COORDINATOR: SIMONA IVANA General Microbiology REVISED EDITION Plasticine Collection INDIGO ROYAL GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY SIMONA -plasticine collection - IVANA COORDINATOR: SIMONA IVANA AUTHORS: SIMONA IVANA NICOLAE STARCIUC NICOLETA ANDREESCU DANA MAGDALENA CAPLAN CRISTEA COSTACHE DELIA COSTACHE GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY REVISED EDITION Plasticine Collection INDIGO ROYAL Publishing House, 2018 1 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY SIMONA -plasticine collection - IVANA BOOK TEAM COORDINATOR: SIMONA IVANA AUTHORS: SIMONA IVANA NICOLAE STARCIUC NICOLETA ANDREESCU DANA MAGDALENA CAPLAN CRISTEA COSTACHE DELIA COSTACHE EDITOR: Simona IVANA COVER DESIGN AND BOOK ILLUSTRATION Original Product: Plasticine Collection by SIMONA IVANA (Animate Microorganisms): Clostridium perfringens (Lemon Face); Staphylococcus aureus (Grape Man); Bacteriophage T4 (Buddha Man); Escherichia coli (Vamp); Yersinia pestis (Black Plague); Bacillus athracis (Teutonic Knight); Stachybotrys chartarum (Gavroche), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Seagull), Yellow Fever Virus (Yellow Jack) - http://academiamicrobilorbysimonaivana.com/ BOOK DESIGN IOANA IRINEL POPESCU No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the INDIGO ROYAL PUBLISHING HOUSE. Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României General microbiology / Simona Ivana (coord.), Nicolae Starciuc, Nicoleta Andreescu, .... - Revised ed.. - Bucureşti : Indigo Royal, 2018 Conţine bibliografie ISBN 978-606-94157-3-3 I. Ivana, Simona II. Starciuc, Nicolae III. Andreescu, Nicoleta 579 ISBN: 978-606-94157-3-3 2 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY SIMONA -plasticine collection - IVANA In memoriam to Professor Dr. Constantin Ciufecu (1929-2015), for showing me the way! In memoriam to PhD., Scientific Researcher Iudith Ipate (1968-2017), my best friend! To my students: I don’t love you for what you are, but for what I am when I am with you! You are those from whom I want and expect to receive comments, suggestions, and objections concerning possible difficulties you might have encountered while trying to understand certain mechanisms, processes, etc. in this book! By doing so, I will be able to adjust and correct for future editions. Simona Ivana To IOANA IRINEL POPESCU: For her attention to detail during the development of this book! Dr. Simona IVANA D.V.M., Ph.D. Associate Professor and Senior Researcher at Romanian Academy is the coordinator an first author of this book. The most representative paper is ”Treaty of Veterinary Medical Bacteriology and Introduction in Mycology”, published in Medical Sciences Publishing House, Bucharest, 768 pages. This paper was awarded by the Romanian Academy on December 18, 2008, with the ”Traian Săvulescu” prise. During 2011-2013 dr. Simona IVANA made six patents applicationsof which 3 have already been patented. The most representative for her didactic and scientific activity was the patent titled ”Interactive System for Teaching and Testing Students in Microbiology”, which she already included as teaching material in her syllabus. e-mail: [email protected] 3 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY SIMONA -plasticine collection - IVANA reface to Revised Edition What is Microbiology and what are Microorganisms? ”Messieurs, c'est les microbes qui auront le dernier mot” (Louis Pasteur) A century ago, Louis Pasteur said ”Life would not long remain possible in the absence of microbes”. Indeed, microorganisms have an impact upon the earth's ecosystems that rivals that of the sun, the oceans, and the activities of humans and other living things. Microbiology is emerging as the key biological science. Microorganisms provide the models used in molecular biology for research. There is growing recognition of the potential of microorganisms in many applied areas. The ability of microorganisms to decompose materials, the potential of microorganisms as food supplements, the exploitation of microbial activity to produce energy such as methane gas, and the potential of new therapeutic substances produced by microorganisms – these and other uses are becoming increasingly attractive. Recombinant DNA technology makes it feasible to consider genetically manipulated microorganisms for commercial production of new andvaluable products for a variety of purposes (medicinal, fuel and food). ”We cannot fathom the marvelous complexity of an organic being; but on the hypothesis here advanced this complexity is much increased. Each living creature must be looked at as a microcosm-a little universe, formed of a host of self-propagating organisms, inconceivably minute as the stars in heaven.” (Charles Darwin). Starting with this concept we became engaged in a race for leadership in science and technology. We are now experiencing a rapid shift of national and international priorities in research and development. In the field of science, and among the biological sciences, microbiology has gained a new stature. Microorganisms and their activities are increasingly central to many of the concerns of society, both nationally and internationally. ”The more formidable the contradiction between inexhaustible life-joy and inevitable fate, the greater the longing which reveals itself in the kingdom of poetry and in the self-created world of dreams hopes to banish the dark power of reality. The gods enjoy eternal youth and the search for the means of securing it was one of the occupations of the heroes of mythology and the sages, as it was of real adventurers in the middle ages and more recent times, but the fountain of youth has not been found, and cannot be found if it is sought in any particular spot on the earth. Yet it is no fable, no dream picture; it requires no adept to find it: it streams forth inexhaustible in all living nature.” (Ferdinand Cohn). In the light of this concept appears a unique perspective aiming to increase our awareness of microorganisms and their roles in illness, industry, and ecology, and that has the power to change people's lives. Although microbiology is primarily the study of microorganisms, it leads irrevocably to the study of animals, humans and their conditions. 4 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY SIMONA -plasticine collection - IVANA Microbiology is rapidly becoming an important field of science, in which the geneticist, the cell physiologist, and the biochemist find, in the ground plowed by the pathologist, a fertile soil for new approaches to fundamental problems of the cell’s functioning and organization. Content When we first had the idea for this book we wanted to introduce microbiology in a way that left an exciting and indelible impression on young students and that made difficult concepts comprehensible. At the same time we aimed for a style and organization that produced a readable, current, accessible, and attractive book. Our primary emphasis is on a survey of general topics needed by students entering careers in allied health. My teaching of microbiology, and this book as a result of it, have been built around a central concept, that of the dual nature (”bad and good”) of microorganisms on the one hand, and of operating constituents of functional cells on the other hand. This manual attempts to be thorough without being exhaustive and sufficiently broad in scope to appeal to any interested student desiring a background on the topic. Organization Each course begins witha learning objective and key points, and a brief characterization of a microorganism to arouse curiosity in the field of Special Microbiology. This encourages students to develop an ever-expanding background of knowledge and improves their ability to understand increasingly sophisticated subjects. The text is organized into 15 courses grouped into informal units of information. The first group of courses is designed to develop the student's basic background and vocabulary. In Chapter 1 we explain the roles of microorganisms in ecosystem and biotechnology. Microbes serve many functions in almost any ecosystem on the earth. Some microbes (~10%) are pathogens. Chapter 2 contain the morphology of bacteria; shape of bacteria; bacterial classification and identification. It also surveys the basis morphological differences between bacteria; the forms of bacteria and their associations. Chapter 3 deals with bacterial cytology: the study of microscopic detail of bacteria; structures external to the cell wall; ultrastructure of a typical bacterial cell. Chapter 4 cover aspects of cell envelope structure and chemical composition; the three basic layers that can be identified in electron micrographs are the capsule, the cell wall and the cell membrane. Chapter 5 relies on the structure of cytoplasmic membrane and nuclear material; cytoplasmic inclusions, vacuoles, and nuclear material. Chapter 6 discusses about the certain species of bacteria that produce spores, either within the cell (endospores) or external to the cell (exospores); the spore is a metabolically dormant form which under appropriate conditions can undergo germination and outgrowth to form a vegetative cell. Chapter 7 discusses about reproduction and growth to bacteria, distinguish among the types of reproduction in prokaryotes, binary fission a type of reproduction in which the chromosome is replicated and resultant prokaryotic is an exact copy of the parental prokaryote, thus leaving no opportunity for genetic diversity. Chapter 8 is devoted to the essential nutrients: macronutrients and micronutrients; sources of essential nutrients; nutritional