Caracterização Bioenergética De Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Em Fermentação Vinária

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Caracterização Bioenergética De Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Em Fermentação Vinária CARACTERIZAÇÃO BIOENERGÉTICA DE SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE EM FERMENTAÇÃO VINÁRIA Tiago Monteiro Lomba Viana Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Alimentar Orientador: Doutora Catarina Paula Guerra Geoffroy Prista Co-orientador: Doutora Maria da Conceição da Silva Loureiro Dias Jú ri: Presidente: Doutor Virgílio Borges Loureiro, Professor Associado do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Vogais: Doutor José Martínez Peinado, Professor Catedrático da Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas da Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Espanha. Doutora Maria da Conceição da Silva Loureiro Dias, Professora Catedrática Convidada do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Univesidade Técnica de Lisboa. Doutora Catarina Paula Guerra Geoffroy Prista, Investigadora Auxilar do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universiadade Técnica de Lisboa. Lisboa, 2009 AGRADECIMENTOS Terminada esta etapa da minha formação académica, gostaria de expressar o meu reconhecimento e referir as pessoas e instituição que contribuíram para este trabalho, sem as quais muito dificilmente teria sido levado a cabo. As minhas primeiras palavras de agradecimento são dirigidas à Professora Doutora Maria da Conceição Loureiro Dias, a quem devo grande parte do meu interesse no mundo da Microbiologia, guiando os meus primeiros passos neste ramo da Ciência, mostrando-me o seu encanto e incentivando o meu entusiasmo. Foi um enorme privilégio ter iniciado a minha vida de investigação científica na sua equipa e poder contar com a sua sapiência. O seu contributo não foi apenas importante no progresso deste trabalho, mas foi igualmente essencial na minha formação científica/pessoal durante este tempo. Gostaria de expressar à Doutora Catarina Prista o meu sincero agradecimento por tudo a que este ano inesquecível diz respeito. Começo por lhe agradecer a sua amizade e o facto de me ter recebido tão bem no laboratório, proporcionando-me todas as condições que se podem desejar quando se desenvolve um trabalho desta natureza. A orientação de excelência com que conduziu este trabalho, o acompanhamento incondicional das diferentes etapas e a sua disponibilidade inolvidável em ajudar, discutir e iluminar todas as minhas dúvidas e dificuldades foram inexcedíveis… Muito obrigado! Um agradecimento especial também aos colegas de laboratório (Vanessa Salvador, Luís Leitão, Ana Madeira e Maria José) e à equipa da Cooking Lab (Susana Dias e Joana Moura), com quem aprendi muito e de tudo um pouco. Todos foram responsáveis por terem tornado este local de trabalho único, repleto de companheirismo, boa-disposição e óptimo espírito. No entanto, gostava de agradecer em especial à Vanessa e ao Luís, pela ajuda concedida e pelos conhecimentos partilhados que permitiram, em determinados momentos deste trabalho, formar teorias verdadeiramente hilariantes e revolucionárias. Não podia deixar de agradecer às equipas dos laboratórios de Microbiologia e de Fisiologia, pela cooperação e amizade concedidas. Em particular, ao André Barata por ter esclarecido as minhas dúvidas relativas à ecologia de leveduras. Ao Instituto Superior de Agronomia agradeço as facilidades concedidas para a realização deste trabalho, bem como a oportunidade de, ao longo do curso, me ter cruzado com diversos professores e colegas que, de uma forma directa ou indirecta, me marcaram e contribuíram na minha formação académica/pessoal. Finalmente os últimos e mais especiais agradecimentos à minha família e à Joana, por tudo o que fizeram por mim, pertencendo-lhes também este meu caminho e trabalho. Ao longo de todo este tempo, tem sido vital o apoio incondicional e a compreensão inexcedível i dos meus pais e avó. São eles os verdadeiros responsáveis pelo trabalho diário nos bastidores. Aos meus irmãos e famílias respectivas agradeço todo o apoio que me têm dado ao longo do tempo. À Joaninha, minha fonte de inspiração, queria agradecer-lhe profundamente o estar comigo nos momentos mais importantes da minha vida, desafiando- me e apoiando-me constantemente. Obrigado por seres quem és e como és! Muito obrigado a todos, _____________________________________________ ii RESUMO Caracterização Bioenergética de Saccharomyces cerevisiae em Fermentação Vinária. A fermentação vinária constitui um processo complexo ao longo do qual as leveduras são sujeitas a vários tipos de stresse (pressão osmótica, etanol, pH baixo, esgotamento de nutrientes, temperatura). O trabalho realizado avaliou o comportamento da estirpe industrial de Saccharomyces cerevisiae ISA1000 durante fermentações em mosto de uva branca, a 15ºC e a 30ºC, simulando condições reais em adega. Determinou-se o pH intracelular (pH in ), e o efluxo e influxo de protões, em células cultivadas às duas temperaturas, como indicadores de actividade catabólica e de permeabilidade a H+ da membrana plasmática. As células foram recolhidas em diferentes fases da fermentação. Avaliou-se também o efeito do etanol no efluxo e influxo de H+, às duas temperaturas. Os resultados mais relevantes foram observados a 15ºC, em fase estacionária. Nestas condições, S. cerevisiae ISA1000 evidenciou pH in baixo (pH in ≈5), incapacidade de expulsar H+ e muito baixa permeabilidade da membrana plasmática aos mesmos. A 30ºC, na mesma fase, a mesma estirpe revelou-se pouco permeável a H+ e com baixa capacidade de os expulsar, mantendo, no entanto, um valor de pH in mais elevado (pH in ≈6). Para ambas as temperaturas, observou-se um menor efeito do etanol na permeabilidade de membrana para células em fase estacionária. Palavras-chave: Fermentação vinária, etanol, temperatura, membrana plasmática, permeabilidade, pH intracelular. *Orientador: Catarina Prista, PhD – Instituto Superior de Agronomia; Universidade Técnica de Lisboa iii ABSTRACT Bioenergetic Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Wine Fermentation. Wine fermentation is a complex process, during which yeast cells are submitted to a number of adverse stress conditions (osmotic pressure, low pH, ethanol, nutrient limitation and starvation, temperature). In this work, the performance of the industrial strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae ISA1000 was evaluated during white grape must fermentations, at 15ºC and 30ºC, in experiments simulating real winery conditions. Intracellular pH (pH i), proton influx and proton extrusion through the plasma membrane were measured, at both temperatures, as indicators of cell catabolic activity and plasma membrane permeability. Cells were harvested at different stages throughout fermentation. The effect of ethanol on proton extrusion and proton influx was evaluated at the same temperatures. The most relevant results were obtained at 15ºC, in stationary phase. Under these + conditions, S. cerevisiae ISA1000 exhibited low pH i (pH i≈5), inability to extrude H and very low H+ permeability. At 30ºC, at the same fermentation stage, the cells presented low H+ + permeability and low H extrusion capacity, although they had a higher pH i (pH i≈6) than at 15ºC. For both temperatures, the effect of ethanol on H + permeability was less evident in stationary phase cells. Key-words: Wine fermentation, ethanol, temperature, plasma membrane, permeability, intracellular pH. *Supervisor: Catarina Prista, PhD – Instituto Superior de Agronomia; Technical University of Lisbon iv ABSTRACT Bioenergetic Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Wine Fermentation. Wine fermentation is a complex ecological and biochemical process. Though grape must is relatively complete in nutrients content, it can support the growth of only a limited number of microbial species due to its adverse conditions such as low pH, high sugar content, pesticide residues and presence of SO 2. The selectivity of fermenting must is further strengthened by oxygen limitation, depletion of certain nutrients and increasing ethanol concentrations. This work was part of a project with the broad objective of improving the production/quality of wine, as far as it depends on yeast fermentation. Specifically, the present work aimed to characterize yeast proton homeostasis during must fermentation under experimental conditions simulating real winery conditions for white wine and red wine production. To accomplish this goal, an industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ISA1000), isolated from a commercial starter (FERMIVIN) was used. This strain was grown in white grape must, under experimental conditions simulating a real winery, at 15 and 30ºC, temperatures commonly used for white wine and red wine production, respectively. Six different growth situations were selected for 15ºC: the beginning, the middle and the final of exponential growth phase, the beginning and the middle stationary growth phase and the end of fermentation (when no sugar was detected by standard methods). For 30ºC, the same situations were chosen, except the first sample point. Results were compared with the same strain grown at the same temperatures in mineral medium, 2% glucose (usual lab conditions). To evaluate the efficiency of proton homeostasis, intracellular pH, proton extrusion and proton influx through the plasma membrane were measured at both temperatures. The effect of ethanol on proton extrusion and proton influx was also evaluated at the same temperatures for the same cells. Intracellular pH was assessed through the relative distribution of the non-metabolizable 14 substrate [7- C] benzoic acid. Up to the end of the exponential phase, pH i was very similar for both temperatures (between 6.1 and 6.4). Nevertheless, during the stationary phase, mainly at
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