligations were legally in respect to the financing of such fa­ I favor a bill for Federal aid of a tem­ issued and are binding on the local edu­ cilities. porary nature to eliminate more rapidly cational agency. That the school facili­ Federal advances may be made with the present shortages of school facilities ties to be constructed with the proceeds respect to obligations issued by State in various areas of the United States. of the sale of the obligations are needed school-financing agencies to an aggre­ As I stated at the beginning, and be­ and are in compliance with applicable gate principal amount not to exceed $6 cause it is a true statement, I will re­ State construction laws and standards. billion. peat it. I do not know a single Mem­ Also any additional information as may S. 2905 proposes a total of $20 million ber who is not sincerely interested in be necessary to make a re~sonable show­ Federal funds as grants to States to the welfare of our children. Education ing that the local educational agency is assist them in meeting administration by better fitting them for a useful life financially able to pay them as they be­ expenses in the development of State is a necessary contributing factor to the come due. programs to increase school construction. welfare of our youth. The Nation's pres­ The Commissioner may sell or ex­ The allotment shall be made to each ent and future need for trained man­ change any obligations purchased by State on the basis of its school-age popu­ power is widely recognized. Shortages him at public or private sale upon such lation in relation to the total school-age exist in virtually all professional and terms and at such prices as he may fix. population of all the States. technical fields. The development of Also, he may consent to a modification From the State's allotment the Federal •trained manpower and the overcoming of any term of an obligation purchased Government shall pay 50 percent of the of those shortages can only be done by by him, or any agreement entered into State's administrative expenses in the making our educational systems more ef­ by him under this title where necessary development of a program to promote _fective. to protect the financial interest of the greater efficiency in planning or financ­ No orie will contend that adequate United States. · ing school construction to eliminate re­ school facilities are not indispensable to An annual report of his activities un­ strictive debt or tax limits and to achieve an effective educational system. No one der this title is required. a more efficient organization of school has been able to spow by reliable figures Both bills authorize the Commissioner districts in the State. that no classroom shortages exist. No to enter into agreements with State This represents a stimulus by the Fed­ one has advocated doing nothing to cor­ school-financing agencies to make ad­ eral Government to a greater effort by rect the condition. And no one advo­ vances to a basic reserve fund estab­ the States and local areas to construct cates the running of our school system lished by such agencies to help assure more schools in the future. from Washington. payment of obligations issued by them H. R. 7535 contains no such provisions. The bill before us today seeks to pro­ to finance the construction of school It should be evident at this stage of vide adequate school facilities, and in facilities for rental use and ultimate the discussion that the differences be­ such a way that danger of Federal con­ ownership by local educational agencies. tween H. R. 7535 and the administration trol in the operation of our schools is Briefly, a State would establish a State proposal, S. 2905, are not numerous. avoided. Rather it seeks to stimulate school financing agency. That agency Summarized briefly they are as State and local action. would sell its obligation to obtain funds. follows: It is a temporary measure, designedly With those funds school facilities would H. R. 7535 proposes Federal grants to of short duration and for the sole pur­ be constructed. Then a local school dis­ States for school construction of $400 :pose of reducing rapidly the deficiencies trict would use -the schooi' on a rental million annually for 4 years, or a tota.l _in school facilities; deficiencies which ac­ basis, paying an amount sufficient to of $1,600,000,000. .cumulated principally because of na­ take care of principal and interest and S. 2905 proposes Federal grants t9 tional and international situations, and certain other charges. At the end of a States of $250 million annually for 5 not from State_and local ·inaction alone. specified period of time the school fa­ years, or a total of· $1,250,000,000. I earnestly ask your· support. of this cilities would be paid for and could be H. R. 7535 would allot Federal funds legislative effort for a very worthy ob- turned over to the school district. to States on the basis of the school-age jective. . The agreement with the Commissioner population alone. Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman, will the would provide that the State school S. 2905 would allot Federal funds to gentleman yield? financing agency shall establish and States on the basis of the school-age Mr. McCONNELL. I yield. maintain a basic reserve fund and a population; the average income per child Mr. VO RYS. The gentleman refers to supplemental reserve fund for each issue of school age; and the school effort of a the shortage of classrooms and I find of obligations. Into the basic reserve State to take care of its needs. the title of this bill refers to eliminating fund the State would deposit an amount H. R. 7535 provides for State and local the national shortage of classrooms, equal to one-half the maximum annual matching of Federal funds for 4 years. but as far ~s I can see throughout debt service, to be known as the State S. 2905 provides for State and local the bill they refer to the construction of account. The annual debt service means matching of Federal funds for 1 year, sch9ol facilities. Now a gymnasium is the aggregate amount required to pay and State matching along for 4 years. an ordinary school facility in many parts the interest and principal of each issue If there is State and local matching of my State. Some schools have swim­ becoming due in each successive 12- the result would be that Federal funds ming pools and playing fields. . I wonder month period. would go to the local school districts if this is a classroom bill, why it does The Commission shall also advance for financially able to provide matching not say so and provide for classrooms deposit into ,the b~sic reserve_ fund for funds, thereby passing many needy dis.- instead of school facilities. 11306 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - HOUSE June ·28 Mr. McCONNELL. The main purpose 'in some of the statements made earlier if I-remember-wha't the gentleman said~ of the bill is to eliminate the shortage by some speakers during the debate on In view of tbe obvious billions that any of classrooms. The term "facilities" is the adoption of the rule. Ther.e seemed such construction program as that would define~ on page 27: to be a feeling at that time that the cost does the gentleman care to comment The term "school facilities," except as Federal Government should not be in on the significance of the Federal as­ otherwise provided in this paragraph, means these educational activities. I wondered sistance here involved, $400 million a classrooms and related facllities (including if some· of them had forgotten some of year? initial equipment, machinery, and utilities the programs the Federal Government Mr. McCONNELL. I thfnk it would be necessary or appropriate for school purposes), is engaged in, in connection with Federal well on the part of all Members to under-­ for education which is provided as elemen­ aid to education. I was quite interested stand the purpose of this Federal assist­ tary or secondary education, in the appli­ when a man handed me a book yester­ ance bill. It is not alone in the amount cable State. ·day and he said, "I do not know whether of grants involved; the amount involved Classroom facilities is a little more in­ you know how many activities the Fed.,­ is not a large one, as shown in the anal­ clusive term than just classrooms. We eral Government is engaged in with re­ ysis of the bill, but it is hoped by the not only mean to provide for assistance spect to educational matters." ·entire provisions of this bill to stimu- · to the States in providing classrooms, but The State College of Washington had .late a much larger State and local action. also the various facilities in connection a compilation made of the laws and pro­ Mr. HAND. I understand that; the with classrooms such as light fixture~ posals relating to Federal aid to educa­ Commissioner of Education has men­ and facilities that would be used in a tion. It contains 425 pages. Here it is. tioned that before my committee. I classroom, and so on. It is not just lim­ You can see how large a volume it is. want to illustrate to the gentleman what ited to the actual space known as a -These activities of the Federal Govern­ I mean. The State of New Jersey under classroom. · ment occurred prior to any consideration ·this bill would get something like $11 Mr. BAILEY. Mr. Chairman, wrn the of the present bill. These are the activi­ million a year for the 3 years of the gentleman yield? ties in connection with Federal aid to program. They would, of course, pay Mr. McCONNELL. I yield. education. Talk about setting a prece­ much more than that into the Federal Mr. BAILEY. Would the gentleman dent. The precedent has been set long Treasury in taxes. continue reading to show what. it does ago. . Mr. McCONNELL. The gentleman is not include? That follows the language Mr. RHODES of Arizona. Mr. Chair- speaking of the grants program. which the gentleman just read. man, will the gentleman yield? · Mr. HAND. I am speaking of the Mr. McCONNELL. Yes, I will read it Mr. McCONNELL. I yield. grants program. In the very small from the beginning and go all the way Mr. RHODES of Arizona. Is it not also ·community in which I personally live, through: true that under Public Law 874 we pro,­ having some seven thousand or eight The term "school facilities," except as vide money for maintenance and opera­ ·thousand people, we are considering the otherwise provided in this paragraph, means ·tion of federally imp~ted schools and building of an addition to the school classrooms and related facilities (including -that the Federal Government deals di­ facilities which will cost us $1,300,000. initial equipment, machinery, and utilities _rectly with school districts in determin.­ necessary or appropriate for school purposes), ·Does not that make the Federal school for education which is provided as elemen­ ing the allotment for maintenance and construction program seem rather in­ tary or secondary education, in the appli­ 'operation? significant and inadequate? cable State, at public expense and under Mr. McCONNELL. That is right. Mr. McCONNELL. It is not a large public supervision and direction; . and in­ Mr. RHODES of Arizona. Whereas, program. terests in land (including site, grading, and ·under this bill, the Federal Government Mr. HAND. The gentleman's feeling improvement) on which such facllities are 'is dealing exclusively with the States? is that it is to encourage State and local constructed. Such term does not include Mr. McCONNELL. With the.exception athletic stadia, or other structures or facili­ ·programs rather than supplant them. ties, intended primarily for events, such as of one title. That is the bond-purchase Mr. McCONNELL. I consider it one athletic exhibitions, contests, or games, for section. · of the ·best programs to stimulate action which admission is to be charged to the Mr. RHODES of Arizona. The analogy to meet classroom shortages that I have general public. For purposes of title I , such I was making between two grant pro­ · seen since I have been in Congress. term does not include interests in land, off­ grams, where one of them is dealing di­ Mr. JUDD. Mr. Chairmari, will the site improvements, or structures or facilities rectly with a school district, this one is designed to be used exclusively for special gentleman yield? activities, such as single-purpose audito­ a grant program dealing with a State Mr. McCONNELL. I yield. riums and gymnasiums. agency, which is a go-between. Mr. JUDD. How many classrooms Mr. McCONNELL. That is right. would $400 million a year build? Does Mr. BAILEY. I thank the gentleman. Mrs. CHURCH. Mr. Chairman, will · the gentleman have the figures avail­ Mr. WAINWRIGHT. Mr. Chairman, the gentleman yield? able? This is along the lines of the will the gentleman yield? - Mr. McCONNELL. I gladly yield to the Mr. McCONNELL. I yield. questions just asked by the gentleman gentlewoman from Illinois. from ·New Jersey [Mr. HAND]. Mr. WAINWRIGHT. The gentleman, as I understood him, made the state­ Mrs. CHURCH. If the gentleman re­ Mr. McCONNELL. No; I do not have turns to the criterion set up in the defi­ such figures available. · It would be a ment that this bill referred purely and nition, would he be able to state that the simply to school construction. The gen­ little difficult to get. term "equipment" does not include Mr. JUDD. I mean, for instance, if tleman could not see how that had any­ schoolbooks? thing to do with the running of the the States have been building about schools. Is that correct? Mr. McCONNELL. It does not include 67,000 classrooms a year it ought to be Mr. McCONNELL. That is correct. schoolbooks. Textbooks will not be pro:.. possible to find out what their total ex­ Mr. WAINWRIGHT. Would the gen,.. vided under this bill. . penditures in a year for that purpose tleman say that after we constructed The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman has . were, and simple division would show these schools and built the schools, then consumed 15 minutes. · how much each classroom cost, on the the next step is for the Congress of the ~ Mr. McCONNELL. Mr. Chairman, I average. We could then divide that United States to appropriate funds for yield myself 10 additional minutes. figure into 400 million and find out about the running of those schools, and then Mr. HAND. Mr. Chairman, will the how many classrooms a year the money the question is before us again. gentleman yield? in this bill would build. It would seem Mr. McCONNELL. No, I do not say · Mr. McCONNELL. I yield to the gen­ to me very important to get an idea of that is the next step at all. I have heard . tleman from New Jersey. . the cost per classroom. I would just like statements made in this body that if we Mr. HAND. The gentleman has men­ to get an idea of how far this program do this or that it is a ,precedent. It is , tioned that in l year the States and will go in meeting the needs. not necessarily a precedent. Each Con·­ localities built 67,000 classrooms at a cost Mr. PERKINS. Mr. Chairman, will gress will have to determine for itself · of $2 ½ billion. The gentleman then the gentleman yield to me? whether it will · agree to embark ori a made reference to the fact that within . Mr. McCONNELL. I yield to the gen­ new adventure, broaden this one, or the next 5 years we ought to be able, tleman from Kentucky. even do away with some of the programs · in order to bring up the deficiency which Mr. PERKINS. It has been the experi­ we have started. I was quite interested exists, ~ build some 470,000 classrooms, ence of the office of the, Commissioner 195.6 . , CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD - HOUSE 11307 of Education that the average cost is the temper, and the type of our -school .dations of the President to this session approximately $32,000 per classroom. -eommunities and educational officials in ·of Congress which are embodied in Sen- Mr. JUDD. $32,000 per classroom? ·America are such that they will not at- ate bill 2905, except for certain specific Mr. PERKINS. Yes. it varies in differ- · tempt.to make an earnest effort to meet differences which will be discussed dur- ent sections of the country. . their own school needs. . ing the debate, are also in H. R. 7535, the · Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Chairman, will the Mr. LANDRUM. Mr. Chairman, will bill now before us, which was reported gentleman yield? · the gentleman yield? out of the Committee on Education and Mr. McCONNELL. I yield. Mr. McCONNELL. I yie}d to tl).e gen- Labor last year by a vote of 21 to 9. Mr. BARDEN. I ask for this time only tleman from Georgia. Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Chairman, will the to try to clear this matter up. I do not Mr. I:.ANDRUM. So that the commit- ·gentleman yield? think the gentleman from Kentucky in- tee may not get any erroneous informa:- Mr. ·McCONNELL. I yield to my tended to say $32,000 per classroom. . tion, I would like to give the gentleman .chairman. Mr. PERKINS. That is what I in- the cost per classroom figure we are Mr. BARDEN. During my remarks I tended to say, Mr. Chairman. That is _spending in the State of Georgia as of made reference to the fact that in title the average cost according to the office . February 14, 1956. Certainly it would II the Commissioner buys bonds from the of the Commissioner of Education under be absurd, in my opinion, to think one local school districts. I believe that is H. R. 815. classroom would cost $32,000. Under provided for, is it not? Mr. BARDEN. Per classroom? date of February 15, 1956, the State su- Mr. McCONNELL. That is correct. Mr. PERKINS. Per classroom. . perintendent of schools of Georgia, M. D. Mr. BARDEN. The subject I made Mr. ·McCONNELL. Mr. Chairman, I Collins, in a letter stated: mention of was, assuming that the loca1 think that is rather close to it. _ curr.ent costs per classroom average around school district issues bonds and the Com- Mr. JUDD. According to that, this $13,000. · missioner buys them and they construct $400 million a year would provide for Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. · Mr: Chair- the school building, what happens in case only about 13,000 classrooms. I am not man, will the gentleman yield? of default of those bonds? Does the sure of my arithmetic, but it seems to me Mr. McCONNELL. 1 yield to the commissioner take over; or what is the it would be about 13,000 a year, yet the gentleman from New Jersey. next step? States are building 67,000 a year already. Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. 1 would like Mr. McCONNELL. The Commissioner Mr. McCONNELL. May I say this to to clarify again a point which the gentle- has first the obligation to discuss the the gentleman once again, the philos- man from New Jersey [Mr. HAND] raised situation with the officials of the local ophy of this whole approach-- in connection with our needs in New school district, to find out what they can Mr. JUDD. I understand that philos- . Jersey. The gentleman pointed out that do, if anything, in the matter of their opp.y and I have no criticism of it. I approximately $ll million would be default. In other words, do they have a am merely trying to find out how far available under the formula of the Kel- proposal to offer to the commissioner in this $400 million a year in grants ley bill. If the formula which the gentle- connection with the payment on the would go. man suggests he is going to offer as an bonds? Could they handle the payment Mr. McCONNELL. We are assuming amendment should be accepted by the on the bonds if there were a moratorium that most districts can take care of their . House, New Jersey would get even less for 1 year? Could they call for a reduc­ needs, but there are certain districts than the $1l million that he has just tion of the amount of principal? Would whose financial resources are so meager discussed. I think that points it up and he consider that? The local school dis­ that they cannot meet their problems, I think the overall figure of how many trict would discuss those matters with and it seems to me there is the place classrooms $400 million would build him. My understanding is that he would where help is needed to build classrooms . . points up the danger of overemphasiz- take the matter up with the Attorney The real spending, I may say to the ing the importance of Federal grants. General of the United States to deter­ gentlemen from Minnesota, will occur · As the gentleman from Pennsylvania mine what legal action would be taken under those provisions providing for the . has already stated, Federal cooperation · from then on to protect the interests of issuance of bonds. There is where the with states and local communities is the United States and to obtain as much real expansion and the building of class- primarily to stimulate further action at of the money as possible for the Treasury. rooms will take place. also in the setting those levels. The assistance which ls Mr. BARDEN. Is that one of the up of school authority finance agencies provided in the form of grants is inevit- instances where the Commissioner would in the States. able no matter how much we try to pro- have the authority to waive, adjust, set- Mr. JUDD. Does the gentleman feel vide a small portion of the total that will · tle, or give back, so to speak, the amount that once this bill is passed the school be needed over a 5-year period to clear · owing to the Government by virtue of districts that are in the process of plan- up a backlog of 500,000 classrooms by that obligation? ning and selling bonds to build their own the year 1960. Is that not true? Mr. McCONNELL. You are running school facilities may perhaps be discour- Mr. McCONNELL. Yes. into two questions here. One of them aged from doing so? May they not say, Mr. PERKINS. Mr. Chairman, will is, Should he have such authority and to "Let us wait to see if we cannot get the gentleman yield? what extent? We are trying to deal something out of the $400 million from Mr. McCONNELL. I yield to the with that, I understand by some amend­ Washington"? Does the gentleman feel gentleman from Kentucky. ment to that section. I think the gen­ it might operate in that way? Mr. PERKINS. Further clarifying the tleman has spoken of it. If that section Mr. McCONNELL. There may be some point made by the gentleman from is thrown out, and I believe the commit­ operation of that kind, but the program Minnesota and referred to by the gentle- tee has ·worked on such an amendment-­ is not that big to risk delay. man from Georgia [Mr. LANDRUM] I to strike out that provision-you have Mr. JUDD. Of course, it cannot go think the $32,000 figure includes auxil- the problem of who· is to be responsible far; but is not every school district likely iary facilities, no doubt, and I believe to the individual holder of the bonds or to say, "I hope we can get some of that the records will disclose that the class- · the bankers who might purchase them. money. Let us try that first"? Might rooms south of us in Arlington cost more The CHAIRMAN. The time of the we thereby delay the building of class- -than $35,000 on the average. gentleman from Pennsylvania has again rooms instead of speeding up the build- Mr. McCONNELL. I thank the gentle- · expired. ing of classrooms? man. Mr. McCONNELL. Mr. Chairman, I Mr. McCONNELL. I am planning to The CHAIRMAN. The time of the yield myself 5 additional minutes. offer an amendment which will take into gentleman from Pennsylvania has ex- These ·bonds will be resold as a re­ consideration the financial income and pired. · valving fund by the Commissioner. In the school-age population of the States, - Mr. McCONNELL. Mr. Chairman, I other words, it is not his intention or and also the efforts they are putting yield myself 5 additional minutes. · obligation to keep holding these bonds. forth to meet their own educational Mr. Chairman, I agr~e with the pur- : If he can sell them in the bond market needs. All of those things are a re- pose and the proposed method should be or privately he then does that and the straining factor to those districts which so designed as to stimulate State and lo- . proceeds go back into this revolving are seeking to coast in any way. I am cal action. We have just brought that fund. If he does sell those bonds he has not ready now to say that the character, · out in our discussion. The recommen- to give some assurance to the people CII--710 11308 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 28 who are buying them that he ls obligat­ cial resources to the United States? mittee held extensive hearings in an ef­ ing the United States in certain respects State bonds, for example, sell at a fort to determine the existing need for as to the payment or performance of cheaper rate of interest and at a higher additional classrooms. In its report certain obligations, that the United premium than Federal bonds do. Why dated December 2, 1954, that subcom­ States will do whatever they say they will do they not finance these school dis­ mittee unanimously recommended that do. Somebody has to speak authorita­ tricts? legislation be enacted providing for Fed.:. tively for the United States. The Com­ Mr. McCONNELL. I wish they eral payments to enable States and local missioner of Education, carrying on the would. That is the answer: I wish they communities to expand their school con­ negotiations, would probably be the would. struction program. That subcommit­ logical one to do that, subject to any Mr. HAND. They ·will not if· we do. tee estimated that it would cost from litigation over possible fraud or irregu­ Is not that the further answer? 10 to 12 billion dollars to provide ade­ larities to protect the interests of the Mr. McCONNELL. I would say they quate classrooms for children then en­ Government. should supplement it if there are no rolled in schools and that the hearings Mr. BARDEN. As I understand it, State statutory or constitutional restric­ held by the subcommittee had demon­ there would be no question about the tions. This is a big problem for Fed­ strated that the national interest re­ Commissioner's authority to buy the eral, State, and local agencies, I believe, quired that the Federal Government bonds. I assume if some bank bought to work out to correct these deficiencies join with State and local governments them from the Commissioner of Educa­ in classrooms. They should use what­ in solving the pressing problem of build­ tion the Commissioner of Education ever method they can, jointly or sep­ ing needed schools. would be required to protect that banking arately, That is quite in line with the The President sent a message to Con­ institution on those bonds, which would overall theory of this pending legisla­ gress .on February 8, 1955, in which he in effect be a Government obligation. I tion. pointed out the current problem with understand it up to that point, but now Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. Mr. respect to the classroom shortage ex­ we will say the school district did not get Chairman, I yield myself 15 minutes. isting in our country and recommended the returns from taxation or any other Mr. Chairman, it is not my purpose to that the Congress enact legislation au­ source that would take care of it, and discuss in detail the bill H. R. 7535 be­ thorizing the Federal Government to as­ they overestimated the possible yield. cause there are many members of the sist in the financing of school construc­ Then there is a default on those bonds. Committee who are very familiar with tion in several ways, without interfer­ Then you start back down the road. The· the financial and legal aspects of this ence in the responsibility of State and bank calls on the Commissioner, he pays legislation. local school systems. At the beginning the bank, and the Commissioner has the Mr. Chairman, H. R. 7535, a bill to of the first session of this Congress, a bonds. Now, what does he do with the large number of bills were introduced by obligation? Does he by mandamus or authorize Federal assistance to the States and local communities in financ­ Members of Congress and referred to the otherwise force the school district, or Committee on Education and Labor. does he take over, or does he operate the ing an expanded program of school con­ struction so as to eliminate the national Some encompassed the recommendations building? Where is it left then? · of the President. Others provided for a Mr. McCONNELL. The gentleman shortage of classrooms, is the result of long and intensive study by the mem­ wide variety of methods by which the knows, of course, that I am not a lawyer. Federal Government would assist in Mr. BARDEN. I have ceased to claim bers of the Committee on Education and Labor. The shortage of classrooms school construction. Most of the bills that I am, since they have mixed it up, provided for a grant-in-aid program and but I used to be one. in our Nation began to develop during the depression years, when, because of contained a variety of formulas for Mr. McCONNELL~ My understanding poverty, school construction was cur­ matching State and local funds. would be that if the Commissioner was tailed. The shortage grew rapidly dur­ The Committee on Education and La­ the holder of the bonds and not some ing the war years, when because of lack bor decided that emergency school-con­ bank or other purchaser he would dis­ of materials the building of schools vir­ struction legislation was the most im­ cuss the matter with the local school tually ceased. But, as always during po,rtant issue before it and therefore the district authorities and find out what the war, the birth rate increased rapidly so full committee commenced hearings on situation is. He would then have to de­ that by the end of the war practically the subject March 1, 1955. Although termine in his mind whether he should every community in the Nation was some conflicting testimony was pre­ agree to certain changes in the original faced with a serious classroom shortage sented to the committee regarding the agreement as to the purchase of the and the vexing, complicated problem of extent of the classroom shortage and bonds. That would be my understand­ how to finance the building of needed the ability of States and local commu­ ing of it. All of this, however, is subject nities to meet the shortage without Fed­ to the overall general scrutiny of the schools. Many, many school districts throughout the country needed build­ eral assistance, there was general agree­ Attorney General of the United States. ings; they needed equipment and text­ ment that a serious classroom shortage In other words, I think there are certain books; they needed more teachers, and did exist in practically every State in the things he could not do of a nature which they watched their children go to packed Nation. Although it is probably impos­ would cause us loss by negligence or any sible to obtain an accurate figure re­ type of illegal or fraudulent action. I and jammed classrooms, sometimes in obsolete and unsafe buildings, sometimes garding the number of classrooms needed am sure the Attorney General would throughout the Nation, the committee have authority over his actions if they on a part-time basis, and in many cases not at all because there was simply not believes that the estimates made by the involved the standing of the United United States Office of Education are as States. enough classrooms even of a makeshift nature. And, as they pondered the prob­ accurate as any that are possible to ob­ Mr. HAND. Mr. Chairman, will the tain. The Office o-f Education estimated gentleman yield? lem, bonded themselves to the limit, and built what schools they could, the prob­ that at the beginning of 1954 there was Mr. McCONNELL. I yield to the gen­ lem continued to grow. a classroom deficit of more than 300,000 tleman from New Jersey. The interest and concern on the part and that, if no additional rooms were Mr. HAND. I dislike to trespass of Congress was reflected in the enact­ built, this deficit would increase at the again on the gentleman's time. How­ ment of Public Law 815 in the 81st rate of 50,000 classrooms annually be­ ever,· section 201, which is the general Congress which was designed to assist cause of increased enrollments, and title we are talking about now, provides school districts to meet their classroom 8,000 classrooms a year because of ob­ that the Commissioner-the Federal shortage problem insofar as that prob­ solescence. However, they estimated commissioner, of course-may purchase that 50,000 classrooms were built in 1952- obligations of local educational agencies, lem was aggravated by Federal activi­ 53, 55,000 in 1953-54, and during 1954-55, as provided in this title, to assist such ties. During the 82d Congress a sub­ 60,000 classrooms would be built. This agencies, and so forth. Can the gentle­ committee gave further study to the rate of construction has more than kept man give me his thinking as to why the problem and recommended that the pace with mounting enrollment but it has purchase of those bonds should not be Federal Government take appropriate only slightly reduced the total classroom made for the local school districts by steps to assist local school districts in deficit. . As . a consequence, millions of the respective States, most of which financing needed school construction. children still attend schools which are have superior credit and superior fl.nan- In the 83d Congress another subcom- unsafe or which permit learning only 1956 CONGRESSIONAL R:ECORD - HOUSE 11309 part time or under conditions· of ser1ous purchases by the Federal Government of Title II of the bill, which deals with overcrowding. bonds issued by school districts which the purchase of obligations of school dis­ After hearing 49 witnesses over a are capable of :financing from ordinary tricts, establishes the second of the al­ period of 27 days, the chairman ap­ sources on reasonable terms; and, third, ternative methods of assisting commu­ pointed a subcommittee consisting of 9 credit assistance to State school-financ­ nities to provide the needed schoolrooms. members and charged them with the re­ ing agencies to provide schools and re­ This title authorizes the Commissioner sponsibility for writing a bill to be con­ lated facilities in States where such of Education to purchase bonds issued by sidered by the full committee when com­ agencies exist or are created. local communities which are capable of pleted. The subcommittee, of which I Title I of the bill, which deals with :financing their own school construction, had the honor of being chairman, con­ payments to State educational agencies, but which cannot obtain such :financing sisted of the following members, Hon. authorizes an annual appropriation of from other sources on reasonable terms. CLEVELAND M. BAILEY; Hon. CARL ELLI­ $400 million for 4 consecutive years Many of the districts to which this OTT; Hon. PHIL M. LANDRUM; Hon. FRANK beginning July 1, 1956. The funds ap­ title of the bill is directed are districts THOMPSON, JR.; Hon. SAMUEL K. McCON­ propriated are to be allotted to each with unexplored credit standings-gen­ NELL, JR.; Hon. RALPH w. GWINN; Hon. State on the basis of school-age popula­ erally small districts with low assessed CARROLL D. KEARNS ; Hon. PETER FRELING­ tion, which means that part of the popu­ valuations. Others are areas where a HUYSEN, JR. On July 1, 1955, the sub­ lation between the ages of 5 and 17, both sudden expansion of population has re­ committee reported a bill to be consid­ inclusive. sulted in an increase in the public ex­ ered by the full committee. After 9 days In order to participate in this program penditures and debt more rapid than of consideration by the full committee in a State is required to submit to the the increase in assessed valuation. Some executive session, H. R. 7535 was reported United States Commissioner of Educa­ are subject to :financial uncertainties by the full committee. tion through its State educational agency created by shifts in population or local The primary objective of the com­ a State plan setting forth a program industry. mittee during all of its sessions was to under which the plan will be adminis­ Title II of the bill enables the Fed­ provide a method whereby the Federal tered. Among other things, such as ade­ eral Government to help these commu­ Government could join with the States in quate reporting and accounting, this nities finance their own school construc­ meeting the classroom shortage problem, plan must set forth principles for de­ tion. Under it, the districts which quali­ and at the same time insure against any termining the priority of projects within fy will be able to sell their bonds at rea­ Federal control or interference in the the State for assistance under this title sonable rates to the Federal Govern- operation of schools and school systems. which will assure that priority will be . ment. A revolving fund will be estab­ The committee was unanimous in its given to local school districts that are lished, to be used during the four fis­ belief that any legislation on this sub­ making an effort commensurate with cal years beginning July 1, 1956, for the ject should carry with it the least possible their economic resources and are un­ purchase of these obligations. Any pro­ amount of Federal control. The same able to finance the full costs of needed ceeds from the resale of the obligations position was voiced by every witness ap­ facilities, taking into consideration the during this period will be deposited in pearing before the committee during the :financial resources, the efforts being the fund. hearings. The majority of the commit­ made to meet needs on a local basis, and An initial appropriation of $300 mil­ tee believes that H. R. 7535 meets these the urgency of their needs for school lion and such additional sums as might objectives. facilities. These State plans are made be necessary thereafter is authorized to Loca-1 school districts, of which there by the States: They are their own plans be appropriated to the revolving fund. are 63,000 in the country, have several . and cannot be finally disapproved by However, the aggregate principal ways in which they finance new school the United States Commissioner of Edu­ amount of the obligations purchased un­ construction. A few of them are able cation without affording the State an der the title is limited to $750 million to build schools out of current funds. opportunity for a hearing. over the 4-year period. A few get loans from the States to Payments under this title are made The obligations purchased will bear supplement local funds. Some rent to the States in an amount not to ex­ interest at the rate for long-term Fed­ schools from State school-construction ceed one-half the total costs of con­ eral obligations, plus three-eighths of 1 authorities, but most districts must bor­ structing the projects to be assisted percent. row funds by voting bond issues. They under the plan. This means that the To be eligible for Federal purchase of operate under widely varying laws which Federal grants are matched dollar for obligations under this title a community in many cases make it difficult to finance dollar by State and/or local funds on a will have to demonstrate that it is un­ school construction. There are debt statewide basis. It should be notetl that able to market its obligations on reason­ limits, constitutional in 26 States and the bill provides that within the State, able terms and at the interest rate ap­ statutory in 21, beyond which a district Federal funds can be used to whatever plicable under this title of the bill. It cannot issue bonds. There are tax extent necessary to pay for the con­ . will also have to show that the bonds limits in 16 States. These common dif­ struction of a school building. For ex­ were legally issued and that the class­ ficulties are often aggravated by under­ ample, it is possible and probable that rooms to be constructed are for current assessment of property, and school dis­ of all the projects receiving Federal as­ and reasonable anticipated enrollments trict size. In some cities the children sistance under this title within each and are consistent with applicable State attend schools in areas of low assessed State some may receive as much as 80, redistricting plans and policies. valuations and adjacent industrial areas 90, or even 100 percent of Federal money Title III of the bill, which deals with with high assessed valuations do not and others receive as low as 10, 15, or Federal credit assistance to State school­ contribute to the school costs. This 20 percent. The only requirement is building agencies enables the Federal most common method of school :financ­ that, of the total cost of construcing Government to assist States desiring to ing through bond issues is an involved all of the projects receiving Federal as­ do so to issue and market obligations to process. The cost of the building must sistance within the State, the Federal finance the construction of public ele­ be estimated, plans must be cleared with Government shall not pay more than 50 mentary and secondary school facilities the State authority, the bond issue made, percent. for use and ultimate ownership by local a vote taken and a two-thirds majority The bill provides that if any State educational agencies. It establishes a obtained. Then the bonds must be sold is dissatisfied with the Commissioner's program for assistance to State school­ . and sometimes these bonds can only be final action with respect to the approval financing agencies through sharing in sold at a high interest rate. of State plans the State may appeal to the cost of establishing and maintaining It is the purpose of H. R. 7535 to the United States District Court for the a reserve fund equal to 1 year's payment provide alternative programs for the · district in which the capital of the State of principal and interest on the bonds solution of these different problems by is located. It also provides that in order issued by such agencies to build schools. authorizing: First, payments to Stat-e to receive payments under this title a The Federal Government is authorized education agencies for assistance on a State must provide assurances that the to share in establishing reserve funds grant ·basis to communities where this schools built under- this title shall be . to cover $6 billion of State school-fl­ type of assistance can be most effective­ subject to the provisions of the Davis­ . nancing-agency bonds. ly utilized as determined by a priority Bacon Act, including the fixing of wages The urgent need for construction of system established by the State; second, by the Secretary of Labor. . more classrooms is not limited to areas 11310 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 28 of low per capita income, or to rural where who is more unalterably opposed ability to finance school construction areas. There are also serious shortages to Federal control of our schools in any programs. Is this not Federal interfer­ in many rapidly growing suburban areas. way than I am. ence? Inadvertently, we have visited For it is in the suburba,n areas that the Now let us examine H. R. 7535 from upon our State and local governments an population growth has, in general, been this viewpoint. First of all, it must be insidious type of interference that affects the fastest. Population in these areas · borne in mind that the life of the legisla­ our school systems to a degree that is grew between 1940 and 1950 at a rate 2½ tion is 4 years. By 1960 the backlog of appalling. times as great as the rate of growth for needed classrooms will be to a large de­ Mr. Chairman, I submit that this bill the United States. gree, if not completely, met. The schools not only has adequate safeguards against These areas can generally be expected will be built, the law will expire, and the Federal control, but that when it is en­ to fina,nce the cost of construction of Federal Government will be completely acted it will go a long way toward elimi­ their school buildings over a period of out of the picture. Secondly, I want to nating the indirect Federal interference time. Their difficulties result from· their point out that during the 4-year life of that has crept in upon our school systems inability to finance this construction this legislation, the States will partici­ and is operating right now. now. Their potential resources are ade­ pate in the program according to a State On May 8 of this year this House voted quate; but, because of restrictive debt plan that is submitted to the ·united 377 to O for a bill providing $36 billion limits or because the need for schools, States Commissioner of Education for defense purposes. Now that legis­ sewers, water, streets, and so forth has through its State educational agency. lation is needed, and we did our duty. occurred simultaneously, or for both of This State plan will set forth a program But, unfortunately, not one dime of that these reasons. These localities cannot under which the program will be admin­ $36 billion will go to our first line now pay_for the school construction. istered by the State educational agency. of defense which is the education system This program is principally designed The State educational agency will deter­ of our Nation. Education is as vital to to facilitate immediate construction of mine which school projects in the State our defense and development as our schools for localities such as these. It are to receive assistance under this plan. Armed Forces with their planes, tanks, is keyed to the establishment of a State The plan must assure that first priority battleships, A-bombs, H-bombs, and school-financing agency, coordinated will be given to local educational agen­ guided missiles. If for no other reason with the State's educational authorities, cies which, upon making an effort com­ than defense, and there are many, we which will issue bonds to build schools mensurate with their economic re­ must pass this measure. for local school districts. The school dis­ sources, are unable, solely because of H. R. 7535 provides a program for tricts will pay annual rentals-or other lack of such resources, to finance from eliminating the classroom shortage payments for the use of the buildings­ the resources available to them the full within the next 4 years. It forces sufficient to cover the interest and prin­ cost of needed schools. The priority nothing upon our State and local gov­ cipal on the bonds, make payments to a system established under the plan· must ernments, it requires no change in the reserve fund, and pay the administrative take into account the financial resources many different methods of taxing and costs of the State agency, Each district of the educational agency in the State, financing school buildings now employed can thus ultimately receive title to the past and present efforts to meet the by State and local governments; it offers building through these rentals or other needs for schools, and the urgency of concrete help, hope and stimulation. payments over a period of years. . their needs for schools. In addition the I am convinced that ·the overwhelming . . The role of the Federal Government is plan must contain provisions for ac­ majority of our citizens want this legis­ to advance to the State school-financing counting and reports, establishment of lation, the administration wants it, and agency for each issue of its bonds one­ standards for planning and construct- I · am con:fident that the Congress will half of a basic reserve fund equal to 1 . ing schools, and hearings for local educa­ reflect the desires of the people by ap- year's debt service on the bonds. Should tional agencies which apply for . proving H. R. 7535 without any major deficits occur and be paid out of this assistance under the plan. These re­ amendments. fund, the Federal Government will un­ quirements are the minimum needed to In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, I want dertake to restore its half of this re­ expedite the building of schools in the to thank the members of the Committee serve to its initial level, up to a maxi­ ·places where they are most needed and on Education and Labor for the long and mum of one-half the annual debt service. for the proper reporting and account­ careful study they have given to this The State will be required to advance an ing of the Federal funds used. These problem of Federal assistance for school ~qual amount to the basic reserve fund, State plans are made by the States; they construction, and their unceasing efforts and therea,fter, to the extent State ap­ are their own plans and they cannot to find solutions to the many aspects propriations are made available for the be finally disapproved by the United of the problem, which have culminated purpose, to maintain its half of the fund States Commissioner of Education with­ in this bill. in case of deficits. out an opportunity for a hearing, after Mr. SELDEN. Mr. Chairman, will Federal and State advances will be re­ which the State can obtain judicial re­ the gentleman yield? paid from a supplemental reserve fund, view of the Commissioner's action in the Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. I yield built up through small annual payments Federal district court. to the gentleman from Alabama. charged the school districts as part of Thirdly, I want to call attention to Mr. SELDEN. Is the gentleman sat­ their . rentals, when this reserve fund section 404 of the bill which gives assur­ isfied in his own mind that the passage of reaches a specified level. ance against Federal interference in this legislation will not result in Fed­ Most of the members of our commit­ schools. This section provides that in eral control of our public-school sys­ tee believe that with emergency Federal the administration of the act, no depart­ tem? assistance as provided under this bill the ment, agency, officer, or employee of the Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. I defi­ backlog of needed classrooms can be United States shall exercise any direc­ nitely am of that opinion and if I overcome in a 4-year period after which tion, supervision, or control over the per­ thought so I would not support this the States and local school districts will sonnel, curriculum, or program of in­ measure. be in a position to meet their needs with­ struction of any school or school system. Mr. SELDEN. In the gentleman's out further Federal assistance. And finally on the subject of Federal opinion, is there any possibility that Now, Mr. Chairman, I would like to interference, Mr. Chairman, I would funds authorized under this bill will be discuss this matter of Federal control like to consider for a moment whether or denied to those States which practice for a few minutes. Federal control of not right now, even without any legis­ segregation in their public-school sys­ our educational system is feared by all of lation on this subject, Federal interfer­ tem? us in Congress, by every witness that Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. I do came before our committee, and I be­ ence is affecting our school systems. The Federal Government over the years not believe so. lieve by the vast and overwhelming ma­ Mr. SELDEN. The gentleman does jority of our citizens. It has for years has been gradually but surely invading not think so? been of deep concern to me in connection the sources of income of our State and Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. That with every measure dealing with educa­ local governments. Federal taxes are is my opinion. tion that has been brought to the atten­ drying up these sources of , income to Mr. SELDEN. In the gentleman's tion of our Committee. There· is no States, counties, cities, and towns. Fed­ opinion, and under the terms of this leg­ .Member of Congress, indeed, no.one any- eral taxes are interfering with their islation, could any organization or group 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 11311 that is opposed to segregation obtain an terpretation of the United States Su­ of the RECORD. I have consistently re­ injunction that would prohibit money preme Court. frained from indulging in any discussion being spent in any State that practices Mr. SELDEN. Then possibly the gen­ concerning the racial question. But segregation in their school systems? tleman would express his opinion as to when the question is directly asked as Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. There whether or not, in the event this legisla- · to whether or not the Commissioner of is nothing in here. Someone who is an . tion is passed, an organization opposed to Education could, within the law, with.­ attorney could answer that question. In segregation could obtain an ~njunction hold funds under the bill as it is now the bill as presented there is nothing that would prohibit money being spent in written, I think the RECORD should show that would permit such a thing. States where segregated schools now that he most definitely can; because I Mr. BAILEY. Mr. Chairman, will the exist. have gone thoroughly over that with gentleman yield? Mr. METCALF. Mr. Chairman, will some legal minds in which I have great Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. I yield the gentleman yield? confidence. to the gentleman from West Virginia. Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. I yield I will say that the amendment- which Mr. BAILEY. I think I can answer to the gentleman from Montana. I have offered and discussed does not the gentleman's question. I assume he Mr. METCALF. I have been informed protect the situation. It is a matter is thinking about the supposed author­ by the Chairman, I will say to the gentle­ now that is with the courts and probably .ity of Dr. Brownell, of the Office of Edu­ man from Alabama, that I will get some will remain with the courts for some cation, to get into this picture on the time to talk on this very subject tomor­ time. My amendment only removes it distribution of these funds. I would like row. I take a little different view than from the administrator. Then whatever to call the gentleman's attention to hear­ my friend from West Virginia, but I is to be done will be done by law and not ings before the Appropriations Commit­ would like during my time to have the by the whims of some administrator. tee, page 150, when Dr. Brownell was gentleman from Alabama ask me the I might say further that I think the testifying. Mr. LANHAM, a member of question tomorrow. ·membership of the House might be in­ the committee from Georgia, asked Dr. Mr. SELDEN. I shall be happy to do so. terested in inquiring about an admin­ Brownell practically the same questi.on Mr. JOHNSON of California. Mr. istrative order that I believe has already you are asking Mr. KELLEY. Here is Chairman, will the gentleman yeld? been issued by the Civil Aeronautics Ad­ what was said: Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania. I yield ministration which definitely and spe­ Mr. LANHAM. Dr. Brownell, I was particu­ to the gentleman from California. cifically· says that the requirement will larly interested in what you said about Fed­ Mr. JOHNSON of California. I would be imposed in the matter of the con­ eral influence or pressure on the States if the like to direct this question to the gentle­ struction of airports. complete program is adopted. We have man from West Virginia [Mr. BAILEY]. As I said a minute ago, I do this only Public Law 815 in operation and there has been very little attempt to dictate to the Several years, ago, through your help, a to alert the House, because in a matter States and; certainly, there has been no school district in my area, on the edge as important· as this, I think we should complaint from our school people that there of Stockton, received $145,000 to help certainly sift all information and state­ was any attempt to influence the States. them out in the building of a school. In ments to be sure that we are acting on However, I have seen some statements in the next year more people came in. We accurate and reliable information. the press recently that seemed to indicate have a continual tide of migrants coming Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Chairman, I move that there might be some administrative in all the time. We cannot stop them. that the Committee do now rise. action to withhold funds from States who We get on the average about 1,000 a week. The motion was agreed to. have not fully integrated their schools, under The next year they were not able to in­ this bill if it were passed. Accordingly the Committee rose; and Is there any attitude or intention on the crease their allotment, although they the Speaker pro tempore, Mr. McCOR­ part of the Department to pass any such had bonds out. The bonds were very MACK, having assumed the chair, Mr. administrative order or to deny the Southern poor sellers. Now, my question is, what WALTER, Chairman of the Committee of States funds, especially since this legislative relief can these people get, if any, under the Whole House on the State of the decision of the Supreme court? this law.- Union, reported that that Committee, Dr. BROWNELL. We have taken the posi­ Mr. BAILEY. What the gentleman is having had under consideration the bill tion, and have tried to be consis.tent in our referring to is Public Law 815. The Com­ (H. R. 7535) to authorize Federal assist­ application of it in all respects along this mittee on Education and Labor just re­ line, Mr. LANHAM, that the decrees of the ance to the States and local communi­ Supreme Court indicated that the question ported out a bill, and have & rule now ties in financing an expanded program of whether or not a State was in compliance that will probably reach the floor of the of school construction so as to eliminate with the Constitution was a matter for the House next week, whereby we are re­ the national shortage of classrooms, had determination of the Federal courts in the enacting and extending Public. Law 815 come to no resolution thereon, district where a particular case might be until June 30, 1958. Now, if the impact raised. is still continuing, you will be eligible To that extent, therefore, we have assumed to receive funds under Public Law 815 that the matter was taken out of the realm FIRST BIRTHDAY ANNIVERSARY OF during this coming year, during 1957 and ROLL CALL of the jurisdiction of the Department to during 1958, just like you received them make any such interpretation; so that when Mr. BOYLE. Mr. Speaker, I ask the question has been raised, I have re­ in the past. You have a new impact. peatedly said that from my point of view Mr. JOHNSON of California. Yes. unanimous consent that the gentleman the administration of Federal funds had to Mr. BAILEY. Due to Government ac­ from Illinois [Mr. O'HARA] may extend be within the Constitution, but that the tivities. his remarks at this point in the RECORD. determination of whether it was within the Mr. JOHNSON of California. The mi­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Constitution was a matter for the courts to grants keep coming in, but the value of the request of the gentleman from decide. the property in the district does not rise Illinois? So apparently they say they have no very much. There was no objection. authority to withhold those funds. Mr. BAILEY. I understand that. Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, Mr. SELDEN. The gentleman was Mr. JOHNSON of California. It is not this is a day of happy anniversary. To­ speaking primarily of an administrative rising at all. day Roll Call, the newspaper of Capitol ruling? Mr. BAILEY. It is what you call a Hill, is 1 year old. I know I speak for Mr. BAILEY. That is right. new impact due to the Federal Govern­ all my colleagues on both sides of the Mr. SELDEN. What would be the case ment probably installing an airbase or aisle in extending an expression of ap­ in the event an injunction was sought? something. You just make an applica­ preciation and words of congratulations Mr. BAILEY. Well, you know, the tion like you made to get the original to Sid Yudain, the editor and publisher. court was interpreting the Constitution. $145,000 and make it to the Department I have in my hands a copy of Roll Call, They were not acting on a statutory en­ of Education and Labor. just off the presses, and identified as actment by the Congress. This is a dif­ Mr. JOHNSON of California. I thank "Vol. 2, No. l." Many publications are ferent proposition entirely. There was the gentleman for his comments. born and perish before they have grown no law under which the Attorney General Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Chairman, I yield beyond volume 1. That has been true of the United States could come in. The myself 2 minutes. on Capitol Hill. Roll Call is the first Congress had never passed any law af­ Mr. Chairman, I do this purely and Capitol newspaper in the entire history fecting segregation. This is just an in- simply for what I think is a correction of the Congress to reach the prestige and 11312 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 28 .the dignity of volume 2. That accom­ .career in the East to go west in 1912 and to the imagination and yet so thoroughly plishment was made possible by the fact join his future to that of the young · practical that the Nation could afford that Sid Yudain is an experienced and Northwest. He and his generation made to do what inevitably would have to be unusually brilliant newspaperman. His a contribution to the greatness of our done about our highways. background is rich with journalistic ac-. region for which we of later generations One day in March of 1954,I leftAtlanta complishment. I wonder how many in must be eternally grateful. Born in to spend the weekend at home. I was in this body are familiar with the fact that Mississippi, Elton Watkins as a young my living rooin watching a news broad­ for 3 or 4 years Sid Yudain was an out­ man attended iaw school here in Wash­ cast on television. standing scenario writer in Hollywood ington, at George Washington University Mr. Speaker, I do not believe I ever saw· and that his scripts have furnished the and at Georgetown University, after a more exciting program than the one foundation for entertainment and en­ which for a number of years, he served which transpired before me during the lightenment enjoyed by millions in TV with distinction in the Federal Bureau next 15 minutes. and radio audiences. · of Investigation. In Portland, where he It was my great privilege to witness a But no matter how great his experience moved in 1912, he quickly achieved emi­ news interview of a man whom I yet have and his talent, Sid Yudain could not have nence in his profession. Many further not had the privilege to know. succeeded in the most difficult of tasks honors testified to his prominent posi­ This man, with a party of friends, if it had not been for his tremendous tion and the respect in which the com­ had just left the White House. industry and his spirit of perseverance. munity held him. Assistant United Mr. Speaker, this man was the Hon­ He started with a meager shoestring. States district attorney, a presidential orable Cecil M. Webb, chairman of the About all that he had was faith and de­ elector on the Democratic ticket on three State road board for my neighboring termination. How he did it I shall never occasions, he was his party's candidate State of Florida. know because I, too, in my younger years, for United States Senator in 1930, in ad­ I was absolutely astounded at what he have had experience in this field. Read­ dition to representing his city in the said when he was asked what he had ers can say nice things about you, and House of Representatives. He was, until discussed with the President. you can be proud of the production that his death, an outstanding Portland at­ He outlined a plan-a roadbuilding has come from the presses, but printers torney, giving generously of his wisdom plan. His plan, if it could be carried out, do have to be paid, and when you have and experience to the community he would give the 48 States of this Union no advertising agencies giving you copy served so long. the kind of a road transportation system and no advertising solicitors beating the Elton Watkins will long be remem­ that the American people could depend bushes for you, you have a lot of head­ bered by the people of Portland for the upon in peace and in war. .aches. qualities of character and personality I doubt, Mr. Speaker, that few people To Sid Yudain go my most sincere and that made him an outstanding man and who were not closely associated with the heartiest congratulations. I know in citizen. I consider it an honor to have tremendous problems that have to be that I am joined by all my colleagues. this opportunity to memorialize this met in a paving project were able to ap­ He has given Capitol Hill a great news­ great and good man here today. But his preciate that day what Mr. Cecil Webb paper. It has been clean, fair, and al­ memorial is written, in a form more du­ had just done for our country, ways interesting. It has served to bring rable and more important than any There was a long way to go, of course, the Members of Congress, their staffs . words of mine, in the achievements and following that interview. A great deal and all who work on Capitol Hill into the the friendships that will long keep his of hard work has been done by some of circle of an intimate family. Roll Call name and memory alive and warm for the most experienced people in our coun­ in the 1 year of its existence has woven the people of Oregon. try-engineers, financiers, lawyers, legis­ itself embracingly into our lives. lators, and others. There is a famous motto which says: HON. CECIL M. WEBB AND THE ROAD HOUR OF MEETING TOMORROW There is no limit to what a man can accom­ BUILDING PROGRAM OF THE NA­ plish if he doesn't care who gets the credit Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask TION for it. unanimous consent that when the House Mrs. BLITCH. Mr. Speaker, I ask Mr. Webb's name has never been men­ adjourns today it adjourn to meet at 11 · unanimous consent to extend my re­ o'clock tomorrow. tioned in connection with this bill, but marks at this point. here today, Mr. Speaker, as our long, The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there The SPEAKER. Is there objection to objection to the request of the gentle­ hard work on the bill has been con­ the request of the gentlewoman from cluded, I cannot help remembering the man from Oklahoma? Georgia? There was no objection. television broadcast where I heard the There was no objection. idea expressed for the very first time. Mrs. BLITCH. Mr. Speaker, after 2 Mr. Webb visited the President on years of hard work by the Congress and THE LATE ELTON WATKINS March 17, 1954. Shortly after that, in a longer period of time by others, a New York, the Vice President read a Mrs. GREEN of Oregon. Mr. Speaker, workable road bill finally has been speech prepared for President Eisen­ I ask unanimous consent to address the passed. hower to deliver proposing this program House for 1 minute. It was my privilege to serve several to the Nation. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to terms in the Georgia State Legislature I do not even know Mr. Cecil M. Webb, the reqm~st of the gentlewoman from before I came to Congress. No problem but I cannot let the day go by without Oregon? that I ever faced there was any more paying tribute to this man of vision­ There was no objection. challenging than the building of good the man who first had the dream and was Mrs. GREEN of Oregon. Mr. Speaker, roads. not afraid to make every effort he pos­ I have just learned that yesterday in my We had been through a long war, and sibly could to see that the idea was per­ home city of Portland, Oreg., the late even the maintenance of our roads was sonally presented to the President of the Honorable Elton Watkins was laid to his discontinued. As hard as I worked and United States. final rest. Mr. Watkins was the Repre­ as hard as many of the other members sentative of the 3d District of Oregon worked, the problem seemed to continu­ in the 68th Congress. ally get larger and the outlook darker. VETERANS' LEGISLATION I want to take this moment to pay my As the Nation began to prosper and respects to a distinguished Oregonian more vehicles were using these roads, it Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I and a distinguished American at the end seemed to me that we would never find a ask unanimous consent to address the of his long ·and proud career. I know solution that would take care of the ter­ House for 1 minute and to revise and other Members of this House, some of rible situation that we were in. . extend my remarks. whom were colleagues of Mr. Watkins Georgia did not face this problem The SPEAKER. Is there objection to over 30 years ago, will join me in offering alone. Every State in the Union was in the request of the gentleman from sympathy to his family and a tribute. to - the same condition. . Oklahoma? his memory. But no one, absolutely no one, includ­ There was no objection. Mr. Speaker, Elton Watkins was one of ing myself, seemed to be able to come up Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, fol­ those who left his home and a successful with an idea that would be breathtaking lowing yesterday's debate on veterans' 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 11313 legislation, some remarks were made by President's action, following extended amended. The tariff increase from 10 per­ the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. AYRES] hearings and recommendations of the cent ad valorem to 40 percent ad valorem which I cannot permit to pass without Tariff Commission, under the escape applies only to linen toweling (1. e., fabrics chiefly used for making towels) imported comment. clause of the Trade Agreements Act, in­ under paragraph 1010 of the Tariff Act of I do not make reference to what he creases the tariff on linen toweling im­ 1930 and brings the duty on such imports said about responsibility for failure to ports under paragraph 1010 of the Tariff into line with the duty on similar imports pass needed rate increases for disabled Act of 1930 from 10 percent ad valorem under paragraph 1009a. As recommended veterans' compensation, because I believe to 40 percent ad valorem. by the Tariff Commission, the increase does the record speaks for itself on that issue. While it will be noted that the increase not affect other types of imports under para­ I deeply regret that the House did not does net affect other types of imports graph 1010. These other imports comprise the great bulk of entries under paragraph have the opportunity to vote on the under paragraph 1010, which comprise 1010. service-connected disabled veteran fea­ the great bulk of entries under that pro­ "The application leading to the Tariff Com­ tures, and on the widow and orphan pro­ vision, the action will nevertheless be mission's escape clause investigation was visions, of the Dorn substitute-and I am very helpful to a branch of the textile filed on August 29, 1955, by a single firm, the confident these matters will receive industry which, like many other branches Stevens Linen Associates, Inc., of Dudley, speedy attention in the House Veterans' of this industry, has developed serious Mass. The Tariff Commission instituted its Affairs Committee, for we have had the problems as a result of cutthroat foreign investigation on October 4, 1955. The Tariff assurance of the chairman of the com­ competition. Commission's report of its investigation was ·transmitted to the President on May 15, mittee on this point. The President's action is significant in 1956. Copies of the Tariff Commission's re- The comment by the gentleman from that it renders help to a distressed in­ port may be obtained at the Commission." Ohio which I deeply regret was his dustry, but even more so because it in­ The text of the President's proclamation statement that I had "left the impres­ dicates a complete awareness on the part ts attached. sion that I doubted the integrity" of of our distinguished Chief Executive of "WITHDRAWAL OF TRADE AGREEMENT CONCES­ the gentleman from Texas [Mr. TEAGUEl. the fact that the textile industry is be­ SION AND ADJUSTMENT IN RATE OF DUTY WITH No impression could have been further sieged and embattled and desperately RESPECT TO TOWELING OF FLAX, HEMP, OR from my true thoughts than that-and needs relief in the form of federally ap­ RAMIE no Member holds the gentleman from plied barriers to competition from abroad "By the President of the United States of Texas in higher esteem than I do. based on meager wages, long hours, and America-A Proclamation For the information of the gentleman substandard working and living condi­ "'1. Whereas under the authority vested in from Ohio, the letter requesting fmme­ tions. The immediate application for the him by the Constitution and the statutes, in­ diate committee consideration of dis­ relief given by Presidential and Tariff cluding section 350 (a) of the Tariff Act of abled veterans' legislation, and of legis­ Commission action was filed by a. long­ 1930, as amended, the President on October 30, 1947, entered into a trade agreement with lation for widows and orphans of vet­ established, highly reputable firm in my certain foreign countries, which trade agree­ erans, had already been circulated and district, the Stevens Linen Associates, ment consists of the General Agreement on signed by nine members of the Veterans' Inc., of Dudley, Mass. Tariffs and Trade and the related protocol Affairs Committee, when the chairman This action is a step in the right di­ of provisional application thereof, together made his announcement of his intention rection. It is affirmative evidence of with the final act adopted at the conclusion to call an early committee meeting on willingness on the part of the President of the second session of the Preparatory these matters. No signature w~-s sought Committee of the United Nations Conference and the Tariff Commission to help in on Trade and Employment (61 Stat. (pts. after his announcement was made-for alleviating the more than baneful con­ 5 and 6) A7, All, and A2050), and, by Proc­ the word of "TIGER" TEAGUE was and is ditions flowing from the avalanche of lamation No. 2761A of December 16, 1947 (61 good enough for me, on any matter, at textiles pouring into this country and Stat. 1103), proclaimed such modifications any time. threatening American industry, stand­ of existing duties and other import restric­ The only purpose in making known ards of living, and the jobs of many tions of the United States and such continu­ to the House the existence of this letter, citizens. . ance of existing customs or excise treatment and its signers, was to make our position of articles imported into the United States It was a pleasure for me to have urged as were then found to be required or appro­ on this question a matter of record, the action taken at every level since the priate to carry out the said trade agreement since some question had been raised re­ application was first filed. I hope that on and after January 1, 1948; garding our interest in the future of the President's concurrence will be "2. Whereas item 1010 in part I of schedule disabled .veterans' legislation. speedily followed by similar relief in XX (original) annexed to the said general Certainly there was no intention on other branches of the textile industry, agreement (61 Stat. (pt. 5) Al264) reads the part of any signer of that letter to do which it may be said cannot possibly as follows: anything other than join in the effort continue very much longer to keep its "'Description of products, rate of duty to speed action on worthy legislation, head above water, if it is forced to com­ ., 'Tariff Act of 1930, paragraph 1010: and to make clear and plain for the pete against the sweatshop, peonage Woven fabrics, not including articles finished record our stand in that regard. standards of foreign competition. or unfinished, of flax, hemp, ramie, or other I am convinced that ample time re­ I take pleasure in congratulating and vegetable fiber, except cotton, or of which mains in this session to complete our these substances or any of them is the com­ thanking the President for his forth­ ponent material of chief value, not specially work in this direction, and I want to right, prompt concurrence. At the same assure my good friend from Ohio that provided for, 10 percent ad valorem.' time I express the fond hope that this "3. Whereas, in accordance with article II his efforts in behalf of service-connected will be a forerunner of additional action of the said general agreement and by virtue disabled veterans, and the widows and designed to assist our textile industry and of the said Proclamation No. 2761A, the orphans of all veterans, will have my . its thousands and thousands of faithful United States duty treatment of toweling wholehearted cooperation. workers and their families. (i.e., fabrics chiefly used for making towels) of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which these UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION, substances or any of them is the component PRESERVE AMERICAN INDUSTRY Washington, June 25, 1956. material of·chief value, described in the said TARIFF COMMISSION INVESTIGATION REGARD­ item 1010 is the application to the said Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask ING _IMPORTS OF TOWELING, OF FLAX, . HEMP, toweling of the rate of duty specified in the unanimous consent to extend my 1·e­ Olt RAMIE-WHITE HOUSE ANNOUNCEMENT column designated 'rate of duty' in the said marks at this point. There is reproduced below the White House item 1010, which treatment reflects the duty The SPEAKER. Is there objection to announcement and the text of the President's concession granted in the said general agree­ the request of the gentleman from proclamation concerning the Commission's ment with respect to the said toweling; Massachusetts? report on toweling, of ·flax, hemp, or ramie: "4. Whereas the United States Tariff Com­ The1·e was no objection. "The President today concurred with the mission has submitted to me its report of Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, it is of United States Tariff Commission's unani­ an investigation, including a hearing, under considerable moment to the House to mous recommendation for an increase in section 7 of the Trade Agreements Extension the tariff on certain imports of linen towel­ Act of 1951, as amended (65 Stat. 72; 67 Stat. learn that the President recently con­ ing. The President's action and the United 472; 69 Stat. 162), on the basis of which it curred with the United States Tariff States Tariff Commission's investigation and has found that the said toweling is, as a re­ Commission's unanimous recommenda­ recommendation were made pursuant to the sult in part of the duty reflecting the con­ tion for an increase in the tariff on cer­ escape clause provisions of section 7 of the cession granted thereon in the said general tain imports of linen toweling. The Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1951, as agreement, being imported into the United 11314 ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 28 States in such increased quantities, both munist Party of the United States ls editorial comment may subject them to actual and relative, as to cause serious injury nothing more or less than an agency of being brought before a congressional to the domestic industry producing like or Soviet Russia. Employees of the Com­ committee to explain the source, facts, or directly competitive products; · u5. Whereas the said Tariff Commission munist Party in the United States take purpose of such ads or editorials, it is has further found that in order to remedy their orders from the bosses in the · certainly an inhibition of freedom and an the serious injury to the said domestic in­ Kremlin just as surely as if they were attempt to perhaps indirectly control the dustry it is necessary to restore the rate of employed in Moscow itse1f. press by congressional mandate. duty originally imposed on the said toweling Despite this undisputed fact, it has re­ This, Mr. Speaker, is a dangerous road by paragraph 1010 of the Tariff Act of 1930; cently been ruled that service in the em­ to follow. namely, 40 percent ad valorem, and has ac­ ploy of the Communist Party does not The freedoms and liberty guaranteed cordingly recommended the withdrawal of the duty concession granted in the said gen­ constitute service in the employ of a for­ by the Constitution must be preserved eral agreement with respect to the said eign government. As a result, these in­ -regardless of personal or political feel­ toweling; dividuals who are dedicated to the over­ ings. I sincerely hope that the action "6. Whereas I find that the withdrawal for throw of this Nation by force are con­ taken by the Appropriations Committee an indefinite period of the duty concession tinuing to enjoy the benefits and protec­ to subpena the officials of newspapers, granted in the said general agreement with tion of the social-security system. My advertising firms, and editorial writers respect to the said toweling, to permit the bill corrects this intolerable situation. will not become a precedent of that com- application to such products of the original rate of duty imposed thereon under para­ First, it provides specifically that service . mittee or any other of the committees graph 1010 of the Tariff Act of 1930, is neces­ performed in the employ of the Commu­ of the Congress. sary to remedy the serious injury to the said nist Party in the United States or any I repeat, Mr. Speaker, this is a danger­ domestic industry; and organization affiliated with that party ous and unprecedented action of a great "7. Whereas upon the withdrawal of the shall be deemed to be service performed committee of this House. said concession the rate of duty which will in the employ of a foreign government. apply to the said toweling will be 40 percent · Second, the bill directs the Secretary of ad valorem: Health, Education, and Welfare to strike DEFENSE DEPARTMENT APPRO­ "Now, therefore, I, Dwight D. Eisenhower, PRIATION BILL President of the United States of America, out· any wage records which may have acting under the authority vested in me by arisen since 1936 by reason of such em­ Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask section 350 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as ployment. unanimous consent to address the House amended, and section 7 ( c) of the Trade for 30 seconds. Agreements Extension Act of 1951, and in FREEDOM OF THE PRESS The SPEAKER. Is there objection to accordance with the provisions of article the request of the gentleman from XIX of the said general agreement, do pro­ Mr. BAKER. Mr.- Speaker, I ask claim that, effective after the close of busi­ Oklahoma? ness July 25, 1956, and until otherwise pro­ unanimous consent that the gentleman There was no objection. claimed by the President, the duty conces­ from Ohio [Mr. Bow] may extend his Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I take sion granted in the said general agreement remarks at this point. this time to advise the House that the with respect to toweling (i. e., fabrics chiefly The SPEAKER. Is there objection to first order of business tomorrow will be used for m aking towels) of flax, hemp, or the request of the gentleman from the conference report on the Defense ramie, or of which these substances or any Tennessee? Department appropriation bill. of them 1s the component material of chief There was no objection. value, described in item 1010 in part I of schedule XX (original) of the said general Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, I am fearful agreement, shall be withdrawn, and Procla­ that the great Committee on Appropria­ SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED mation No. 2761A of December 16, 1947, shall tions has invaded the freedom of the Mr. McCONNELL. Mr. Speaker, I ask be suspended insofar as it applies to the said press and it has embarked on a political unanimous consent that the special toweling described in the said item 1010. excursion far beyond its jurisdiction. order granted Mr. HESELTON for today be "In witness whereof, I have hereunto set The first article of the Bill of Rights my hand and caused the seal of the United transferred to next Tuesday. States of America to be affixed. restrains the Congress from interfering The SPEAKER. Is there objection? "Done at the City of Washington this 25th with the freedom of the press. There was no objection. day of June in the year of our Lord 1956 and Rule XI, paragraph A, of the Rules of of the independence of the United States of the House of Representatives describes America the 180th. the powers and duties of the Committee EXTENSION OF REM.t\.RKS "(SEAL] DwIGHT D. EISENHOWER. on Appropriations. The authority of the "By the President: Appropriations Committee is "appropri­ By unanimous consent, permission to "JOHN FOSTER DULLES, ation of the revenue for the support of extend remarks in the CONGRESSIONAL "Secretary of State." the Government," and the committee REcoRD, or to revise and extend remarks, may, in order to assist it in the deter­ was granted to: Mr. DONOHUE (at the request of Mr. DENYING BENEFITS OF SOCIAL SE- mination of matters under its jurisdic­ PHILBIN) in two instances. CURITY TO EMPLOYEES OF THE · tion, issue subpenas to require the at­ Mr. VAN ZANDT (at the request of Mr. COMMUNIST PARTY tendanc,e of witnesses a~d such books, papers, or documents as 1t deems neces­ McCONNELL) and include extraneous Mr. . BAKER. Mr. Speaker, I ask sary. matter. unanimous consent to address the House Mr. Speaker, in a meeting of the Com­ Mr. VAN PELT

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

Housing for the Elderly all fields, we can appreciate vividly that the be active, useful, and satisfied. We must, life expectancy of every American will be­ for instance, find ways to encourage our older come longer and longer, which means, of persons to work, if they can and if they EXTENSION OF REMARKS course, that we will continuously have want to. We must try to convince industry OF greater and greater numbers of older citizens that there are substantial advantages in who must be reasonably assisted in their the employment of older people. We ought HON. HAROLD D. DONOHUE later years. to attempt to develop a program for training OF MASSACHUSETTS Let us realize that our American economy our older people to learn to do other things IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES is largeJy industrial. Its frightening ma­ when they have retired from their regular teriality is geared to maximum production work. Thursday, June 28, 1956 of the unit and the individual, with exag­ On the legislative level, we must constantly gerated emphasis upon the robust energy of a;nd conscientiously investigate the need for Mr. DONOHUE. Mr. Speaker, I should youth to the unhappy neglect of the wisdom new laws and the proper revision of existing like to include the speech I delivered in and prudence of the aged. Too many com­ laws, to adequately meet the desperate needs Worcester, Mass., on June 22, 1956, on the petent American workers over 45 are being of our old folks in the critical fields of social occasion of the public dedication of the too often denied suitable employment oppor­ security, housing, medical care, and gainful George F. Booth Memorial Apartments tunities by more and more industries, there­ employment. for the Elderly. by visiting financial catastrophe upon in­ Assisting the aged is a truly American ac­ This housing project is the first of its creasing numbers of our people in the upper tion, and as in all nationwide problems, kind in the Worcester County area and, age brackets. much can and should be done on the initia­ It is a startling story to hear that among tive of communities themselves. That is indeed, one of the first in the Nation. the some 14 millions of people in this country why I am, as you are, today so proud of my The project name honors the memory over 65 years of age today, the average income own city where the problem has been recog­ of the late George F. Booth, farmer pub­ for a man and his wife is about $1,500 and nized and as a result, these clean, healthy, lisher and editor of the Worcester their average savings are less than $1,000. livable housing accommodations have been (Mass.) Telegram and Evening Gazette The unfortunate significance of these figures provided. Viewing these beautiful struc­ newspapers, and is intended as a lasting is that in spite of our great economic gains tures, we should be mindful of the substan­ indication of the genuine interest and over the past quarter of a century, old age in tial civic merit they reflect upon all our city America still remains for the majority a officials, and we are impelled to recognize concern in the problems of the elderly time of insecurity, fear, and dependence upon the unselfish sacrifices of so many private Mr. Booth consistently expressed and charity. In other words, in the richest and citizens like Raymond Harold and Samuel perseveringly worked to solve. most blessed land in the world, those who Donnelly, their staffs and associates. The The memo,ry of Mr. Booth is revered have worked the longest and given the most unity in action of au their good hearts -and for multitudinous public benefactions, can look forward only to the least. their good wills in bringing this project to but this housing project is a particularly I don't think that anyone here or any reality is an inspiring example for the people :fitting memorial as a prime example of other decent person in the country is willing of other communities and cities to follow. the Christian humaneness which charac­ to accept the continuation of this un-Amer­ To perpetuate the m,emory of beloved citi­ ican picture of abandonment of and distress zens, it is often customary and appropriate terized his whole life. for our older people. to erect personal images of stone or steel. The address fallows: Rather, I think you will agree that all It has frequently seemed to me that while It is a high honor and deep pleasure for me segments of our society at the local, State, such monuments are acceptable, too often to take part in the public dedication of this and Federal levels should humanely co­ they fall short of the real objective. Some­ most attractive housing project as the George operate in sensibly doing whatever is neces­ how they fail to convey any living impres­ F. Booth Memorial Apartments for the sary to make old age in America a dignified sion of the nature and the spirit of the Elderly. period of usefulness and satisfaction that person we desire to revere. To my mind, the It is doubly gratifying to be present with can be approached without discouragement dedication of these most livable homes for you today because of the vital importance and fear. the most needy of our citizens in the memory of the problem to which the erection of these That is why a great many of us who are of George F. Booth happily hits the mark. buildings gives recognition-Christian con­ charged with national legislative responsi­ To those who had the honor of personally cern for our older citizens-and because of bility have consistently urged over the past knowing him, nothing is necessary for them the genuine tribute this project bestows several years that the executive agencies of to remember him. George Booth was a man upon one of the greatest men and benefactors our Government devote greater attention to who worked hard and lived fully through his with whom any community was ever blessed. the complex problems of the aged before it entire life. He worked untiringly to give No person of any religious training, and becomes a disgrace to our American princi­ good example; he was highly ambitious, but particularly no American legislator, can help ples and traditions. strictly ethical; he was stern, as all strong being more and more concerned about the Our Federal Government includes about 2 men must be, but he was essentially kind, as proper solution of the many and varied prob­ million persons with a budget of some $65 all great men are. He was a driving leader lems plaguing the increasing numbers of our billion a year. Among that vast personnel, in his profession, but a respected and beloved older people in the sunset of their fruitful there are perhaps less than 50 people, with employer. He was a devoted family man lives. .a budget less than $100,000, engaged in seek­ with genuine concern for his fellow man. According to authorities, our ancestors of ing ways to help our elders comfortably He respected God and he generated respect 2,000 years ago had a life expectancy of only through their threshold years. Such a situ­ for himself. The height of his character was 20 to 30 years, as compared with an average ation certainly is not wholesome. integrity of word and action. The genius of life span of nearly 70 years in the United Through the great resources of our Gov­ his talent was wise prophecy. The courage States today. Realizing the great moder11, ernment departments, we have the duty of of his heart was tempered with sympathy. strides in preventive medicine and disease expanding our efforts to discover opportuni­ The depth of his mind was illuminated by control resulting from medical research in ties for our senior citizens to continue to gentle humor. The self-discipline of his