Recherche De Levures Productrices D'enzymes Glycolytiques

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Recherche De Levures Productrices D'enzymes Glycolytiques ا ﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺪﯾﻤﻘﺮاطﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﯿﺔ RÉPUBLIQUE ALGÉRIENNE DÉMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE وزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ و اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ MINISTÈRE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻻﺧﻮة ﻣﻨﺘﻮري Université Mentouri Constantine ﻛﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ و اﻟﺤﯿﺎة Faculté des sciences de la nature et de la vie Département : Biochimie/ Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de Master Domaine : Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Filière : Sciences Biologiques Spécialité : Biochimie / Analyse Protéomique et Santé Theme: Recherche de levures productrices d’enzymes glycolytiques exocellulaires thermostables : Production (sur boite de Pétri et en batch) et Caractérisation des enzymes produite s. Présenté et soutenu par : DALI Nadine Sofia Le : 28/06/2016 HAMAME Afaf Jury d’évaluation : Président du jury : BE N HAMDI A. M.C.B, Université Frères MENTOURI Constantine. Encadreur : MERAIHI Z. Professeur, Université Frères MENTOURI Constantine. Co - encadreur : DAKHMOUCHE S. M.A.A., ENS, Université Constantine 3. Examinateur : BENNAMOUN L. M.A.A., Université Frères MENTOURI Constantine . Année universitaire : 2015 - 2016 Remerciements Nous tenons à remercier en premier lieu Dieu , le tout Puissant de nous avoir donné volonté et patience pour achever ce travail réalisé à la Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie de l’Université Frères Mentouri Constantine. C’est avec grand plaisir que nous tenons à exprimer toute notre gratitude à Madame le Professeur Meraihi Z , notre encadreur, qui a dirigé ce travail, nous a souten ues et nous a poussées à nous surpasser et à donner le meilleur de nous même grâce à ses critiques constructives et avisées. Un grand merci s’adresse aussi à notre co - encadreur Dr Djekrif - Dakhmouche S. et à M me Bennamoun qui nous ont vraiment aidées avec leurs précieux conseils. Nos vifs remerciements s’adressent égaleùent aux membres de jury qui ont accepté de juger ce travail : À Dr Benhamdi A. pour le grand honneur de présider le jury. À Mme Bennamoun L. Maitre assistante à l’U. Frères Mentouri pour a voir bien voulu examiner ce travail. Merci à tous les professeurs qui nous ont enseignées durant notre cursus universitaire en particulier Pr Mechakra et Pr Khelifi ansi que toutes les personnes qui ont participé de près ou de loin à la réalisation de ce travail. Dédicac es Je dédie ce modeste travail, en premier lieu à mes chers parents pour toutes ces années de sacrifices, A toi papa, qui m’as toujours fait confiance et poussée à donner le meilleur de moi - même, A toi maman, qui m’as appris que la persévérance fini toujours par payer et qui as toujours cru en moi et m’as offert la meilleure des éducations, A mon frère Malik et ma sœur Serine pour leur amour, A mes grand s - mères ainsi qu’à celle qui s’est occupée de moi depuis toute petite ‘’Mma’’ A tous mes oncles, tantes, cousins, cousines et tous les membres de la famille, Grand merci à Sandra et Celia qui m’ont beaucoup aidée. A tous mes amis qui m’ont soutenue et ai dée ; Djihene, Ines, Sami, Abdou, Youssef, et Rahim . A celle que j’aurais aimé qu’elle soit parmi nous aujourd’hui pour me partager cette joie « Lamia » que Dieu l’accueille dans son vaste paradis. Nadine Sofia , DALI Dédicaces A la mémoire de mes parents, qui ont béni mon désir d’apprendre et m’ont toujours encouragé, avec tout mon amour et ma reconnaissance pour être devenue ce que je suis, que dieu leur procure santé et longue vie. A ma mère " Ma source de tendresse et de courage, la lueur de ma réussite ." A mon père "L’épaule solide, l’œil attentif compréhensif et la personne la plus digne de mon estime et de mon respect. " A mon frère Akram et à mes sœurs ma confidente Rayene, ma petite princesse Insaf, qu’ils trouvent ici le témoignage de ma profonde t endresse. A mes très chers grands parents, mes oncles Nabil et Chawki, qu’ils trouvent ici l’expression de mes sentiments les plus sincères pour l’affection et le soutien, dont ils ont fait preuve à mon égard, lors des moments difficiles. A mes très chère s amies qui ont su arroser dans mon cœur joie et bonheur : Latifa, Sara, Leila, Badra, Inès, safa, Camille, Amina, Yamine, Ibtissem, Besma, Soussou. Mes dédicaces les plus distinguées à Doudou, Rimel, Samy, Chaher. Je dédie ce modeste travail à une personn alité brillante, qui m’a été une source d’inspiration, aussi bien de ses qualités que de son parcours, il s’agit bien évidemment de Michel Depachetère, qui m’a toujours soutenu dans la vie. Hamame Afaf. Sommaire Liste des abréviations Liste des figures Liste des tableaux Introduction Chapitre 1: Synthèse bibliographique 1. Les levures ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 3 1.1. Historique ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 3 1.2. Généralités ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 3 1.3. Habitat ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 3 1.4. Caractéristiques des levures ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 5 1.4.1. Caractéristiques Physiologiques et nutritionnels ................................ ................................ ..... 5 1.5. Classification des levures ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 8 1.6. Biotechnologie et levures ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 9 1.7. L’espèce Clavispora lusitaniae ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 13 2. Enzymes et substrats ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 16 2.1. L’α - amylase, enzyme hydrolysant l’amidon ................................ ................................ ................. 16 2.1.1. Généralités et nomenclature ................................ ................................ ................................ 16 2.1.2. Origine des α - amylases ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 17 2.1.3. Structure de l’ α - amylase ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 19 2.1.4. Mode d’action de l’ α - amylase ................................ ................................ ............................. 20 2.1.5. Température et pH optimum ................................ ................................ ................................ 21 2.1.6. L’amidon, substrat de l’α - amylase ................................ ................................ ....................... 23 2.1.7. Applications de l ’α - amylase en industrie ................................ ................................ ............ 24 2.2. La maltase, enzyme hydrolysant le maltose ................................ ................................ .................. 26 2.2.1. Généralités et nomenclature ................................ ................................ ................................ 26 2.2.2. Structure de la maltase ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 27 2.2.3. Mode d’action ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 27 2.2.4. Caractéristiques physico - chimiques ................................ ................................ ...................... 29 2.2.5. Le substrat de production de la maltase , le maltose ................................ ............................... 30 2.2.6. Applications de la maltase en in dustrie ................................ ................................ ................ 32 3. Autres enzymes glycolytiques : Cellulases et Pectinases ................................ ................................ .......... 33 3.1. Les pectinases, enzymes hydrolysant les pectines ................................ ................................ ......... 33 3.2. La cellulase, enzyme hydrolysant la cellulose ................................ ................................ .............. 35 4. Les protéases, enzymes hydrolysant les protéines ................................ ................................ .................... 37 5. Le milieu de base pour la production des enzymes : le lactosérum ................................ ........................... 38 Chapitre 2: Matériel et méthodes 1. Matériel biologique et repiquage des souches sur boites de pétri ................................ .............................. 40 2. Sélection de la souche la plus performante dans la production d’enzymes ................................ ................ 40 3. Mise en évidence sur boites des activités enzymatiques ................................ ................................ ........... 40 3.1. La mise en évidence de l’activité de l’alpha amylase ................................ ................................ .... 40 3.2. La mise en évidence de l’activité de la maltase et de la cellulase ................................ .................. 40 3.3.
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